NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, No. 1, 2017 1

NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, no. 1, 2017 1

2 NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, no. 1, 2017

ISBN: 978‐82‐8347‐018‐5

NGF Abstracts and Proceedings NGF Abstracts nad Proceedings was first published in 2001. The objective of this series is to generate a common publishing channel of all scientific meetings held in Norway with a geological content.

Editors: Hans Arne Nakrem, UiO/NHM Ann Mari Husås, NGF

Orders to: Norsk Geologisk Forening c/o Norges Geologiske Undersøkelse N‐7491 Trondheim, Norway E‐mail: [email protected] www.geologi.no

Published by: Norsk Geologisk Forening c/o Norges Geologiske Undersøkelse N‐7491 Trondheim, Norway E‐mail: [email protected] www.geologi.no

NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, no. 1, 2017 3

NGF Abstracts and Proceedings Of the Geological Society of Norway

Number 1, 2017

Vinterkonferansen 2017

Oslo, January 9th‐11th, 2017

Editors: Hans Arne Nakrem, UiO/NHM Ann Mari Husås

Conference committee:

Kine Johanne Årdal,Tullow Oil (chairman) Øyvind Engen, Statoil Elisabeth Femsteinevik, Farao Petroleum Guri V. Ganerød, Geological Survey of Norway Dag Helland Hansen, Aker BP Jean Sebastien L’Herureuz, Norwegian Geotechnical Institute Ann Mari Husås, Geological Society of Norway Mattias Lundmark, UiO Hans Arne Nakrem, UiO/NHM Mona Schancke, Nordic Mining Brita Slettemark, The Research Council of Norway Henrik Svensen, UiO Kurt Aasly, NTNU

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Velkommen til Vinterkonferansen 2017 og til Oslo!

På vegne av programkomiteen er det en glede å få ønske On behalf of the Programme Comittee, I would like to dere velkommen til Norsk Geologisk Forenings Vinterkon‐ warmly welcome you to Vinterkonferansen 2017, ar‐ feranse 2017. Konferansen er en arena for alle disipliner ranged by the Geological Society of Norway. innen geofaget, med mål om å bidra til kunnskapsdeling, nettverksbygging, inspirasjon og faglig påfyll. Her møtes The conference is an arena where all the geoscience geovitere fra ulike industrier, forskningssentre og akade‐ disciplines can meet, providing an arena for knowledge mia. sharing, networking, inspiration and learning. You will meet geoscientists from various industries, academia, Geofag for Fremtiden er et overordnet tema for konfe‐ communities and research centres. ransen i 2017, med fokus på hvordan geologer bidrar til nytenkning og verdiskapning relatert til det grønne skiftet The Future of Geoscience is an overall theme for the og innen sine områder. conference in 2017, with focus on how geologists con‐ tribute to new thinking and value creation related to I dag er arbeidsmarkedet for geologer er i endring, med the green shift and within their work areas. mindre behov for geovitere i oljebransjen, mens det er mer etterspørsel i landbasert næring. Samtidig ser vi Today we see a changing labour situation for geoscien‐ spennende eksempler på hvordan ny teknologi brukes tists, with less jobs in the oil/gas industry and a higher innen geofaget (feks maskinlæring), og eksempler på demand in land based industries. There are also intrigu‐ kompetanseoverføring mellom næringer, som fra olje/ ing examples of how new technologies and digitalisa‐ gass inn mot fornybar energi og havbruk. tion impact geoscience workflows (e.g. machine learn‐ ing), and examples of knowledge transfer between in‐ Sett i lys av digitalisering, grønt skifte og omstillinger er dustries, such as technologies from oil/gas towards det en rekke spørsmål som dukker opp; Hvordan ser geo‐ renewables and ocean industries. logenes arbeidsplass ut fremover? Hvordan tilrettelegge for en grønn og bærekraftig forvaltning av naturressurse‐ With key words, such as digitalisation, green shift and ne? Hvordan sikre rekruttering geofaget? Hvilke mulighe‐ change, there are several questions that arises; How ter ligger det i bruk av ny teknologi? Disse spørsmålene are the future jobs for geoscientists? How can we en‐ tas opp og diskuteres gjennom konferansens 3 dager, sure a green and sustainable development of natural både i plenum og i sesjonene. resources? How to secure geoscience recruitment? Which opportunities are there in the use of new tech‐ Tradisjon tro vil det også på Vinterkonferansen 2017 bli nologies? These questions will be discussed during the utdelt flere hederspriser; Toffen, Brøgger, Reusch og 3 days of the conference, both in plenary and session Norske Shells Geopris for beste studentforedrag. presentations.

Vinterkonferansen is also a place for awards and recog‐ Velkommen til konferansen! nitions; Toffen, Brøgger, Reusch and Norske Shell´s Geoaward for the best student presentation.

Welcome to the conference!

For programkomiteen / Chair of the Programme Committee Kine Johanne Årdal

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Sponsors and supporters:

NGF gratefully acknowledges support from following:

Main sponsor:

Conference sponsors:

Conference exhibitors: 6 NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, no. 1, 2017

Statoil NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, no. 1, 2017 7

Engie 8 NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, no. 1, 2017

NGI NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, no. 1, 2017 9

10 NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, no. 1, 2017 NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, no. 1, 2017 11

Breakup-related igneous rocks on 1 Norwegian Polar Institute, Fram Centre, N-9296 Tromsø, Norway the mid-Norwegian margin ([email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]) Abdelmalak, M.M.1*, Planke, S.1, 2 & Faleide, J.I.1 2 Department of Earth Science, University of Bergen, 1 PB 7803, N-5020 Bergen, Norway Center for Earth Evolution and Dynamics (CEED), ([email protected]) Box 1048 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway *corresponding author: [email protected] 2 Dronning Maud Land in East Antarctica represents the Volcanic Basin Petroleum Research (VBPR) Oslo central part of the Gondwana supercontinent. Geological Research Park, 0349 Oslo, Norway mapping and investigation of Dronning Maud Land have been carried out over the last 40-50 years. The The distribution of breakup-related igneous rocks on existing geological maps of Dronning Maud Land are, rifted margins provides important information on the for a large part, based on fairly old data, which makes magmatic processes during continental extension and these maps inhomogeneous. The maps are at different plate separation. The results can lead to a better scales, contain different levels of details, and the understanding of the melt supply from the upper mantle standards for classification of the rock units may also and the relationship between tectonic setting and differ between the maps. This limits the ability to use volcanism as well as the processes forming volcanic these map to draw an overview tectonic model of the margins and thermal evolution of associated prospective evolution of Dronning Maud Land. Moreover, the basins. This permit better interpretation and constraints existing topographic dataset from Dronning Maud Land of the rift topography and the paleogeography before is based on fairly old topographic maps (1960s), and and during the breakup. there is a discrepancy between the topographic dataset We present a revised mapping of the breakup-related and the more recent Landsat images. There are still igneous rocks on the mid-Norwegian margin. We unmapped areas. divided the breakup related igneous rocks into (1) A new geological map of the Dronning Maud Land, for extrusive complexes, (2) shallow intrusive complexes the area between 20o W and 45o E, is being compiled to (sills/dykes) and (3) deep intrusive complexes (Lower the scale 1:250 000 at the Norwegian Polar Institute. Crustal Body: LCB). The extrusive complex has been The goal is to integrate existing maps into a new mapped using the seismic volcanostratigraphic method. seamless, digital uniform geological GIS database. This Several distinct volcanic seismic facies units have been new geological map will be a based on the new topo- identified. The top basalt reflection is easily identified graphic dataset of the Landsat 8. A total of approxi- because of the high impedance contrast between the mately 80 geological paper map sheets have been sedimentary and volcanic rocks resulting in a major gathered. In addition, information from geological data reflector. The basal sequence boundary is frequently in scientific papers and reports are considered. All difficult to identify but it lies usually over the intruded source maps are scanned, georeferenced and digitalised sedimentary basin. Then the base is usually picked in ArcGIS. The geological units is also organised by above the shallow sill intrusions identified on seismic regions and terranes. This abstract aims to present the profile. The mapping of the top and the base of the progress in the compilation project and open it to the basaltic sequences allows us to determine the basalt public discussion. thickness and estimate the volume of the magma production on the Mid- Norwegian margin. The thicker part of the basalt corresponds to the seaward dipping reflector (SDR). The magma feeder system, mainly Najd Fault System: the largest pre- formed by dyke and sill intrusions, represents the Mesozoic shear zone on Earth shallow intrusive complex. Deeper interconnected high- velocity sills are also mappable in the margin. Abu-Alam T.S. Interconnected sill complexes can define continuous magma network >10 km in vertical ascent. The large- Norwegian Polar Institute, Fram Centre, N-9296 scale sill complexes, in addition to dyke swarm Tromsø, Norway ([email protected]) intrusions, represent a mode of vertical long-range magma transport through the upper crust. The deep With length more than 2000 km and width of about 400 intrusive complex represents the Lower Crustal Body km, the NW-SE Najd Fault System cuts the juvenile (LCB) which is observed along the margin and crust of Arabian-Nubian Shield. The shield represents characterized by high P-wave velocity bodies (Vp> 7 the northern part of East-African-Antarctica Orogeny. km/s). On the Vøring margin a strong amplitude dome- The Najd Fault System is a left-lateral shear zone shaped deep reflection (the so-called T-Reflection) has formed due to Neoproterozoic oblique compression been identified and locally interpreted as the top LCB. between East- and West-Gondwana. The global In the sedimentary part of the margin, sill intrusions are significance of the Najd Fault System lies not only in its the major feeder system and seem to be connected with sheer size, but in its role in the cratonization of LCB. In the volcanic part of the margin, dykes represent Gondwana supercontinent. The activation of the shear the main feeder system and lie above the thicker part of zone initiated at ca. 630 Ma and operated at different the LCB. crustal levels with a maximum depth of 60 km. During an early stage of the shear zone activity, high-grade metamorphic rocks were exhumed from different deep A new compiled geological map of crustal level (i.e. 60 to 30 km) to a shallower level (ca. 15 km) in a compression tectonic setting (e.g. Feiran- Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica Solaf complex in Sinai). Slab-rollback and slab breakoff caused formation of calc-alkaline magma in a volcanic- Abu-Alam T.S.1, Elvevold S.1, Jacobs J.1,2 & Myhre P.1 arc setting which intruded the shield at the same crustal level (ca. 15 km). Subsequently, due to cratonization and lithospheric mantle delamination, post-orogenic 12 NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, no. 1, 2017

