Guide

to

THE EAST QUESTION, 1975-2002

compiled and edited by

on Microfiche

Jill Jolliffe, ,

&

MMF Publications, Lisse, The Specifications

Title: "The Question, 1975-2002"

Contents: clippings, correspondence, photos and other documents gathered in the course of twenty years of reporting on East Timor by Australian journalist Jill Jolliffe.

Location: Lisbon, Portugal

Size: 1056 microfiches

Order no.: M442

Polarity: positive, silver-halide film

Finding aids: eye-legible headers on fiches and a printed guide compiled by Jill Jolliffe

Collection price: please inquire

Availability: available now

Orders & Inquiries

MMF Publications PO Box 287 2160 AG Lisse The Netherlands

Tel + 31 252 413100 Fax + 31 252 432101 E-mail: [email protected] Guide

to

THE EAST TIMOR QUESTION, 1975-2002

compiled and edited by Jill Jolliffe

on Microfiche

Jill Jolliffe, Lisbon, Portugal

&

MMF Publications, Lisse, The Netherlands

©2002 MMF Publications, Lisse, The Netherlands & Jill Jolliffe, Lisbon, Portugal CONTENTS

Preface by Jill Jolliffe………………………………………………………………………. 5

Publisher’s Introduction……………………………………………………………………. 6

Acknowledgements, Rights and Permissions.……..………………………………………. 8

Contents of the Collection in chronological order…………………………………………. 9

Timorese Newspapers .…………..…………………..……………………………………. 41

Photos……………………………………………………………………………………… 42

Supplement 1997……………………………………..……………………………………. 57

Supplement 1998…………………………………………………………………………… 61

Supplement 1999…………………………………………………………………………… 66

Supplement 2000 ...... 67

Supplement 2001-2002 ...... 70

Note: References to the deaths of five journalists at on 16 October 1975, and of freelancer in in December 1975 are highlighted by the words (Balibo/Roger East) at the beginning of each such item. PREFACE

By Jill Jolliffe

A few words need to be said about how this collection came about. It is very much a journalist's archive, amassed during two decades in a haphazard way on rather personalized criteria: some items came into the author's possession almost by accident. There are, therefore, major gaps, and it does not pretend to be an exhaustive or rigorous body of information. Periodicals, for example, are in broken series; some major events, such as the awards of late 1996, are barely covered; there is a shortage of material from UDT, East Timor's second major political party during these years; and the photographic collection omits some of the best photographs taken in the period spanned. Significant collections of photos have been taken by Oliver Strewe, Bob Hannan, Penny Tweedie, Ellen Briere and Steve Cox, for example.

The only pretension the collection has is to provide a rough outline to events in the years covered (and in particular to the years 1974-1996), through cuttings, photos and documents which can be a useful tool for researchers, and which can be built on at a later date. Above all it aims to preserve a basic record of years when almost no records could be kept, to keep a flame alive for the future.

Special thanks are owed to Xanana Gusmão for consenting to the reproduction of documents of his authorship, and for supporting the project in general.

5 PUBLISHER'S INTRODUCTION

Background

Reacting against the seemingly endless colonial wars in which Portugal was still involved in April 1974, junior officers of the Portuguese army overthrew the Caetano regime, successor to the lengthy Salazar dictatorship, installing democracy in the country for the first time in decades. The new Portuguese government initiated a process of decolonization that had the aim of granting independence to the colonies in and the eastern half of the island of Timor, which the Portuguese had held since the sixteenth century. Claiming the support of the population of East Timor, the government in invaded the former colony on 7 December 1975 and later incorporated it as a province of , an act still not recognized by the U.N. Many Timorese opposed the Indonesian regime, launching the guerrilla movement , under the leadership of Nicolau Lobato, who was later succeeded by José Alexandre Gusmão ("Xanana"). During the two decades since the invasion there have been systematic violations of and a process of neocolonization on the part of Indonesia that continues to this day, despite the continued resistance of many Timorese and protests from sections of the international community.

Archive formed

Following this story closely from its start, first from the region and later from Lisbon, Portugal, Australian journalist Jill Jolliffe amassed a personal archive containing many rare and some unique materials in several languages originating from Portuguese, Indonesian, Australian, British, American and other international sources. Most of the documents cover the twenty years in question, such as:

— a large file of newspaper clippings and other documentation in English, Portuguese and (some) Indonesian, organized chronologically

— originals of letters and communiques sent from Timor by guerrilla leader José Alexandre Gusmão ("Xanana"), 1981-1994 and other resistance documents

— an extensive file of interviews conducted with Timorese dissidents and refugees since 1975

— captured correspondence and reports of Indonesian authorities; Indonesian propaganda texts in English

— documents relating to the deaths of foreign journalists at Balibo, East Timor on 16 October 1975, and other documentation of human-rights violations

— the report of a Portuguese commission of inquiry into the decolonization of East Timor, in two versions (the original unedited one and that later released in a limited printed version by the Cabinet in 1981)

— reports of parliamentary commissions in and other countries; UN documents

6 — church documents on East Timor, including pastoral letters signed by Nobel Peace Prize winner D. Carlos Ximenas Belo

— private correspondence with various figures

— a photographic record 1975-1994, from various sources

There is also earlier background material on Timor, such as:

— 19th century Portuguese political pamphlets on Timor

— much documentation on World War II on the island, including a censored report on events during the war by Governor Manuel de Abreu Ferreira de Carvalho

A note on the organization of the materials

The material is presented in an integrated chronological fashion, weaving together press clippings, correspondence and various published and unpublished documents in order to follow the story as it developed over time. The microfiche headers provide the year and where possible the months of the documents contained on each microfiche. The following guide, compiled by Jill Jolliffe, gives the corresponding fiche numbers for each chronological segment and provides bibliographical information on the most important or noteworthy items reproduced.

7 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS, RIGHTS AND PERMISSIONS

This collection is made available on microfiche by MMF Publications for the sole purpose of personal study and research and is not to be reproduced in any fashion without the express written permission of the publishers. All copyrights are acknowledged and all rights reserved.

Many institutions and individuals have contributed to making this collection possible. The editor and publishers are grateful to them all. In particular the cooperation is acknowledged of the National Archives of Portugal "Torre do Tombo", Lisbon, for material copied from the Salazar Archives and the Public Record Office, London, for documents concerning wartime use of the Azores islands as an air base, and the University Library, Australian National University, Canberra, for the two pre- annexation Timorese newspapers reproduced.

The following individuals generously made materials available for use: "Xanana" Gusmão, Adalberto Alves, Shalar Kosi, D. Lourdes Sarmento, for material concerning the death of her daughter Maria Gorete, and João Silva, who photographed this material, Luis Corte Real, Pedro Letria, Michael Richardson, Domingos Seixas and José Simões.

Credits for the photos reproduced are listed at the beginning of that section below.

The editor wishes to thank Arnaud de la Tour and the INDE organisation for lending office space in Lisbon to prepare the material, and Adalberto Alves, Osvaldo Cova, José Filipe, Miguel Ferreira and Alex Alcobia for their sterling assistance in sorting and packing the documents ready for microfilming.

8 CONTENTS OF THE COLLECTION IN CHRONOLOGICAL ORDER

1891

Bento da França, Timor, (series “Bibliotheca do Povo: Propaganda de Instrução para Portuguezes e Brazileiros”), Companhia Nacional Editora, Lisboa. 62-page booklet, part of series designed to educate the working man in Portugal and Brazil, describing the customs and . The author is described as a “cavalry lieutenant”. Relatively enlightened. Fiche 1-2

1901

Raphael das Dores, Congresso Colonial Nacional: A Força Armada em Timor (Lisboa, Imprensa Nacional, 1901) 5 pp. Discusses problem of security after assassination of Governor Lacerda Maia. Argues that current structure, inadequate depending unruly, ferocious Mozambican conscripts. Fiche 2

1907

Raphael das Dores, Diccionario Teto-Português (Imprensa Nacional, Lisboa, 1907), 247 pp. Fiche 2-5

1911

Timor: o governo do General de Brigada do quadro da reserva José Celestino da Silva durante 14 anos: latrcínios, assassinatos e perseguições, [Timor: the government of reserve General José Celestino da Silva during 14 years: Robberies, murders and persecutions], 80-page pamphlet produced by the Oporto newspaper A Voz Pública soon after the fall of the in Portugal--it is addressed to “the provisional government of the Portuguese Republic”. A collection of articles violently attacking Celestino da Silva, the official responsible for the pacification campaigns in East Timor in the wake of the Berlin conference. However, the republican government continued in its mould, being responsible for the final defeat of rebel leader Dom Boaventura in 1912. Fiche 5-7

17 Feb. 1912--“Revolt in Timor: Government House Looted”, The Argus, Fiche 7

1917

Anuário Colonial de 1917 (Lisboa, Ministério das Colónias, 1917). Population figures for 1917. Fiche 8

9 1921

The Book of Duarte Barbosa, Vol. II, pp. 195-197. Fiche 8

1923

Alf. António Metello, Timor: Fantasma do Oriente, Biblioteca de Acção Nacionalista, Lusitânia Editora, Lisbon, Sept. 12, 1923. Written in the period of Portugal's First Republic--the brief spell of democracy between the overthrow of the monarchy in 1910 and the implantation of the dictatorship in 1926, this is part of literature of discontented colonial administrators-cum-reformers. Metello trained a Timorese militia in Lautem. Interesting art deco cover. Fiche 8-9

1930

Agência Geral das Colónias, Timor, 20-page brochure, French & English, published by the Portuguese government on occasion of World Exhibition in Antwerp, Belgium, in 1930. Line drawings of Timorese life, maps, tables. 20 pp. Fiche 9-10

1935

Boletim Geral das Colónias, Aug.-Sept. 1935 Fiche 10

1938

AOS/CO/NE-7B, pasta 9, em 20 de Outubro, and AOS/CO/UL-10A, pasta 2, em 11 de Junho. Arquivo Nacional da Torro do Tombo (Arquivo Salazar). Two documents from the Salazar archives concerning Timor on the eve of World War II--the first a report by foreign ministry official to Salazar concerning a conversation with the Japanese ambassador in Lisbon, the second ciphered cables from Governor of Timor to Salazar urging return of troublesome deportados in view current instability. Fiche 10

1939

Grácio Ribeiro, Caiúru, Colecção “Amanhã”, Lisbon, 1933, 253 pp. Slightly risque novel of the thirties set in East Timor. Portuguese officer loses heart to Timorese beauty in period after suppression 1912 revolt. Caiúru is depicted as a princess, daughter of defeated rebel leader Dom Boaventura, and much of novel is set in his kingdom of Manufai. Fiche 10-14

AOS/CO/NE-7B, pasta 12. Arquivo Nacional da Torre do Tombo (Arquivo Salazar). Report to Salazar by foreign ministry official on conversation with Japanese ambassador. Fiche 14

10 Boletim Eclesiástico da Diocese de Macau. Reports from priests in Timor to their superiors in the diocese of Macau. Fiche 14

27 August 1940--1943

1940

AOS/CO/NE-7B, pasta 16. “Carta Sobre o Ministro do Japão”, 27 Agosto, 1940. Arquivo Nacional da Torre do Tombo (Arquivo Salazar) Fiche 15

Oct 1940--Boletim Geral das Colónias. Fiche 15

1941

19 Dec. 1941--O Caso de Timor: Palavras de Salazar à Nação. 7 pp. Pamphlet containing speech by Salazar to parliament after landing Australian-Dutch forces in Timor. Fiche 15

1942

AOS/CO/NE-7B, pasta 24, “Conversa com Ministro do Japão”, 8 Junho, 1942. Arquivo Nacional da Torre do Tombo (Arquivo Salazar) Fiche 15

1943

AOS/CO/NE-7B, pasta 33, “Pedido da Audiencia do Ministro do Japão”. 27 October, 1943. Arquivo Nacional da Torre do Tombo (Arquivo Salazar). Fiche 15

Portugal. Instituto Nacional de Estatística, Anuário Estatístico do Império Colonial 1943. Population figures 1943. Fiche 15

1943

Cap. José S. Martinho, Timor: Quatro Séculos de Colonização Portuguesa (Livraria Progredior, Porto, 1943), 307 pp. Fiche 16-21

1943--1944

British Foreign Office (PRO) documents concerning wartime use of Azores islands base in exchange for restitution of Portuguese sovereignty in colonies at war's end, including among others: Fiche 22-24

11 25 June 1943--F3247, “Portuguese interests in the Far East”, with draft summary “Portugal Overseas: The Far East”, (14 May 1943), 12 pp. Prepared by Foreign Office Research Department, Balliol College, Oxford. Fiche 22

4 Oct. 1943--Anglo-Portuguese Lend Lease Agreement. 2 pp. Fiche 23

6 May 1944--C 5964, Overseas Planning Committee's meeting on the . Fiche 24

1945

March-October

AOS/CO/ NE-7B, pasta 40, “Conversa com Ministro do Japão” and AOS/CO/NE-7B, pasta 47, “Ministro do Japao”. 23 March and 29 May, 1945. Arquivo Nacional da Torre do Tombo (Arquivo Salazar). Salazar's discussions with Japanese ambassador in Lisbon re Macau, Timor. Fiche 25-26

“Portugal Reclamou o Direito que lhe foi Reconhecido de Participar em Quaisquer Operações Militares...”, Diario de Noticias, 7 Oct., 1945. War´s-end statement by Salazar on re-occupation Timor at war's end. Fiche 26

AOS/CO/IN-8C, pasta 31 “Ministério do Interior”. Arquivo Nacional da Torre do Tombo (Arquivo Salazar). Report to Salazar on situation of deportados in Timor at war's end. Fiche 26

1947--1948

1947

Gov. Manuel de Abreu Ferreira de Carvalho, Relatório dos Acontecimentos de Timor (Ministério das Colónias, Lisboa, 1947), 504 pp. Report of governor of on events in the territory during World War II, when Portuguese neutrality was breached by a pre-emptive landing of Allied troops, Australian and Dutch, and then by Japanese invasion. The report was censored by Salazar, but a few copies, including this one, came into circulation in Portugal in the 1980s. Fiche 27-41

1948

1 April--Dr Juiz António Candido da Cruz Alvura, Gen. José Tristão de Bettencourt, Vice-Almirante Alfredo Botelho de Sousa, “Relatório da Commissão...Que Apreciou o Relatório do Ex-Governador de Timor--Cap. Manuel Ferreira da Carvalho”. (Lisboa), 18 pp., cyclostyled. Report of the commission nominated to assess the Governor's conduct. Predictably, he was exonerated. After the Portuguese revolution of April 25, 1974, these papers were re-examined by a new commission of inquiry, resulting in the same verdict. This document is accompanied

12 by a letter marked “Secret” dated 13 April 1948, from Colonies Minister Teofilo Braga to Finance Minister João Costa Leite, presenting him with a copy of the report, for his information, as a result of a Cabinet decision to this effect. Fiche 41-42

1947

[no date] Cap. António Oliveira Liberato, O Caso de Timor: Invasões Estrangeiras: Revoltas Indígenas, Portugália Editora, Lisbon, 242 pp. Aside from Governor Ferreira's secret report, this is the definitive work expressing the Salazarist (“neutralist”) position in East Timor during World War II. P. 217 describes massacres at Maubisse, which were witnessed by Australians and described by Bernard Callinan in Independent Company. Portuguese deportados characterised in recent accounts as pro-Allied freedom fighters assisted Liberato. Fiche 43-46

