Palgrave Handbooks in German Idealism

Series Editor Matthew C. Altman Philosophy & Religious Studies Central Washington University Ellensburg, WA, USA Palgrave Handbooks in German Idealism is a series of comprehensive and authoritative edited volumes on the major German Idealist philosophers and their critics. Underpinning the series is the successful Palgrave Handbook of German Idealism (2014), edited by Matthew C. Altman, which provides an overview of the period, its greatest philosophers, and its historical and philosophical importance. Individual volumes focus on specific philosophers and major themes, offering a more detailed treatment of the many facets of their work in metaphysics, epistemology, logic, ethics, aesthetics, political philosophy, and several other areas. Each volume is edited by one or more internationally recognized experts in the subject, and contributors include both established figures and younger scholars with inno- vative readings. The series offers a wide-ranging and authoritative insight into German Idealism, appropriate for both students and specialists.

More information about this series at http://www.palgrave.com/gp/series/14696 Steven Hoeltzel Editor The Palgrave Fichte Handbook Editor Steven Hoeltzel Department of Philosophy and Religion James Madison University Harrisonburg, VA, USA

Palgrave Handbooks in German Idealism ISBN 978-3-030-26507-6 ISBN 978-3-030-26508-3 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-26508-3

© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2019 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

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This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG. The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland Preface

Recent decades have witnessed a remarkable resurgence of interest in the philosophy of J. G. Fichte (1762–1814). Long misportrayed as a merely transi- tional figure propounding a simplistic subjectivism, Fichte now is increasingly acknowledged as a major philosophical innovator and a highly sophisticated thinker, whose challenging work richly repays careful study. At the same time, however, by comparison with the work of the other major German Idealists (Kant, Schelling, Hegel, Schopenhauer), Fichte’s own output remains rela- tively little-known and largely inaccessible to nonspecialists. This is unfortu- nate, because, even today, Kantian ideas and approaches continue to shape the philosophical landscape, and Fichte is the first, albeit the least famous, of the truly great post-Kantian philosophers. There therefore is a need for scholarly work on Fichte that, in addition to advancing various expert-level discussions, will simultaneously offer a solid (and not oversimplified) introduction and orientation to Fichte’s philosophy as a whole. The Palgrave Fichte Handbook is designed to help meet this need in a number of ways. First, the volume is principally organized according to the basic branches of philosophy (thus not according to specific works or periods in Fichte’s career, or thematic niches within classical German philosophy—fairly standard approaches in the existing literature). Second, there is a strong com- parative focus throughout the book, with particular emphasis on the compli- cated relationships between Fichte’s philosophy and Kant’s. Schelling and Hegel make repeat appearances also, as do various representatives of existentialism, phenomenology, political theory, analytic philosophy, and so forth, so that Fichte’s philosophy is put forward with reference to its conceptual and historical context and impact. Finally, the book features a detailed introduction which offers a basic overview of Fichte’s philosophy, integrated within

v vi Preface which are brief treatments of the various more-specialized topics and prob- lems that the subsequent chapters explore in depth. Each of the book’s twenty-plus chapters combines helpful exposition, careful interpretation, and incisive argument. All are new essays by leading and emerging scholars of Fichte and German Idealism, including some of the most accomplished people currently working in the field. Thanks to each con- tributor’s adept and illuminating work with highly challenging material, The Palgrave Fichte Handbook is both an outstanding introduction to Fichte’s philosophy and a major contribution to Fichte scholarship.

Harrisonburg, VA Steven Hoeltzel Series Editor’s Preface

The era of German Idealism stands alongside ancient Greece and the French Enlightenment as one of the most fruitful and influential periods in the history of philosophy. Beginning with the publication of Kant’s Critique of Pure Reason in 1781 and ending about ten years after Hegel’s death in 1831, the period of “classical German philosophy” transformed whole fields of philosophical endeavour. The intellectual energy of this movement is still very much alive in contemporary philosophy; the philosophers of that period continue to inform our thinking and spark debates of interpretation. After a period of neglect as a result of the early analytic philosophers’ rejection of idealism, interest in the field has grown exponentially in recent years. Indeed, the study of German Idealism has perhaps never been more active in the English-speaking world than it is today. Many books appear every year that offer historical/interpretive approaches to understanding the work of the German Idealists, and many others adopt and develop their insights and apply them to contemporary issues in epistemology, metaphysics, ethics, politics, and aesthetics, among other fields. In addition, a number of international journals are devoted to idealism as a whole and to specific idealist philosophers, and journals in both the history of philosophy and contemporary phi- losophies have regular contributions on the German Idealists. In numerous countries, there are regular conferences and study groups run by philosophical associations that focus on this period and its key figures, especially Kant, Fichte, Schelling, Hegel, and Schopenhauer. As part of this growing discus- sion, the volumes in the Palgrave Handbooks in German Idealism series are designed to provide overviews of the major figures and movements in German Idealism, with a breadth and depth of coverage that distinguishes them from other anthologies. Chapters have been specially commissioned for this series,

