L'est INSULINDIEN

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L'est INSULINDIEN Etudes interdisciplinaires sur le monde insulindien Sous le patronage de l' Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales ARCHIPEL 90 L'EsT INSULINDIEN 2015 Revu e SOU1CT1 l1C par l' Institut des Science s Humaines et Sociales du CNRS l'Instiuu francais dT ndones ie c l l' Institu t des Langues et Civ ilisations Orientales L 'EST INSULINDIEN Sous la direction de Dana Rappoport et Dominique Guillaud Sommaire INTRODUCTION 3 Dana Rappoport et Dominique Guillaud Reconsiderer r Est insulindien Du PEUPLEMENT A L'ECRITURE DE L'HISTOIRE 15 Susan O'Connor Rethinking the Neolithic in Island Southeast Asia, with Particular Reference to the Archaeology ofTimor-Leste and Sulawesi 49 Jean-Christophe Galipaud Reseaux neolithiques, nomades marins et marchands dans les petites lies de la Sonde 75 Hans Hagerdal Eastern Indonesia and the Writing ofHistory VERS UNE DEFINITION DE L'INSULINDE ORIENTALE 99 Antoinette Schapper Wallacea, a Linguistic Area 153 Philip Yampolsky Is Eastern Insulindia a Distinct Musical Area? AIRE DE TRANSITION OU CREUSET ? SOCIETES, TECHNIQUES, TERRITOIRES ET RITUELS 189 lames Fox Eastern Indonesia in Austronesian Perspective: The Evidence of Relational Terminologies Archipel90, Paris, 2015, p. 1-2 217 Cecile Barraud Parente, alliance. maisons dans l' Est insulindien : rcode neerlandaise et sa posterite critique 245 Dominique Guillaud Le vivrier et le sacre. Systemes agricoles, rituels et territoires dans TEst indonesien et aTimor-Leste 275 Dana Rappoport Musique et rituel dans I'Est insulindien (Indonesie orientate et Timor-Leste) : premierjalons 307 Ruth Barnes Textiles East ofthe Wallace Line. A Comparative Approach to Pattern and Technique RI;:SLJM~;S - ABSTRACTS (<:) Copyright Association Archipe12015 En couverture : Parure de danseuse aSolor Quest. Tana Lein, 2006. (Photo: 1[')D. Rappoport,CNRS) Archipel w), Paris, 2015 DANA RAPPOPORT 1 & DOMINIQUE GUILLAUD 2 Reconsidérer l’Est insulindien 3 123Ce numéro d’Archipel rend compte du dynamisme récent des recherches en sciences humaines relatives à l’Est insulindien. Longtemps marginalisée, cette région fait depuis quelques décennies l’objet d’un intérêt accru. Ses spécificités géographiques, écologiques, linguistiques et culturelles en font un ensemble complexe mais cohérent qui peut être présenté de différents points de vue, illustrés par les dix contributions de ce numéro. Au-delà des faits et des traits caractéristiques rapportés par chaque auteur, chaque discipline, grâce à la perspective qui lui est propre, propose, dans cette livraison d’Archipel, une conception de l’Est insulindien qui vise à s’affranchir de l’échelle locale pour fournir une approche synthétique de cette aire géographique, à travers les toutes dernières recherches de terrain. Archéologues, historiens, géographes, linguistes, ethnologues et ethnomusicologues esquissent tour à tour les contours d’une région qui, jusqu’ici, tendait à n’être considérée que par défaut, comme un appendice, une marge éloignée des « royaumes concentriques » de l’Ouest, des sultanats malais et des îles-continents de l’Océanie, même si Timor et les Moluques ont joué un rôle stratégique pour le commerce et la christianisation dès le XVIe siècle (Lombard 1990, Andaya 1993a, Durand 2006). 1. Centre Asie du Sud-Est (CASE, UMR CNRS/EHESS). 2. UMR PaLoc, Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle-IRD/Sorbonne Universités. 3. Nous remercions chaleureusement Hélène Poitevin, Cécile Barraud et Philip Yampolsky pour leurs commentaires sur des versions précédentes de ce texte. Archipel 90, Paris, 2015, p. 3-13 4 Dana Rappoport & Dominique Guillaud LAOS THAILANDE VIETNAM CAMBODGE PHILIPPINES ETATS FÉDÉRÉS DE MICRONÉSIE PALAU S I E L A I M A BRUNEI e c ker lla ek a yd W L de de Sumatra o e e SINGAPOUR n ign e lig l Nias n V o r Équateur IV Î B l e s Siberut INDONÉSIE M o l u PAPOUASIE- q N Sulawesi u ou NOUVELLE-GUINEE Seram e vel Me III s le-G r de Java uiné W a l l a c e a Aru e Java Pet nde ites îles de la So Tanimbar Flores TIMOR-LESTE Bali Timor I Sumba II ILES SALOMON or 0 1200 km im e T r d Me AUSTRALIE Provinces : I Nusa Tenggara Barat II Nusa Tenggara TimurIII MalukuIV Maluku UtaraV Papua Barat Fig. 1 – L’aire de la Wallacea et les provinces de l’Est insulindien. (Infographie : © L. Billault, IRD) Une Wallacea culturelle ? L’Est insulindien constitue-t-il une aire géo-culturelle à part entière ? Telle est l’une des questions à laquelle ce numéro tente de répondre. Bien qu’il n’y ait pas de consensus sur la délimitation précise de cette région, différentes disciplines s’accordent généralement pour définir l’Est insulindien comme un ensemble d’îles incluant les petites îles de la Sonde (kepulauan Nusa Tenggara) et le vaste archipel des Moluques qui s’étire jusqu’aux confins de la Nouvelle-Guinée (fig. 2). L’aire considérée comprend donc plusieurs provinces orientales d’Indonésie (Nusa Tenggara Barat, Nusa Tenggara Timur, Maluku, Maluku Utara, Papua Barat) ainsi que la République Démocratique de