mechanisms. The Exhumation and burial histories are the bivalve Daonella (Mørk & Bromley 2008; also important to understand the compaction and Krajewski, 2008). These events are closely followed by diagenetic process due to its large effect on the reservoir periods of oxygenated waters, a flourishing and seal rock properties. A critical aspect of basin Thalassinoides tracefossil assemblage interbeded with modelling is estimation of eroded overburden. The thin fossil-free laminations. The causes of these anoxic/ passive continental margins of the North Atlantic region oxic switching events are still unknown and disputed. have been subjected to extensive post-Triassic Theories include pulses of toxic hydrogen sulphide exhumation, the magnitudes, timing and causes of caused by stirring and ventilation of the sea bottom which are still uncertain in the literature. (Krajewski, 2008), and sluggish bottom circulation A more general source to sink relationship is proposed related to local paleogeography (Mørk et al. 1982). for post Quaternary strata and focus has been mainly on Detailed field observations and measurements of the the coupling between sediments sourced from the Botneheia Fm were collected by the author in 2015 and hinterland (southern Norway) and deposited in the basin 2016 as a part of the greater Svalbard Triassic Research areas. However the link between erosion/unloading in Group, a cooperation between NTNU and UNIS. A total the nearshore areas and deposition/loading in the of 12 sections in central and eastern Spitsbergen were offshore areas is also an important factor that should be logged and sampled for geochemical analysis and fossil considered for the late evolution of the North Sea Basin. content. Numerous samples of different species of the The sub-crop map below the mid-late Quaternary glacial bivalve Daonella where taken throughout each section, sediments shows that sediments deposited from as well as other fossils, including ammonoids. Cretaceous to Pleistocene are, all sub-cropping/ The evolution of Daonella into Halobia, marking the terminating below the glacial sediments at the basin Anisian-Carnian boundary is well documented, and the margins and towards the Norwegian Channel suggesting systematics have been described in detail by Campbell considerable uplift/erosion of pre-mid Quaternary strata (1994). However, the mode of life for the Daonella is in these areas. still disputed. They have been interpreted as This study analyses well data from across the psuedoplanktonic (Campbell 1994) and epibenthic Norwegian North Sea platform and basin areas and chemosymbionts (Seilacher, 1990), amongst several presents different methods of burial history analyses other theories. Schatz (2004) described them as facies from sonic velocity and vitrinite reflectance. The aim is dependant, therefore epibethic, pleurothetic bivalves, to quantify the amount of exhumation and to investigate showing features adapted to dysoxic milieus and which effects of exhumation and burial on the source rock floated on soft, soupy sediments. McRoberts (2010) also maturity and on the rock properties; create a link describes Daonella as facies dependent, forming epi- between onshore and offshore geology as well as sodic opportunistic paleocommunities restricted to deep between missing sediments on platform areas and water oxygen deficient environments, where other subsequent deposition in the basin areas. Paleo-pressure shelly benthos could not survive. Daonella were rem- and paleo-temperature are also modelled to discuss the arkably widely distributed across the Tethys, Pantha- implifications of uplift and erosion for regional geology lassa and Boreal regions and therefore serve as an ex- and hydrocarbon exploration. cellent index fossils. Samples of Daonella collected for this study are compared to holotypes collected on Svalbard housed at The evolution of Triassic bivalve the University of Cambridge, Natural History Museum in London and the University of Oslo. Species Daonella into Halobia, an important identification will contribute to a better understanding of indicator of time and paleoenviron- facies dependence and shed light on the causes for change in paleoenvironment within the Botneheia Fm. ment in the Botneheia Fm, a region- Species identification will also provide further insights al hydrocarbon source rock on Sval- into the age constraints of the unconformity at the bard boundary of the Botneheia Fm to the overlying Tschermakfjellet Fm. The study of the evolution of the Bakke, N. species will provide further correlations around the Middle to Late Triassic boundary. Department of Geology and Mineral Resources Engineering at NTNU & the University Centre on Svalbard (UNIS). Correlation and provincialism among Late Triassic (Norian) low The Svalbard Triassic succession represents an uplifted section of a broad epicontinental shelf at the and high latitude plant assem- northeastern margin of Pangaea. The Botneheia Fm of blages: an example from the Chinle the Middle Triassic of Svalbard is an organic carbon- rich bituminous shale, which records a second order Formation (Petrified Forest National transgressive−regressive cycle. The rise in sea levels led Park, Arizona, USA) to consequent deterioration of oxygen levels in the bottom waters of the open shelf environment and Baranyi, V.1, Reichgelt, T.2, Olsen, P.E.2, Parker, W.G.3 widespread preservation of organic material, making the & Kürschner, W.M.1 Botneheia Fm an important source rock in the region, containing up to 12% organic carbon (Krajewski, 2008). 1Department of Geosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, The anoxic/oxic bottom environment switching events Norway; [email protected], that occurred during the deposition of the uppermost [email protected] part of the Botenheia Fm, the Blanknuten Member, are 2Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia reflected in the marine fauna; abrupt mass mortality University, USA; [email protected], events are represented by marine reptilian bone [email protected] fragments hosted in coquina shell beds, dominated by NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, no. 1, 2017 13 3Division of Resource Management, Petrified Forest Er IUGS og det geovitenskapelige National Park, Arizona, USA; [email protected] samarbeidet i en krise?

Bjørlykke, A.1 & Elverhøi, A.2 Correlation of the palynological assemblages from the low latitude Chinle Formation in North America and the 1 high latitude or Tethyan assemblages in Europe is Norges geologiske undersøkelse, Trondheim [email protected] difficult, because of vegetation provincialism as a result 2 of climatic heterogeneity. This significant offset bet- Universitetet i Oslo ween the European and American palynofloras is the result of the generally hot and semi-arid climate in the International Union of Geological Sciences (IUGS) ble eastern part of Pangea and the western Tethyan realm etablert som tilskudd til International Geological Con- and a more humid tropical belt in lower latitudes. The gress (IGC) etter kongressen i København i 1960. IUGS Norian is characterized by dolomite formation in the har lenge hatt sterke bånd til Norden og spesielt til Alpine realm and playa lake deposits in the northwest Norge. Rickard Sinding-Larsen har vært generalsekre- European realm. However, in lower latitudes in western tær for IUGS, og i 2008 arrangerte vi i Norge den 33. Pangea, fluvial environments supported rich riparian IGC på Lillestrøm. Den første IGC ble holdt i 1878 i vegetation due to the seasonally wet climate until the Paris. middle Norian. The differences in climate resulted in a IUGC hadde sitt Council-møte i Cape Town 31/8 -1/9 i significant offset between the stratigraphic ranges of år. IUGS rapporterer nå en dalende medlemsoppslut- some European Carnian/Norian index taxa. In some ning, og også IGC har hatt en tilbakegang i antallet cases the parent plants of some typically Carnian taxa deltakere på kongressene. Dette er sannsynligvis fordi from Europe thrived longer in the American southwest. IUGS og IGC ikke har klart å tilpasse seg utviklingen i Due to this offset, the Chinle Formation in North samfunnene. Det er i dag vanskelig å lage dynamikk i America was thought to encompass the Carnian and organisasjoner som bare har møter hvert fjerde år. Norian stages based on palynostratigraphy, but palaeo- Norge bør arbeide for å ha Council-møte hvert år eller magnetic correlations and recent radiometric dating til nød hvert annet år. suggested middle to late Norian age. Skillet mellom geofysikk og geologi viskes stadig ut, og We documented the first time the occurrence of the mange temaer overlapper i kongressene for International pollen Perinopollenites elatoides from the middle part Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG) og IGC. of the Chinle Formation (Sonsela Member) that Ved siden av skillet mellom geofysikk og geologi, har represents the only evidence so far from the pollen nå kvartærgeologene laget sin egen internasjonale record that indicates the Norian age of the Chinle organisasjon International Union for Quaternary Formation and is in agreement with magneto- Research (INQUA). Oppsplittingen av geofagene i flere stratigraphy and radiometric dating. This species also internasjonale organisasjoner er med på å svekke provides the first correlation possibility to European geofagenes innflytelse både nasjonalt og internasjonalt, coeval palynofloras. som i UNESCO og International Council for Science Moreover, new palynological data suggest that approxi- (ICSU). Det er nå på høy tid å samle alle geofagene i én mately simultaneously with a vertebrate turnover event, Geoscience Congress og i én Geoscience Union. a floral turnover occurred in the middle segment of the En viktig oppgave for IGC er å arrangere ekskursjoner, Chinle Formation around 215 Ma. As a consequence of og det er få andre organisasjoner som gjør dette. Ved å the new age assignment, the floral and faunal turnover legge vekt på rotasjonsprinsippet ved tildeling av could be constrained to a horizon that may coincide with kongresser har IGC kunnet tilby ekskursjoner til alle the Manicougan impact event dated as 215 Ma. This deler av verden. Denne oppgaven må videreføres selv biotic event may also correlate with a significant climate om kongressen vil endre karakter. shift towards more arid climate due to the northward Medlemslandene har også forandret karakter. For shift of the North American continent, and probable hundre år siden var akademiene viktige institusjoner i pCO2 perturbations from volcanism related to Pangean samfunnet, og det var naturlig at akademiene rifting and the uplift of the Cordilleran Arc. Besides the representerte fagområdene internasjonalt. I dag ser vi at vegetation change and the rapid diversity loss, the floral de geologiske foreningene er de aktive organisasjonene i turnover around 215 Ma was associated with an increase landet, også innen forskningsformidling. Det ville i dag in opportunistic plant types (e.g., Majonicaceae, være naturlig at det var de geologiske foreningene som Voltziaceae) and an increase in mutant aberrant pollen fikk en langt mer sentral rolle i å representere Norge i morphotypes. A similar event without the aberrant IUGS eller i en fremtidig International Union of Geo- pollen types could be distinguished in a younger horizon science. På denne måten kan vi bruke NGFs hjemme- of the Chinle dated as 211 Ma old. The separation of side og medlemslister til informasjon om IUGS og these two events was only possible based on the precise andre FN-organisasjoners arbeid innen geofagene. radiometric dating. In contrast to representing one event, I dag får vi ikke nok tilbake for pengene Norge betaler i the two events point out the possibility of multiple biotic medlemskontingent i de forskjellige unionene, og turnovers that are most likely controlled by cyclic norske geologer får ikke tilstrekkelig informasjon om environmental perturbation such as climatic oscillations. internasjonale prosjekter og om arbeidet i internasjonale However, the aberrant pollen morphotypes are confined kommisjoner. Vi ser igjen at NGF er den eneste to the event around 215 Ma and they might represent the organisasjonen i Norge som har medlemsmøter og en effect of the environmental stress associated with the aktiv hjemmeside. Vi trenger NGF i framtida, også som Manicougan impact event. en kanal til internasjonalt samarbeid.