vii viii Series Editor’s Preface and they are written by established and emerging scholars from throughout the world. Contributors not only provide overviews of their subject matter but also explore the cutting edge of the field by advancing original theses. Some authors develop or revise positions that they have taken in their other publications, and some take novel approaches that challenge existing para- digms. The Palgrave Handbooks in German Idealism thus give students a natural starting point from which to begin their study of German Idealism, and they serve as a resource for advanced scholars to engage in meaningful discussions about the movement’s philosophical and historical importance. In short, the Palgrave Handbooks in German Idealism have comprehensiveness, accessi- bility, depth, and philosophical rigor as their overriding goals. These are challenging aims, to be sure, especially when held simultaneously, but that is the task that the excellent scholars who are editing and contributing to these volumes have set for themselves.

Ellensburg, WA Matthew C. Altman Contents

1 Introduction: Fichte’s Post-Kantian Project 1 Steven Hoeltzel

Part I Historical and Conceptual Context 31

2 Fichte’s Life and Philosophical Trajectory 33 Yolanda Estes

3 The Precursor as Rival: Fichte in Relation to Kant 57 Günter Zöller

4 Fichte, German Idealism, and the Parameters of Systematic Philosophy 75 Andreas Schmidt

Part II Metaphilosophy and Method 95

5 Fichte on the Standpoint of Philosophy and the Standpoint of Ordinary Life 97 Halla Kim

ix x Contents

6 Reflection, Metaphilosophy, and Logic of Action in the Science of Knowledge 117 Isabelle Thomas-Fogiel

7 Fichte’s Anti-Dogmatism and the Autonomy of Reason 139 Kienhow Goh

Part III Transcendental Theory 161

8 Knowledge and Action: Self-Positing, I-Hood, and the Centrality of the Striving Doctrine 163 C. Jeffery Kinlaw

9 Fichte’s Account of Reason and Rational Normativity 189 Steven Hoeltzel

10 Fichte’s Relational I: Anstoβ and Aufforderung 213 Gabriel Gottlieb

Part IV Ethical Theory 237

11 Fichte’s Deduction of the Moral Law 239 Owen Ware

12 Freedom as an End in Itself: Fichte on Ethical Duties 257 Paul Guyer

13 Fichte on Freedom 285 Wayne Martin

Part V Political and Social Theory 307

14 Fichte on Property Rights and Coercion 309 Nedim Nomer Contents xi

15 Fichte’s Theory of the State in theFoundations of Natural Right 329 James A. Clarke

16 Fichte’s Concept of the Nation 353 David James

17 Fichte’s Philosophy of History: Between A Priori Foundation and Material Development 373 Angelica Nuzzo

Part VI Metaphysics and Epistemology 395

18 Giving Shape to the Shapeless: Divine Incomprehensibility, Moral Knowledge, and Symbolic Representation 397 Benjamin D. Crowe

19 The Letter and the Spirit: Kant’s Metaphysics and Fichte’s Epistemology 421 Matthew C. Altman

20 Transcendental Ontology in Fichte’s Wissenschaftslehre of 1804 443 Markus Gabriel

Part VII Repercussions 461

21 Heidegger’s Modest Fichteanism 463 Michael Stevenson

22 Fichte, Sartre, and Levinas on the Problem with the Problem of Other Minds 485 Cynthia D. Coe xii Contents

23 Fichtean Selfhood and Contemporary Philosophy of Language: The Case of Transcendental Pragmatics 507 Michihito Yoshime

24 Conclusion: Complexity, Unity, Infinity 531 Steven Hoeltzel

Index 535 Note on Sources and Key to Abbreviations

Works by Fichte and Kant are referenced in the text parenthetically, using the abbreviations listed below. When citing an English translation, the German source is also indicated, with the exception of Kant’s work, for which the Akademie pagination is already given with the translations. Where there is no mention of an English version, the translation is the author’s own. Works cited only in endnotes are given with their full publication information. At the end of each of the following entries (where applicable), I list the volume number of the author’s collected works in which the German version appears.

