1 The Struggle Intensifies TEKS 24(D), 24(H), 25(D) 2 Civil Rights Struggle 3 Listen The continuing civil rights movement brought intensified strife in the South. Young African Americans protested through sit-ins, in which a group simply sat down in segregated public places and refused to move. They faced arrest and sometimes violence. The tactic drew thousands of young African Americans, who staged sit-ins throughout the South. 4 Listen When the Supreme Court banned segregation on interstate buses in 1960, young activists organized Freedom Rides. They rode buses south, stopping at stations along the way to test the Court’s ruling. A clash occurred in Anniston, Alabama, when an armed mob met one bus, attacked the riders, and burned the bus. The violence prompted the federal government to act to protect the Freedom Riders. 5 Listen In 1962, when James Meredith tried to enroll at the all-white University of Mississippi, the governor, Ross Barnett, defied a Supreme Court ruling and barred Meredith’s way. Violence erupted, several hundred people were hurt, and federal marshals had to escort Meredith to classes. 6 Listen In Birmingham, Alabama, Martin Luther King, Jr., planned a series of nonviolent marches and boycotts and was arrested. From jail, King wrote a letter defending his tactics. He also decided to let children join the marches, and an entire nation watched on television as Birmingham police turned fire hoses and attack dogs on the marchers, including children. The police brutality horrified people, and the nonviolent protest gained wider support, causing Birmingham to finally begin desegregating its facilities. 7 Birmingham, Alabama 8 The Struggle Intensifies Begin Taking Notes 1. What were the goals of sit-ins and Freedom Rides? 2. What was the reaction to James Meredith’s integration at the University of Mississippi? 3. How did the events in Birmingham, Alabama, affect the nation’s attitudes toward the civil rights movement? 9 Sit-ins Challenge Segregation CORE created the sit-in in 1943 as a tactic to desegregate the Jack Spratt Coffee House in Chicago. The sit-in became a common, and powerful, tactic of the civil rights movement. During a sit-in, protesters sat down in a segregated public place, such as a lunch counter, refusing to leave until they were served. Sit-ins brought strong reactions in some places. People opposed to desegregation would sometimes mock, beat, or pour food on the protesters. Many sit-in participants were arrested and sent to jail. 10 The Freedom Rides 1 The Purpose of the Freedom Rides The 1960 Supreme Court case Boynton v. Virginia expanded the earlier ban on bus segregation to include bus stations and restaurants that served interstate travelers. In 1961, CORE and SNCC organized the Freedom Rides to test southern compliance with this ruling. 2 Violence Greets the Riders Although the freedom riders expected confrontation, the violence which greeted a bus in Anniston, Alabama, was more than they had anticipated. A heavily armed white mob disabled the bus and then set it on fire. As riders escaped from the bus, they were beaten by the mob. 11 Reaction to the Freedom Rides Americans were horrified by the violence which had greeted the bus in Anniston.
1 Despite the potential danger involved, Freedom Rides continued during the summer. Many riders were arrested. Attorney General Robert Kennedy had originally been opposed to lending federal support to the Freedom Rides. However, he later sent federal marshals to protect the riders. Kennedy also pressured the Interstate Commerce Commission to prohibit segregation in all interstate transportation. The Justice Department began to sue communities that did not comply. 12 Integration at “Ole Miss” In 1961, James Meredith, an African American student at Jackson State College, applied for admission to the all-white University of Mississippi, known as “Ole Miss.” When Meredith was rejected, he sought help from the NAACP. The NAACP argued that Meredith’s application had been rejected on racial grounds. When the case reached the Supreme Court, Meredith’s claim was upheld. Meredith continued to face problems as he enrolled at Ole Miss. Mississippi Governor Ross Barnett personally blocked Meredith’s way to the admissions office, and violence erupted on campus. The situation became a standoff between the governor and the Justice Department. President Kennedy sent federal marshals to escort Meredith around campus. 13 Clash in Birmingham 1 Marches in Birmingham In April 1963, Martin Luther King joined the Reverend Fred Shuttlesworth in a civil rights campaign in Birmingham, Alabama. City officials ordered civil rights protesters to end the march that was part of this campaign. When they did not, King and others were arrested. While in Birmingham Jail, King wrote a famous letter defending his tactics and his timing. 2 Response to the Marches King was released more than a week later and continued the campaign, making the difficult decision to allow young people to participate. Police attacked the marchers with high-pressure fire hoses, police dogs, and clubs. As television cameras captured the violence, Americans around the country were horrified. 14 15 Rev. Fred Shuttlesworth leading marchers in prayer just before they are arrested in early April. 16 Police dogs attack non-violent marcher. 17 Dr. King and Rev. Abernathy under arrest on Good Friday. 18 Thousands of men, women, boys, and girls, are arrested for violating Birmingham's segregation laws. 19 Young non-violent protestors under arrest. 20 With the jails full, student protesters are incarcerated in buildings at the county fair grounds. 21 On the orders of Bull Connor, high-pressure fire hoses are used against young demonstrators. 22 The courage of the children inspires their elders. 23 "I was really, really involved. I didn't realize at the time how dangerous the situation was. The only thing I was concerned with was that I wanted my freedom, I wanted to be able to go where I wanted, like everyone else did. " — Dannela Bryant 24 25 The Struggle Intensifies—Assessment What was the purpose of the Freedom Rides? (A) To test southern compliance with desegregation laws (B) To encourage Birmingham Jail to free Martin Luther King, Jr. (C) To support James Meredith’s admission to Ole Miss (D) To protest police treatment of Birmingham marchers
How did the President and Attorney General respond to violence against civil rights activists? (A) They arrested their leaders. (B) They encouraged peaceful protests. (C) They sent federal marshals to protect them. (D) They ignored their demonstrations. 26 The Struggle Intensifies—Assessment What was the purpose of the Freedom Rides?
2 (A) To test southern compliance with desegregation laws (B) To encourage Birmingham Jail to free Martin Luther King, Jr. (C) To support James Meredith’s admission to Ole Miss (D) To protest police treatment of Birmingham marchers
How did the President and Attorney General respond to violence against civil rights activists? (A) They arrested their leaders. (B) They encouraged peaceful protests. (C) They sent federal marshals to protect them. (D) They ignored their demonstrations. 27 QUIZ Put your name, date, and period on a piece of binder paper – number it 1 to 10.
Make sure to title the quiz.
Complete the quiz.
QUIZ 28 Work Look over your notes from today. 1. Answer the 3 questions from today’s lecture. 2. In five sentences, write a brief summary of what we went over in class today. Use the highlighted key terms in your summary! Title the paper the same as the Lecture Notes. Make sure to put your Name , Date , and Period in the upper right hand corner of your page. Turn this in at the beginning of class tomorrow – put it in the hand-in/collection basket. Worth 25 out of 100 points for this week’s Daily grade.
3
ERROR: undefined OFFENDING COMMAND: STACK: