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AUSTRALIAN and INDONESIAN NEWS COVERAGE of the Dili MASSACRE

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AUSTRALIAN and INDONESIAN NEWS COVERAGE of the Dili MASSACRE AUSTRALIAN AND INDONESIAN NEWS COVERAGE OF THE DILi MASSACRE ( A Content Analysis of Australian and Indonesian Newspapers from 1 July 1991 to 31 March 1992) ' Yuventius Agustinus Nunung Prajarto A thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts SCHOOL OF POLITICAL SCIENCE FACULTY OF ARTS AND SOCIAL SCIENCES UNIVERSITY OF NEW SOUTH WALES SYDNEY - AUSTRALIA 1994 iv AUSTRALIAlf ARD IImOHBSIAN IIEWS COVERAGE OP TBB DILI IIASSACRB (A content Analysis of Australian and Indonesian Newspapers frOII 1 July 1991 to 31 Karch 1992) SCHOOL OP POLITICAL SCIENCE FACULTY OP AR'l' ARD SOCIAL SCIENCES THE UNIVERSITY OP REif SOUTH WALES 1994 V AUSTRALIAN AIID IRDONBSIAN NEWS COVERAGE OF TIIB DILI MASSACRE (A Content Analysis of Australian and Indonesian Newspapers fr0111 July 1991 to 31 Karch 1992) Yuventius Agustinus Hunung Prajarto Thesis POLITICAL SCIENCE 1994 STATEMENT Name : Yuventius Agustinus Nunung Prajarto student No.: 2114322 School of Political science Faculty of Arts and social Sciences University of New south Wales I hereby declare that this submission is my own work and that, to the best of my knowledge and belief, it contains no material previously published or written by another person nor material which to a substantial extent has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma of a university or other institute of higher learning, except where due acknowledgement is made in the text. Date : 8 Febr~y 1994 Signatu ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS There are a number of people whom I can thank by name. I am particularly grateful to Rodney Smith, my supervisor. His help was invaluable in guiding the process of this research till its finishing touch. Without his highly meticulous and diligent checking, my report of this study would have lacked much of its substance. I would also like to thank the following for supporting to my study: Mami and Papi, Lez, Ad, Joel, Ninna D, Zheitta Vazza Devi, Toety Azis, Ma+Pa Bo, Ma+Pa Yo, Ashadi Siregar, Hatman M. Siahaan, Tjahjo Purnomo w., Ratih Hardjono, Lizard and Swara swara swaraph. In addition, I received help 0 from: Mick, Libya Charle­ son, Tedjomurti, Sugarbo, Ichlasul Amal, Ibu Mimik, Christine H, LPJY, Surabaya Post, FISIPOL-UGM, Didik, Clare, Jane Shields, caterin, David, and Juliana. But I owe my greatest debt to the countless friends and "my special rabbit" who added "everything". I cannot name them but their help was indispensable. •sparrows flock together, but an eagle always flies alone• viii CONTENTS Diagrams, Figures and Tables ••••••••••••••••••••••••••• ix Glossary . xi CHAPTER I STUDYING AUSTRALIAN AND INDONESIAN MEDIA COVERAGE: conceptualisation and Methodology............... 1 A. Introduction............................. 1 B. Research Framework....................... 3 1. Bias . 4 2. Newsmaking ...•..................... 10 3. The Australian and Indonesian media 20 4. New World Information Order •••••••• 36 c. Conceptual Framework And Hypotheses •••••• 44 D. Methodology • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 4 7 CHAPTER II EAST TIMOR BETWEEN 1970 AND 1991: A Political Conflict . 58 A. East Timor in the 1970s •••••••••••••••••• 59 B. From Integration to the "Dili Massacre" •• 67 CHAPTER III EAST TIMOR IN AUSTRALIAN AND INDONESIAN PRESS: 1991-1992 . 71 A. 28 October 1991 •••••••••••••••••••••••••• 72 B. Around 12 November 1991 •••••••••••••••••• 77 c. Lusitania Expresso .•••••••••••••••••••••• 126 CHAPTER IV NEWS PATTERNS OF THE AUSTRALIAN AND INDONESIAN NEWSPAPERSIN REPORTING THE EAST TIMOR INCIDENT •• 138 A. News Attention and Time of Coverage •••••• 141 B. "5W+H" Formula and News Values ••••••••••• 163 c. News' Tendencies, covering-step, News Sources and Kinds of News contents ••••••• 174 1. News' tendency ••••••••••••••••••••• 175 2. covering-step •••••••••••••••••••••• 184 3. News sources ••••••••••••••••••••••• 189 4. Kinds of news contents ••••••••••••• 201 CHAPTER V CONCLUSION •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 211 Bibliography . 235 Appendix A: Diagram of Units of Analysis and categories 240 B: Operational Definitions of the content Analysis . 241 c: Coding Sheet . 244 ***** ix DIAGRAMS, FIGURES AND TABLES Diagraas Diagram 1 Process of Newsmaking . 11 Diagram 2 Units of Analysis and Categories •••••••••• 240 Figures Figure 1 The Lusitania Expresso's Position on Wednesday, 10 February 1992 at 13.11 WIB ••• 131 Figure 2 Number of News Item Based on Newspaper's Name • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 142 Figure 3 Number of News Item Based on country of Newspapers • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 144 Figure 4 Number of News Item Based on Month and country of Newspapers ••••••••••••••••••••• 147 . Tables Table 1 News Coverage Based on Group of Editions and Country of Newspapers ••••••••••••••••• 151 Table 2 News Coverage Based on Group of Editions and Newspaper's Name •••••••••••••••••••••••••• 153 Table 3 Number of News Item Based on Page . 