Fichte

Parenthetical citations of English translations of Fichte’s work are followed by citations of the corresponding German originals, from Gesamtausgabe der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften (GA). Where there is no mention of an English version, the translation is the author’s own. ACR Attempt at a Critique of All Revelation (1792). Ed. and trans. Garrett Green. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010. (GA I/1) AD J. G. Fichte and the Atheism Dispute (1798–1800). Trans. Curtis Bowman. Ed. Yolanda Estes and Curtis Bowman. Farnham, Surrey: Ashgate, 2010. AGN Addresses to the German Nation (1808). Ed. Gregory Moore. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008. (GA I/10) CCR A Crystal Clear Report to the General Public Concerning the Actual Essence of the Newest Philosophy: An Attempt to Force the Reader to Understand (1801). Trans. John Botterman and William Rash. In Philosophy of

xiii xiv Note on Sources and Key to Abbreviations

German Idealism, ed. Ernst Behler, 39–115. New York: Continuum, 1987. (GA I/7) CCS The Closed Commercial State (1800). Trans. Anthony Curtis Adler. Albany: State University of New York Press, 2012. (GA I/7) CPA Characteristics of the Present Age (1806). In The Popular Works of Johann Gottlieb Fichte, trans. William Smith, 2:v–288. Bristol: Thoemmes Press, 1999. (GA I/8) EPW Fichte: Early Philosophical Writings. Trans. and ed. Daniel Breazeale. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1988. FG Fichte im Gespräch. Ed. Erich Fuchs, Reinhard Lauth, and Walter Schieche. Stuttgard–Bad Cannstatt: Frommann-Holzboog, 1991. FNR Foundations of Natural Right, According to the Principles of the Wissenschaftslehre (1796–1797). Trans. Michael Baur. Ed. Frederick Neuhouser. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000. (GA I/3–4) GA J. G. Fichte—Gesamtausgabe der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Ed. Reinhard Lauth, et al. 42 vols. Stuttgart-Bad Cannstatt: Frommann- Holzboog, 1962—. References to this edition are given in the form GA I/7:13, indicating part, volume, and page number; or, in the case of correspondence, are in the form GA III/2, no. 189, indicating part, volume, and letter number. IWL Introductions to the Wissenschaftslehre and Other Writings (1797–1800). Trans. and ed. Daniel Breazeale. Indianapolis: Hackett, 1994. NM Foundations of Transcendental Philosophy (Wissenschaftslehre) Nova Methodo (1796/99). Trans. and ed. Daniel Breazeale. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1992. (GA IV/2, K) PR The Philosopical Rupture between Fichte and Schelling: Selected Texts and Correspondence (1800–1802). Trans. and ed. Michael G. Vater and David W. Wood. Albany: State University of New York Press, 2012. RC “Review of Leonhard Creuzer, Skeptical Reflections on the Freedom of the Will, with Reference to the Latest Theories of the Same, with a Foreword by Professor Schmid” (1793). Trans. Daniel Breazeale. Philosophical Forum 32, no. 4 (winter 2001): 289–96. (GA I/2) RG “Review of Friedrich Heinrich Gebhard, On Ethical Goodness as Disinterested Benevolence” (1793). Trans. Daniel Breazeale. Philosophical Forum 32, no. 4 (winter 2001): 297–310. (GA I/2) RL Die Anweisung zum seligen Leben, oder auch die Religionslehre (1806). Ed. F. Medicus Hamburg: Meiner, 1910. (GA I/9) SE The System of Ethics, According to the Principles of the Wissenschaftslehre (1798). Trans. and ed. Daniel Breazeale and Günter Zöller. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005. (GA I/5) VM The Vocation of Man (1800). Trans. Peter Preuss. Indianapolis: Hackett, 1987. (GA I/6) Note on Sources and Key to Abbreviations xv

WL The Science of Knowledge (Wissenschaftslehre) (1794/95). Trans. and ed. Peter Heath and John Lachs. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1970. (GA I/2) WL1804 The Science of Knowing: J. G. Fichte’s 1804 Lectures on the Wissenschaftslehre (1804). Trans. Walter E. Wright. Albany: State University of New York Press, 2005. (GA II/8)