A. de Sousa Santos, Duas Palavras ao Capitão Liberato a propósito de “O Caso de Timor” (Excelsior, Lisboa, 1947), 148 pp. Pamphleteering-style reply to above work, attacking pro- Salazarist Portuguese performance in East Timor during WWII. Writer accuses Liberato of massacring pro-Japanese East Timorese, and then of capitulating to Japanese occupation forces. Criticised by the Governor in the above secret report, Sousa Santos asserts his differences arose from refusal to collaborate with Japanese by providing Timorese as “comfort women” for Japanese army. Fiche 46-48

See also 1989 below--Jill Jolliffe, English-language manuscript of Timor, Terra Sangrenta, and Carlos Cal Brandão's book Funu [not included in this microfiche collection], published (in Portuguese) soon after the war, with authorization of the government censor, and then running into several editions, is also essential to understanding the history of the Second World War in Portuguese Timor. Republished recently [no date], it is available from :

The Editor Perspectivas e Realidades Rua Reuben A.Leitão, 4-2º Esq. 1200 Lisbon PORTUGAL

C. R. Boxer, The Topasses of Timor (Uitgave van het Indisch Instituut, Amsterdam, 1947), 22 pp. Fiche 48-49

1948

C. R. Boxer, Fidalgos in the Far East, 1550-1948 (, 1948), 14 pp. Fiche 50

AOS/CO/UL-10-A, pasta 10, “Carta ao Senhor Ministro das Colónias, em 1 de Abril”, Arquivo Nacional da Torre do Tombo (Arquivo Salazar). Contains another copy of report of commission of inquiry into Gov. Ferreira's conduct (interesting for passages underlined by Salazar) plus

13 letters to Salazar from Sousa Santos, and a banned Communist Party pamphlet of 1941 attacking Dutch and Australian governments for Timor landings, and Salazar for his “false neutrality”. Fiche 50-51

1950

AOS/CO/NE-2E2, pasta 30, “O Memorandum do Governo Australiano entregue ao Consúl de Portugal....em 12 de Abril”. Arquivo Nacional da Torre do Tombo (Arquivo Salazar) Fiche 52

Portugal. Instituto Nacional de Estatística, Anuário Estatístico do Ultramar: 1950-1951 (Lisboa). population figures 1950. Fiche 52

12 April--AOS/CO/UL-20,pasta 6, “Possível Invasão de Timor por forças javanesas”. Arquivo Nacional da Torre do Tombo (Arquivo Salazar). Fiche 52

1954

AOS/CO/NE-19, pasta 8 , “Relato de Conversa com O Ministro da Indonésia”. Arquivo Nacional da Torre do Tombo (Arquivo Salazar). Fiche 52

1959

AOS/CP-180, pasta 5.2.1/13 Letter from Australian Prime Minister R.G. Menzies to Salazar. Arquivo Nacional Torre do Tombo (Arquivo Salazar). This is the first of a long correspondence between Australian Prime Minister Robert Menzies and the Portuguese dictator in the 1960s, over colonial questions, which first came to light in 1995, when the Salazar Archives opened. See also Jill Jolliffe, “Salazar and Ming: The Secret Letters”, The Canberra Times, 12 August 1995. Fiche 52

AOS/CO/UL-36, “Breve resenha de alguns factos ocorridos em Viqueque e Uatolari. (1959)”. Arquivo Nacional Torre do Tombo (Arquivo Salazar). This letter to Salazar describes in detail the circumstances of the 1959 revolt in the Viqueque and Uatolari, including the public execution of ringleaders of the revolt by two Portuguese officials. The author of the document has been identified as the late Monsignor Martinho da Costa Lopes. Fiche 52

1960

Portugal. Instituto Nacional de Estatístico, Anuário Estatistíco do Ultramar: 1960 (Lisboa). Population figures 1960. Fiche 52

14 C.R. Boxer “Portuguese Timor: A Rough Island Story: 1515--1960” in History Today, Vol. X, 1960, pp. 349-355. Fiche 52

AOS/CO/UL--32A-2, Garcia 435, Memorandum sobre O Acontecimentoem Timor em 1959. Arquivo Nacional da Torre do Tombo (Arquivo Salazar). Sent to Salazar by the head of PIDE on 2 November 1960, this 9-page document is ostensibly a confession given in the state prison in Bie, southern , by José Manuel Duarte for his part in the 1959 uprising. In reality it is a moving description of the ills affecting the East Timorese under Portuguese colonialism, and an early declaration of nationalist principles. After 1974 Duarte became a supporter of the pro-Indonesian APODETI party. Fiche 52

1961

13 Feb.--AOS/CO/UL-32A-2 “PIDE: Informações sobre Timor”, Arquivo Nacional da Torre do Tombo (Arquivo Salazar). Fiche 53

AOS/COE-1 “Australia. Robert Menzies”. 18 Oct '61--5 March '64. Correspondence between Salazar and M SEE NOTES Arquivo Nacional da Torre do Tombo (Arquivo Salazar). Fiche 53 AOS/CO/UL-32C, pasta 11, 20 May, “Enviada à Presidência do Conselho....” Arquivo Nacional da Torre do Tombo (Arquivo Salazar). Fiche 54

AOS/CO/UL-39, pasta 12, 25 July, “Algumas consideraçôes sobre a necessidade....” Arquivo Nacional da Torre do Tombo (Arquivo Salazar). Fiche 54-55

Louís Berthe, “Le mariage par achat et la captation des gendres dans une société semi féodale: les Buna’ de Timor central”, typescript, 25 pp. (published in L'Homme 1 (3): 5-31, Sept.-Dec. 1961, (Paris)). Fiche 53-54

1962

14 February 1962--AOS/CO/NE-25, pasta 25 , Informação sobre a Indonésia. Arquivo Nacional da Torre do Tombo (Arquivo Salazar). Fiche 55-56

29 May 1962--AOS/CO/UL-54, pasta 4. Situação em Timor (1962-1965). Arquivo Nacional da Torre do Tombo (Arquivo Salazar) Fiche 55

3 December, 1962-- General Assembly, Timor: Background Paper Prepared by the Secretariat. Fiche 56

1963

(n.d.) Louís Berthe, “Morpho-Syntaxe du Buna’”. 11 pp. Fiche 57

15 1964

5 March--AOS/COE-1, Austrália (Robert Menzies). Arquivo Nacional da Torre do Tombo (Arquivo Salazar). See 1961

1965

Agencia-Geral do Ultramar, Timor: Pequena Monografia (Lisboa, 1965), 124 pp.

AOS/CO/UL-54, pasta 4, Ocorrências na frontiera de Timor, 16 November. Arquivo Nacional da Torre do Tombo (Arquivo Salazar). Fiche 57-59

1966

1/1/66--, Revista do Seminário de Timor, Ano V, No. 1. Cyclostyled, 24 pp. Journal of the Catholic seminary at Dare, edited by Dom Jaime Goulart, much-respected wartime bishop of East Timor. Fiche 59

AOS/CO/UL-54, pasta 4, Ocorrências na fronteira de Timor, 16 Nov. and others. Arquivo Nacional da Torre do Tombo (Arquivo Salazar) Fiche 59-60

1967

29 Jan. '67--AOS/CO/UL-8J, 5ªsubd, Telegrama ... Arquivo Nacional da Torre do Tombo (Arquivo Salazar) Fiche 60

14 Feb '67--AOS CO UL -8J, 7a subd., Telegrama recebido do Governador de Timor. Arquivo Nacional da Torre do Tombo (Arquivo Salazar)

13 Apr. '67--AOS/CO/UL-8J, 9a subd., " " " " " " " Arquivo Nacional da Torre do Tombo (Arquivo Salazar).

31 Oct '67--AOS/CO/UL-50F, pasta 1-17ª subd., Situação no Timor Indonésio. Arquivo Nacional da Torre do Tombo (Arquivo Salazar)

1968

AOS/CO/UL--50F, pasta 1, folhas 486-493, 2 Feb, Situação em Timor, extracto de um relatório da PIDE Timor, ambiente político. Arquivo Nacional da Torre do Tombo (Arquivo Salazar) Fiche 60

16 AOS/CO/UL-50F, pasta 1, folhas 494-499, 2 Feb., Situação em Timor, extracto de um relatório da PIDE Timor, jogo de azar e turismo. Arquivo Nacional da Torre do Tombo (Arquivo Salazar) Fiche 60-61

1970

Portugal. Institute Nacional de Estatística. Anuário Estatística: Províncias Ultramarinas (1970). Lisboa. Population figures 1970. Fiche 61

1971 idem Fiche 61

1974

Assorted press cuttings, documents Fiche 61

Portugal. Instituto Nacional de Estatistíco. Delegação de Timor. Demografia: 4º Trimestre 1974. Update of population figures, last quarter of 1974. Fiche 61

17 June--Letter from Indonesian foreign minister Adam Malik to José Ramos Horta guaranteeing East Timor's right to independence. 1p. Fiche 61

1975

Assorted press cuttings, documents Fiche 62-69

J.R. Landman, Tetum dictionary. Typescript. 47 pp. Pages 25-26 lacking. Fiche 62

Abílio de Araùjo, Timorese Elites, ed. Jill Jolliffe & Bob Reece, trans. J.M. Alberto (Canberra, 1975). 8-page booklet reproducing article by Abílio Araùjo, FRETILIN founder, on the role of elites in East Timorese history. Introduction by the editors Reece & Jolliffe, and two appendices--one from Capt. Alexander Hamilton's 1744 work A New Account of the East Indies, describing the chronic rebelliousness of the Timorese, and the other a news item from Melbourne's Argus newspaper of 26/8/1912 describing aspects of the 1912 rebellion. Fiche 62

1 Oct.--Ben Anderson, trans., Analysis of Responsibility: Defence Speech of Sudisman, General Secretary of the Indonesian Communist Party at his trial before Special Military Tribunal, Jakarta, 21 July 1967 (Melbourne, October 1975), 28 pp. Fiche 63-64

31/10/75--(Balibo/Roger East) Letter from Australian foreign minister Don Willese to Ron Casey, manager HSV7, with report on investigation to date. Fiche 65

17 26 Oct--Report on Visit to East Timor for the ACFOA Timor Task Force, Canberra, 1975. This 19- page document is a collector's item, describing as it does the situation in the period between Portugal's withdrawal from East Timor in August 1975 and Indonesia's invasion of December that year. Former Australian consul James Dunn led the 4-person ACFOA (Australian Council for Overseas Aid) team, and travelled within the territory during the term of the visit. His report gives an assessment of the military situation, written after the major Indonesian offensive on the border area which began October 16. Fiche 64 2 Dec.--Francisco Borja da Costa, Poesias Revolucionárias e de Luta Contra o Colonialismo (Dili). Manuscript with seven poems, in Tetum and Portuguese, by young East Timorese poet Borja da Costa, who was publicly executed by Indonesian troops on December 7, 1975. With biographical notes from Nov. 3 interview with Jill Jolliffe. Fiche 69

19/12/75--(Balibo/Roger East) Report from David Rutter, Australian Consul in Jakarta on the “circumstances which led to the presumption of death” of the . Fiche 67

1976

Assorted press cuttings, documents Fiche 70-77

Jan.--Xavier do Amaral, “Comrades! Independence or Death! We Will Win!” (), 12 pp. Speech of FRETILIN leader Amaral on his 28/11/75 inauguration as President. Fiche 70

Jan.--Timor Leste: Aprender Lutar. 11 pp. Literacy handbook, Portuguese-Tetum, based on Paulo Freire method. Fiche 70

16 Jan. 1976--Secretariado do Governo Provisório em Dili, Linhas de Orientação para os Contactos com a Delegação da ONU. 3 pp. document instructing population on how to behave during visit of UN Special Envoy Winspeare Guicciardi. Fiche 71

8/3/76--(Balibo/Roger East) Jill Jolliffe, “How Did These Australians Die?”, National Times, pp. 26-29. Fiche 71

22/3/76--(Balibo/Roger East) Jill Jolliffe, “For Canberra, The Truth can stay buried with Roger East”, National Times, Sydney [incomplete] Fiche 72

April--Francisco Borja da Costa, Revolutionary Poems in the Struggle Against Colonialism (ed. Jill Jolliffe, Wild & Woolley, Sydney), 52 pp. Fiche 70-71

June 1976--FRETILIN, Constituçao da Republica Democratica de Timor Leste, 9 pp. Fiche 72 1/6/76--(Balibo/Roger East) “Report of the visit to East Timor by the Investigation Team from Embassy, Jakarta, April/May 1976”. 33 pp., plus Annexes A, B. Also contains reports of interview with José Martins in Melbourne, 10/5/76 and “Summary Reports of Other

18 Accounts of the Deaths of the Television Newsmen“. This document, obtained from James Dunn, at that time Parliamentary Librarian in Canberra, differs only in some details from that sent to Mrs C. Dryden, reproduced below. Fiche 72

2/6/76--(Balibo/Roger East) Letter from G.J. Price, Australian foreign affairs official to the late Mrs C. (“Shonny”) Dryden, mother of Greg Shackleton, accompanying report of in loco investigation by Australian officials in Balibo in April/ May 1976, with documents outlining statements of pro-Indonesian East Timorese leaders. 33 pp., plus Annexes A,B. Fiche 73

30/6/76--(Balibo/Roger East) Australian Journalist's association, “Annual Report and Balance Sheet: for the year ended June 30, 1976”, p. 9: “Death of Journalists in Timor”. Fiche 74

August 1976-- Decolonisation: Issue on East Timor, A publication of the United Nations Department of Political Affairs, Trusteeship and Decolonization, Nº. 7 (New York), 70 pp. Fiche 76-77

2 Nov. 1976--Tomás Ximenes Dias, Relatório (Dili). Report by MP for Baucau region praising Indonesians for freeing Timorese from Portuguese colonial yoke, but listing “some irregularities” committed by Indonesian troops during takeover. 8 pp., Portuguese and Indonesian. Fiche 77 --see also Gov. Mario Lemos Pires's 1976 report on the decolonization process in 1981 file, date of its declassification.

1/12/76--(Balibo/Roger East) Correspondence initiated by National Union of Journalists (NUJ), London, and various official bodies--Australian, British; Indonesian--concerning the Balibo deaths. Sent to Jill Jolliffe in Melbourne by Ron Knowles, editor of NUJ paper The Journalist, late 1976. Includes José Martins's original testimony to the Australian Journalists' Association (AJA), in Melbourne, 7/5/76, and correspondence between the NUJ and AJA. Roger East mentioned in passing. Exact date of reception uncertain--filed under 1/12/76. Fiche 77

1977

Assorted press cuttings, documents Fiche 78-92

March 23--U.S. Congress, Committee on International Relations, Human Rights in East Timor and the Question of the Use of U.S. Equipment by the Indonesian Armed Forces... (U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, 1977) Fiche 80-81

(located after Sherlock below on fiche)

Luiz Aguiar, Livro Negro da Descolonização (Lisbon), pp. 517-631, 743-744 Fiche 78-79

19 União Democratica Timorense, “A Intervenção Indonésia em Timor Oriental: Uma Cronologia”, (Lisbon, cyclostyled), 9 pp. Fiche 79

James Dunn, The East Timor Situation: Report on Talks with East Timorese Refugees in Portugal (Parliament, Canberra), 9 pp. Fiche 79-80

Republic of Indonesia, Decolonization in East Timor (Jakarta, Dept of Information), 102 pp. Fiche 81-83

20 April--Kevin Sherlock, Gazetteer of East Timor, (Darwin), 20 pp. Fiche 80

FRETILIN, East Timor: Indonesia's Vietnam (Lisbon), 34 pp. Fiche 83

10 June--Abriru, O Problema de Timor (Lisbon), 16 pp. Fiche 84

28 June and July 19, 1977--U.S. Congress, Committee on International Relations, Human Rights in East Timor: Hearings... (U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, 1977) Fiche 89-91

14 Sept.--James Dunn, East Timor--From Portuguese Colonialism to Indonesian Incorporation (, Canberra), 134 pp. and annexes. Fiche 87-89

18 Oct.--Congressional Committee on International Relations, Human Rights in Indonesia: A Review of the Situation with Respect to the Long-term Political Detainees. 36 pp. Fiche 91-92

1978

Jan.--March

Assorted press cuttings, documents Fiche 93-97

Center for International Policy, Human Rights and the U.S. Assistance Program, Fiscal Year 1978 (Washington), 79 pp. Fiche 94-96

Feb.--March

Feb. 15, 16, 28; March 7 and 8--U.S. Congress, Committee on International Relations, Foreign Assistance Legislation for Fiscal Year 1979 (Part 4): Hearings...U.S. Policy on Human Rights and Military Assistance in Indonesia, Nicaragua, , Thailand and Iran (U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, 1978) Fiche 98-109

March--July

Assorted press cuttings, documents Fiche 110-118

20 March--(Balibo/Roger East) Interview with Paulo Pires, Quinta da Graça, Lisbon, March 1978. Fiche 110

July 25--U.S. Congress, Committee on International Relations, Human Rights Conditions in Selected Countries and the U.S. Response (U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, 1978). Fiche 112-117

Aug.--Dec.