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alkaline magma was generated during a rapid uplift haug et al. 2007, Geophysical Jl. International). Instead process which caused extension of the crust and the SW segment is characterised by numerous (>100) therefore reactivation of the Najd Fault System. The solitary meta-peridotites, mostly meta-dunites and meta- changing of the Najd Fault System tectonics from harzburgites as well as a number of detrital serpentinites compression to extension setting marks the change of and soapstones. These are interpreted as fragments of the chemical structure of the shield from calc-alkaline to exhumed mantle and their erosion products, respective- alkaline and per-alkaline. Due to the reactivation of the ly. The meta-peridotites were originally exhumed and Najd Fault System, another set of high-grade emplaced structurally, and covered by dominantly deep- metamorphic rocks exhumed in extension setting as basin sediments, but also by coarse sedimentary brecci- metamorphic core complexes (e.g. Meatiq complex). At as and conglomerates, as part of the rifted margin devel- a shallower crustal level of ca. 6-7 km, the Najd Fault opment. The mélange was intruded locally by Early System controlled and buffered a major scale gold- Ordovician gabbro to granitic rocks and was affected by bearing fluid transfer process to form the Arabia-Nubian initial metasomatism before the main Scandian gold province. Near the surface of the Arabian-Nubian metamorphism and deformation (Jakob et al. JGS in Shield, the Najd Fault System was the main cause to press and this abstract volume). Another important form pull-apart basins which were filled later by feature of the sedimentary and ultra-mafic mélange unit molasse sediments (e.g. Hamamat and Thalba Groups). is the common presence of elongate (up to ~40 km), mostly thin (<100 m) deformed basement slivers of Baltican affinity (Jakob et al. JGS, in press). The A new look at the pre-Caledonian magma-poor SW segment is structurally overlain by huge crystalline basement nappes (Jotun, Bergsdalen, margin of Baltica Lindås, Dalsfjord Nappes) of Baltican basement, which

1 1 1 1 after rifting, but prior to the Scandian Caledonian Andersen, T.B. , Jakob, J. , Kjøll, H.-J. , Corfu, F. & shortening were positioned outboard of the Tegner, C.2 hyperextended segment. These nappes probably consti- 1 tuted a micro-continental sliver comparable in size to CEED, Department of Geosciences, University of the Jan Mayen microcontinent in the present Greenland- Oslo, [email protected] 2 Norwegian Sea. The SW segment represented by the Centre of Earth System Petrology, Department of ‘melange’ is interpreted to have constituted an approxi- Geosciences, Aarhus University, Denmark mately 400 km long, hyperextended- and magma-poor basin, which received sediments into the Early From the long history of previous work, most recently Ordovician and perhaps until the onset of the Scandian compiled by Nystuen and co-workers (2008, Episodes), orogeny? The heavily dyke-intruded segment to the NE, it is well-documented that the pre-Caledonian margin of however, formed a magma-rich margin segment that Baltica must have constituted a several hundred km was variably affected by early Caledonian deformation wide and a more than 2000 km long passive continental and metamorphism in the Early to Middle Ordovician. margin. The vestiges of the margin now occur in the This segment is interpreted to have constituted a nappes at low- to intermediate tectono-stratigraphic transitional crust between the distal margin of Baltica levels in the mountain belt. The lower and originally and the true outboard terranes of the Iapetus (e.g. proximal parts of the margin are dominated by Svenningsen 2001, Precambrian Research, Kjøll et al. continental rift basins mostly filled with coarse-grained this abstract volume). The magma-poor segment to the siliciclastic sediments deposited in the late Proterozoic SW is suggested to have constituted a transitional through the Ediacaran and into the Lower Palaeozoic, crustal basin opening NE-ward to a seaway, which most where the youngest dated clastic zircons are ~470 Ma likely had oceanic lithosphere, much similar to the (Slama & Pedersen 2015 JGS). At higher levels, and present North Atlantic margin configuration between originally in more distal positions of the original Ireland and the Hatton-Rockall continental ribbons margin, the nappes commonly comprise both basement (Andersen et al. 2012, JGS). and cover as well as deep-marine basin deposits. A In this contribution, the characteristics and diachronous major change in the architecture of the tectonic units evolution of the various margin segments will be that originally formed in the passive margin takes place presented as a basis for the interpretation indicated across a NW-SE trending zone, which is roughly above. More details from the ongoing project will be parallel to the present-day Gudbrandsdalen of South presented by other members of the research team (see Norway. The transition zone is also roughly parallel to author list and references in the text above). the major basement lineament of the Sveconorwegian orogenic front in south Norway. The most important change across this transverse lineament is that the NE segment is magma-rich, characterized by abundant bas- European Plate Observing System – altic magmatism. The basalts, mostly now seen mostly Norway (EPOS-N): Integrating the as dykes and gabbroic intrusions can be identified from Corrovarre in the north (Zwaan & van Roermund 1990, Norwegian Solid Earth Data NGT) to Otta in the south (e.g. Sturt et al. 1991). Where Atakan, K.1, Tellefsen, K.1 & the EPOS-Norway dated, they were apparently emplaced during a relative- 2 ly short time span between ~615 and 595 Ma (e.g. Baird Consortium

et al. 2015, GFF; Nystuen et al. 2016, & Kumpulainen 1 et al. 2016, both Abstracts, Nordic Winter meeting). Department of Earth Science, University of Bergen, This magmatism constitutes a large igneous province Norway, E-mail: [email protected] ; [email protected] (LIP see presentation by Tegner et al. and Kjøll et al. 2 this abstract volume). The SW segment is magma-poor EPOS www.epos-no.org and largely devoid of magmatic rocks of Ediacaran age (~540-635 Ma), except for the important Egersund dol- The European Plate Observing System (EPOS) aims to erites cutting in-situ Baltican basement at 616±3 Ma create a pan-European infrastructure for Solid Earth (Bingen et al. 1998, The Journal of Geology; Walder- Science to support a safe and sustainable society. The NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, no. 1, 2017 15 main vision of the European Plate Observing System based on integration of a number of regional 2D seismic (EPOS) is to address the three basic challenges in Earth surveys, exploration well logs, well completion and Sciences: (i) unravelling the Earth's deformational biostratigraphy reports, magnetostratigraphy data from processes which are part of the Earth system evolution shallow cores and a set of well-established seismic in time, (ii) understanding geo-hazards and their stratigraphic surfaces. Three main Quaternary seismic implications to society, and (iii) contributing to the safe sequences (CSS-8, CSS-9 and CSS-10) and a minor and sustainable use of geo-resources. The mission of prograding sequence (Unit-Z) were mapped in the EPOS-Norway is therefore in line with the European central and northern North Sea. A regional downlap vision of EPOS, i.e. monitor and understand the surface at the base of lower Quaternary prograding units dynamic and complex Earth system by relying on new e marks the base of the Quaternary succession in the area. -science opportunities and integrating diverse and The lower seismic unit CSS-8 is a westward prograding advanced Research Infrastructures for solid Earth unit in the central and northern North Sea suggesting a science. major sediment source area to the east; however, The EPOS-Norway project started in January 2016 and easterly progradation (Unit-Z) in the Moray Firth Basin will during the next five years focus on the area also indicates a minor source area and erosion of implementation of three main components. These are: the landmasses to the west on the UK side. Three major (i) Developing a Norwegian e-Infrastructure to integrate and one minor depocentres of the early Quaternary the Norwegian Solid Earth data from the seismological prograding sequences (CSS-8 and Unit-Z) were and geodetic networks, as well as the data from the observed within the central Graben, Moray Firth Basin, geological and geophysical data repositories, (ii) Stord Basin and north Viking Graben areas. The middle Improving the monitoring capacity in the Arctic, seismic unit CSS-9 onlaps on top of seismic unit CSS-8 including Northern Norway and the Arctic islands and in the Norwegian-Danish Basin area and WSW (iii) Establishing a national Solid Earth Science Forum progradation of the sequence CSS-9 indicates main providing a constant feedback mechanism for improved source areas towards the east. However, easterly integration of multidisciplinary data, as well as training progradation within the sequence CSS-9 also indicates a of young scientists for future utilization of all available minor source area towards the west on the UK side. solid Earth observational data through a single e- Two magnetic reversal events were detected within the infrastructure. This way, EPOS will contribute to a cross seismic sequence CSS-9 based on shallow-core -discipline community building, as well as a moderni- magnetostratigraphy which helped to subdivide the zation of solid Earth science research in Norway. sequence CSS-9 into three further subunits ranging from Currently, a list of data, data products, software and ~1.80 to 0.45 Ma in age. The only depocentre of the services (DDSS) is being prepared. These elements will sequence CSS-9 was observed within the transition area be integrated in the EPOS-N data/web-portal, which between the central and northern North Sea. The will allow users to browse, select and download relevant sequence CSS-9 unconformably overlies the early data for solid Earth science research. In addition, prograding units (CSS-8 and Unit-Z) and is advanced visualization technologies are being imple- conformably overlain by the mid-late Quaternary mented which will provide a platform for a possible sequence (CSS-10) within the basin centres but future ICS-D (distributed components of the Integrated truncated below the glacial sediments towards the west Core Services) for EPOS. and east in the basin margin areas. The uppermost unit In order to enhance the monitoring capacity in the CSS-10 is sub-parallel to the seafloor and Arctic, planning and site selection process for the new unconformably overlies the seismic unit CSS-8 and pre- instrument installations are well underway as well as the Quaternary strata within the Norwegian Channel where procurement of the required equipment. In total 17 new the base of sequence CSS-10 is significantly older (~1.1 seismological and geodetic stations will be co-located in Ma) than in the other areas. The upper part of seismic selected sites in Northern Norway, Jan Mayen and sequence CSS-9 on the North Sea Plateau and the lower Svalbard. In addition, a seismic array with 9 nodes will part of sequence CSS-10 within the Norwegian Channel be installed on Bear Island. A planned aeromagnetic overlap in time, indicating different processes working survey along the Knipovich Ridge is being conducted during the last ~1.1 Ma within and outside the this year and this data will give new insights to the Norwegian Channel. tectonic development of the mid-ocean ridge systems in the North Atlantic.

Burial and exhumation history Seismic mapping of Quaternary controls on shale compaction and sediment distribution in the central thermal maturity along the Nor- and northern North Sea wegian North Sea margin

1 1 1 1,2 Baig, I.1, Faleide, J.I.1, Hjelstuen, B.O.2, Sejrup, H.P.2, Baig, I. , Faleide, J.I. , Jahren, J. & Mondol, N.H. 1 1 1 Nystuen, J.P. , Aagaard, P. , Jahren, J. & Mondol, 1 N.H.1,3 University of Oslo, Norway, [email protected] 2 Norwegian Geotechnical Institute, Norway 1 University of Oslo, Norway , [email protected] 2 University of Bergen, Norway The North Sea is the most important and prolific 3 Norwegian Geotechnical Institute, Norway hydrocarbon province of the Arctic-North Atlantic mega -rift, but hydrocarbon exploration on the eastern margin The Quaternary succession is considerably thick in the is still very sparse. The hydrocarbon prospectivity of an central North Sea and northern North Sea; therefore the area depends on the identification of working petroleum study of Quaternary development is important for better system elements. Understanding the exhumation and understanding the late Cenozoic basin evolution and burial histories are important to study the timing of sedimentation history of the area. The present study is hydrocarbon maturation, expulsion and trapping 16 NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, no. 1, 2017 Caledonian shortening of the Pre- UiO, [email protected]

cambrian basement in Southern Gruvedrift representerer et inngrep i naturen som kan Norway and the primary position of skape miljøproblemer, men skadevirkningene kan begrenses ved hjelp av forskning og teknologi. Det the Hedmark Basin. gjelder også for de fleste andre former for utvinning av natur-ressurser. Bjørlykke, A. & Olesen, O. I Norge har vi et stort forbruk av metaller (13 Kg/pers/ år), men vi vil helst ikke at disse skal utvinnes i Norge. Geological Survey of Norway Gruveslam har blitt lagret både på land og i sjøen og vi finner mange eksempler på forurensning fra nedlagte The position of the late Precambrian rift basins in gruver lenge etter at driften har opphørt. southern Norway has been discussed for a long time, Forsvarlig lagring av gruveavfall må baseres på geo- and both an allochtonous and a paraautochtonous model kjemiske prinsipper og i ferskvann på land vil tung- has been proposed (Nystuen 1981), The allochtonous mineraler og særlig sulfider løses ganske raskt, og vil model has been favored by Nystuen (1981). He suggests kunne spre seg i grunnvannet. I sjøvann er de fleste a long transport distance of the Lower Allochton (Osen– mineraler mindre løselige og få cm under sjøbunnen vil Røa nappes) and locates the rift basins NW of the Møre metaller felles som sulfider under red/oks grensen. Trøndelag area. One of Nystuens arguments for a long Miljøorganisasjonene har presset igjennom at gruveslam transport of the rift sediments is a space problem, south skal lagres på land f.eks. ved titangruven (Tellnes) i of the Precambrian window. Sogndal (As Titania). Her ble gruveslammet først lagret Skjeseth ( 1963) argues for a model where the Hedmark i Jøssingfjorden, men i 1991 ble det mot faglig råd Basin is situated south of the Atnasjø Precambrian tvunget igjennom at det skulle lagres på land bak en window and the sediments are folded in a large sparag- demning som nå er mer enn 90 m høy. Dette vil for mite anticlinorium which ends in the Ringsaker alltid representere et miljøproblem som bare vil bli inversion to the south. større etter hvert som tungmetaller f.eks. Nikkel lutes ut In a paper on the “Collisional Orogeny in the Scandi- av regnvannet. Undersøkelser viser at det nå nærmer seg navian Calidonides" in GFF (Gee et al 2010) the authors normale forhold der slammet ble lagret i Jøssingfjorden. discuss the problems related to the shortening and Her ble tungmetallene bundet som sulfid under deformation of the Precambrian basement. They reduserende forhold under sjøbunnen. propose the concept of an underlying autochtonous Utslippet som planlegges i Førdefjorden vil komme fra basement separated by a thrust zone from the overlying en eklogitt som inneholder 3-5 % rutil, men som ellers allochtonous basement and metamorphic sediments and har et lavt innehold av tungmetaller og radioaoktivitet. volcanites as illustrated in a profile from Østersund to Det vanskelig å se at slammet fra denne bergarten kan Trondheim (Fig. 1, Gee et al. 2010). Gee et al. show a være giftig. De tilsatte kjemikaliene (flotasjons og reflection seismic profile from Østersund to the flokkulerings væske) er heller ikke vurdert som farlige. Norwegian border, and interpret the reflectors dipping Vi trenger midlertid mer kvantitative data som viser gently to the west as a major thrust zone within the hvordan kjemiske komponenter fra gruveslammet sprer Precambrian basement. The compression and the seg i naturen og hvordan de påvirker fisk og andre shortening of the upper crust above the reflectors may organismer. Det er påfallende at det ikke er gjort mer indicate movements in the order of several tens of forskning på dette. kilometers. Gravity modeling indicates an 8-9 km thick Nesten alle former for utnyttelse av natur-ressurser som pile of Caledonian nappes in the Trondheim region mineraler, stein, og olje og gass vil representere en foru- (Skilbrei et al. 2002). The basement windows to the east rensning, men det er i de fleste tilfelle mulig å redusere can be traced on the magnetic map from the Swedish skadevirkningene til et forsvarlig nivå. En intuitiv for- border crossing the Gee et al. Østersund–Trondheim ståelse av miljøproblemene og et miljøengasjement er profile towards the Atnasjø window in the SW. ikke nok! Miljøproblemer må overvåkes av kvalifiserte Knut Åm mapped the depth to magnetic basement in the forskere og fagfolk og må være basert på avansert natur- Gudbrandsdalen and Østerdalen areas in Southern vitenskap (særlig geokjemi) og teknologi. Norway in 1976, and it was published by Nystuen De som uttalelser seg om miljøspørsmål på vegne av (1981). Åm found several deep (3 to 4 km) isolated miljøorganisasjoner, offentlig etater og forskningsinsti- basins north of Lillehammer. Nystuen (1981) explains tutter er ofte en leder som selv ikke har egen forsknings- the basins as a result of late (Devonian) subsidence. kompetanse eller faglige kvalifikasjoner. Vi trenger We will present magnetic and gravity data for a larger rapporter og uttalelser direkte fra forskere og fagfolk – area including an updated compilation of the depth to ikke minst fra geologer. the Precambrian basement. The new map shows that the deep basement depressions north of Lillehammer occur in a special position. The depressions are not reflected as synforms in the overlying sediments and can therefore not be a product of late subsidence. We will discuss Tectono-stratigraphic evolution of the evidence for allocthonous windows and a shortening the Southern Stappen High and its of the basement beneath the Hedmark Basin south of the transition to Bjørnøya Basin, SW Atnasjø window. Barents Sea

Blaich O. A.1, Tsikalas, F. 2,3 & Faleide, J. I. 3 Miljøproblemer knyttet til lagring av gruveslam og andre former for ut- 1 Bayerngas Norge AS, P.O. Box 73, NO-0216 Oslo, vinning av natur-ressurser. Trenger Norway 2 Eni Norge AS, P.O. Box 101 Forus, NO-4064 vi mere geologisk rasjonalitet? Stavanger, Norway 3 Department of Geosciences, University of Oslo, P.O. Bjørlykke, K. NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, no. 1, 2017 17

Box 1047 Blindern, NO-0316 Oslo, Norway Deposits of both sulfides and crusts are found in the Norwegian Sea. The sulfides, which are formed by Within the context of the southwestern Barents Sea, the volcanic activity along the Mid-Atlantic spreading ridge southern Stappen High and its transition to the Bjørnøya system (the Kolbeinsey-Mohns-Knipovich ridge Basin are still underexplored. Improved quality seismic system), has so far attracted most attention. These reflection data are utilised to describe new insights into deposits were discovered more than ten years ago by the the Paleozoic to early Cenozoic tectono-stratigraphic University of Bergen (UoB). Metallic crusts consist of evolution of the area, and to discuss the structural hydroxides that precipitate from the seawater, forming inheritance and rift development. Well-defined syn-rift lamina on bare rock surfaces on the seabed. wedges and better resolution images for both the deep A few years ago, such metallic crusts were detected on Carboniferous and Permian successions are revealed. In the Ægir Ridge and on the Jan Mayen Ridge. These particular, both the mid-Carboniferous and late Permian discoveries have been followed up in a joint research -earliest Triassic extensional phases are characterized by project between the Norwegian Petroleum Directorate widespread NE-SW oriented normal faults that are (NPD) and the UoB, under the NPD mapping program mostly westward dipping. Although the Triassic is for the Norwegian continental shelf. During the project generally considered as a tectonically stable period in a substantial amount of samples have been recovered by the Barents Sea, there is in the Stappen High, clear use of ROV. In 2011 and 2012 such sampling took place identification of a localised depocentre (named herein on the Jan Mayen Ridge, and in 2013 and 2016 on the “Intra Stappen Basin”) that extends for ~70 km where Vøring Marginal High and the Vøring Spur. The main syn-tectonic geometries characterize the Upper constituents in such crusts are iron and manganese, Paleozoic and Triassic deposits, indicating tectonically while the most valuable elements (e.g. Co, Ni, Ta, Sc active bounding faults. Regional correlation to Middle etc.) vary in concentration at different localities around and Upper Triassic outcrops in southwestern Svalbard the world. reveals possible similar progradation from a west- 15 crust samples are submitted for chemical analyses of northwest provenance in Northeast Greenland as an 57 different elements, in order to characterize the additional western sediment source area during the composition of the crusts from the Norwegian Sea. The Triassic. Thin but distinct Jurassic sequences are results of these analyses may clarify whether the expected to be present on the Stappen High associated polymetallic crust in the Norwegian Sea represent a with prominent regional NW-SE extension throughout province distinguishable from other parts of the world the Late Jurassic and culminating during the earliest and whether they may represent future resources. Cretaceous. Furthermore, structural and stratigraphic relations observed within the study area clearly indicate an early Aptian rift phase with stronger evidence for its Norwegian Sea ocean-–ice sheet occurrence in the southwestern Barents Sea. Late Cretaceous fault activity was concentrated mainly at the interactions and teleconnections to greater Knølegga Fault Complex zone in southwest low latitude hydrology and monsoon Stappen High with thick Late Cretaceous sequences bounded by low-angle west-dipping detachment faults, circulation. implying a shift from a brittle to a more ductile struc- 1,2 1,2 1,2 tural regime. During the early Cenozoic, the study area Brendryen, J. , Hannisdal, B- , Haaga, K.A. , Haflidason, H.1,2, Castro, D.D.1,2, Grasmo, K.1,2, Sejrup, was located proximal to the paleo-coastline and paleo- 1 3 3,4 3 shelf edge of both the Paleocene and Eocene gravity H.P. , Edwards, R.L. , Cheng, H. , Kelly, M. & Lu, Y.3 mass-waste deposits. These deposits were probably related to a progressively evolving, steep bathymetric 1 University of Bergen, [email protected] gradient situated between the developing margin located 2 towards the west and to the south, and uplifted areas in Bjerknes Centre of Climate Research 3 University of Minnesota, Twin Cities the region. 4 Xi'an Jiaotong University

Abrupt millennial scale climatic events known as Polymetallic deep sea crusts in the Dansgaard–Oeschger events are a defining feature of the Quaternary climate system dynamics in the North Norwegian Sea Atlantic and beyond. We present a high-resolution multi -proxy record of ocean-ice sheet interactions in the Brekke, H.1, Bering, D.2, Sandstå, N.R.3, Stenløkk, J.4, 5 6 Norwegian Sea spanning the interval between 50 and Williams, R. & Pedersen, R.B. 150 ka BP. A comparison with low latitude records indicates a very close connection between the high 1 Oljedirektoratet, Stavanger, [email protected] 2 northern latitude ocean–ice sheet interactions and large Oljedirektoratet, Stavanger, [email protected] scale changes in low latitude atmospheric circulation 3 Oljedirektoratet, Stavanger, [email protected] 4 and hydrology even on sub-millennial scales. Oljedirektoratet, Stavanger, [email protected] The records are placed on a common precise radio- 5 Oljedirektoratet, Stavanger, [email protected] 6 metric chronology based on correlations to U/Th dated Universitetet i Bergen, [email protected] speleothem records from China and the Alps. This enables a comparison of the records to orbital and other In recent years, it has become clear that the seabed of climatically important parameters such as U/Th dated the deep parts of the Norwegian Sea contains metallic sea-level data from corals and speleothems. minerals, commonly termed “deep sea minerals”. We explore the drive–response relationships in these Traditionally, such minerals are grouped into three types coupled systems with the information transfer (IT) and of deposits: nodules, sulfides and crusts. All of them are the convergent cross mapping (CCM) analytical tech- polymetallic and contain a large range of metallic niques. These methods employ conceptually different elements, that in some places around the world are approaches to detect the relative strength and directio- found in quantities and concentrations that may be nality of potentially chaotic and nonlinearly coupled economically exploitable. 18 NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, no. 1, 2017

systems. IT is a non-parametric measure of information the island. From the ground magnetic data we were able transfer between data records based on transfer entropy, to map faults and contacts to confirm and update the while CCM relies on delay reconstructions using structural settings. The joined interpretation and Takens’ theorem. This approach enables us to address modeling of the new data reveal the depth to the how the climate system processes interact and how this magnetic basement for Bjørnøya and will contribute to a interaction is affected by external forcing from for better understanding of the basement characterization in example greenhouse gases and orbital variability. the western Barents Sea. We will present first results of the evaluation and modeling of the data in conjunction with petrophysical and geological data. Insights in the basement character-

istic and structural settings of Bjørn- Sulfur partitioning between clino- øya, derived from the first geophy- pyroxene and basaltic melts: using sical campaign on the island clinopyroxenes as probes for volat- Brönner, M.1,2, Gellein ,J.1, Henningsen,T.3,5, Forthun, iles budget in magmas from the T.4, Grundvåg, S.-A.5, Johannessen, E.P.3, Knag, past. G.Ø.3, Koehl, J.B.5 & Thiessen, O.4

1 2 3 1 Callegaro, S. , Baker, D.R. , Marzoli, A. , Whitehouse, Geological Survey of Norway, Trondheim 4 5 1 2 M. , De Min, A. & Svensen, H.H. Norwegian University of Science and Technology, IPT, Trondheim 1 Centre for Earth Evolution and Dynamics, UiO, Oslo, 3Active Pensioners Statoil 4 NO. [email protected] Statoil ASA, Harstad 2 5 Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, McGill UiT The Arctic University of Norway University, Montreal, Quebec, CA. 3 2 Department of Geosciences, University of Padova, Bjørnøya (Bear Island) is a 178 km large island emerg- Padova, IT. ing in the western Barents Sea about half way between 4 Department of Geosciences, Swedish Museum of Northern Norway and Spitsbergen. The island's coast- Natural History, Stockholm, SE. line is characterized by mostly vertical cliffs at least a 5 Department of Geosciences, University of Trieste, few tens of meters high. Above the cliffs, the topo- Trieste, IT. graphy is predominantly characterized by a large flat plain extending from the north to the southwest, with Magmatic systems are broadly dominated by five plenty of lakes and rocky areas in between. Mountain- volatile species (H2O, CO2, F, S, Cl), whose concentrati- ous areas appear with elevation up to 440 m in the south ons and exsolution from silicate melts has the power to (Antarcticfjellet) and more than 500 m elevation (i.e. influence the explosivity of volcanism and to pollute the Miseryfjellet) in the eastern part of of the island. Coal th atmosphere, driving local or global environmental and mineral ore discoveries in the beginning of the 20 changes. Of particular interest is the estimation of the century resulted in extensive geological mapping and sulfur and halogen budget of ancient volcanism from the the first geological map from 1928 is still valid for large Large Igneous Provinces for which the environmental parts of the island. Stratigraphic layering and structural impacts were severe. However, quantitative estimates of elements are nicely exposed along the steep coastal degassing from past eruptions are scarce and difficult to cliffs, whilst exposures of litho-stratigraphic contacts obtain, chiefly due to the infrequency of suitable melt and faults across the island are often covered by over- inclusions –to date still the principal base for quanti- burden or hidden in extensive blockfields and cannot be fying pre-eruptive volatile concentrations (Devine et al., mapped continuously. 1984; Baker, 2008). When melt inclusions are lacking, The exposed rocks on Bjørnøya represent sedimentary the measurement of volatile concentrations in natural strata of Devonian to Late Triassic age. They are under- minerals (such as clinopyroxene, apatite or biotite) lain by an Ordovician to late Precambrian basement combined with experimentally determined partition co- (Hecla Hoek) consisting of dolomites, limestones and efficients allows the determination of volatile concen- quartzites. The stratigraphic development and the trations in equilibrium melts. Clinopyroxene is parti- observed orientation of structural elements in an almost cularly appropriate for the task, being a common and N–S direction are very similar to the geology and early crystallized phase in many continental flood structural settings of Spitsbergen. However, due to the basalts. The only drawback is that S is contained in lack of good contact exposures in the interior parts of clinopyroxene at the parts per million level, i.e. at such Bjørnøya, the lateral extent of the majority of the mapp- low concentrations that an in situ technique such as the ed structural elements remain unsure on Bjørnøya. ion probe is required for analyses. However, the partiti- Furthermore,Bjørnøya is located on the Stappen High, a oning of volatiles (especially sulfur) between minerals predominant basement high in the western Barents Sea, and melts is poorly studied. To fill this gap in know- which is represented in the regional gravity and magn- ledge, and in order to use clinopyroxenes as probes for etic maps by major anomaly highs. However, petro- sulfur concentrations in silicate melts, experiments were physical studies carried out on rock samples from designed and performed at P, T, fO2 conditions com- Bjørnøya show a large variation in density and very low patible with continental flood basalts, starting from magnetization for the sedimentary rocks and for the basaltic melts. Piston cylinder experiments and electron Hecla Hoek basement, which cannot explain the posit- microprobe analyses (JEOL 8900) were performed at ive anomalies observed so far from the regional Barents MgGill University, while analyses of the volatile con- Sea data. centrations were performed with the Cameca 1280 ion During a two week field trip in the autumn of 2016 the probe at the Nordsim laboratory of the Natural History first ground-borne gravity and magnetic data on Bjørn- Museum of Stockholm (SE). The anhydrous cpx/melt øya were acquired. Almost 200 km of magnetic data and partition coefficient for sulfur is around 0.001 for c. 95 gravity stations were acquired, covering most of basalts. Combined with the data of Dalou et al. (2012) NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, no. 1, 2017 19 these results indicate that sulfur is more incompatible in mineralressurser står heller ikke høyt på dagsorden i clinopyroxene than Cl and F (Dcpx/meltS < Dcpx/meltCl < kommunene. Resultatet er at mineralressurser som vil Dcpx/meltF). The newly determined partition coefficients kunne være viktige for framtidige generasjoner står i a) will be applied to time-constrained lava piles from the fare for å bygges ned. På grunn av uvitenhet. Deccan Traps, scouting for any possible temporal evo- Bevisstheten om skred og byggegrunn har økt betydelig lution of the degassing pattern, and b) will allow i kommunene i de siste årene, men det er langt igjen til deciphering the interaction between Siberian Traps vi vil kunne si oss fornøyd med kunnskapsnivået. Det magmas and evaporitic and oil-bearing deposits in the skjer altfor mye uvettig utbygging. Tunguska basin. Norge markedsfører seg som et turistland med vakker Baker DR (2008). The fidelity of melt inclusions as og imponerende natur. Det er alle geologer enig i. records of melt composition. Contrib Mineral Petrol Geologene vet også at denne vakre naturen i stor grad 156, 377–395. dreier seg om vakker geologi. Det er det få andre som er Dalou C, Koga KT, Shimizu N, Boulon J, Devidal J-L bevisst, og uvettige inngrep forringer kvaliteten på (2012). Experimental determination of F and Cl mange attraksjoner for framtida. Dessverre er det mange partitioning between lherzolite and basaltic melt. eksempler på at viktig geologisk naturarv ødelegges. Contrib Mineral Petrol 163, 591–609. «Det er jo bare stein». Devine JD, Sigurdsson H, Davis AN, Self S (1984). Det er mange utfordringer å jobbe med for geologer på Estimates of sulfur and chlorine yield to the land. Men finnes jobbene? Dessverre bare i liten grad. atmosphere from volcanic eruptions and potential Ikke ennå. Vi må skape dem. For å få til det er det geo- climatic effects. J Geophys Res 89, 6309–6325. logene, som gruppe, som må ut av skapet og markeds- føre seg. Markedsføre nytteverdien og ikke bare fortelle morsomme historier. Vi må få flere geologer inn på Geolog: NORGE TRENGER DEG! mange nisjer i samfunnet slik at det er «noen der et sted» som i tide kan fortelle ulike andre aktører i (Men ingen vet det!) samfunnet at de må nyttiggjøre seg av geologer og deres fagkunnskap. Geologer i offentlig forvaltning er viktige: Dahlgren, S. De kan kople geologer i private selskaper inn i store og små prosjekter når det trengs. «Kommunegeologer» som Regiongeolog, Buskerud Telemark Vestfold gruppe kan vi glemme. Vi står imidlertid foran en fylkeskommuner, [email protected] regionreform fra 2020 da Norge skal få 10 regioner. Da bør vi kjenne vår besøkelsestid og sørge for at det blir Oljesektoren har i flere ti-år hatt et nærmest umettelig flere regiongeologer i Norge (i dag er det bare 1). behov for alle som har utdannet seg innen geofag (her- Det er ingen quick-fix for å skape mange, nye jobber for etter kalt «geologer» uten at det er ment å ekskludere geologer. Men jeg er overbevist om at det er mulig. Det andre greiner av geofaget), men med lave oljepriser har vil imidlertid kreve samhandling mellom ulike geolog- etterspørselen etter geologer avtatt. Oljeindustrien vil iske miljøer i Norge. For å skape debatt om veien videre naturligvis ha behov for geologer også i framtida. Men vil jeg stille flere spørsmål, bl.a.: vil etterspørselen nå gamle høyder? · Formidles viktigheten av geologi og geologer på en Uansett så er det nå mange geologer, både de med lang hensiktsmessig måte til samfunnet? erfaring og de nyutdannede, som spør: Finnes det andre · Er undervisning i geofag ved universitetene nær jobbmuligheter enn i oljesektoren? Det finnes absolutt koplet til samfunnets behov? muligheter slik denne foredragsholderen ser det! Det er · Bruker vi mulighetene lovverket gir til å øke disse mulighetene vi må se og gripe! geologenes betydning i samfunnet? Geologer har i de siste 40-50 årene sett ut mot havet og · Kan NGF være en katalysator for en prosess fram utforsket hva som finnes av ressurser på sokkelen. Vik- mot å skape flere jobber for geologer? Bør NGF bli tigheten av dette kan ingen bestride. Vi har imidlertid en forening a la Den norske Legeforening? som faggruppe og nasjon i stor grad glemt at Norge også består av et landområde. Det landområdet har massevis av samfunnsutfordringer, både på kort og lang sikt, som geologer er de rette til å løse. Formation of magnesium silicate Jeg vil våge påstanden at «geologers kunnskap og hydrate cement during lithification of samfunnsverdi er en godt bevart hemmelighet». Sett fra ultramafic-rich glacial deposits regionen Buskerud, Telemark og Vestfold fylker: Det er åpenbart en stor mangel på geologisk kunnskap i denne de Ruiter, L.1, Austrheim, H.1, Hu, D.2, Ulven, O.I.1, & regionen som dekker 10% av Norges landareal og der Dysthe, D.K.1 det bor mye folk. Problemet er at «verden» rundt oss ikke ser, eller klarer ikke å definere, det behovet de har. 1 Physics of Geological Processes, University of Oslo, Det er neppe noe annerledes i andre deler av landet. Oslo, Norway, ([email protected]) Det norske landarealet forvaltes av kommunene, og bare 2 Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu, China i en viss grad også av stat og fylker. Alle kommuner burde derfor, for å nevne bare noe, ha full oversikt over: The Feragen Ultramafic Body located near Røros in · Hvilke geologiske ressurser som finnes Eastern Norway gives rise to a unique phenomenon: A · Rasfare / dårlig byggegrunn. lithification process involving cementation by a · Geologisk naturarv. magnesium silicate hydrate phase. The cementation Slik det er i dag har de færreste kommuner oversikt over leads to the formation of tillite, as the Feragen hvilke geologiske ressurser som finnes innenfor kom- Ultramafic Body is covered with glacial till. The till munens grenser. Alle kommuner trenger byggeråstoffer contains a mixture of ultramafic rock fragments (serpen- (pukk, sand, skifer etc) og de fleste kommuner har slike tinized peridotite and dunite) originated from the ultra- ressurser, men de fleste kommunene forvalter sine res- mafic body itself, and continental rock fragments surser dårlig. Dette til tross for at det kan være både (quartz with minor k-feldspar and mica) that are regionalt eller nasjonalt viktige ressurser det dreier seg transported to the area during the Weichselian glaciat- om. Langsiktig forvaltning av påviste, nasjonalt viktige ion. This provides the exceptional combination of ultra- 20 NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, no. 1, 2017