Kant

As is standard in Kant scholarship, each parenthetical reference to Kant’s writings gives the volume and page number(s) of the Royal Prussian Academy edition (Kants gesammelte Schriften), which are included in the margins of the translations. A/B Critique of Pure Reason (1781, 1787). Trans. and ed. Paul Guyer and Allen W. Wood. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998. (Ak 3, 4) The volume number is not included in references to theCritique of Pure Reason. Ak Kants gesammelte Schriften. 29 vols. Ed. Preussische Akademie der Wissenschaften and successors. Berlin: Reimer, later de Gruyter, 1900— References to this edition are given in the form Ak 3:4, indicating volume and page number. Where applicable, the number of the Reflexion (R) is given in addition to the volume and page number. C Correspondence. Trans. and ed. Arnulf Zweig. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999. (Ak 10–13) CJ Critique of the Power of Judgment (1790). Trans. Paul Guyer and Eric Matthews. Ed. Paul Guyer. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000. (Ak 5) CPrR Critique of Practical Reason (1788). In Practical Philosophy, trans. and ed. Mary J. Gregor, 137–271. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996. (Ak 5) DSS Dreams of a Spirit-Seer Elucidated by Dreams of Metaphysics (1766). In Theoretical Philosophy, 1755–1770, trans. and ed. David Walford, 301–59. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992. (Ak 2) G Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals (1785). In Practical Philosophy, trans. and ed. Mary J. Gregor, 41–108. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996. (Ak 4) LE Lectures on Ethics. Trans. Peter Heath. Ed. Peter Heath and J. B. Schneewind. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997. (Ak 27) MM The Metaphysics of Morals (1797). In Practical Philosophy, trans. and ed. Mary J. Gregor, 363–602. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996. (Ak 6) xvi Note on Sources and Key to Abbreviations

NF Notes and Fragments, trans. Curtis Bowman, Paul Guyer, and Frederick Rauscher, ed. Paul Guyer. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005. (Ak 15–20) Pro Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics That Will Be Able to Come Forward as a Science (1783). Trans. Gary Hatfield. InTheoretical Philosophy after 1781, ed. Henry Allison and Peter Heath, 49–169. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002. (Ak 4) Rel Religion within the Boundaries of Mere Reason (1793). Trans. George di Giovanni. In Religion and Rational Theology, ed. Allen W. Wood and George di Giovanni, 55–215. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996. (Ak 6) RP What Real Progress Has Metaphysics Made in Germany since the Time of Leibniz and Wolff? (1793/1804). Trans. Peter Heath. In Theoretical Philosophy after 1781, ed. Henry Allison and Peter Heath, 349–424. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002. (Ak 20) Notes on Contributors

Matthew C. Altman is Professor of Philosophy at Central Washington University. He is the author of A Companion to Kant’s “Critique of Pure Reason” (2008) and Kant and Applied Ethics (2011), coauthor of The Fractured Self in Freud and German Philosophy (2013), editor of The Palgrave Handbook of German Idealism (2014) and The Palgrave Kant Handbook (2017), and series editor of the Palgrave Handbooks in German Idealism.

Emmanuel Chaput is a PhD Student in Philosophy at the University of Ottawa. His research interests focus mainly on German Idealism, Hegel, and the Young Hegelians. He is the coeditor, with Kaveh Boveiri and Arnaud Theurillat-Cloutier, of the book Hegel, Marx and the Contemporary World (2016).

James A. Clarke is Lecturer in Philosophy at the University of York. He has published several papers on Fichte and Hegel and is currently coediting a volume of essays on early post-Kantian practical philosophy. His research interests include contemporary legal and political philosophy, Critical Theory (especially the theory of recognition), and post-Kantian practical philosophy (especially the work of J. G. Fichte and J. B. Erhard).

Cynthia D. Coe is Professor of Philosophy at Central Washington University. Her interests lie mainly in nineteenth- and twentieth-century European philosophy (with particular focus on Nietzsche and Levinas), feminist theory, and critical race theory. She is the author of Levinas and the Trauma of Responsibility: The Ethical Significance of Time (2018) and co-author of The Fractured Self in Freud and German Philosophy (2013).

xvii xviii Notes on Contributors

Benjamin D. Crowe is Lecturer in Philosophy at Boston University. His work focuses on issues of religion and human agency within the larger German philosophical tradition In addition to two monographs on Heidegger, he is the author of a number of articles and book chapters on Fichte, German Romanticism, and Dilthey. Most recently, he is the editor of The Nineteenth Century Philosophy Reader (2016) and the editor and translator of Fichte’s Lectures on the Theory of Ethics (1812) (2016).

