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Home , Bob Adelman, Freedom Riders

HING TOLERA AC NC TE E CIVIL RIGHTS tolerance.org/roadtrip ROAD TRIP

This timeline highlights the road to equality that African Americans took in the 1950s and 1960s. It was not straight or smooth. Great advances against racial prejudice were often followed by setbacks. For instance, the Brown v. Board of Education ruling, which ended school segregation, was ignored by many communities. African Americans often had to force states to comply, as they did in Little Rock, Arkansas. The road to civil rights was also marked by violence, even against children and peaceful protesters. Each step involved great sacrifices. Those sacrifices were made to guarantee that all Americans had equal rights.

white grade schools around the Summer.” But some white Mississippians targeted the volunteers. They Topeka, Kansas city. For days, white citizens pro- Birmingham, threatened them and set homes and churches on fire. Three volunteers— 1954 Brown v. Board of Education Supreme Court Case tested. Many Americans became 1963 Children’s Crusade · 16th Street Baptist Church Bombing , and Andrew Goodman—disappeared Until the 1950s, many states had separate schools for white and African- supporters of school integration In early May, hundreds of kids left school and staged their own civil rights near the town of Philadelphia, . Officials found their bodies American children. Usually, the schools when they saw pictures of Ruby in Birmingham, one of weeks later. An investigation revealed they had been beaten and murdered for white children were better than walking bravely into the school. the most segregated cities in the by members of the . schools for black children. This unequal . The march lasted system was called segregation. Seeking several days. This protest became change, African-American families sued. known as ’s Crusade. Alabama One case, from Topeka, went Greensboro, White police attacked the stu- 1965 Bloody Sunday and the Selma-to-Montgomery March to the U.S. Supreme Court. The justices 1960 Lunch Counter Sit-Ins dents with dogs, and firefighters More than 10 years after the Brown decision, 600 civil rights marchers began ruled unanimously that school segrega- “Jim Crow” was the nickname for laws that required segregation. Under Jim blasted them with fire hoses. walking 54 miles from tion wasn’t equal and violated the 14th Crow, African Americans couldn’t eat Later that year, in September, four white men planted a bomb at the 16th Selma to Montgomery, Amendment of the U.S. Constitution. alongside white people or use the same Street Baptist Church. Four African-American girls died in the blast. The vi- Alabama. They wanted They ordered states to end school segre- water fountains or public bathrooms olent events in Birmingham shocked many Americans, who saw reports on their rights, especially the gation and open schools to all students, no matter their race. that white people used. In February television. More people began to support civil rights. right to vote. Local police 1960, four African-American college attacked the nonviolent students sat at a “whites only” lunch march, injuring many of Montgomery, Alabama counter for an hour. The workers re- Washington, D.C. the marchers. Americans 1955–56 fused to serve them. Students repeated 1963 March on Washington watched the attack on African Americans in the South had to sit in the back of buses. If the bus the “sit-in” for months. In July, the store 1964 Passage of the Civil Rights Act the evening news. The day became known as “Bloody Sunday.” The marchers was full, they had to give up their seats to finally gave in and began serving African Americans. The sit-ins spread to 1965 Passage of the Voting Rights Act vowed not to quit. Two weeks later, they set out again with more than 3,200 white people. On Dec. 1, 1955, an African- other cities and, one by one, many restaurants changed their policies. people, including Martin Luther King Jr. U.S. soldiers protected them. In four American woman named A quarter of a million people gathered on days, they completed the march to Montgomery. Soon after, Congress passed refused to give up her seat on a bus in the National Mall as part of the March the Voting Rights Act. Montgomery, She was arrested and fined. Anniston, Alabama on Washington for Jobs and Freedom Fed up, the city’s African-American citi- 1961 Freedom Rides in August 1963. “ that my zens stopped riding buses. Their boycott Buses in southern cities may have been integrated after Montgomery. But bus four children will one day live in a na- Caroline County, lasted for 13 months. People walked and stations and buses that went from state to tion where they will not be judged by the 1967 Loving v. Virginia Supreme