161 Table 4 Number of News Item Based on News Format •• 162 Table 5 Number of News Item Based on News Lead •••• 163 Table 6 Number of News Item Based on the Use of the "5W+H" Formula •••••••••••••••••••••••• 164 Table 7 Level of Completeness Among the Six Newspapers •••..•.....•.•.•.•.••••.•..•.... 166 Table 8 Level of Completeness Based on Country of Newspapers •••••••••••••..•.••••••••••••••• 168 Table 9 Implementation of News Values Based on Newspaper's Name •••••••••••••••••••••••••• 171 Table 10 Implementation of News Values Based on Country of Newspapers •••••••.•.••••..•.••• 172 Table 11 Number of News Item Based on News' Tendency 176 Table 12 Tendency of News Based on Newspaper's Name 178 Table 13 Tendency of News Based on Country of Newspapers •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 181 Table 14 Types of coverage Based on country of Newspapers •••••••••••••••••••••••••••.••.. 186 Table 15 Types of Coverage by Each Newspapers . 187 Table 16 Number of News Item Based on the Use of News Sources •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 190 Table 17 Number of News Item Based on Newspaper's Name and News Sources ••••••••••••••••••••• 192 Table 18 Distribution of News Item Based on country of Newspapers and News sources •••••••••••• 195 Table 19 Tendency of News Based on News sources •••• 199 Table 20 Number of New~ Item Based on Kinds of News contents . 2 o 3 Table 21 Kinds of News Contents Based on Country of Newspapers •••.•.••••••••••••••••.•••••••.• 204 Table 22 Kinds of News Contents by Each Newspapers 205 Table 23 Tendency of News Based on Kinds of News Contents •••••••.••••••••••••••.•••.••••••• 208 ***** xi GLQSSAR:X: AAP = Australian Associated Press ABC = Australian Broadcasting Corporation ABRI = Indonesian Armed Forces ACET = Australian coalition for East Timor AFP = Agence France Presse AJA = Australian Journalist's Association AMF = Armed Movement Forces AP = Associated Press APC = Australian Press Council APEC = Asia-Pasific Economic co-operation APODETI = Associacao Popular Deaocratica Tiaorense ARIC = Australian Routine Information Channel ASD'r = Associacao social Democratica de Timor ASEAH = Association of south East Asia Nations BBC = British Broadcasting corporation CAA = Community Aid Abroad DEPDAGRI = Indonesian Home Department DKH = Military Honour Council FR· = First-hand Reports FRETILIN = Frente Revolucionaria de Timor Leste Independente H&WT = The Herald and Weekly Time I = Informal IA = Revs Sources wbicb involve tbe Australian Routine Intonation Channel II = llews Sources wbicb-·involve the Indonesian Routine -Intonation Cbannel IIA = 1M Sources which involve tbe Australian and Indonesian Routine Intonation 0lannel IGGI = International Government's Group for Indonesia IRIC = Indonesian Routine Information Channel IT = levs Sources wbicb involve first-band reports, inforul and other sources KPN = National Investigation commission MRAC = Anti-communist Revolutionary Movement NC = Not Clear NIIO = New International Information Order NPC = National Press Club NWIO = New World Information Order 0 = Opinion OS = Other Sources IWI = Indonesian Journalist's Association SIC = Permit to Print SIT = Permit to Publish SIUPP = Press Publication Enterprise Permit UD'r = Uniao Deaocratica Timorense UNETIH = National Union of Timorese students UPI = United Press International WIB = Western Indonesia Time 5W + H = What, Who, Where, When, Why and How CIIAPl'ERI STUDYIRG AUSTRALIAR ARD IRDOIIESIAR MEDIA COVERAGE: Conceptualisation and Methodology A. Introduction on November 12, 1991, the world was shocked by a riot that happened in Dili, East Timor, formerly Portuguese Timor. The chaos, later known as the "Dili Massacre" or "East Timor Incident", killed and injured people. While Indonesia claimed that the political conflict was its own internal affair, other countries alleged that this event contravened human rights. This research will attempt to explore how the Austra­ lian and Indonesian newspapers viewed the Dili massacre, and it will examine news patterns of the Australian and Indone­ sian press coverage of this event. Briefly, there are three events which led East Timor to become international news in 1991 and 1992. Prior to the Dili massacre on November 12, firstly, a small-scale riot around the "Mutail" church took place on October 28. The deaths of two victims, identified as Alfonso and Sebastio Gomes, were caused by a conflict which involved East Timorese who pro integration and anti integration to Indonesia. This conflict occurred in relation to a plan for the Portuguese parliamen­ tary and UN
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