Yolanda Estes now retired from Mississippi State University, works as an independent scholar in Quito, Ecuador. She specializes in the philosophy of J. G. Fichte. She is coeditor of J. G. Fichte and the Atheism Dispute (1798– 1800) (2010) and is currently coediting an anthology on Fichte’s philosophy of religion.

Markus Gabriel is Professor and Chair in Epistemology, Modern, and Contemporary Philosophy, as well as Director of the International Centre for Philosophy and the Center for Science and Thought, at the University of Bonn. From 2017–2019 he was Visiting Professor at Université Paris 1-Panthéon Sorbonne. He is the author of more than a dozen books and a hundred articles, including Transcendental Ontology: Essays in German Idealism (2013); Fields of Sense. A New Realist Ontology (2015), and I am Not a Brain: Philosophy of Mind for the 21st Century (2017). His areas of expertise are epistemology, German Idealism, and metaphysics/ontology.

Kienhow Goh is an EFL Assistant Professor at Suwon Science College, South Korea. He received his Ph.D. in Philosophy from Syracuse University in 2010, and has published several journal articles and book chapters on modern classical German philosophy. His research focus is on issues related to the relationship of freedom and nature in Fichte’s Jena philosophy.

Gabriel Gottlieb is Associate Professor of Philosophy at Xavier University. He is the editor of Fichte’s Foundations of Natural Right: A Critical Guide (2016) and coeditor of Practical Philosophy from Kant to Hegel: Freedom, Right, Revolution (forthcoming). Recent publications include “Theory of Science: Fichte, Schelling,” in A Companion to Nineteenth-Century Philosophy (2019), and “A Family Quarrel: Fichte’s Deduction of Right and Recognition” in Kant and his German Contemporaries, Volume 2: Aesthetics, History, Politics, and Religion (2018).

Paul Guyer is the Jonathan Nelson Professor of Humanities and Philosophy at Brown University. He is the author of ten books on the philosophy of Kant, Notes on Contributors xix most recently Virtues of Freedom (2016). He is also the author of A History of Modern Aesthetics in three volumes (2014). He was General Co-Editor of the Cambridge Edition of the Works of Immanuel Kant and co-translator of the first and third critiques as well as Kant’s Notes and Fragments. Current projects include books on Kant and Moses Mendelssohn and on Kant’s impact on the history of moral philosophy.

Moritz Hellmich works as a translator in Jena, Germany. Previously he has studied philosophy, English, politics, and physics at the Universities of Jena and Bristol.

Steven Hoeltzel is Professor of Philosophy at James Madison University. He is the coeditor of Transcendental Inquiry: Its History, Methods and Critiques (2016) and Kant, Fichte, and the Legacy of Transcendental Idealism (2015). He has published widely on Fichte’s philosophy, especially its ontological implica- tions and its value-theoretical dimensions. Recent articles include “Fichte and Existentialism: Freedom and Finitude, Self-Positing and Striving,” in The Palgrave Handbook of German Idealism and Existentialism (forthcoming); and “Fichte and Kant on Reason’s Final Ends and Highest Ideals,” in Revista de Estud(i)os sobre Fichte (2018).

David James is Associate Professor of Philosophy at the University of Warwick. His publications include Fichte’s Republic: Idealism, History and Nationalism (2015) and Fichte’s Social and Political Philosophy: Property and Virtue (2011). He is also editor of A Critical Guide to Hegel’s Elements of the Philosophy of Right (2017) and coeditor of The Cambridge Companion to Fichte (2016). He is currently completing a book entitled Practical Necessity, Freedom and History from Hobbes to Marx.

Halla Kim is Professor of Philosophy at Sogang University and a resident scholar at the Schwalb Center for Israel and Jewish Studies at the University of Nebraska Omaha. His areas of specialization are Kant, German Idealism, Korean philosophy, and Jewish philosophy. His books include Kant and the Foundations of Morality (2015), and he has coedited Kant, Fichte and the Legacy of Transcendental Philosophy (2014), Transcendental Inquiry: Its History, Methods and Critiques (2016), and Jewish Religious and Philosophical Ethics (2017). He is currently working on book-length manuscripts on Kant and the New Foundations of Morality, and Korean Philosophy: An Introduction.

C. Jeffery Kinlaw is Professor of Philosophy at McMurry University. He has published widely in German philosophy (especially Fichte, Hegel, xx Notes on Contributors

Schleiermacher, and Heidegger), and has strong secondary interests in epistemology, political philosophy, philosophy of action (free will), and philosophy of religion. He is currently working on a major project on Fichte and philosophy of mind.