mafic material and quartz, situated on top of a weather- analogue for the formation of the fan delta. The river ed ultramafic body. This special system leads to the systems continue to transport coarse material to a steep formation of cement at multiple spots in the area. The delta lip in northern and western part of the fan delta formation process is driven by the fact that ultramafic whilst the eastern side of the delta is currently erosional. material is far out of equilibrium when it enters the critical zone and thus will undergo rapid weathering. This is associated with the dissolution of brucite, lead- Deep emplacement of sill complex- ing to the formation of a Mg-rich fluid with a pH of around 10 which reacts when in contact with the fine es in sedimentary basins: Jameson grained quartz, k-feldspar and mica in the till. These Land, East Greenland phases will dissolve, as clearly visible with transmission electron microscopy (TEM), giving rise to the precipi- Eide, C.H.1,*, Schofield, N.2, Jerram, D.A.3,4,5 & tation of magnesium silicate hydrate and consequently Howell, J.A.2 the lithification of glacial deposits. The cement has an 1 average composition of Mg8Si8O20(OH)8·6H2O, resemb- Department of Earth Science, University of Bergen, ling a phyllosilicate. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and TEM Box 7803, 5020 Bergen, Norway, show that the phase is nanocrystalline. Since the cement [[email protected]] is sometimes found at the entrances of mines that are 2School of Geosciences, Meston Building, University of abandoned since 1927, it is known that the cementation Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB24 3UE, UK is a fast process that took place in the last few decades. 3Centre for Earth Evolution and Dynamics (CEED), As the search for more environmental friendly cement is Postbox 1028, Blindern, N-0315 Oslo, Norway presently an urgent task considering that the widely 4DougalEARTH ltd., Solihull, UK used Portland cement accounts for about 7 % of the (www.dougalearth.com) 5 worldwide anthropogenic CO2 emission, magnesium Earth, Environmental and Biological Sciences, based cement is currently of high interest. This natural Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, cement we study actually shows remarkable similarities Queensland, Australia with industrial magnesium silicate hydrate cement (M-S -H). As this study provides new key insights in the Igneous sills are common components in rifted formation process of natural CO2-neutral magnesium sedimentary basins globally. Much work has focussed cement it could contribute in developing a new on intrusions emplaced at relatively shallow paleodepths convenient and sustainable construction material. (0-1.5 km). However, due to constraints of reflection- seismic imaging and limited field-exposures, intrusions emplaced at deeper paleodepths (>1.5 km) within sedi- Quaternary sedimentological and mentary basins are as not well-understood in regard to their emplacement-mechanisms and host-rock inter- geomorphological history of inner actions. Results from a world-class, seismic-scale out- Balsfjord, Troms, recorded by a fjord crop of intruded Jurassic sedimentary rocks in East -side fan delta at Russenes Greenland are presented here. Igneous intrusions and their host-rocks have been studied in the field and utilis- Dulfer H. & Corner, G.D. ing a 22 km long digital outcrop model acquired using helicopter-mounted lidar. The results suggest the geo- UiT The Arctic University of Norway in Tromsø metries of the deeply emplaced sills (c. 3 km) are domi- ([email protected] ; [email protected]) nantly controlled by host-rock lithology, sedimentology and cementation state. Sills favour mudstones and even A study of a postglacial, fjord-side, landslide and fan exploit cm-scale mudstone-draped dune-foresets in delta complex at Russenes, inner Balsfjord, Troms, otherwise homogeneous sandstones. Sills in poorly cem- provides new insights into the nature of postglacial ented intervals show clear ductile structures, in contrast sedimentation in the Arctic. Russenes is an unusually to sills in cemented units which only show brittle em- steep, gravelly fan delta that protrudes 650 m into the placement-structures. The studied host-rock is remark- fjord. It is located below two high mountains (reaching ably un-deformed despite intrusion. Volumetric expan- approximately 1400 m) and is fed by two permanent sion caused by the intrusions is almost exclusively ac- river systems. It also contains a large, partially buried, commodated by vertical jack-up of the overburden, on a radiocarbon-dated rockslide deposit that occurred 1:1 ratio, implying that intrusions may play a significant shortly after the deglaciation of Balsfjord and reached role in uplift of a basin if emplaced at deep basinal sea level at the time of deposition. levels. The Russenes fan delta was deposited during the Holocene under conditions of falling relative sea-level. The delta began to form at the local marine limit during Fjord basin sediments as archives deglaciation when it was supplied by glaciofluvial mat- of extreme flood events in western erial produced by retreating valley glaciers. This period was also characterised by rock-avalanche activity. Post- Norway

glacial sedimentation is dominated by delta progradation, fluvial downcutting and terracing. Following Eide, C.H. & Haflidason, H. deglaciation the rivers and mass movement processes provided a high supply of coarse material to the delta Institutt for geovitenskap, Universitetet i Bergen, lip. Delta foreset beds observed in the field and identi- Allégaten 41, 5007 Bergen, [email protected] fied in ground penetrating radar profiles document the evolution of the fan delta system, whilst shore notches One of the most damaging floods in Western Norway record the position of relative sea-level during delta during the last 200 years happened late in October 2014. progradation. Additionally, the present day delta and Heavy rainfall over three days led to a discharge peak in river systems have been studied and provides a modern many catchments in Western Norway, especially in NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, no. 1, 2017 21

Hordaland and Sogn og Fjordane. The flood destroyed This presentation gives an overview of the methodology several houses, roads, bridges and large amounts of used, the results from the first attempt ever to quantify farmland. Such a damaging flood in these catchments the resource potential along AMOR and a discussion had not been anticipated. about future possibilities. Predicting variability in precipitation and river discharge is important in order to plan safety measurements, requirements for future infrastructure and to fully Polymetamorphic evolution of utilize water resources. Variability and recurrence times for flood damage is hard to investigate using kyanite-bearing anatectic instrumental discharge records which only cover the last paragneiss from the Nordmannvik 50-100years, especially when recurrence intervals of particularly damaging events are longer than the time nappe, Troms series. Furthermore, such data will probably not be Elvevold, S.1, McClelland, W.2, Gilotti, J.2, Faber, C.3 & sufficient to predict flood damage in the future, as the 4 climate is changing. Whitehouse, M.

Two days after the great flood of 2014, field work was 1 performed in Flåmsdalen and Lærdal to examine how Norwegian Polar Institute, Fram Centre, N-9296 Tromsø, Norway, [email protected] large floods erode and deposit in the narrow valleys of 2 Western Norway. The field work was followed by a Dept. of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242 USA cruise in spring 2016 where a suite of sediment cores 3 and chirp profiles were acquired. These cores are being Dept. of Geology, UiT the Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway examined using a battery of logs, instruments and 4 sedimentological methods, including CT-scanning. The Swedish Museum of Natural History, SE-104 05, cores will be dated using radiometric methods (14C Stockholm, Sweden AMS) and 210Pb/137Cs. Flåmselvi has discharge records spanning back to 1907, and this presents an opportunity Polymetamorphic paragneisses within the Heia horse, a to tie the instrumental discharge records to beds in the part of the Nordmannvik nappe in the north Norwegian marine sedimentary record. The goals of the study are Caledonides, have experienced two episodes of high- to (1) examine long-term recurrence intervals of large grade metamorphism. A pre-Caledonian moderate- floods, and to (2) investigate how past climate changes pressure metamorphic event resulted in the M1 assem- influenced flood size and long-term recurrence intervals. blage including garnet, sillimanite, biotite and K-feld- This will make it possible to investigate how natural spar. The gneisses were reworked during the Caledonian variability in frequency of floods and flood damage has orogeny, and the M2 high-pressure overprint resulted in changed over time, and to predict how damaging floods granulite facies assemblages and partial melting in the can be expected in the future. kyanite field. The metamorphic evolution of the anatectic paragneisses is reconstructed using information from mineral assemblages, textural relationships, mineral zoning (X-ray maps) and pseudosection modelling. Ancient, recent and future yet-to-find The M2 leucosomes, which represents crystallized melt, mineral resource assessments consists of K-feldspar, plagioclase, kyanite ± garnet. Zircon extracted from a 4-5 cm thick leucosome along the AMOR displays cathodoluminescence (CL)-bright older cores

1 1 2 with CL-dark, oscillatory zoned rims that are interpreted Ellefmo, S., E. , Sinding-Larsen, R. & Søreide, F. to have grown during anatexis. Trace element signatures

1 of the rims show a pronounced Eu anomaly and Department of Geology and Mineral Resources gradually increasing HREEs, typical of zircon grown in Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and the presence of a melt. A weighted mean 206Pb/238U Technology, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway 2 SIMS age of ca. 440 was obtained from the zircon rims Department of Marine Technology, Norwegian and records the time of melting during peak granulite University of Science and Technology, NO-7491 facies metamorphism. The metamorphism precedes the Trondheim, Norway intrusion of small gabbro bodies at ca. 435 Ma, and the thrusting that formed the horse. Large parts of the Arctic Mid-Ocean Ridge (AMOR) northeast of the island Jan Mayen and west-southwest of Svalbard are inside Norwegian jurisdiction. Internation- ally, this is unique. Hot, metal containing, hydrothermal Long-lived Ediacaran-Early fluids exit from chimneys and mix with the cold Cambrian granulite facies seawater. The metals precipitate as metal containing minerals that can accumulate into seafloor massive metamorphism in central Dronning sulphide (SMS) deposits containing elevated levels of Maud Land copper, zinc, gold and silver. Despite initiatives and cruises made by the University of Elvevold, S.1, Engvik, A.K.2, Abu-Alam, T.S.1, Corfu, Bergen (UiB) / Center of Geobiology (CGB) and Nor- F.3 & Myhre, P.I.1 wegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), these areas are still practically unexplored. 1Norwegian Polar Institute, [email protected]; Abu- Attempts have therefore been made to quantify the yet- [email protected]; [email protected] to-find SMS resources along the AMOR. The methodo- 2Geological Survey of Norway; [email protected] logy relies heavily on elements from play analysis deve- 3Department of Geosciences, University of Oslo; loped to quantify yet-to-find oil and gas resources and [email protected] on the 3-part assessment methodology developed by the US Geological Survey to assess yet-to-find mineral The mountain range of Dronning Maud Land (DML) in resources onshore. Antarctica represents a deeply eroded section through the late Neoproterozoic/Early Paleozoic Pan-African 22 NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, no. 1, 2017

orogen, and forms one of the world’s best exposed role of cooperation and communication in our daily granulite facies terranes. Granulite facies metamorphism work. in the central part of the belt reached 800-900°C and During their visit, the pupils are invited to discuss was typically followed by decompression and cooling. solutions to typical industry problems and challenges This type of clock-wise P-T path, including near rather than being served a wealth of facts. We have isothermal decompression, is believed to be a key developed group exercises and quizzes on energy solut- feature of Pan-African tectonism. The later phase of the ions, volume calculations and the pricing of risk. In this Pan-African evolution in central DML was way, we wish to show that the pupils’ pre-existing characterized by voluminous intrusions of charnockites, Science and Mathematics skills are valuable for typical granites and quartz syenites. tasks at Statoil. For the joy of Science, we always bring Anatectic supracrustal gneisses from Mühlig-Hofmann- our collection of oil samples, fossils and rocks to the fjella, central DML, are part of the high-grade Maud meeting room. The pupils commonly take the oppor- Belt. The P-T-t evolution of the gneisses has been re- tunity to challenge us with good reflections and un- covered through a study of mineral assemblages, expected queries. Our aim is to empower the pupils and textural relationships, pseudosection modelling and U- students to make good educational choices. Today’s Pb ID TIMS geochronology on zircons and monazite. pupils are the ones who will solve the energy challenges Peak metamorphism reached granulite facies of 750-810 of tomorrow. Statoil wants to inspire those young °C at moderate crustal depths (P = 8-9 kbar) and was people to choose a Science career. followed by decompression at elevated temperatures. Zircons are interpreted to have grown during anatexis and record the time of melting during peak granulite Snøskredfare – deltagelse og facies metamorphism around 570 Ma, whereas monazite, on the other hand, yield ages in the range 605-525 formidling Ma. The new data suggest that the Pan-African P-T-t Engeset, R.V.1,2 & Hetland, A. 2 cycle was a prolonged event that took place between 610 and 530 Ma. 1 Norges vassdrags- og energidirektorat, [email protected] 2 UiT Norges arktiske universitet