Assorted press cuttings, documents Fiche 119-123

1978

Jill Jolliffe, East Timor: Nationalism & Colonialism. Brisbane: University of Queensland Press, 1978). Fiche 124-129

1979

Jan.-March

Assorted press cuttings, documents Fiche 130-134

11 Jan. 1979--interview with two Timorese refugees, Lisbon Fiche 130

March 1979--Stephen Ranck, “Regional Understanding: The Case of East Timor”, Geography Bulletin (Sydney), pp. 18-30. Fiche 131

28 March 1979--Last will and testament before execution of Joaquim Manuel de Nascimento, AileuFiche 132

April--(Balibo/Roger East) Jill Jolliffe, Interview with Witness 1, Lisbon, 8/4/79 and 22/4/79 “ “ “ “ “ “ 2, Lisbon, 5/4/79 and 15/4/79 “ “ “ “ “ “ 3, Lisbon, 13/4/79 “ “ “ “ “ “ 4, Lisbon, 7/4/79 “ “ “ “ “ “ 6, Lisbon, 29/4/79 Fiche 135

Jill Jolliffe, Interview with José Martins, Lisbon, 19/4/79 Fiche 135 “ “ “ “ “ Paulo Pires, Quinta da Graça, March 1978 “ “ , Notes on interviews, preparatory to National Times story, 1979 “ “ , letter to James Dunn re National Times story published under Hamish McDonald's byline, 26/7/79? Fiche 135-136

21 May--(Balibo/Roger East) Sheryle Bagwell and Everard Himmelreich, “The Roger East Story”, New Journalist, London. Fiche 137

1 April--20 June

Assorted press cuttings, documents Fiche 135-138

1 July--28 Sept.

Assorted press cuttings, documents Fiche 139-143

1 July 1979, (Balibo/Roger East) Jill Jolliffe, original copy, National Times article: “Refugee Evidence” (background on who refugee witnesses were, in general sense, and how they came to be in Portugal); “How Orders where Given” (how the Indonesian command structure and radio communications worked between Batugade and Balibo on Oct. 16, 1975); main text...... Plus note to Hamish Mcdonald concerning identity of Indonesian officers at Balibo. Fiche 139

7 July 1979--(Balibo/Roger East) Hamish McDonald, “Death at Balibo”, The National Times, pp. 21-32. Fiche 140

12 July 1979--(Balibo/Roger East) Jill Jolliffe, “Refugee testifies to journalist killings”, The Guardian. Fiche 140

21/7/79--(Balibo/Roger East) Greg Giles, Letter to the Editor, The National Times. Fiche 140

26/7/79--(Balibo/Roger East) Jill Jolliffe, letter to Jim Dunn. Fiche 140

31 July 1979--(Balibo/Roger East) Jill Jolliffe, Typescript of Letter to Editor of National Times. Fiche 140

25 August 1979--(Balibo/Roger East) Shirley Shackleton, “Balibo: A Warning to Others”, The National Times. Fiche 142

25 August 1979--(Balibo/Roger East) Jim Dunn, Letter to the Editor, The National Times. Fiche 142

1 Oct.--31 Dec.

Assorted press cuttings, documents Fiche 144-149

14 Oct. (Balibo/Roger East)--sworn testimony of Pedro Lai, Timorese refugee in Lisbon, concerning Roger East's death, with English translation. Fiche 145

22 15 Oct. (Balibo/Roger East)--Jill Jolliffe, typescript of Roger East death story filed to , Melbourne. Fiche 145

20 Oct. (Balibo/Roger East)--Ken Pottinger, typescript, radio story for Australian Broadcasting Commission on Roger East's death. Fiche 145

24 Oct. (Balibo/Roger East)--sworn testimony of Chong Keui Nhan concerning Roger East's death, Lisbon, no date. Fiche 145

Oct.--Noam Chomsky, Statement Delivered to the Fourth Committee of the UN General Assembly. Typescript, 6 pp., New York. Fiche 144

1 Nov.--Kevin Sherlock, Timor Material Held by Kevin Sherlock (Darwin). 32 pp. document by Timor's leading bibliographer. Useful listings press articles, plus piece Oct '79 issue Quadrant, attacking Chomsky's stand Cambodia. Fiche 144

4 Dec. 1979--U.S. Congress, Famine Relief for East Timor (U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington), 60 pp. Fiche 147-148

1980

1 Jan.--28 Feb.

Assorted press cuttings, documents Fiche 150-156

January--“Report of the East Timor First Level Regional People's Assembly to the President of the Republic of Indonesia on Questions Connected with the Implementation of Government in East Timor”. Cyclostyled, 7 pp. Interesting document written by Indonesian-appointed Timorese officials, expressing deep unhappiness of East Timorese five years after takeover, and latent conflict between these civilian officials and the Indonesian army and Indonesians associated with it, which was to spill over into revolt of June 10, 1980. Fiche 152

Gérard Francillon, “Incursions upon : A Modern History of an Ancient Empire” in ed. J. J. Fox, The Flow of Life: Essays on Eastern Indonesia (Harvard University Press, Cambridge, 1980), pp. 248-265, 347-349. Lacks p. 350, last page of footnotes. Fiche 153

January 1980--ed. Richard Walsh and George Munster, Documents on Australian Defence and Foreign Policy 1968-1975 (Walsh & Munster, Hong Kong, 1980), pp. 171-225. Sensitive documents on Australia's role in East Timor takeover. Fiche 153-154

6 Feb. 1980--Benedict Anderson, “Prepared Testimony on Human Rights in Indonesia and in East Timor for the Subcommittee on Asian and Pacific Affairs of the Committee on International Relations of the House of Representatives” (Washington), 25 pp. Fiche 155-156

23 1 March--29 June

Assorted press cuttings, documents Fiche 157-161

2 March 1980--Noam Chomsky, “Why should we devote attention to East Timor, a small and remote place that most Americans have never even heard of?”. (Asian Center, New York). 8 pp. Fiche 157

10 June 1980--David Hinkley, “Testimony on East Timor...to Subcommittee on Foreign Operations of the Committee on Appropriations: U.S. House of Representatives. (Washington, cyclostyled), 11 pp. Fiche 160

1 July--29 Sept.

Assorted press cuttings, documents Fiche 162-167

1 Oct.--29 Oct.

Assorted press cuttings, documents Fiche 168-175

1 Nov.--31 Dec.

Assorted press cuttings, documents Fiche 176-182

1981

1 Jan.--30 April

Assorted press cuttings, documents Fiche 183-189

13 Feb. (Balibo/Roger East)--Australian Embassy, Lisbon: extract from Radio Australia news concerning Roger East's death. Fiche 185

1 May--30 June

Assorted press cuttings, documents Fiche 190-198

1 July--30 Sept.

Assorted press cuttings, documents Fiche 199-204

Sept. 1981--Kevin Sherlock, “Indice Alfabético de Nomes de Pessoas, de Empresas e de Navios Encontrados no Livro Relatório dos Acontecimentos de Timor pelo Governador Manuel de Abreu Ferreira de Carvalho” (14 pp. list of names mentioned in Timor Governor's wartime report. For original report, see 1947 Fiche 202

24 1 Oct.--30 Oct.

Assorted press cuttings, documents Fiche 205-211

2 Nov.--31 Dec.

Assorted press cuttings, documents Fiche 212-216

1981

Gov. Mário Lemos Pires, Relatório do Governo de Timor (Período de 13 de Novembro de 1974 a 7 de Dezembro de 1975), Relatórios da Descolonização de Timor I, (Presidência do Conselho de Ministros, Lisboa, 1981). First of two-volume report investigating Portuguese administration in Timor's handling of decolonisation. Completed by Governor Lemos Pires in April 1976, the report was suppressed until 1981, when Portuguese President António Ramalho Eanes authorised publication, and distribution to a restricted circle. Fiche 217-222

Brig. Francisco A. Riscado, Lieut. Col. Paula Vicente, Maj. João Goulão de Melo, Cap. Carlos S.C. Pecorelli, Relatório da Comissão de Análise e Esclarecimento do Processo de Descolonização de Timor, Relatórios da descolonização de Timor II, (Presidência do Conselho de Ministros, Lisboa, 1961). Brigadier Francisco Abreu Riscado, who chaired the commission which edited this second part of the report, completed volume II on February 1, 1977. --Both the above texts contain a wealth of documents concerning the decolonisation. Fiche 223-227

1981 (1976)

Gov. Mario Lemos Pires, Relatório do Governo: Período de 13 Nov. '74 a 7 Dez 75, Vol. I. 224 pp. (Lisboa, 1976). Original cyclostyled version of above, marked “Confidencial”. Fiche 228-231

1981 (1976) ditto Vol II. (Anexos), 421 pp. Fiche 232-238

1981 (1977)

Estado-Maior General das Forças Armadas, Relatório de Timor, 222 pp. (Lisboa 1977). ditto. With handwritten notes by JJ summarising content. Fiche 239-244

25 1982

Jan.

Assorted press cuttings, documents Fiche 245-248

Kevin Sherlock “East Timor: and Chefes de Suco; Indigenous Authorities in 1952”. Typescript, 76 pp. Darwin 1982. Fiche 245-246

Instruksi Operasi No: INSOP-/03/II/ 1982. Marked “secret”, photocopy of Indonesian military document captured by FRETILIN in 1983, concerning Indonesian “fence-of-legs” military operation in 1982, with note to this effect by Xanana, also explaining that last two pages not included because damaged by humidity. In Bahasa Indonesian, with note in Portuguese by Xanana. Fiche 246

1 Feb.--31 March

Assorted press cuttings, documents Fiche 249-254

5--15 March 1982--FRETILIN, Relatório da Delegação do Comité Central da Fretilin em missão de serviço no exterior do País. 69 pp. Fiche 250-251

1 April--May

Assorted press cuttings, documents Fiche 255-257

16 April, 1982--Jim Dunn “Comment on Article by Mr Whitlam, ‘The Truth About Timor (The Bulletin, March 30, 1982)’ ” (Parliament of Australia), 9 pp. Fiche 255-256

Dale van Atta and Brian Toohey, “The Timor Papers”, part 1, The National Times (Sydney), May 30--June 5, 1982. Fiche 256

1 June--31 July

Assorted press cuttings, documents Fiche 258-262

Dale van Atta and Brian Toohey, “The Timor Papers”, part 2, The National Times (Sydney), June 6- 12, 1982 Fiche 259

Kevin Sherlock, “The Timor Collection Darwin: List of Holdings (as of June 1982)”, 95 pp. Fiche 259-261

26 1 Aug.--10 Sept. Fiche 263-264

Noam Chomsky, Myth and Ideology in U.S. Foreign Policy. Una Edicion Bilingue, 1 August 82. Published by the East Timor Human Rights Committee. Syracuse, New York. 28 pp. Fiche 263

2 Sept. 1982--“East Timor Report”, interview by Jill Jolliffe with 7 children of X, newly-arrived from East Timor. Fiche 264

10 September

10 Sept.--Kodim, Baukau, Tim Tim Petunjuk Teknis (Rahasia). Baucau. Photocopy of 86 pp. military instruction document captured by Timorese resistance in December 1982, with note to that effect by Xanana Gusmão. Sets out guidelines for torture of suspects, and provides detailed counter- insurgency information on resistance structures, and movement's support among civilian population. Accompanied by handwritten notes. Plus an English translation done separately by the London- based TAPOL organisation. Fiche 265-268

12--30 Sept.

Assorted press cuttings, documents Fiche 269-270

16 September 82--Assembleia da República, Relatório da Visita da Delegação da Comissão da Assembleia da República para os Assuntos de Timor-Leste à Austrália e às Nações Unidas. Fiche 269

1 Oct.--30 Oct.

Assorted press cuttings, documents Fiche 271-273

1 Oct.--Francisco Pinto Balsemão, Prime Minister of Portugal, Speech to 37th session of UN General Assembly. 20 pp. (Portuguese) Fiche 271

12 Oct.--White House, Background Briefing by Senior Administration Official on the Visit of President Suharto of Indonesia. 8 pp. Fiche 272

1 Nov.--23 Dec.

Assorted press cuttings, documents Fiche 274-280

Dec. 10--16--Congressional Record: Proceedings and Debates of the 97th Congress, Second Session. (Washington). 9 pp. Debate on East Timor in U.S. Congress. Fiche 279

27 1983

1 Jan.--31 March

Assorted press cuttings, documents Fiche 281-286

April--31 May

Assorted press cuttings, documents Fiche 287-293

10 May--Documents from East Timor resistance. First document, signed by Xanana, is directed to world press, and gives political and military resume of national situation as seen by resistance. Then follows a series of reports on situation in each region, drawn up by resistance com-manders, including lists of people executed and imprisoned, and summary of socio-economic conditions. Rough notes and translations done in Lisbon are included. Quality of some documents (all delivered in photocopy form) is poor. 122 pp. Fiche 290-292

16 May--Jill Jolliffe, “The Occupation and Invasion of East Timor” Typescript, Lisbon, 10 pp. Paper delivered to seminar on East Timor, Stockholm, May 16, 1983. Fiche 292

24 May--James Dunn, The Timor Question and the United Nations (Australian Parliamentary Library, Canberra), typescript, 23 pp. and Annex, 3 pp. Fiche 292-293

June--July

Assorted press cuttings, documents Fiche 294-298

“É natural que os indonésios me considerem persona non grata”, Diario de Noticias (Lisbon), pp. 25, 38-39. Interview by Antonio Cadavez with Dom Martinho da Costa Lopes, acting Bishop of Timor, soon after his departure from the territory in July 1983, With translation and press release, dated 25 July, 1983 by the London-based Catholic Institute for International Relations. 8 pp. Fiche 296-297

22 July--4 Aug. Fiche 299-302 The Hon. W.L. Morrison, “Official Report of the Australian Parliamentary Delegation to Indonesia...July-August 1983” (Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra, 1983). 214 pp. Report of visit by Australian parliamentary delegation to East Timor, during which they were approached by guerrillas on road between Baucau and Laga, but refused an offer to visit a village in a “liberated zone”. Fiche 299-302

26 July--Resistance document of four pages, addressed to “Recently-arrived delegation”, unsigned, but in hand of Xanana Gusmão. Photocopy, page 2 faded. Asserts Timorese at war against Indonesia, and will fight until independence. Page four note: “We apologise for (the crudity) of our writing, but imperialism has impeded us from acquiring intellectual skills”. Fiche 302

28 For final note on this visit, revealed years later, see articles by Jill Jolliffe in The Age of November 14, 1990 (Fiche 456), based on interviews with defected guerrilla leader Mauk Moruk, on subsequent imprisonment and execution of Timorese who approached the delegation.