Wayne Martin is Professor in the School of Philosophy and Art History at the University of Essex, where he directs the Essex Autonomy Project. His current interests include the theories of will and autonomy in classical German philosophy from Luther to Hegel, and on the relevance of these theories to contemporary debates both in philosophy and in public policy.

Nedim Nomer teaches at Sabancı University. His writings have appeared in the Journal of Political Philosophy, Journal of the History of Philosophy, Philosophical Forum, Ethics, History of Political Thought, and the British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies.

Angelica Nuzzo is Professor of Philosophy at the Graduate Center and Brooklyn College, City University of New York. Among her books are Approaching Hegel’s Logic, Obliquely: Melville, Molière, Beckett (2018); Memory, History, Justice in Hegel (2012); and Ideal Embodiment: Kant’s Theory of Sensibility (2008).

Andreas Schmidt is Professor of Philosophy with an emphasis on German Idealism at the Friedrich-Schiller-Universität, Jena. Important publications include Der Grund des Wissens. Zu Fichtes Wissenschaftslehre in den Versionen von 1794/95, 1804/II und 1812 (2004); Göttliche Gedanken. Zur Metaphysik der Erkenntnis bei Descartes, Malebranche, Spinoza und Leibniz (2009); translation, introduction, and commentary on René Descartes: Meditationen. Dreisprachige Parallelausgabe (2011); and coediting of Fichtes System der Sittenlehre: Ein kooperativer Kommentar (2015).

Michael Stevenson is a Core Faculty member at the Brooklyn Institute for Social Research, an interdisciplinary teaching and research institute that offers critical, community-based education in the humanities and social sciences. He is a historian of philosophy specializing in post-Kantian German philosophy, especially idealism, existentialism, and phenomenology. He was educated at the University of Pennsylvania, Cornell University and Columbia University, and has previously taught at Hunter College, City University of New York, Barnard College, and as a Lecturer in the Core Curriculum program at Columbia University. Notes on Contributors xxi

Isabelle Thomas-Fogiel is Professor at the University of Ottawa and the University of Paris 1. She is a specialist in both German Idealism and current philosophy (post-1950). She has translated seven of Fichte’s texts into French, along with two works by Natorp and two by Cassirer, in addition to directing the translation of Making it Explicit by Robert Brandom. Her books include: Critique de la représentation, Etude sur Fichte (2000); Fichte, réflexion et argu- mentation (2004); Référence et autoréférence (2005); Le Concept et le Lieu (2008); The Death of Philosophy (2011); Le lieu de L’Universel (2015); Tristes réalismes (2017).

Owen Ware is Assistant Professor of Philosophy at the University of Toronto. He works on Kant and nineteenth-century philosophy, with a focus on German Idealism. He is the author of two forthcoming books: Kant’s Justification of Ethics and Fichte’s Moral Philosophy; and he is a coeditor of the forthcoming anthology Fichte’s System of Ethics: A Critical Guide. His articles have appeared in such journals as Philosophers’ Imprint, the Journal of the History of Philosophy, and Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, among others.

Michihito Yoshime is Associate Professor at Osaka University. His research focuses on Karl-Otto Apel, Kant, Fichte, and the relations of influence between them. His recent publications include “What is the Unlimited Communication Community? Transcendental Pragmatics as Contemporary Fichteanism,” in Fichte and Transcendental Philosophy (2014); “Consequences of the Transcendental-Pragmatics Consensus Theory of Truth,” in Transcendental Inquiry (2016); “On the Precedence of the First-personal Point of View in Contemporary Kantian Moral Arguments,” in Philosophia Osaka (2018); and “The Problem of “können” in Kant’s B-Deduction and Its Significance for Fichte,” in Revista de Estud(i)os sobre Fichte (2018).

Günter Zöller is Professor of Philosophy in the Faculty of Philosophy, Philosophy of Science and Religious Studies at the Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich. He studied at the University of Bonn (Germany), the École normale supérieure, Paris (France) and Brown University (USA). He has held visiting pro- fessorships at Princeton University, Emory University, McGill University, Seoul National University, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, and the University of Bologna. A past president of the International J. G. Fichte Society, his book publications on Fichte include Fichte’s Transcendental Philosophy (1998), Der Staat als Mittel zum Zweck (2011), Fichte lesen (2013), and The Cambridge Companion to Fichte (2016).