Å forme framtidas geovitere – De siste årene har vi opplevd en eksplosiv økning i skolebesøk og realfagssatsning i interessen for snøskred i Norge. Både fordi ferdsel i og Statoil nær skredterreng har blitt en folkesport med toppturer, frikjøring og skuterkjøring – og fordi offentlige og Engen, Ø., Grindstad, M.K. & Mathisen, A.-L. private virksomheter tar snøskred mer på alvor som et samfunnsproblem. To nye og viktige initiativer i dette Statoil ASA, Martin Linges vei 33, 1364 Fornebu bildet er Snøskredvarslingen på Varsom.no og Center ([email protected]; [email protected]; for Avalanche Research and Education (CARE), Kom- [email protected]) petansesenteret for snøskred ved UiT Norges arktiske universitet. Translated title: Shaping the Geoscientists of Varsom.no gir oppdatert informasjon og varsler basert Tomorrow: Students Meeting with Statoil’s Role Models på geofaglig forskning og internasjonal «best practice». Norway has developed a leading position in offshore oil Formidling av gode holdninger og kloke beslutninger er and gas operations. Keeping and broadening our lead nødvendige for at varslene skal ha en ulykkesforebygg- into new energy solutions require an increased and ende effekt. Læring og råd er innbakt i varslene og en sustainable enrolment to Science education. For several mer omfattende opplæringspakke er lagt ut på Snøskred- years, Statoil has supported measures for increasing the skolen på Varsom.no. Vi har også etablert en profe- number of science students, e.g., the «First Lego sjonsutdanning for snøskredobservatører og varslere, League» robot tournament, the «Newton energirom» hvor vi så langt utdannet over 150 observatører og over popular Science laboratories, and «Teach First», a 30 varslere. Science teacher education programme. Meeting students Men for å oppnå best mulig håndtering av skred- or pupils directly is, however, one of the most rewarding problematikk, så er psykologi og beslutningstaking parts for Statoil’s employees. Here we wish to share our viktig – og her kommer CARE inn. Senteret er under experiences in sharing knowledge on the oil and gas etablering ved UiT på initiativ fra rektor. I CARE er industry to pupils visiting Statoil. A standard visit planen at forskere fra en rekke disipliner skal forske på involves a group of 10–30 pupils and their teachers for beslutningstaking under usikkerhet, med snøskred som about two hours. Our main target audience is 10th grade «case». Vi har med oss fagene psykologi, idrett, pupils and 1st year high school students; young individ- friluftsliv, kultur, medisin, økonomi, samfunnssikkerhet uals who are facing decisive choices about their future og geofag. education and professional development. Vi gir et innblikk i Snøskredvarslingen og CARE. Vi tar Educational studies have found that «role models», i.e., også for oss hvordan ny teknologi er tatt i bruk med en persons that young people can feel familiar with and åpen datapolitikk: Alle kan bidra med observasjoner og relate to, can make a difference in choosing a Science skredfarevurderinger på www.regobs.no – og hente ut career. Statoil’s role models are young geologists and data for å analysere data. www.regobs.no er et verktøy engineers telling pupils about their own educational for studenter, forskere, virksomheter og privatpersoner. choices as well as their typical workdays. It turns out that most of our role models did not go through linear Science curricula; rather, they found their professions Quantification and restoration of pre through trial and error. The visiting teachers frequently -drift extension across NE Atlantic tell us their pupils regard people with a Science background as theoretically strong individuals preferring sol- conjugate margins itary work. We therefore do our best to showcase the NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, no. 1, 2017 23

Faleide, J.I.1, Abdelmalak, M.M.1, Shephard, G.E.1, Formations. The Egersund Formation is the immediate Torsvik, T.H.1, Gaina, C.1, Tsikalas, F.1,2, Blaich, O.A.3, sealing rock in the area, whereas Tau Formation being Planke, S.1,4 & Myklebust, R.5 the main source rock also acts as seal in addition to the Sauda Formation in the Egersund Basin. Deposition of 1 Centre for Earth Evolution and Dynamics, Department Lower-Middle Jurassic sands was partly influenced by of Geosciences, University of Oslo the structures formed by regional tectonic and salt 2 Eni Norge, Stavanger movement. In the late Neogene, the basin was affected 3 Bayerngas Norge, Oslo by uplift and erosion. Apart from the Yme Field 4 Volcanic Basin Petroleum Research (VBPR), Oslo discovery only small sub-economical discoveries (e.g. 5 TGS, Asker Brisling, Vette and Mackerel) are found in the Egersund basin. The recent study shows that the Egersund Basin The sedimentary basins at the NE Atlantic conjugate has a small oil kitchen to the NW, charging the Yme margins formed in response to multiple phases of post- Field that exhibits a comparatively better oil Caledonian rifting from Late Paleozoic time to final accumulation. Because of the marginal situation of the crustal breakup at the Paleocene-Eocene transition. The Egersund Basin with many dry wells this study focuses >200 million years of repeated extension caused on evaluation of the source rock potential of the basin comprehensive crustal thinning and formation of deep using the bore hole log data acquired specifically by sedimentary basins. The main rift phases span the sonic, density and resistivity tools. Another objective of following time intervals: Late Permian, late Middle this study is to find better ways to calibrate and quantify Jurassic-earliest Cretaceous, Early-mid Cretaceous and the TOC and maturation data from borehole logs. Late Cretaceous-Paleocene. In organic rich intervals the sonic and density logs To reconstruct the basin evolution and construct well- respond to the presence of low density, low velocity constrained paleogeographic/-tectonic maps we have to kerogen or organic matter. On the other hand, the quantify the pre-drift extension through time and space. resistivity log is more sensitive to the formation fluid. In This is done using various techniques: The geometry of immature organic-rich shale the sonic and density log crustal thinning is compared to a reference thickness of curves will show a response, whereas the resistivity log the crystalline crust close to onshore areas which have will show no increase because of absence of generated experienced limited or no crustal extension since Perm- hydrocarbons. In case of mature organic-rich shale three ian time. The corresponding thinning factors are com- logs (P-wave sonic, density and resistivity) will show pared to stretching factors derived from both back- response, whereas the S-wave sonic will read stripping and time-forward modelling. independent of the fluid. The P- and S-wave sonic are For this purpose we have constructed a set of conjugate highly dependent on pressure, while the dependence of crustal transects based on an integrated analysis of all resistivity on confining pressure is negligible. relevant geophysical and geological data. In these The total organic carbon (TOC) content and maturity transects the Cenozoic oceanic crust has been removed are vital parameters for the evaluation of the source based on conventional plate reconstructions. In some of rocks as well as unconventional resources of shale gas. the conjugate transects there are still uncertainties with These are usually estimated analysing cores, sidewall respect to the exact location of the continent-ocean cores and cuttings in laboratory by pyrolysis technique. boundary and the contribution from breakup-related However, the analyses are not performed on samples igneous intrusions to the observed crustal thicknesses. from each well and so the results are not continuous and The total (cummulative) pre-drift extension since the do not represent the whole source rock bed, both Permian amounts to in the order of 300-400 km which vertically and horizontally. Our suggested method can correlates well with estimates from plate reconstructions overcome the limitations where good coverage of based on paleomagnetic data. Paleogeographic maps logging information is available. will be presented and the implications for the regional basin evolution and provenance (source-to-sink) will be discussed. The role of structural inheritance and varying The Brasse wells, extending an regional stress fields will also be addressed. existing play in the Oseberg-Brage Area, North Sea.

Source rock evaluation using elastic Femsteinevik, E. 1, Veiberg, D. 1, Østhus, H.2 & properties and resistivity from the Gianotten, B. 2 borehole logs-Example from the 1Faroe Petroleum Egersund Basin, Central North Sea 2Point Resources

1 1,2 Fawad, M. & Mondol, N.H. The Oseberg-Brage-Troll area is a very prolific hydro-

1 carbon area and has been producing oil for many years. University of Oslo (UiO), [email protected], In the Oseberg Field the production is mainly from [email protected] 2 Middle Jurassic sandstones of the Oseberg and Tarbert Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), [email protected] formations. In the southern part of the Oseberg Field sandstones of Upper Jurassic age have also been The studied Egersund Basin is a local extensional basin encountered. These Upper Jurassic sandstones are the between the Stavanger Platform and the Norwegian- main producing formations in the Brage Field and one Danish Basin in the Central North Sea. The sand of the producing reservoirs in the Troll Field. Extensive dominated unit of the Middle Jurassic Vestland Group work (well analysis, core descriptions, biostrat and (reservoir rocks) in Egersund Basin comprises Bryne seismic interpretation) has been performed to under- and Sandnes Formations, which are overlain by Upper stand the distribution of the sands within these plays. Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous mudstones and shales of the The existing data has been worked from all angels and Boknfjord Group (source and cap rocks). The Boknford to obtain more information a well was needed. A Group contains Egersund, Tau, Sauda and Flekkefjord decision to drill the Brasse well was made and the 24 NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, no. 1, 2017