1 Aug.--30 Sept.

Assorted press cuttings, documents Fiche 303-310

[no date] FRETILIN, FRETILIN Conquers the Right to Dialogue (Lisbon). Booklet published belatedly by FRETILIN committee abroad presenting circumstances of March 1983 agreed between Xanana Gusmão, for resistance, and Gen. Purwanto, of Indonesian army. Fiche 303

The Parliament of the Commonwealth of Australia. Senate Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs and Defence. The Human Rights and Conditions of the People of East Timor (Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra, 1983) 106 pp. Fiche 305-307

1 Oct.--29 Dec.

Assorted press cuttings, documents Fiche 311-314

1984

1 Jan.--28 Feb.

Assorted press cuttings, documents Fiche 315-320

Representação Externa de FRETILIN, Luanda, O Plano de Paz de FRETILIN (Edições Novembro, UEE, Luanda, 1984), 16 pp. Portuguese and English. Text of peace plan proposed by FRETILIN and supported at 1983 summit of former Portuguese African colonies, stressing non-aligned policy. Includes call for talks between Portugal, Indonesia and FRETILIN, implementation of UN resolutions, a referendum and invitation to Australia to observe talks. Fiche 315

Kevin Sherlock, “Timor and the ‘Boletim do Governo de Macau’ (in preparation)”, Macau, 4 Feb., 1984, 11 pp. Fiche 318

1 March--30 April

Assorted press cuttings, documents Fiche 321-324

1 May--29 June

Assorted press cuttings, documents Fiche 325-328

29 1 July--30 July

Assorted press cuttings, documents Fiche 329-332

1--30 Aug.

Assorted press cuttings, documents Fiche 333-335

Sept.

Assorted press cuttings, documents Fiche 336-340

Sept. (date received in Lisbon)--“Questões para a Compreensão da Unidade Nacional” (“Questions for an Understanding of National Unity”), 20-pp. typescript, written in mountains of East Timor by José Alexandre Xanana Gusmão, although unsigned. This thoughtful analysis heralded a new non- sectarian policy by the resistance, seeking to establish an ample front incorporating all political tendencies, after a period of blood-letting and persecution of dissidents. Fiche 337

Sept.--Juan Pardo, El Problema de Timor-Este (Iepala, Madrid), 141 pp. First original publication out of Spain on East Timor issue, by a young Basque writer. Pp. 72-77 have useful table on military equipment in use in Timor at that time. Fiche 337-339

4 Oct.--31 Dec.

Assorted press cuttings, documents Fiche 341-344

Oct. 1984--Letter from Miguel dos Santos, Commander of resistance's autonomous company, to Mgr. Martinho da Costa Lopes, acting bishop of Dili. He tells bishop of recent actions of resistance, says he went to bush with the guerrillas in August 1983 as part of a general uprising in the eastern zone, and reminds him that, as (rajah) of Meara, it was he who set up Bishop Martinho Lopes's famous meeting with Xanana, in Meara in Sept. 1982. When the signal for revolt sounded in Aug. 1983, he led villagers, with 52 guns and a machine-gun seized from the Indonesian police post in Meara. With notes from an interview with the bishop, and handwritten copies of extracts from other letters. Fiche 341

1985

Jan.--Feb.

Assorted press cuttings, documents Fiche 345-347

2 Jan.--FRETILIN: Conselho Revolucionário de Resistência Nacional (CRRN), Mensagem de Saudação: transmitido via radio, em Fevreiro de 1985, por ocasião da inauguraçao do emissor da FRETILIN, nas áreas contradas pelas FALINTIL, em Timor-Leste. Photocopy, 44 pp. Report

30 on activity of recent times, lists of latest civilian arrests, Indonesian troop figures and casualties (claims around 600 in 1984). Fiche 345

1 March--30 April

Assorted press cuttings, documents Fiche 348-349

1 May--30 June

Assorted press cuttings, documents Fiche 350-352

1 July--30 Aug.

Assorted press cuttings, documents Fiche 353-355

1 Sep.--28 Oct.

Assorted press cuttings, documents Fiche 356-360

1 Nov.--31 Dec.

Assorted press cuttings, documents Fiche 361-364

1986

Jan.

Assorted press cuttings, documents Fiche 365-370

1 Jan.--Timor in the Portuguese Press of the Far East-Part one: 1850-1868. Compiled by Kevin Sherlock. Darwin. 85 pp. Fiche 365-367

1 Jan.--Timor in the Portuguese Periodical Press of the Far East-1870. Compiled by Kevin Sherlock. Darwin. 112 pp. Fiche 367-368

1 Feb.--31 March

Assorted press cuttings, documents Fiche 371-373

1 April--31 May

Assorted press cuttings, documents Fiche 374-378

2 April--Kay Rala Xanana Gusmão, “Timor Leste - Fretilin, Conselho Revolucionário de Resistência Nacional; Portugal/Timor Leste - Um contexto lógico nas responsabilidades de um, o direito de outro”. 26 pp. Resistance policy document on relations between Portugal and East Timorese resistance. Fiche 374

31 20 April--Jill Jolliffe, “Rough Notes Towards an Analysis of the Military Situation in East Timor”, (Supplement to Timor Newsletter, Lisbon), 17 pp. Fiche 375

6 June--31 July

Assorted press cuttings, documents Fiche 379-383

Miguel Anacoreta Correia, Relatório apresentado à Comissão Eventual para o Acompanhamento da Situação em Timor-Leste da Assembleia da República. Photocopy. 113 pp. Annexes (only Annex III is included here). Confidential report by Portuguese parliamentarian Miguel Anacoreta Correia, who visited Indonesia and East Timor between July 9--17, at the invitation of Gen. Benny Murdani. He concluded that Indonesian investment in development had produced positive results, but that the East Timorese felt deeply unhappy and lacked liberty. Contains two interviews with Murdani, at beginning and end of visit (pp. 13-16 and pp. 89-105). Fiche 379-381

1 Aug.--24 Sept.

Assorted press cuttings, documents Fiche 384-386

2 Oct.--31 Dec.

Assorted press cuttings, documents Fiche 387-391

Nov. 1986-- Relatório elaborado pela Comissão Eventual para Acompanhamento da Situação em Timor-Leste. (Photocopy, Lisbon) 27 pp. Summary of Portuguese position on East Timor prepared by parliamentary commission, for distribution abroad, in various languages. Fiche 387-388

1987

15 Jan.--25 March

Assorted press cuttings, documents Fiche 392-397

Jill Jolliffe, “Portuguese Timor, World War II: Thirteen Years after Decolonisation, Lisbon Archives Yield Their Secrets” (Unpublished paper, typescript, Lisbon), 22 pp. Fiche 392

1 April--29 July

Assorted press cuttings, documents Fiche 398-402

1 Aug.--31 Dec. Assorted press cuttings, documents Fiche 403-410

32 Dec. 7--Kay Rala Xanana Gusmão, “Mensagem de 7 de Dezembro de 1987”. Handwritten original, from mountains of East Timor, 10 pp. Guerrilla commander's message to East Timorese nationalists on 12th anniversary of invasion. Fiche 409

1988

1 Jan.--30 May

Assorted press cuttings, documents Fiche 411-416

29 Feb.--Kay Rala Xanana Gusmão. “Letter to Portuguese parliamentarian Miguel Anacoreta Correia”. East Timor mountains. 7 pp. Fiche 413

4 March--“Torture in East Timor”, typescript news story by Jill Jolliffe to Toronto Globe and Mail, Canberra Times, telling of life and death of Maria Gorete. Fiche 414

See also photographic section for last letters of Maria Gorete before execution

June--31 Dec.

Assorted press cuttings, documents Fiche 417-422

13-20 Aug.--“Report: Indonesia and East Timor”. Report on visit to East Timor by four members of the European Parliament. Cyclostyled, 8 pp. Fiche 419

5 Dec.--Bishop Carlos Filipe Ximenes Belo, “Nota Pastoral Sobre os Chamados ‘Yayasan Santo António’ e ‘Ilmuh Putih’ e ‘Ilmuh Hitam’”. Cyclostyled, 3 pp. Pastoral letter by Bishop Belo condemning, firstly, growth of heretical sects, in particular “Yayasan Santo Ant’onio” dedicated to militant defence of Catholic religion, and, secondly, interrogations and torture by Indonesian authorities. Fiche 422

1989

January

Jan.--Jill Jolliffe, Timor manuscript (untitled). English-language manuscript of book commissioned by Portuguese publisher O Jornal, published later in 1989 as Timor, Terra Sangrenta (“Timor: The Killing Fields”). Typescript, 169 pp. Fiche 423-425

Jan.--Letter from Xanana to John Paul II. Fiche 435

1 Jan.--30 Sept.

Assorted press cuttings, documents Fiche 426-432

33 1 June--Bishop Carlos Filipe Ximenes Belo, Letter to Indonesian Defence Minister, (in Bahasa Indonesian) and 21 June, “Orações de Apoio aos Reverendos Padres João de Deus e Eligio Locatelli, missionários na Diocese de Dili” (in Portuguese), 1 p., photocopied on opposite sides of same sheet. The first is a request to Indonesian defence minister to improve the conduct of soldiers stationed in Timor; the second is a circular to priests in Belo's diocese asking them to show solidarity with Padres João de Deus and Locatelli, who had been criticised at a public meeting by Indonesian Capt. Torri Xaverius. Fiche 430

19 June--Bishop Carlos Filipe Ximenes Belo, Letter to Indonesian regional commander in Dili, protesting at behaviour Indonesian troops and attacks on Padres João de Deus and Locatelli. Says if continue thus, best Pope John Paul II cancels visit. On opposite side has letter from Mgr. J. Darmaatmadja, of Indonesian Council of Bishops (to whom Belo had sent copy of June 1st letter). He replies that they have differences, but must work together. 1 p., photocopy, Fiche 430

1 Oct.--24 Nov. 1989

Assorted press cuttings, documents Fiche 433-435

1 Dec.--31 Dec. 1989

Assorted press cuttings, documents Fiche 436-441

12-16 Dec.--Primeiro Coloquio Internacional Sobre Antropologia Timorense (First International Meeting on Timorese Anthropology). Various papers presented at the conference, held in Lisbon. Fiche 437-439

1990

1 Jan.--28 April

Assorted press cuttings, documents Fiche 442-447

Jan.--Himpunan Persatuan Pemuda Dan Mahasiswa Anti-Indonesia (HPPMAI), (Organisation of Youth and University Students United Against Indonesia). Clandestine publication in Bahasa Indonesian setting out principles of an anti-Indonesian front of East Timorese youth and students; slogan “we are the same spirit”. (Cyclostyled, Dili), 17 pp. Fiche 445

30 April--Suara Mau Bere (Maubere Voice). Clandestine publication in Bahasa Indonesian detailing Indonesian human rights violations in East Timor, with copies of previously unpublished photos of mass graves, chained prisoner in stocks. Cyclostyled, Dili, 8 pp. Fiche 447

34 1 May--29 Sept.

Assorted press cuttings, documents Fiche 448-452

1 Oct.--31 Dec.

Assorted press cuttings, documents Fiche 453-460

Dec. 8--Refugee Studies Programme, University of Oxford, “East Timor: Fifteen Years on. A One-Day Symposium”. Various conference papers. Fiche 459-460

1991

1 Jan.--28 Feb.

Assorted press cuttings, documents Fiche 461-468

Feb.--International Court of Justice, Application Instituting Proceedings filed in the Registry of the Court on 22 February 1991. East Timor (Portugal v. Australia), (The Hague), French and English, 21 pp. Fiche 464

International Court of Justice, Annexes to the Application Instituting Proceedings of the Government of the Portuguese Republic. East Timor (Portugal v. Australia), (The Hague, 22 February 1991), 107 pp. Fiche 467-468

Handbook on history of “International Court of Justice” (3rd ed., The Hague, 1986), with resumé of cases--key to understanding procedure in “Timor Gap” case which follows. 168 pp. Fiche 464-467

1 March-- 29 June

Assorted press cuttings, documents Fiche 469-473

1 July--31 Oct.

Assorted press cuttings, documents Fiche 474-480

1 Nov.--30 Nov.

Assorted press cuttings, documents Fiche 481-488

35 18 Nov.--International Court of Justice, Memorial Submitted by the Government of the Republic of Portugal. East Timor (Portugal v. Australia), (The Hague, 18 November 1991), volume 1--206 pp. and volume 2--(annexes I.1-II.38). Fiche 489-497 idem, Vol. III (annexes II.39-II. 65). Fiche 498-505 idem, Vol. IV (annexes II.66- II.120) and Vol. V (annexes III.1-IV.16). Fiche 506-511 1 Dec.--30 Dec.

Assorted press cuttings, documents Fiche 512-518

17 Dec.--Parliamentary Human Rights Group, Hearing on East Timor: The Santa Cruz Massacre, (London), 31 pp. Testimony by foreign witnesses to Santa Cruz massacre. Fiche 516

22 Dec.--Jill Jolliffe, “Timor Massacre: New Evidence”. Original of newspaper story on who commanded Indonesian troops responsible for the Nov. 12, 1991 Santa Cruz massacre. Based on research for Britain's Channel 4 television news, transmitted same night. With accompanying documents going back to Feb. 1990, demonstrating existence of a special intelligence operation. 17 pp. Fiche 517

1992

1 Jan.--28 Feb.

Assorted press cuttings, documents Fiche 519-525

1 March--25 April

Assorted press cuttings, documents Fiche 526-530

João Frederico Boavida, “The Fusion of Religion and Nationalism in East Timor: A Culture in the Making” (Institute of Social and Cultural Anthropology, Oxford, April 1992), 25 pp. Fiche 530

1 May--20 Aug.

Assorted press cuttings, documents Fiche 531-535

1 June--International Court of Justice, Counter-Memorial of the Government of Australia. East Timor (Portugal v. Australia), (The Hague, 1 June 1992), 217 pp., annexes. Fiche 536-540

36 1 Sept.--31 Oct.

Assorted press cuttings, documents Fiche 541-544

1 Nov.--31 Dec.

Assorted press cuttings, documents Fiche 545-549

Nov.--“Portugal Fears for Xanana's Safety”, The Sydney Morning Herald. Fiche 545

1 Dec.--International Court of Justice, Reply Submitted by the Government of the Republic of Portugal. East Timor (Portugal v. Australia), (The Hague, 1 December 1992), 229 pp., volume 1. Fiche 550-553

1 Dec.--International Court of Justice, Reply Submitted by the Government of the Republic of Portugal, Annexes. East Timor (Portugal v. Australia), (The Hague, 1 December 1992), volume 2--215 pp. and volume 3--189 pp. Fiche 554-560

1993

1 Jan.--23 Feb.

Assorted press cuttings, documents Fiche 561-564

1 March--27 June

Assorted press cuttings, documents Fiche 565-570

1 July--28 Aug.

Assorted press cuttings, documents Fiche 571-575

1 July

International Court of Justice, Rejoinder of the Government of Australia. East Timor (Portugal v. Australia), (The Hague, 1 July 1993), 183 pp., annexes. Fiche 576-579

1 Oct.--31 Dec.

Assorted press cuttings, documents Fiche 580-583

37 1994

Jan.--Feb.

Assorted press cuttings, documents Fiche 584-589

March--June

Assorted press cuttings, documents Fiche 590-596

30 June--Letter from Jill Jolliffe to Xanana Gusmão requesting interview, with questions. Fiche 596

15 Aug.--Jill Jolliffe, Interview with Xanana Gusmão, Cipinang prison, Jakarta. Fiche 596

July--Aug.