Court Case found other ways to get to work while state were still segregated five years later. color of their skin, but by the content of In 1958, two Virginia residents, Mildred Jeter and Richard Perry Loving, bus companies lost money. A year later, Black and white activists boarded a bus their character,” said Martin Luther King got married. Jeter was African American and the U.S. Supreme Court said bus segregation was unequal and ordered in Washington, D.C., and planned to visit Jr., speaking from the steps of the Lincoln Memorial. The nation listened. In Loving was white, and their interracial marriage Montgomery to integrate its buses. stations all the way to . They 1964, Congress passed the Civil Rights Act to ban discrimination in schools, was illegal in Virginia. Police arrested the couple called their protest “Freedom Rides.” In public spaces and the workplace. In 1965, it passed the Voting Rights Act to and a judge forced them to leave the state. The some places, the were protect the right of African Americans to vote. Lovings challenged the law in court. “We loved Little Rock, Arkansas attacked or arrested. In Anniston, they each other and got married,” said Mrs. Loving. 1957 Desegregation of Central High were almost killed. Angry white people “The law should allow a person to marry anyone After Brown v. Board of Education, many communities, especially in south- threw rocks and set one bus on fire. But New York City he wants.” The Supreme Court agreed. It ruled ern states, refused to integrate their the Riders, joined by others, didn’t quit. Later that year, the federal govern- 1964 ’s Split with the that against interracial marriage schools. Three years after the ruling, nine ment stepped in to integrate the buses, trains and stations. Malcolm X was a leader in the Nation of Islam. This was an organization of violated the Constitution. African-American students tried to attend militant black Muslims who did not trust whites. all-white Central High School in Little He argued that African Americans should fight Rock. Many of the city’s white residents Oxford, Mississippi for equal rights on their own “by any means nec- Memphis, protested. Some threatened and harassed 1962 Integration of the University of Mississippi essary,” including violence. But in March 1964, 1968 Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. the students. The governor even ordered Many colleges and universities across the South denied enrollment to he quit the group. Having met peaceful Muslims Martin Luther King Jr. traveled to Memphis to help the state’s National Guard to block the African Americans thanks to Jim Crow of many races, he changed his views. He began African-American sanitation workers who were on strike. black teens from entering the school. In laws. The University of Mississippi was to speak in favor of racial harmony. He was mur- In the late afternoon a week after he arrived, King was the end, President Dwight D. Eisenhower one of them. A young black man named dered by Nation of Islam members in 1965. standing on a balcony at the Lorraine Motel. He was struck sent soldiers to keep the students safe as applied to the uni- by a bullet and died shortly afterwards. News of his assas- they integrated the school. versity anyway. He was turned down sination set off riots in cities across the country. The civil because of his race. He sued, and the Philadelphia, Mississippi rights movement lost its most important leader. court said he had an equal right to study 1964 and the Murder New Orleans, Louisiana there. When he tried to enroll, a white of Three Civil Rights Workers 1960 Desegregation of Schools mob rioted and attacked the U.S. mar- Young civil rights workers from all Six years after Brown, 6-year-old became a symbol of the shals there to protect him. The mob over the country went to Mississippi . The small African-American girl walked into her killed two people and hurt more than 200. President John F. or- to help educate and register new elementary school holding her mom’s hand. Four U.S. marshals dered federal troops to restore order. Meredith was able to attend classes African-American voters. Their ef- guarded them. Three other little girls were doing the same thing at all- and graduated the next year. forts became known as “Freedom

Bettmann/CORBIS (Topeka); Gene Herrick/AP Photo (Montgomery); Bettmann/CORBIS (Little Rock); AP Photo (New Orleans); Jack Moebes/CORBIS (Greensboro); Bettmann/CORBIS (Anniston); AP Photo (Oxford); Visit tolerance.org/roadtrip to find ideas for using the poster in the classroom. TOLERANCE.ORG / Magnum Photos (Birmingham); AP Photo (D.C.); Henry Griffin/ AP Photo (New York); AP Photo/FBI (Philadelphia); Matt Herron/Smithsonian/AP Photo (Alabama); AP Photo (Caroline); Dave Pickoff/AP Photo (Memphis)