Timor-Leste, mais toutes les disciplines n’inclueront pas nécessairement chacune de ces provinces dans leur conception de l’aire. On peut caractériser l’Est insulindien en croisant des critères géographiques, écologiques et culturels (incluant des traits linguistiques, anthropologiques et historiques). Sur le plan biogéographique, la région se situe entre l’Asie et l’Océanie et, tout en témoignant de l’influence des ces deux ensembles, affiche aussi beaucoup de caractères propres. Sa limite occidentale est définie par la ligne de Wallace (1868), une frontière biogéographique qui, passant à l’est de Bali et de Bornéo, sépare les faunes du sud-est asiatique et du continent australien, et qui circonscrit une zone singularisée par une grande variété d’espèces endémiques. Sa limite orientale peut être définie par la ligne de Lydekker (1896), qui marque l’extension maximale de la faune du sud- est asiatique (fig. 1) et qui, séparant l’Est insulindien de la Nouvelle-Guinée, constitue une importante barrière écologique. Délimitée ainsi par deux lignes Archipel 90, Paris, 2015 Reconsidérer l’Est insulindien 5 0 km 600 km PHILIPPINES BRUNEI Mer de Celebes Halmahera Bornéo Baie de Cenderawasih Sula Sorong Seram Sulawesi Buru Ambon Nou I N vel D Makassar Buton Kei le-G O N u É S Mer de Banda iné I E Aru e Adonara Fig. 2 – L’Est insulindien. Me r de Flores Lembata(InfographieWetar : © L. Billault, IRD) Bali Sumbawa Pantar Flores Leti Tanimbar Dili Alor différenciant l’écologieEnde Solor du continentTIMOR-LESTE asiatique (plaque de Sunda) de celle Lombok Timor du bloc deSumba l’Australie et de la Nouvelle-Guinée (plaque de Sahul), la région est appelée « WSavuallaceaKupang » par les écologues, un terme repris par plusieurs Roti r chercheurs dans ce numéro. MSurer de Tleim omodèle de la Wallacea biologique, les chercheurs identifient ici une Wallacea culturelle.AUSTRALIE Les disciplines confirment alternativement les seuils de cette aire, même si les traits culturels de la région ne sont pas toujours aussi saillants que les deux frontières écologiques évoquées précédemment. Selon les champs d’étude, les contours de la région diffèrent 4, et celle-ci semble se définir moins par des frontières bien déterminées que par de nombreux attributs partagés dont certains peuvent, certes, se retrouver plus épars dans d’autres parties de l’archipel. Le dénominateur commun de l’aire inclut toujours les petites îles de la Sonde et l’île de Timor. La première singularité de l’Est insulindien est donc constituée par sa grande diversité écologique. Du fait de sa position entre deux zones biogéographiques majeures, le continent asiatique et la plaque australienne, la région des petites îles de la Sonde et des Moluques se présente comme une aire de mégadiversité, avec toutes les singularités locales dues à la dispersion d’îles et de régions éloignées parfois par de grandes distances et de grands fonds océaniques, et que même les phases de régressions marines 4. Seules certaines contributions du numéro incluent Sulawesi, les Moluques, Lombok et Sumbawa dans l’aire considérée. Si sur le plan biogéographique, ces îles font partie de la Wallacea, il n’en va pas toujours de même sur d’autres plans. Archipel 90, Paris, 2015 6 Dana Rappoport & Dominique Guillaud n’ont jamais permis de relier les unes aux autres. L’endémisme d’ensemble est de ce fait particulièrement remarquable et cette biodiversité exceptionnelle d’autant plus fragile. Beaucoup de plantes et d’animaux ont été introduits par l’homme, acteur majeur dans l’écologie de la région ; or la petite taille et le long isolement des îles ne permettent pas à certaines espèces de résister aux invasions biologiques 5. À l’étonnante différenciation écologique de ces îles fait écho une diversité ethnolinguistique très marquée. Au sein de la Wallacea, la variété des langues est beaucoup plus forte qu’à l’ouest de la ligne de Wallace ; les trois quarts des 700 langues d’Indonésie y sont en effet parlées par une petite fraction de la population du pays (Klamer, c. p., 2013). Ces langues présentent par ailleurs des caractéristiques qu’elles ne partagent pas avec celles de l’Ouest : le principe des chaînes de dialectes (dialect chain) y est prédominant, comme en Mélanésie et le nombre de locuteurs par langue, très faible 6. Deux grandes familles de langues, austronésiennes et non austronésiennes, s’y côtoient — ces dernières étant représentées par la quasi totalité des langues des îles de Pantar et d’Alor, ainsi qu’une partie des langues de Timor et d’Halmahera 7. Antoinette Schapper propose une définition de la « Wallacea linguistique » (Linguistic Wallacea) à partir d’une série de quatre caractéristiques propres à un groupe de langues parlées de Flores jusqu’à la Baie de Cenderawasih. Plutôt que de considérer les langues mélanésiennes ou papoues comme marginales, elle les inclut dans une Wallacea linguistique définie par cette association de traits particuliers à cette zone, qu’elle distingue de la Mélanésie linguistique (Linguistic Melanesia).
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