Assorted press cuttings, documents Fiche 597-600

Sept.--Dec.

Assorted press cuttings, documents Fiche 601-606

1995

1 Jan.--30 Jan.

Assorted press cuttings, documents Fiche 607-611

1 Feb.--25 April

Assorted press cuttings, documents Fiche 612-614

11 May--30 June

Assorted press cuttings, documents Fiche 615-616

1 July--29 Aug.

Assorted press cuttings, documents Fiche 617-620

11 Aug.--David Alex, guerrilla commander, reports on human rights violations, and activities by human rights supporters. 26 pp. Portuguese and Bahasa Indonesian. Fiche 619

11 Aug.--Standing instructions, use of Baucau military airport. Obtained from Indonesian military by resistance sources. 23 pp. Fiche 619

38 1 Sept.--25 Oct.

Assorted press cuttings, documents Fiche 621-623

16 Oct.--(Balibo/Roger East) James Dunn, “Timor: The Balibo Incident in Perspective” (Parliamentary Human Rights Group, London, 1995), 21 pp. A review of the Balibo cover-up twenty years later, by one of the most experienced and resolute champions of East Timorese rights. Fiche 622

1 Nov.--30 Dec.

Assorted press cuttings, documents Fiche 624-628

1996

1 Jan.--29 Feb.

Assorted press cuttings, documents Fiche 629-631

Jan.--Shalar Kosi, Para a Libertação e Independencia Nacional (Associação Socialista de Timor (AST, Indonesia), 32 pp. Pamphlet by Timorese Socialist Association Secretary-general Shalar Kosi, printed clandestinely in Indonesia. Fiche 629

1 March--30 April

Assorted press cuttings, documents Fiche 632-635

April--Paul Raffaele, “Em Timor com D. Ximenes Belo”, Reader's Digest: Selecções (Lisbon, April 1996), pp. 25-31. Reader's Digest journalist's interview with East Timorese bishop Carlos Ximenes Belo. Cover story, featured in international editions of the magazine, with editorial comment “Nas entrelinhas: Peripécias de um reporter em Timor”, pp. 12-14, plus lift-out publicity also mentioning Belo. Fiche 634

1 May--29 June

Assorted press cuttings, documents Fiche 636-641

June--(Balibo/Roger East) Tom Sherman Report on the Deaths of Australian-based Journalists in East Timor in 1975 (Canberra, June 1996), 140 pp., plus Appendices. The most rigorous inquiry to date on the deaths of the Balibo Five and Roger East. Fiche 637-639

1 July--27 Sept.

Assorted press cuttings, documents Fiche 642-647

1 Oct.--28 Nov.

39 Assorted press cuttings, documents Fiche 648-652

3 Dec.--31 Dec.

Assorted press cuttings, documents Fiche 653-659

7 Dec.--Shalar Kosi and Fatuk Mutin, A Luta pela Libertação e o Direito Internacional (AST, Indonesia, 1996). An analysis of the history and future of East Timor's resistance struggle by two young activists of the Timorese Socialist Association. 55 pp. Fiche 653-654

7 Dec.--Dom Rotheroe, “Os Passos de Mau Lindo”, Expresso, Lisbon, pp 58-72. With English original of two versions of this story, which describes Rotheroe's entry into guerrilla zones to film material for the documentary Blockade, released this day in Australia, and on 8 Dec. in Portugal.Fiche 654

7 Dec.--Jill Jolliffe, “The Drama of a War with no End in Sight”, The Age (Melbourne). Article by director of Blockade, discussing significance of Rotheroe's footage, to accompany Australian release (also published in Brisbane's Courier Mail a few days later). Fiche 654

7 Dec.--Subtitles, voice over and storyboard for television documentary Blockade, released on this date. Directed by Jill Jolliffe (cameras: Irene Slegt and Dom Rotheroe), produced by RTP Portugal and SBS Australia. 20 pp. Fiche 658

Unedited text of interviews and conversations filmed for Blockade by Dom Rotheroe with East Timorese guerrillas in 1996. In rough Portuguese translation and transcription. 75 pp. Fiche 658-659

Dec. 20--Associação Socialista de Timor, O Embrião da Libertação: 20 de Dezembro de 1991 à 20 de Dezembro de 1996 (AST, Indonesia, 1996). Manifesto, statutes, regulations and oath of the Timorese Socialist Association, published on 5th anniversary of its foundation, with a preface by Secretary-General Shalar Kosi. 55 pp. Fiche 656-657

[no date] Kevin Sherlock, Some Population Figures for East Timor--mid-1960s--mid-1970s-- Gathered from Various Sources (Darwin), 50 pp. Fiche 657

40 TIMORESE NEWSPAPERS (pre-annexation)

A Voz de Timor, 1970, 1971, 1975 (passim) Fiche 660-661

Seara, 1972, 1973 (passim) Fiche 662-663

41 PHOTOS

All rights reserved. [Key to photo credits: AA--courtesy of Adalberto Alves; DS--courtesy of Domingos Seixas; GE-- Grant Evans; GS--Gerald Stone; HH--Helen Hill; JD--Jim Dunn; JJ--Jill Jolliffe; JS--João da Silva; LCR--courtesy of Luis Corte-Real; MR--Michael Richardson; MRr--Mark Raper; NO--Neil O'Sullivan; OS--Oliver Strewe; PL--Pedro Letria; RTP--Radiotelevisão Poruguesa. Photos in the 1976-1996 period are principally from East Timorese resistance sources. No photo may be reproduced without copyright permission.]

Nos. 1-81 Fiche 664

1. Postcards, 1898--series of 5 postcards Centenario da India, 1498--1898, posted from Timor in May and June 1898.

2. Photo, c. 1900, from studio of G. Brender á Brandis, Makassar, depicting bourgeois family (wife Portuguese, husband Chinese? or Buginese?) in Lahane, Dili. Caption on reverse reads:

Jardim do Maria, casa dos nossos pais em Lahane, Timor. A mai o pai e eu. O nele o Angelo nasceu, o que esta ao colo é o Angelo, os timorenses a rapariga era a tua criado, o 1º era o cocheiro e o que lavava a roupa e os 3 seguintes criados da mesa e o 5º era o cozinheiro e era chineza chamasa-se Áki [Ah Qui]. Áki, M/el, João, Domingos e Miguel.

(Maria's garden, our parents' house, in Lahane, Timor. Here, Angelo was born--the one being nursed is Angelo. Of the Timorese, the girl was your ama, the first was the coach-driver and did the laundry, the next three served at table and the fifth was the cook, a Chinese called Áki [Ah Qui]. Áki, M/el, João, Domingos and Miguel.)

3. 1912--Dom Boaventura, liurai of Manufahi, who led the 1912 revolt.

4. 1912 revolt. Anti-Portuguese insurgents display the severed heads of East Timorese loyal to the Portuguese administration. AA

5-6. Timorese insurgents, 1912 revolt. AA

7. Timorese warrior, 1912 revolt. AA

8. Catholic seminary (Dili or Soibada), around turn of century. AA 9. Postcards from late colonial era (1960s, 1970s), incl. by Carlos Candal (Portuguese Socialist deputy, post-25 April 1974 who did military service in Timor).

10. 1974--After revolution in Lisbon, Portugal declared it would decolonise, and in Dili parties formed, leaders emerged. Dili demonstration. GE

11-12. José Ramos Horta, of ASDT, East Timorese Democratic Association, later to become FRETILIN, 1974. GE 13. Osório Soares, founder of the pro-Indonesian APODETI party, Dili, 1974. GE

42 14-15. Fishermen, Ataúro island, 1974. GE

16. Xavier do Amaral, leader of ASDT, Dili, 1974.

17. East Timorese portrait, Dili, 1974. OS

18-19. Demonstration, Dili, November ? 1974. HH

20. Xavier do Amaral, Dili, 1974.

21. Col. Garcia Leandro of Portugal's MFA (Armed Forces Movement) Decolonisation Commission, later to become Governor of Macau, arriving Dili, late 1994.

22. António de Almeida Santos, Minister for Interterritorial Co-ordination in the newly- elected Socialist government, arriving Dili, late 1994. With military commander and acting governor Nívio Herdade. Australian journalist Grant Evans at left.

23. José Ramos Horta (driving) and members of the FRETILIN Central Committee, Dili, March 12, 1975. JJ This and the photos which follow were taken during the visit to East Timor in March of two groups of Australians, sponsored by the Portuguese administration, but invited by the short-lived coalition then in force between the FRETILIN and UDT parties. Portuguese decolonisation authorities hoped in this way to interest Australians in the destiny of East Timor. The first group was a mixed student/trade- union delegation, the second was a group of parliamentarians.

24. Program of the student/trade union group.

25. Dili scene--port workers. JJ

26. Dili scene. JJ

27. Baucau airport, March 13, 1975 JJ

28. Reception for Australian delegation, Baucau airport, UDT banner at right. JJ

29. Water-buffalo near Baucau airport. JJ

30. Welcome demonstration, outskirts of Baucau. JJ

31. Demonstration, Baucau, March 13, banner of Laga delegation, in foreground, reads: 'Only one force: the people/Only one guide: FRETILIN/ Only one goal: independence'. JJ

43 32-34. Welcome demonstration, Baucau outskirts. White-haired man under FRETILIN flag is Celestino dos Anjos, decorated for his assistance to Australian troops during WWII and executed by Indonesian troops in August 1983. His son Virgilio (Ular) continues the family tradition, as a resistance commander. JJ

35-36. Baucau welcome. JJ

37. Baucau outskirts, March 1975. JJ

38. FRETILIN President Xavier do Amaral addressing pro-independence demonstration, Baucau market-place, March 13, 1975. JJ 39. Demonstrators, Baucau market-place. JJ

40-43. Baucau demonstration; banners read: 'Independence or Death!', 'After Portugal-- Independence', 'Independence, Yes --Integration, No'. JJ

44. Roadside scenes, market between Baucau and Fatumaca

45. Roadside scenes, market between Baucau and Fatumaca, detail

46-55. Pro-independence demonstration, Suai, March 14, 1975. JJ

56-58. Mounted escort into , March 16, 1975. JJ

59-66. Pro-independence demonstrators, Aileu. JJ

67-68. Coalition leaders José Ramos Horta (left) of FRETILIN and João Martires (right) of UDT watch Aileu demonstration. JJ

69. Children near Maubisse. JJ

70. Villagers with palm-frond umbrellas. JJ

71-72. Dili, March 17, 1975--supporters of FRETILIN student organisation UNETIM. Vicente Sa'he (centre) and Domingos Lobato (right). JJ

73-74. Revolutionary slogans, Dili technical school: 'Democratise schooling!' and 'UNETIM serves the people!' JJ

75-80. UNETIM demonstration, Dili, March 17, 1975 JJ

81. Aug. 29, 1975--Eighteen days after civil war erupted in Dili and spread throughout East Timor, and two days after Portuguese administrators departed, Brian Peters and Gerald Stone from Australia's Channel 9 sailed into Dili harbour, to find FRETILIN troops in full control of the city. GS

44 Nos. 82-157 Fiche 665

82. First glimpse of the new leaders, left to right: Hamis Bassarewan (Hata), Cesar Correia (Mau Laka), Jose da Silva, (behind Nicolau Lobato) Rosa Bonaparte (Muki), Nicolau Lobato, (second to right of Lobato) Hélio Pina (Mau Kruma), Xavier do Amaral, (second to right of Amaral) Bernardino Bonaparte (Goinxet), Alarico Fernandes. GS

83-90. After the civil war: Dili streets in late September, when the second wave of journalists arrived. War damage had been exaggerated--buildings were pockmarked with light artillery and bullet marks, windows were shattered, and petrol tanks at Tibar bullet-ridden, but basically the city was intact. JJ

91. Dili nymphs, September 1975. JJ

92. FRETILIN established Central Committee headquarters in the technical school building. JJ

93. Dili market, Sept. 1975.

94. Post-coup political attitudes I: slogans on museum building--"Burn the Traitors", "Vigilance Against Traitors". JJ

95. Post-coup political attitudes II: Richard Nixon caricature on shop window with legend: "Dear Customers, Take the Opportunity: Buy Timorese Products". JJ

96. Post-coup political attitudes III: Ramos Horta tears down South African travel poster. JJ

97. Post-coup political attitudes IV: FRETILIN supporters guarding bank hang UDT doll from column. JJ

98. Portuguese cannons, Dili bay, Sep. 1975. JJ

99-101. Timorese troops training, outside Hotel Turismo, Sept. 1975. The Portuguese army structure continued intact, with FRETILIN commanders substituting Portuguese. JJ

102-103. Troops drilling, Taibesse barracks, Sept. 1975. Journalist Michael Richardson said they looked like " a 'Dad's Army' of Timorese hippies", but were surprisingly effective. They became the core of the resistance army FALINTIL. JJ

104-105. Tony Mota reviewing troops. JJ

106-109. Drilling, Taibesse. JJ

45 110. Fernando Carmo reviewing troops, Taibesse. JJ

111-116. After the coup: APODETI and UDT prisoners. FRETILIN executed some in Aileu after the Indonesian invasion.

117. FRETILIN guards, museum building, Dili, where APODETI prisoners were also held. JJ

118-119. television films mass grave at Maubara containing several UDT soldiers killed during civil war. With Comandante Tony Mota. JJ

120-125. Further along the road to the border, at Vat-vou, a slightly tense reception: the memory of fighting still fresh. JJ

126-127. FRETILIN commander Fernando Carmo, Atabae, Sept.1975. JJ

128-130. FRETILIN troops, Atabae. JJ

131-133. Preparing to cross the Loes river. JJ

134. Sergeant Aquiles Soares, son of a liurai from the Venilale district, near Cailaco, Sept. 1975. Soares was a moderate nationalist who was later executed by the resistance leadership.

135. Call to arms. Timorese cadets under training by Sgt Aquiles, Cailaco, Sept. 1975. JJ

136. Countryside from Cailaco mountain, Sept. 1975. JJ

137-141. Preparing for war. Aquiles's "children", Cailaco mountain, Sept. 1975. JJ

142-145. Maliana, Sept. 1975. JJ

146-151. FRETILIN border patrol, Batugadé, 27 Sept. 1975. JJ

152. Australian Society for Inter-Country Aid (Timor) assistance post, Dili, Oct. 1975

153-159. FRETILIN agricultural co-operative, Seiçal, Oct. 1975. NO

Nos. 158-218 Fiche 666 160. Xavier do Amaral (left) and Nicolau Lobato at the opening of FRETILIN's Commission for the Control and Supervision of the Economy, Dili, 11 Oct., 1975. JJ

161-163. Processing the coffee crop, Dili, Oct. 1975. JJ

164-171. Oct. 12, 1975. Beach scenes, Dili bay, photographed on a walk with reporters Brian

46 Peters and Michael Rennie, before they departed for Balibo, where they met their deaths four days later. JJ 172. Channel 7 reporter Greg Shackleton soon before his death, with four other journalists, in the border town of Balibó. From television film by RTP Portugal.

173. Balibó town square, with Shackleton's press car. RTP

174. Indonesian attack on Balibó and Maliana, the Maliana plain under bombardment. RTP

175-176. Flight of Portuguese television crew from Indonesian attack. RTP

177. Page from Greg Shackleton's last notebook.

178. 23/10/75: Jim Dunn on the road to Maubara. JJ

179. FRETILIN soldiers, Maubara, with Kyodo correspondent and ABC's Tony Maniaty. JJ

180-183. FRETILIN soldiers, Maubara. JJ

184. 27/10/75: wedding of Olímpia Barreto with José Gonçalves, Motael church, Dili. left to right: Nicolau Lobato, wife of Alarico Fernandes, Olímpia, José Gonçalves, Isabel Lobato (née Barreto), Alarico Fernandes. JJ

185. Oct. 1975-Dili airport on occasion departure for of Mari Alkatiri (left) and Carlos César Correia (Mau Laka) (right); with Rosa Bonaparte (Muki) (second left) and Nicolau Lobato (third left).

186. Carlos César Correia and Mari Alkatiri. JJ

187. Left to right: Carlos César Correia, Mari Alkatiri and José Ramos Horta. JJ

188. Nicolau Lobato. JJ

189. Jill Jolliffe (right) with Xavier do Amaral (fourth left), Oct. 1975. JJ

190-191. Portuguese flag still flies as crowd gathers to celebrate Angola's independence day, 11 Nov. 1975. JJ

192-193. Nicolau Lobato addressing rally for Angolan independence, with José Alexandre Gusmão (Xanana) behind. JJ

194-195. Vicente Sa'he addressing Angolan independence rally. JJ

47 196-197. Rogério Lobato addressing Angolan independence rally. JJ

198. Dili harbour, 15/11/75, arrival of food aid, Alanna Fay. (From third left): José Gonçalves, Bob Richards of Australian Council for Overseas Aid, ?Joaquim Saldanha, Xavier do Amaral, Nicolau Lobato. JJ

199. Unloading the Alanna Fay. JJ

200-201. On the road to Maubisse with food aid, 10/11/75. Jill Jolliffe on top of truck, back to camera. JJ (The caption on the microfiche mistakenly gives the year as 1997).

202-203. Creche Mau Koli, Maubisse, Nov. 1975. JJ

204. Countryside, East Timor, 1975. JJ

205-206. FRETILIN prisoners, Maubisse, Nov. 1975. JJ

206A-207. Timorese poet Francisco Borja da Costa, Dili, Nov. 1975. JJ

208. With FRETILIN military leader Rógerio Lobato on the road to Atabae, 24/11/75. MR

209. Rógerio Lobato with troops. MR

210-211. Rógerio Lobato, 24/11/75. MR

212. After the fall of Balibó, Atabae was the new front: soldiers near front line. MR

213. Deer for supper! Rogério Lobato and soldiers, Atabae, Nov. '75. MR

214. Indonesian B-26 bomber climbs after rocket attack, Atabae, Nov. '75. MR

215. Government house, Dili, Nov. 1975. MR

216. Independence day, Dili, 28/11/75--FRETILIN flag flutters to mask, substituting the Portuguese. MR

217-221. Independence day, Dili. MR

Nos. 219-287 Fiche 667

222. Independence day (left to right): Xavier do Amaral, Rogério Lobato, Guido Soares. MR

48 223. Independence day (left to right): Rosa Bonaparte (Muki), executed 10 days later by Indonesian troops, Mari Alkatiri. MR

224. Xavier do Amaral signing indenpedence declaration. MR

225. Independence day (left to right): Nicolau Lobato, Xavier do Amaral, Rogério Lobato. MR

226. Sam Kruger, independence day, Dili. MR

227. Rogério Lobato (right) with Xavier do Amaral, independence day, Dili. AA

228. Rogério Lobato taking the salute, independence day. AA

229. Nicolau Lobato, independence day. AA

230. Independence day. AA

231. December 1, 1975--parade for inauguration of Timorese government.

232. Xavier do Amaral, proclaimed President, arriving for inauguration.

233. Nicolau Lobato takes office as Prime Minister

234. Mari Alkatiri takes office as Minister of State for Political Affairs.

235. Rogério Lobato takes office as Defence Minister.

236. 1/12/75, left to right: Hélio Pina, Xaver do Amaral, Nicolau Lobato.

237. Xavier do Amaral, 1/12/75.

238. Cabinet of Democratic Republic of East Timor, 1/12/75. AA

239. 2/12/75, evacuation of foreign nationals: last glimpse of translator Bernardino Bonaparte (Goinxet), who was executed by Indonesian troops five days later. MR

240. FRETILIN flag flying at Dili airport. MR

241-242. 4/12/75. Report in the Indonesia Times of declaration of integration by UDT and other anti-FRETILIN leaders who had fled to Indonesian Timor, in Atambua on October 30, 1975. An unfolding parallel drama in Holland is echoed here, in report (right) of South Moluccan train hijack.

49 243-245. Ataúro island, where Portuguese officials remain, was the staging-post for evacuees from Dili after Dec. 2. MR

246. Maj. Antonio Barrento, Ataúro island, Nov., 1975. MR

247. Portuguese commando, Atauro. MR

248. left to right: Col. José Magalhães, Jill Jolliffe, officer Cabanas. MR

249. Evacuee Sam Kruger. MR

250. The João Roby arriving in Ataúro. MR

251-252. Red Cross doctors disembarking, Ataúro. MR

253. Portuguese officers Barrento, Magalhães and Cabanas, Ataúro, December 1975. MR

254. Dili burning, Dec. 7, 1975, seen from Ataúro island.

255-257. Australian cartoonists' response to the Timor invasion.

258-259. The Moluccan cause finds new inspiration, Dec. 1975--and defeat, June 1977

260-264. Keeping the flame alive: demonstrators protesting the invasion, Melbourne, Oct. 1977. Only in the 1990s were their voices heard.

265-283. Vale do Jamor refugee camp, Lisbon, 1978-1980. After the invasion, thousands of East Timorese fled the territory. They lived in miserable conditions, but kept their culture alive. JJ

284-285. Nationalist priest Francisco Fernandes, Vale do Jamor. JJ

286-287. Padre Brum, Ribeiro Grande, Azores archipelago, with Timorese wards, c. 1979. JJ

Nos. 288-339 Fiche 668

288. Dec. 1978: Arnold Kohen petitioning UN Fourth Committee, Oct. 1980.

289-293. Kevin Sherlock, Jill Jolliffe and Timorese friends at Lisbon launch of Sherlock's Timor bibliography, Zig-Zig restaurant, Lisbon, c. 1980

294. Jill Jolliffe petitioning UN Fourth Committee, New York, Oct. 1980

50 295. East Timorese activist Luís Corte-Real puts Portugal's Socialist leader Mario Soares on the mat over his Timor policy, Macau, 1981. LCR

296-297. East Timor seminar, Oporto, May 1982, with academic António Barbedo Magalhães and journalists Adelino Gomes, Diana Andringa, Jill Jolliffe and Eduardo Mascarenhas.

298. March 1983: FRETILIN commander Sele Monteiro (with radio), Ma'Hodu to left of him.

299. Ceasefire, Lari-Guto, March 1983: José Alexandre Gusmão (Xanana), with Indonesia's Col. Purwanto.

300. Ceasefire: Indonesians and Timorese fraternize.

301. Ceasefire: Xanana (second right), with Indonesian officer (right) and Padre Locatelli (left).

302. Ceasefire, Lari-Guto.

302A. Ceasefire, Lari-Guto.

303-304. Indonesian PT-76 tank and 'Stalin organ' multiple rocket launcher entering Uato Carabau, c. August 1983.

305. Counter-insurgency unit, with Timorese led by Indonesian officers, East Timorese countryside.

306-310. Indonesian A4 Skyhawk bomber buzzing cruise-ship Royal Viking Star off the coast of Lospalos, March 13, 1984.

311-315. Asatu, boy guerrilla. These photos trace the story of Asatu, son of a guerrilla commander, raised in the East Timor bush. The first are taken with his father around 1985, at approximately eight years old, when he already bears a terrible untreated wound, from a bullet which passed through his left eye. The second were taken around 1995, as a guerrilla with David Alex's unit. British film-maker Dom Rotheroe met him with Alex in the East Timor mountains in late 1996 during the filming of Blockade.

316. First of three photos of life in strategic hamlets in Indonesian-occupied Timor sent and signed by Xanana, with caption by him on reverse, reading, in translation: "SAME [town c. 60kms south of Dili]--Fear and longing for past times reflect the trauma of the permanent scar of Portugal's decolonisation and the effects of a brutal repression, of Indonesia's military occupation. Medical assistance after the "caresses" of interrogation cannot relieve the internal suffering, the sense of pain in the Maubere soul!".

51 317. "SAME--behind the facade of "spiralling development", the misery of empty shacks, of a family of widows and orphans. Only by enormous individual effort, after many years, have they been permitted to build by hand some thatched houses of reasonable quality. Note how much work has been involved in its erection... The cockerel is the spiritual consolation of an oppressed consciousness!"

318. "VIKEKE--photo of Luka, a strategic hamlet not normally visited by foreign delegations. Repression is implacable, even if only for not appearing at roll-call at 7am, and hunger is no less evident--daily rations of sago are scavenged from fallen palms, and palm wine is the only anaesthetic for daily privations...apart from the consolation of living and suffering in land we claim as ours!"

319-321. Beheading scene, c. late 1985, with explanatory text

321A. UDT-FRETILIN unity meeting, Quinta do Balteiro refugee camp, near Lisbon, June 1986. FRETILIN leader Abílio Araújo greets former President, Gen. António Ramalho Eanes. JJ

321B-321C. Gen. Ramalho Eanes with refugees, June 1986. JJ

321D. UDT leader Moises do Amaral addresses unity meeting, with (left to right) other UDT leaders, Paulo Pires and Cancio Noronha. JJ

321E. Unity meeting, June 1986, (left to right): Paulo Pires, Cancio Noronha and Moises do Amral of UDT; [unidentified person]; Christian Democrat parliamentarian Miguel Anacoreta Correia, who brokered the agreement, Abílio Araújo, Roque Rodriguez and Guilhermina Araújo of FRETILIN. JJ

321F. Abílio Araújo addressing unity meeting. JJ

322. Xanana reviewing guerrilla army. AA

323. Xanana and guerrillas. Ma'Hodu to the left of him, front. AA

324. East Timorese prisoners in chapel of Cipinang prison, Jakarta. Most were convicted to long terms for participation in Dili uprising, 10/6/80. Courtesy of Sr Domingos Seixas. DS

325. Severed heads, Viqueque, 14/10/88--a lesson for resisters

326-332A. The Sarmento family, Lisbon, 1988, with last letters of their daughter Maria Gorete, executed in Quelicai, May, 1979. JS --see documents, at March 4, 1988, 'Torture in East Timor' for story of Maria Gorete

332B. Gregório Henrique, Lisbon, 1988. PL

52 333. Guerrilla commander José Alexandre Gusmão (Xanana), East Timor mountains, May 1990.

334-335. Xanana with his two most-senior commanders, Ma'Hodu (centre), and Mau Huno (right).

336-337. Guerrillas on the march, gathering food, May 1990.

338. Guerrilla commander Rodak. AA

339. Rodak and fellow-commander with Indonesian booty, weapons, equipment, guitar. AA

Nos. 340-419 Fiche 669

340-341. "Free Xanana!" postcards, with messages on reverse. The guerrilla leader was captured in November 1992.

342-344. Licínio Ximenes and family, who arrived in Lisbon from Dili in 1990. 16-year-old Licínio was a pioneer of the Timorese intifada which erupted around the time of Pope John Paul II's visit in December 1989. --see Guardian story 345-350. Suharto billboards near Monas monument, Jakarta, June 1994. JJ

351-353. Kota Batavia, Jakarta: Portuguese cannon brought from Malacca in 1641, inscribed in Latin: Ex me ipsa renata sum ('Out of myself I was reborn'). A fertility symbol for the Indonesians, childless women sit on it to encourage fecundity. JJ

354. Kota Batavia, Jakarta. JJ

355. Postcard of Tetum-speaking Belu people bought in Atambua, Indonesian (west) Timor, July 1994.

356. Nino Konis Santana, guerrilla comander, successor to Xanana, East Timor mountains, Aug. 1994. JJ

357-358. Jill Jolliffe with Konis Santana, Aug. 1994. JJ

359. Suno Moris, 27, Balibó-born veteran of guerrilla struggle, Aug. 1994. For years he had fought with ten bullets in his body; about a year after this photo he was killed in combat. JJ

360. Iku Rai Klarun, 21. JJ

53 361. Konis and his merry men, left to right: Iku Rai Klarun, Ernesto Fernandes (Dudo), Konis, Hakiak, unnamed guerrilla and Suno Moris. Dudo was also reported killed after this photo was taken. JJ

362-376. Nino Konis Santana and his guerrillas, East Timor mountains, Aug. 1994. JJ

377-382. The Magic Mountain: David Alex and his guerrillas climb the slopes of Mount Matebian in Sep. 1994 in a pilgrimage to the statue of Christ the King, commemorating the thousands who died on the mountain in 1979-80. AA

383. David Alex at the base of the statue. AA

384-385. Guerrillas. AA

386. New Year's Eve, 1992: (standing centre) gathers his men for a party.

387-394. Taur Matan Ruak and guerrillas, New Year's Eve, 1992.

395. Extracting a bullet, Taur Matan Ruak's unit.

396-399. David Alex (right), with medics.

400. David Alex (centre, back to camera), night road (laying a booby trap?)

401. Indonesian soldier killed in ambush near Viqueque by men of David Alex's unit, early 1996. AA

402. Meeting of chiefs-of-staff of FALINTIL, East Timorese resistance army, early 1996. Leaders at table (left to right): Lere, eastern zone commander, Taur Matan Ruak, chief of staff, David Alex, deputy chief of staff. AA

403-404. Chiefs of staff meeting, East Timor mountains, early 1996. Zone commander Ular (Virgilio dos Anjos) is centre (looking at camera); Asatu, guerrilla boy with eye wound, is second left. AA

405. Wounded guerrilla, early 1996. AA

406. Zone commander Rodak, early 1996. AA

407. Guerrillla preparing to march, early 1996. AA

54 408. Brochure by Banco Crédito Predial Português advertising gold coins from the Portuguese mint commemorating the conquest of Malacca by Afonso d'Albuquerque 480 years ago, and navigation to Timor and the Spice Islands (the Moluccas, Ternate and Tidore). One of the four coins is devoted to the islands of Solor and Timor.

409. Editing Blockade, RTP studios, Lisbon, November 1996: Timorese dream team (left to right): José Filipe, Osvaldo Cova, Adalberto Alves.

410. Editing Blockade (left to right): Osvaldo Cova, Adalberto Alves, José Filipe.

411. Osvaldo Cova deciphering Taur Matan Ruak, Blockade, Nov. 1996.

412. Adalberto Alves, Blockade, Nov. 1996.

413. Jill Jolliffe with Adalberto Alves, with tribute to estafeta Mau Quinta, Blockade, Nov. 1996.

414. RTP editor Pedro Santos, Nov. 1996

415. Pedro Santos, Jill Jolliffe (with silent partner Mau Quinta), Adalberto Alves, RTP studios, Nov. 1996.

416. Pedro Santos preparing for action, Blockade.

417. Sound editor José Courinha, Mau Quinta presiding.

418. Pedro Santos, Jill Jolliffe and José Courinha, RTP studios, Lisbon.

419. Pedro Santos, RTP producer Olga Toscano and Timorese translator Adalberto Alves, RTP studios, Lisbon, November 1996, during filming of Blockade.

55 56 SUPPLEMENT 1997

East Timor Question, 1997 by Jill Jolliffe

1997 events in East Timor continued to win media attention, as did Timor-related events in Indonesia itself, where the May elections triggered a new wave of violence.

Throughout the year East Timor's 1996 Nobel Peace Prize laureates Bishop Carlos Ximenes Belo and activist José Ramos Horta used their new prestige to advance Timor diplomacy in world fora and denounce continuing human rights abuses.

On March 21st imprisoned guerrilla leader Xanana Gusmão smuggled a letter from Cipinang prison to Father Francisco Fernandes of the Grupo de Macau Rai Timor in which he gave support to the idea of a congress of Timorese living abroad to settle factional questions and elect leaders, in order to present a united front to the world. Scheduled originally for the end of 1997, and then for March 1998, the congress was later agreed for December 1998.

The Indonesian elections took place on May 29th, resulting in a predictable landslide return of Pres. Suharto's ruling Golkar party. They were the most violent in Indonesian history, resulting in 200 deaths. In East Timor polling was disrupted in guerrilla actions in which at least 14 people died. International Herald Tribune Asian editor Michael Richardson--who covered the Indonesian invasion from Dili in 1975--wrote that 'military analysts said the latest operations by the guerrillas suggested that they were more numerous, and better armed and organized, than Indonesian security forces realized, or were prepared to admit, and that, as a result, there could be more unrest and embarrassment looming for Indonesia in East Timor'.

On June 26, 1997 veteran guerrilla leader David Alex (full name Alex David Daitula) was reported to have died in Dili hospital, from bullet wounds sustained during his capture near Baucau. He was fourth in the guerrilla's military hierarchy, behind Xanana, field commander Konis Santana and army chief- of-staff Taur Matan Ruak, but his legend as a guerrilla who had fought uninterruptedly since 1975 and was a brilliant strategist made him one of the most popular Timorese leaders. The official version of his death was contested by the resistance in various aspects.

July 15: during a state visit to Indonesia South African president requested a meeting with Gusmão from his host President Suharto. The request was granted and Xanana was transported from Cipinang prison to a guest-house in the Suharto compound where he dined with Mandela in the presence of the pro-Indonesian Timorese leader Francisco Xavier Lopes da Cruz. The 'Mandela initiative' was to take on its own impetus in the remaining months of 1997.

July 17: Maj.-Gen.Theo Syafei, Indonesia's military commander in Timor, made an unusual speech on the 21st anniversary of Indonesia's formal annexation of East Timor, in which he recognized the territory's Portuguese Catholic cultural heritage and also spoke openly of long-term guerrilla strategy.

On July 31st Portugal's Socialist prime minister António Guterres telephoned his British counterpart Tony Blair to protest London's latest arms sales agreement with Indonesia. The British Labour government cancelled a major contract later in the year.

57 On September 13 a bomb explosion in a house at Demak, in the suburbs of Semarang, in central Java, led to the arrest of four East Timorese, and accusations that Timorese who lived in the house were plotting to bomb Dili or to assassinate Gov. Abílio Soares. A few days later two Timorese youths were arrested as they disembarked from a boat in Dili, on charges of carrying 20 home-made bombs. On September 20th six people who had been residents in one of two suspect houses in Demak entered the Austrian embassy in Jakarta and requested political asylum. They included Avelino Coelho da Silva, leader of the Timorese Socialist Association (AST). Indonesian military officers immediately demanded their hand-over, saying they were wanted as terrorists. The Portuguese government informed Austria they would accept the asylum-seekers and urged them not to yield to pressure to hand them over. Soon after the Austrian embassy siege began Timorese leader Xanana Gusmão smuggled a letter from Cipinang prison saying he alone was responsible for the Demak bomb affair and that others implicated should be freed. He repeated this stand during interrogation by prosecution lawyers in Cipinang prison on November 18. His stand jeopardised his own chances of early release, being negotiated through Nelson Mandela.

A public declaration by José Ramos Horta on September 14 sparked a debate which was to continue throughout the year and into 1998. In it he called on the East Timorese nationalist movement to lay down its arms, and to resist 'any temptation to use armed force'.

The twenty-second anniversary of the deaths of five Australian-based journalists at Balibó, East Timor during an Indonesian offensive was marked by a series of articles around October 16, 1997.

November 4th: in Lisbon the Timorese National Congress issued a statement through spokesman Adalberto Alves outlining its aims as 'to consolidate national unity around a single leadership and a credible strategy... to adopt a charter of rights, liberties and guarantees for East Timor'. Alves said all Timorese who support self-determination for the territory will be invited to participate, and that a regular magazine, Haklibur, will be produced to promote debate before the Congreess.

A statement by nationalist armed forces commander Taur Matan Ruak of September 18 described conditions behind guerrilla lines. He reported that 24 Indonesian battalions were involved in an offensive in the strip between Baucau and Viqueque.

On December 9 a ceremony was held in the Portuguese parliament to mark the founding of the Monsignor Martinho Lopes da Costa Peace and Democracy Foundation, established with funds from José Ramos Horta's Nobel Peace Prize money, with a principal aim being 'to give full-time support to Timorese diplomats, in Portugal, Australia, the and the '. The Portuguese government will contribute to its annual budget.

Also in December two Timorese guerrillas were sentenced to death for their involvement in an ambush in the Baucau region during the May elections--the first formal death sentences given to East Timorese since the Indonesian takeover. The sentence was commuted in 1998, but the death penalty is also being sought in the Demak bomb case for 21-year-old Constancio dos Santos. By the end of the year, after some serious fluctuations of the rupiah, linked to the state of Pres. Suharto's health, Indonesia had entered a phase of economic turmoil, which was to become even more grave in early 1998 in the run-up to presidential elections set for March.

58 CONTENTS 1997

Assorted press cuttings, documents

January Fiche 670

February Fiche 670-671

March Fiche 671-672

April Fiche 672-673

May Fiche 673-674

June Fiche 674-676

July Fiche 676-677

August Fiche 677-681

September Fiche 681-684

October Fiche 684-686

November Fiche 686-689

December Fiche 689-691

59 60 SUPPLEMENT 1998

The East Timor Question, 1998 by Jill Jolliffe 1998--Year of Change for Indonesia and East Timor

At the beginning of 1998 it was clear that developments in East Timor were inextricably linked to the fate of the Suharto regime, which was beginning to totter. Early in January the IMF warned President Suharto that his government needed to address economic reform with urgency if it expected the west to back Indonesia's economic recovery. In mid-January the world organization rescheduled a US$ 43 billion rescue package, as calls for Suharto to step down increased. Defiant, he continued to refuse to implement reforms acceptable to the IMF.

Looting and unrest became chronic as the rupiah plunged and contenders shaped up to replace Suharto: founding president 's daughter Megawati Sukarnoputri of the PDI, Amien Rais, at the head of the second-largest Muslim organization Muhammadiyah, and Abdurrahman Wahid ('Gus Dur'), leader of the 30-million-strong (NU). However, changes in Jakarta were not reflected in East Timor, where the guerrilla army FALINTIL continued to conduct ambushes against the Indonesian army, and human rights violations by the occupying force continued apace against civilians in the cities.

In February East Timorese resistance agents stole a 19-page secret document from army central headquarters in central Jakarta, which cast light on behind-the-scenes manouevrings in the twilight years of the Suharto era. Written by members of a military think-tank some time in the first part of 1997, it discussed the political loyalties of up-and-coming army officers, singling out Lieut.- General Wiranto, who it predicted would soon be appointed army chief of staff. It described him as 'born in Jogjakarta, and...a very calm, intelligent and self-possessed person. His close friends say he is constantly criticising transfers and promotions in the army made on the basis of political interests...'. It also highlighted the role of a close Wiranto associate, Maj.-Gen. Bambang Yudhoyono, describing the group around these men as the rising stars of a new generation of American-educated military officers.

On February 16th Wiranto's growing influence was underlined in his appointment as armed forces commander (having already won the army command, since the above document was written). In his inaugural speech he stressed his loyalty to Suharto.

On March 10th Suharto was nominated for a seventh five-year term in office ending 2003, by a 1,000-member electoral college dominated by the governing Golkar Party. His protegé B. J. Habibie was nominated vice-President and a Cabinet involving Suharto cronies and family was quickly assembled. Students, including Jakarta's 'yellow-jackets', who had brought Suharto to power over three decades before, took to the streets demanding his resignation. As the economy declined and rioting spread, fearful members of the Chinese community left the country, with their assets, while thousands of poor Indonesians sought work in neighbouring countries. Many were detained as illegal immigrants in camps in Malaysia, where resistance to repatriation led to rioting and deaths at police hands.

On 11th March East Timorese guerrilla commander Nino Konis Santana died. The immediate cause was a fall in the region, but the long-term cause was his debilitated state of health resulting from old bullet wounds, malaria and poor nutrition.

61 The guerrillas had long been starved of funds from abroad. Santana had led the resistance since soon after the capture of Xanana Gusmão in 1992, imposing some changes in the style of command and enjoying widespread popularity among his soldiers, and the East Timorese population at large.

In late March 21-year-old Constancio dos Santos, one of the East Timorese accused in the Demak bomb case, was sentenced to 20 years' imprisonment in a Dili court, amid demonstrations by pro- independence supporters. Dressed in white, he handed a flower to the sentencing judge, declaring: 'Twenty years is a mere twenty seconds in my life'.

Throughout April the situation in Indonesia itself steadily deteriorated. Students continued their demonstrations and the kidnapping and torture of political activists by the secret police became a major issue. It was brought to a head when student activist Pius Lustrilanang testified to the National Human Rights Commission after release by intelligence agents who had threatened to kill him if he spoke. The kidnappings were rumoured to be linked to Suharto's son-in-law Gen. Prabowo Subianto.

By May, the leadership in Indonesia was in an unsustainable position. Oblivious to the threat, Suharto travelled to a conference in Cairo, but was forced to return early to face the growing crisis: on May 12th six protesting students at Trisakti University were shot dead by security forces. In the coming period the face-off between protestors and Suharto's security force heightened and rioting increased throughout the archipelago. Many of the riots were apparently manipulated by right-wing military elements trucked to key areas. In the Chinese quarter of Jakarta Chinese women and girls were gang-raped and murdered by these same agents, suspected to be from the feared regiment and associated with Prabowo Subianto.

On May 21st after Suharto's own Golkar party had turned against him, the ageing dictator formally handed power to Habibie, who quickly assembled a new 'crony-free' cabinet and promised reforms and free elections. Gen. Wiranto emerged as Defence Minister and guarantor for the , also retaining his position as armed forces commander, a rare precedent.

Within days demonstrators converged on Cipinang prison in east Jakarta demanding the release of political prisoners, and the media spotlight quickly fell on Timorese guerrilla leader José Alexandre ('Xanana') Gusmão, although at this stage there was no hint of the dramatic changes that would later involve the former Portuguese colony of East Timor. Gusmão had played his cards well in the period before Suharto's fall, instructing Timorese students not to give unconditional support to the Indonesian student movement, but to instead seize the moment to educate their Indonesian peers on the East Timor problem and to negotiate support against demands of their own.

For the first time East Timorese students in Jakarta could demonstrate openly in the streets and the pro-independence movement increased its activity.

Habibie's power was initially fragile and it later emerged that Prabowo Subianto attempted to mount a coup in the early hours of the new regime. On May 28 he was relieved of his recently-won command of the strategic KOSTRAD regiment, and appointed head of the military staff school in Bandung.

On June 1st Habibie announced that there would be 'no change' in Jakarta's Timor policy, although he would consider giving it a special status within the Indonesian framework.

62 On June 4th, an Indonesian army Bell-205 helicopter crashed in the Viqueque area of East Timor, killing all occupants, including Maj.-General Yudomo, commander of the entire eastern Indonesian region and Timor-garrison commander Col. Slamat Sidabutar. The story was reported in the Dili newspaper Suara Timor Timur and in the Jakarta press. FALINTIL guerrilla commander Taur Matan Ruak told reporters some weeks later that it should be considered 'a lesson' to Indonesia for its stubborness in retaining its troops in East Timor, but he refused to openly acknowledge responsibility for the crash.

The reformasi movement soon spread to East Timor. Students had taken to the streets days after Suharto's fall, with the military taking a back seat, at least in the cities (there were protests that in the countryside arbitrary detention, imprisonment and executions continued as before).

On June 6th Indonesian-appointed Gov. Abilio Osório Soares called a meeting of 200 leading Timorese personalities to debate the meaning of 'reformasi' for East Timor. There was a massive outpouring of discontent in an atmosphere of jubilation, with demands for the withdrawal of both the Indonesian military and civilians from the territory.

Harrassment of journalists attempting to work in East Timor was greatly reduced in this period but the continuation of the army and the fact that the secret police structure remained in place meant that there was no profound change the population could trust as a result of Habibie's coming to power.

On June 24th Gen. Prabowo Subianto made the first of two visits to East Timor. Officially he was head of a military academy in Bandung with no functions relating to Timor, although he had a long record of service there. Travelling overland from Kupang in , he was received by garrison commander Col. Tono Suratman and, according to a participant, held meetings with Kopassus officers, the Governor and a selection of trusted bupatis at which it was agreed to distribute arms to pro-Indonesian civilians organized in militia groups, in order to stem the rising tide of pro-independence feeling.

On 29th June arms distributed in this way were found at the scene of the shooting of two demonstrators in Macau during a fact-finding visit by three European Community ambassadors.

In early July Prabowo returned for another brief visit, flying in to Baucau air force base on a Hercules aircraft to confer there with senior military figures and Timorese officials in the government administration.

The deterioration of security in East Timor in the post-Suharto period dates from this time, with the appearance of Timorese groups armed by the Indonesian military and a resurgence of secret police activity involving 'ninjas', masked men involved in kidnapping East Timorese independence supporters. Indonesian transmigrants, principally from Sulawesi, began to stream from the territory as instability took hold.

On July 25th there was a token withdrawal of 1,000 Indonesian soldiers from East Timor, departing from Dili harbour in the presence of the international press. Speaking some time later in the East Timor mountains to Australian journalists Philip Blenkinsop and Sophie Barry, guerrilla commander Taur Matan Ruak dismissed the withdrawal as a charade, saying other military units had entered the territory overland from west Timor around the same time. He insisted that the only meaningful withdrawal could be in the presence of UN observers.

63 Blenkinsop and Barry, however, captured a new era in the guerrilla struggle, filming Ruak communicating with Indonesian military bases by radio to engage in bantering discussion about reformasi.

The exodus of Indonesian civilians continued throughout July.

On August 24th, The Sydney Morning Herald published a major exposé of Australian government actions over the killings of five Australian-based journalists in the border town of Balibó in 1975. Based on leaked government documents, the story anticipated a new furore over the affair in October.*

The Portuguese magazine Visão on August 13th published Philip Blenkinsop's portraits of East Timorese guerrilla leaders, taken during several weeks on the march with them. It was the first photographic essay behind guerrilla lines since the war began in 1975. His work appeared in Far Eastern Economic Review and other publications in the following weeks. In accompanying stories, Ruak affirmed that he would not agree to a ceasefire with the Indonesian army except in the presence of a UN force.

In October, a major story broke in Australia with testimony from an East Timorese eyewitness to the death of the Balibó Five who was interviewed on the ABC's Foreign Correspondent programme. Olandino Maia Guterres alleged that Lieut.-General , Information Minister in Habibie's reform government, had ordered the cold-blooded shooting of the five newsmen. Soon after it was aired Foreign Minister ordered a new inquiry by former National Crime commissioner Tom Sherman, despite the programme's strong criticisms of his 1996 report into the deaths.

The situation on the ground in Timor continued to show little improvement, as UN mediator Jamsheed Marker tried to close the gap between the positions of resistance leader Xanana and the Habibie government. On November 17th Xanana answered a UN questionnaire on acceptable points in an Indonesian proposal for enlarged autonomy, proposing a 10-year period of generous autonomy in which the East Timorese would hold some key portfolios, with Jakarta retaining others, such as foreign affairs, at the end of which there would be a referendum. However, he had great difficulty selling this notion to his followers, who argued that if Jakarta accepted the notion of self-government it should be valid immediately. By this time Xanana was enjoying a liberal regime within Cipinang prison (he was visited in November by Lisbon Mayor João Soares, a visit organized by renegade FRETILIN leader Abílio Araújo), and foreign minister Ali Alatas had said he would be freed in the coming period.

In late November there were allegations of a massacre in the village of , in reprisal for a FALINTIL raid on an Indonesian military post there on November 9.

The year ended with a New Year appeal by Xanana to the Timorese population to exploit the changed situation in Indonesia for its own ends, above all by demonstrating maturity and a capacity to bury political differences and work together.

*Documents relating to the Balibó/Roger East affair are found in this year's supplement at August 24, 1998 and in October.

64 CONTENTS 1998

Annex 1997 Fiche 692

January Fiche 692 – 695

February Fiche 696 - 698

March Fiche 698 – 701

April Fiche 701 – 705

May Fiche 705 – 717

June Fiche 717 - 725

July Fiche 725 – 728

August Fiche 728 – 729

September Fiche 729 – 730

October Fiche 730 - 731

November Fiche 731 - 733

December Fiche 733 - 735

65 CONTENTS 1999

Before 1999 and general Fiche 736 – 747

January Fiche 748 – 751

February Fiche 751 – 757

March Fiche 757 – 763

April Fiche 736 – 767

May Fiche 767 – 771

June Fiche 771 – 775

July Fiche 775 – 780

August Fiche 780 – 785

September Fiche 785 – 794

October Fiche 794 – 799

November Fiche 799 – 802

December Fiche 802 – 807

January 2000 Fiche 808 –812

66 SUPPLEMENT 2000

The East Timor Question, 2000 by Jill Jolliffe

The year 2000 was a formative year for East Timor, its first year free from Indonesian military occupation since 1975. The transitional United Nations body UNTAET (United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor) took control officially in October 1999, but most of its structures were not in place until the first months of 2000, when work on drafting a new legal code to govern East Timorese life began in earnest. During the year UNTAET promulgated 36 Regulations, including an embryonic criminal code, a provisional tax system, a property ownership code and a legal framework for government structures, such as the civil service and the National Council (a shadow parliament). All of these regulations are included here in the English version.

Early in the year the UN investigation team from the Human Rights Commission in Geneva led by Costa Rican expert Sonia Picado published its findings on human rights violations, based on a visit to Timor in late ‘99. Executive Summary Report on the Investigation of Human Rights Violations in East Timor (January 31, 2000) found that widespread and systematic violations were linked to the Indonesian military and recommended that an international war crimes tribunal be established to deal with these. Secretary-General did not accept this recommendation in his report to the Security Council, as a result of which it proposed instead that the Indonesian government should try perpetrators itself, a stand supported by the Australian government. By the end of 2000 there was no sign that Jakarta intended to implement this measure.

In late January the Darwin coroner handed down his findings on the death of ill-fated Dutch journalist Sander Thoenes, who was shot dead by the Indonesian military in the Dili suburb of Becora in the first hours of Interfet’s intervention in East Timor on 22 September 1999. In his report, included here, he found that ‘it is probable that a member or members of the 745 Battalion of the TNI shot the deceased’.

The East Timorese quickly began to express their ideas in written publications, despite the terrible poverty the territory was experiencing. In early 2000 there were newspaper-sellers on every street corner offering short runs of publications ranging from printed newspaper format, such as Timor Post and Suara Timor Lorosae, to photocopied, stapled editions of a few pages, such as Lian Maubere. The range of views was wide, from the radical Vanguarda to Buletin Perjuangan Untas of 1 February 2000, a 4-page document by autonomy supporters accusing the UN of having rigged the August 30, 1999 ballot and Portugal of planning to re-colonise East Timor (the edition included here had been seized by Interfet army intelligence officers and bears the fax mark of their ‘HQ Sector West’). A newspaper published entirely in Tetum also appeared. Lalenok is edited by former student activist Virgilio da Silva Guterres, who became first president of the East Timor press association. The south coast town of Viqueque also produced its own Tetum-language newspaper, in photocopied format, of which the October and December issues are represented here; Lia Foun Viqueque carries national news, sports items, articles on health care and a regular back-page ‘Postcard from Viqueque’ feature. These publications co-existed with the UN’s official Tais Timor, a newspaper aimed at putting the UNTAET administration’s views and achievements across, published in four separate language editions—Tetum, Portuguese, Indonesian and English. UNTAET also published posters, stickers and information brochures.

Documents from the first national conference in freedom of the leading nationalist party Fretilin held in Dili from May 20 are also included in this year’s MMF supplement.

67 Mid-year 2000 saw two important reports: a World Health Organization assessment of the health care situation in East Timor based on figures from January to June, and, on August 8, the ‘Independent Study on Security Force Options for East Timor’ by the Centre for Defence Studies at King’s College, London. This study by military experts determined East Timor’s final choice of the new national defence force which was established to replace its guerrilla army Falintil.

From July, East Timorese athletes began training in Australia for their first team participation in the Olympic Games, held in Sydney from August. Cuttings held here show that they won much applause and goodwill, but no medals.

As in the years of Indonesian occupation, events in Jakarta and the shape and stability of the Indonesian government continued to influence the East Timor situation, so the collection includes key newspaper articles concerning events in Indonesia in order to set Timor in its regional context. Similarly, documents relevant to Australian foreign policy debate are included.

The issue of the deaths of five journalists in the border village of Balibo in October 1975 continued to feature in the Australian and Indonesian press, and three new inquiries were opened in 2000. In mid-July UN civilian police investigators in Dili opened an official inquiry after a key witness came forward. Late in the year W.J. Blick, Australia’s Inspector-General of Intelligence and Security opened an inquiry into alleged mishandling of intelligence material by Australian officials in 1975, due to revelations made in Des Ball and Hamish MacDonald’s Death in Balibo, Lies in Canberra published in July. Finally, in early December police in the Australian state of announced that they were opening an investigation into the death of Englishman Brian Peters, one of the Balibo victims, who had lived in Sydney before his death. This move followed the lodging of an official request for a coroner’s inquiry by Peters’s sister Maureen Tolfree, who was visiting Australia. The Balibo case also had special prominence in September, when Foreign Minister Alexander Downer declassified key 1975-1976 documents concerning the invasion of East Timor. Other Balibo documents can be found in April, July, October, November and December.

Another recurring theme was the signed between Australia and Indonesia in 1989 to jointly exploit oil riches in the seabed between East Timor and Australia. With the withdrawal of Indonesian troops from East Timor and the establishment of UNTAET authority, the Treaty was re- negotiated. In February 2000 East Timor took the place of Indonesia as Australia’s partner. As the year progressed, talks on the terms of involvement were ongoing.

68 CONTENTS 2000

Posters Fiche 813

January Fiche 814 – 816 (see also 808 – 812 in 1999 Supplement)

February Fiche 816 – 822

March Fiche 822 – 825

April Fiche 825 – 828

May Fiche 828 – 832

June Fiche 832 – 836

July Fiche 837 – 840

August Fiche 840 – 851

September Fiche 851 – 858

October Fiche 858 – 863

November Fiche 863 – 866

December Fiche 866 – 870

69 Supplement 2001 – 2002

The East Timor Question, 2000 by Jill Jolliffe

The period 1 January 2001-30 June 2002 covered by this supplement spanned sweeping changes in the life of East Timor, culminating in independence on 30 May 2002.

In 2001 the United Nations Transitional Administration on East Timor (UNTAET), led by Brazilian diplomat Sergio Vieira de Mello, continued promulgating regulations to lay foundations for the new legal system, which was based on a mix of Indonesian, Portuguese and international law. By January 2001 East Timor’s own defence force was in formation, recruited from former members of the resistance army Falintil, as well as from the younger generation. Training of the new police force had also begun under the supervision of the UN, and the first trials of those accused of crimes against humanity for the 1999 violence were underway in Dili.

As ever, events in Indonesia continued to influence developments in East Timor, and the power struggle leading to the fall of President Abdurrahman Wahid provided the general backdrop to events in East Timor. As he fought to retain power in Jakarta, Muslim-Christian violence in the Moluccan archipelago north of East Timor spiralled, as did the conflict in Aceh.

The question of reform and power in Indonesia was closely linked to East Timorese and international aspirations to judge those responsible for the militia violence of 1999 and beyond. A Security Council resolution of early 2000 had established a two-track system of prosecutions, rejecting the establishment of an international court. It instead called on the Indonesians to try in Indonesia its own citizens accused of human rights violations in East Timor, (principally military officers), while the UN authority in Dili would also conduct trials. The success of this system hinged largely on an April 2000 agreement between UNTAET and the Indonesian Republic to transfer perpetrators living in Indonesia to East Timor for trial, and to give UN investigators access in Indonesia to those sought for questioning. This system was never applied under President Wahid, and the agreement itself was formally declared a dead letter by Jakarta after Megawati Sukarnoputri succeeded him. First signs of the failure of Indonesian-based prosecutions came in May 2001, when East Timorese militiamen accused of hacking and burning to death three UNHCR workers in Atambua the previous year received sentences of under 20 months each. May also saw the surfacing of allegations by former Australian army intelligence officer Andrew Plunkett. He claimed that in 1999 Canberra had told its soldiers serving with the INTERFET peacekeeping force to downplay the militia death toll.

Throughout the period covered in this supplement, negotiations between Australia and the UNTAET administration over hydrocarbon resources were also underway; they became heated in May 2001.

In June President Wahid visited Australia, as the calls for his impeachment grew in Jakarta. During his visit the question of the killing of New Zealand’s Private Leonard Manning, by militiamen who had infiltrated the border near Suai, was raised. There was a further clash with militiamen at the border on June 14, this time involving Australian troops.

The situation of over 200,000 refugees in West Timor who had been deported by the Indonesian military in 1999 continued to be a focus of attention.

In June UNTAET’s Sergio Vieira de Mello announced the start of campaigning for parliamentary elections to be held on August 30, the second anniversary of the UN-sponsored referendum.

70 President Wahid was dismissed by parliament in July 2001, opening a new era in Indonesian politics. There was another border clash the same month, in which an Indonesian sergeant was shot dead by UN peacekeepers. Australian foreign minister Alexander Downer said Australia would urge incoming President Megawati Sukarnoputri to prosecute militias responsible for the violence in East Timor. Under international pressure, the Ad Hoc Tribunal on East Timor was established in Jakarta on the first day of August 2001.

August in East Timor was dominated by the close of the election campaign to elect a Constituent Assembly to draft the country’s new constitution. UN fears of violence on 30 August proved completely unfounded and the 409,019 registered voters went to the polls enthusiastically and peacefully. They were the country’s first free and parliamentary elections, guaranteed by the presence of 900 observers.

September saw the announcement of the Fretilin party’s overwhelming victory, with an absolute majority of 57.3% of the vote, which fell short of the 60% necessary to approve the constitution alone. Second most- voted party was the youthful Democratic Party, with 8.7%, followed by the Social Democrat party led by former Timor governor Mario Carrascalao, with 8.1%. A surprise result was that of the Timorese Social Democratic Association, which gained 7.8%, drawing mainly on indigenous support among Mambai- speaking people in central mountain areas for Francisco Xavier do Amaral, the aged founding president of Fretilin.

A new government was sworn in under Fretilin leader Mari Alkatiri. As Chief Minister he would still defer to Sergio Vieira de Mello, who held final authority until independence in May 2002. October 2001 saw publication of the first sociological profile of East Timor since the Indonesian withdrawal, a study of the country’s sucos published by the East Timor Transitional Administration (ETTA), the Asian Development Bank, the World Bank and the United Nations Development Fund. It included key indicators on income, health, employment and literacy levels.

By this time the Constituent Assembly was in regular session, working on the mammoth task of drafting the constitution, a process which continued into early 2002, when a draft was circulated throughout the country for discussion and comments in the villages to be incorporated into the final version.

In January 2002 nominations were opened for presidential elections in April, a last major step on the road to independence. Seven national commissioners for the Reception, Reconciliation and Truth Commission were also sworn to office. In February former guerrilla commander Xanana Gusmão bowed to popular pressure and announced he was a candidate for the presidential elections, with the backing of nine small opposition parties. His campaign was to be boycotted by Fretilin. His only opponent was the ailing Xavier do Amaral, who had been nominated in January. The United Nations High Commission for Refugees continued its persistent campaign to bring refugees in West Timor back to their homes before independence. Tens of thousands had already returned by this time.

In March 2002 a joint UNTAET-Indonesian investigation team into the September 1999 murder of Dutch journalist Sander Thoenes held a press conference in Dili. The Indonesian prosecutors declared they were not convinced by the evidence presented to them by the UN. However, a police officer representing the Dutch government publicly dissented, and said the Indonesians had long held overwhelming evidence that the probable killer was Timorese-born Indonesian officer Camillo dos Santos of Battalion 745. On 22 March the new constitution, modelled largely on the Portuguese constitution, was approved by parliament. Directors of the Petrotimor company, a subsidiary of Denver Oceanic Petroleum, held a seminar in Dili that month attended by a selection of Timorese political leaders, and some foreign activists. They

71 challenged the right of the UN and the Timorese government to negotiate oil rights with Australia. Petrotimor had been granted an exclusive concession to Timor Sea oil rights by the Portuguese government in 1974, and announced a legal challenge lodged with the Australian Federal Court.

In April Xanana Gusmão vanquished his critics with a landslide victory of 78% in East Timor’s first presidential elections. It was the final stepping stone in East Timor’s march towards independence, and frantic preparations were by then underway for independence day on May 20, when thousands of foreign visitors were due in Dili. The city was transformed in the coming weeks as visitors poured in, and an exodus of UN personnel began. Sporting and cultural events were held all over East Timor. In Dili there was the country’s first film festival, on the theme of human rights, and a flowering of exhibitions on a range of themes. A first day cover designed and contributed by the Australian government was issued by the East Timor post office.

On the night of May 19 ceremonies were held near the lagoon of Taçi Tolo, outside Dili, where the Pope had held a mass in 1989, and where many Timorese were reportedly executed during the darkest years of the Indonesian occupation. Former US president headed the American delegation and UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan presided over part of the ceremonies. New Zealand and Australia were represented by their prime ministers, while President Jorge Sampaio represented Portugal. Dignitaries from Portuguese-speaking Africa, south-east Asian and Pacific nations also attended. Indonesian President Megawati Sukarnoputri attended against the wishes of her hard-line opponents, and received a standing ovation when she arrived on the arm of Xanana Gusmão.

Mr Gusmão was sworn to office at a few minutes before midnight in a blaze of fireworks, to replace Sergio Vieira de Mello as head of the new state. The Democratic Republic of East Timor, the new millennium's first new nation, had been born after over two decades of bitter struggle. Vieira de Mello left the country without fanfare the next day, to pave the way for the new, downsized UN mission in East Timor. The United Nations Mission to Assist East Timor, headed by Indian diplomat Kamalesh Sharma, will remain in East Timor in an advisory capacity until 2003.

72 CONTENTS 2001

January Fiche 871 – 873

February Fiche 873 – 875

March Fiche 875 – 878

April Fiche 878 – 883

May Fiche 883 – 887

June Fiche 887 – 892

July Fiche 892 – 899

August Fiche 899 – 911

September Fiche 911 – 919

October Fiche 920 – 929

November Fiche 929 – 945

December Fiche 945 – 957

CONTENTS 2002

January Fiche 958 – 977

February Fiche 977 – 988

March Fiche 988 – 1008

April Fiche 1008 – 1020

May Fiche 1021 – 1042

June Fiche 1043 – 1056

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