results contribute with essential information on the lower crust to slightly higher pressure and temperature extent of a “proven” play outline. The discovery in 31/7 conditions. In case of serpentinites at such depths, the -1 and 31/7-1A will be an important datapoint for future release of fluids and active hydrothermal systems will exploration in a mature area. be triggered. Barrére, C., Ebbing, J., Gernigon, L. (2009). Offshore prolongation of Caledonian structures and Large ultramafic complexes and basementcharacterization in the western Barents Sea from geophysical modelling. Tectonophysics, 470, metamorphic processes from the 71-88. Seiland Igneous Province to the Pastore, Z., Fichler, C., McEnroe, A. S. (2016). The deep crustal structure of the mafic-ultramafic Seiland Veslemøy High, Barents Sea Igneous Province of Norway from 3D gravity modelling and geological implications. Geophysical Fichler, C.1, Pastore, Z.2 & McEnroe, S.A.3 Journal International, accepted manuscript. 1 Vadakkepuliyambatta, S., Bünz, S., Mienert, J., Chand, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, S. (2013). Distribution of subsurface fluid-flow [email protected] 2 systems in the SW Barents Sea. Marine and Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Petroleum Geology 43, 208-221. [email protected] 3 Norwegian University of Science and Technology, [email protected] Understanding seismic imaging and One of the largest ultramafic complexes in northern controls on sill intrusions using Norway is the Neo-Proterozoic Seiland Igneous Pro- vince embedded in the Kalak Nappe. 150 km northwest LIDAR data from East Greenland is the Veslemøy High, a less well known large ultra- Flesland, M.1, Rotevatn, A., Lecomte, I.& Eide, C.H. mafic complex. This prominent basement high forms the eastern border of the Bjørnøy- and Sørvestnaget Department of Earth Science, University of Bergen, basins and the western border of the Tromsø basin. The 1 origin of this ultramafic complex has been suggested to [email protected] be exhumed mantle which developed during the ultraslow opening of the Cretaceous Bjørnøy Basin In basins at rifted margins, intrusion of igneous bodies (Barrére et al., 2009). However, because no wells pene- into the sedimentary succession is a fundamental and trate this complex, there is no age date on the complex. widespread process. In order to understand the The subsurface shape of both complexes has been geodynamic evolution of such basins it is therefore modelled by integrated geophysical interpretation important to understand emplacement mechanisms and including gravity, magnetic and seismic data. Buried how these are controlled by host rock structure and ultramafic rocks in crustal settings can be detected by stratigraphy. Although intrusions emplaced at shallow parameter contrasts to their host rocks. The geophysical paleodepths (<1.5km) are relatively well understood, rock database of the Geological Survey of Norway intrusions emplaced at deeper basinal levels (>1.5km) provided rock parameters including density and are much less understood due to lack of large-scale magnetic attributes from outcrops which formed the outcrops and limitation in seismic illumination and constraints for the modelling of the Seiland Igneous resolution. An additional concern is that the presence of Province (Pastore et al., 2016). At the Veslemøy High, igneous intrusions in sedimentary basins may strongly modelling and parameter characterization carry higher influence hydrocarbon systems in both positive and uncertainties. One problem relates to decaying gravity negative ways. In this study we attempt to improve the and magnetic anomalies with increasing depths; another understanding of deeply emplaced intrusions, by using a is the lack of direct measurements of rock parameters. digital outcrop LIDAR model from exceptionally well- Therefore, geological analogues have been used as exposed outcrops at Traill Ø, East Greenland, to guidance for parameter distribution and subsurface accurately investigate the relationship between geometries. Here, we discuss two scenarios: hyper- stratigraphy, faults and intrusions. extension and mantle exhumation as found on the Igneous intrusions exposed along the East Greenland Iberian margin, and mafic/ultramafic intrusions as found coast on the western side of the NE Atlantic rift system, at the adjacent Seiland Igneous Province. provide an excellent outcrop analogue for subsurface Further focus is given to deviating densities and datasets. A 1 km high and 25 km long outcrop on Traill magnetic susceptibilities at boundaries of the interpreted Ø provides a natural laboratory for exploring the influ- peridotite complexes. Such anomalies may indicate the ence of sedimentary heterogeneity and faults on sill em- presence of serpentinites. The serpentinization reaction placement. The studied outcrop exposes a thick Devon- depends on certain pressure-temperature conditions and ian-Cretaceous sedimentary succession that has been fluid availability. Deep and shallow fluid circulation in faulted and intruded by thick (up to 120 m) igneous contact with peridotites at upper crustal levels would sills. Traill Ø shares much of its history with the provide the conditions for serpentinization that is conjugate Vøring Margin on the Norwegian continental commonly accompanied by methane production. It is shelf, and is therefore a good analogue for under- questioned whether there is a link between standing igneous sills seen in seismic data from the serpentinization and the unusual large abundance of gas Vøring Basin. anomalies in the sedimentary cover on top of, and The architecture of intrusions relative to faults and adjacent to the Veslemøy High (Vadakkepuliyambatta bedding has been analyzed to investigate the controls on et al., 2013 and references herein). sill emplacement, and is used to generate synthetic Finally, it is shown that present day pressure-tempera- seismic data. Such synthetic seismic data will be ture conditions at lowermost crustal level at the compared to actual seismic from the Vøring Basin, and Veslemøy High may reach the range for serpentinite will play an important role in filling in the gap between dehydration. Present day basin subsidence moves the field observation and seismic data.

NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, no. 1, 2017 25 Paleoenvironmental reconstruction break-up, making this an ideal location to study interplay between sedimentation and tectonism. of the Late Triassic, central-eastern Heavy minerals (63-125µm fraction) of 45 sandstones Spitsbergen and six local river sediments have been analysed. The most common heavy minerals are: zircon, tourmaline, Forsberg, C.S. 1,2 & Heggem, B.1,3 rutile, garnet, titanite, apatite, epidote, staurolite and kyanite, reflecting both metamorphic and an igneous 1 NTNU and UNIS sediment sources. A few samples are strongly domin- 2 [email protected] ated by calcic amphibole, possibly reflecting rapid 3 [email protected] deposition of fresh, unaltered sediments. In this case the sediment source could be local and possibly related to In the Late Paleozoic, Svalbard and the Barents Sea uplift and exhumation of basement rocks close to the were part of a large, shallow embayment located at the depositional site. North-western corner of the supercontinent Pangea. Several of the heavy mineral associations reflect high During the Triassic this embayment was gradually filled degree of alteration and modification from source to with erosional products from the Uralian Mountain sink. Mineral/mineral ratios (e.g. apatite-tourmaline and chain. A large deltaic system evolved depositing the rutile-zircon) give valuable information on source terra- upper Triassic De Geerdalen and Snadd Formation, in, and have in this case been successfully used to disc- located in Svalbard and the Barents Sea, respectively. riminate between different sediment sources. Ongoing Previous research states that these deltaic deposits have geochemical analysis of specific mineral phases may reservoir potential and are therefore of great interest to give more detailed information on provenance. Variati- petroleum companies. Sedimentological data of the ons in garnet chemistry indicate sediment sources of formations have been systematically collected over the both metamorphic and igneous origin. Chemical anal- past years to understand the evolution of the delta and yses of tourmaline and amphiboles will be executed as the distribution of sand. This study forms the last piece will U-Pb radiogenic dating of zircons. of the puzzle completing the data collection of the upper Modern Mandawa Basin rivers transport sediment with Triassic succession in Svalbard. Outcrops of the De a different heavy mineral composition than what we see Geerdalen Formation in central-eastern Spitsbergen, in the rock record, unstable minerals are more abundant Fulmardalen, have been visited and studied. The out- here since the sediment has not yet undergone crops indicate a development from a lower shoreface/ diagenesis. The most striking feature of the recent offshore environment to a shallow marine environment material is the very low garnet to zircon ratio compared with evidences of significant wave activity and some to often high ratios in the rock samples. This can be tidal influence, probably reflecting barrier bar deposits. interpreted as a provenance signal and that modern The Isfjorden Member is found in the upper part of the rivers might be carrying sediments from a more zircon- formation in several of the visited localities, and rich source then what they did in the past. indicates a development to a lagoonal environment with time. The new information from Fulmardalen will make it easier to correlate already existing sedimentological Relative timing and characterization data from eastern and western parts of Svalbard and will contribute to a more complete picture of the spatial and of Au-associated veins in the Gott- temporal evolution of the De Geerdalen Formation. hard Massif, Graubünden, Switzer- land

Provenance analysis of Mesozoic Frøystein, M.1 & Heinrich, C.A.2 and Paleogene successions in 1 ETH Zürich, Department of Earth Sciences, Institute coastal Tanzania (Mandawa Basin) für Geochemie und Petrologie, Clausiusstrasse 25, 8092 Zürich. email: [email protected] Fossum, K.1, Morton, A.2 & Dypvik, H.3 2 ETH Zürich, Department of Earth Sciences, Institute 1,3 für Geochemie und Petrologie, Clausiusstrasse 25, Department of Geosciences. 8092 Zürich, email: [email protected] [email protected] 2 HM Research Associates, UK. Metamorphic terranes are one of the most important [email protected] sources of gold worldwide, associated with orogenic belts from Archean to Cenozoic time. Gold occurrences Heavy mineral analysis combined with whole rock are found in association with sulfides in sericite and petrography of sandstones may give clues on sediment- muscovite schists in the Surselva district of Grau- ary provenance and allow us to enlighten changes in bünden, Switzerland (Jaffe, 2010 and references there- sediment sources and their dispersal patterns through in). They lie within the Gotthard Massif, a tectonic unit time. We here present preliminary petrographical and consisting of pre-Variscan, poly-metamorphic basement selected heavy analysis of Mid-Jurassic to Paleogene rocks with granitic cores that was deformed during the syn- and post rift sandstones from the Mandawa rift Alpine orogeny (Labhart 1977; Schmid et al. 2004). basin, southern coastal Tanzania. By comparing the Additionally, native gold is found in the adjacent and results of the sedimentary formations with local modern highly sheared Tavetscher Zwischenmassif (Labhart river sediments we will evaluate shifts in sediment 1977). Gold occur as either dissemminated, in veinlets sources through time. of quartz aligned or cross-cutting foliation and as layers The East African coastal basins, Mandawa Basin includ- of semi-massive sulfides. Alterations include sericici- ed, were developed during the break-up of Gondwana, tization, carbonatization and, the understanding of the and the opening of the Indian Ocean. The sedimentary deposit is still in an early stage. In particular, the timing infill can directly be related to different stages of the of the fluid leading to gold enrichment and precipitation remains debated. Some have argued for a pre-Alpine 26 NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, no. 1, 2017

timing of mineralization related to magmatic bodies 1 Department of Geoscience, University of Oslo with an Alpine remobilization, whereas others have 2 Geologisches Insitut,, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, suggested an Alpine timing of mineralization. Germany Here, we present evidence for an Alpine timing of gold 3 Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht Universtity, The precipitation in a ductile-to-brittle environment, based Netherlands on clear-cut field evidence and detailed petrographic * [email protected] evolution of alteration. We identified and mapped out cross-cutting veins of four generations on a scoured Structurally the Paleogene opening of the North Atlantic exposure of a pre-Alpine orthogneiss (4 by 9 meters) in along the Barents Sea western margin was linked to the Val Plattas in the northern Gotthard Massif. The chlorite de Geer megashear system. The structuring of the -biotite-muscovite-alkali feldspar-plagioclase-quartz margin was influenced by several first-order character- augengneiss has a penetrative foliation in E-W direction istics, namely the pre-breakup structural grain, the geo- of pre-Alpine age, as visible by its degree of defor- metry of the plate boundary and the pattern of plate mation and mineral assemblage (amphibolite facies con- motion. The present study is an attempt to take these ditions). Discontinuous muscovite-alkali feldspar- factors into account, involving detailed structural anal- plagioclase-quartz pegmatites are oriented parallel to ysis of seismic data and analogue and numerical foliation, and occasionally boudinaged. Quartz veins modeling. with rounded holes (< 1cm; often filled with carbonate Two distinct stages of opening can be identified, namely and pyrite) are generally cross-cutting the pegmatite and Eocene shear and late Oligocene-Recent oblique foliation, indicative of a syn-Alpine timing. Contrast- opening and spreading. This development generated ingly, they are also found parallel to foliation. The contrasting and temporally changing stress systems quartz bodies are deformed in a ductile-to-brittle regime along the margin. Our structural analysis has confirmed by sulfide (pyrite-pyrrhotite-chalcopyrite) veinlets the abundance of structural inversion, particularly oriented in a conjugate-like manner in NE-SW and NW- focused in master fault systems. Analogue models, SE. The sulfide veinlets displace pre-existing features in applying updated configurations for the continent-ocean a predominantly sinistral manner, and is associated with -boundary (COB) geometry has emphasized contrasting discrete zones of limonitic alteration halo (rich in deformational styles along the margin and numerical disseminated pyrite, chalcopyrite and pyrrhotite). models have been used to explore the combined effects Carbonate veinlets composed of calcite and ankerite is of far-field (plate-tectonic) stress and local stresses asso- associated with the sulfide veinlets, and may indicate a ciated with reactivation, subsidence and uplift. CO2-rich fluid. We conclude that We studied the petrographic evolution using unpolished 1) The geometry of the COB was crucial for the and polished thin sections, and alteration types were distribution of along-margin tectonic regimes, identified – including a progressive evolution from including localized areas of deformation associated biotite to chlorite, extensive sericitization of feldspars, with releasing and restraining bends. sulfidation and carbonatization. Despite that the expos- 2) The COB-geometry caused stress nucleation regimes ure is located several hundred meters from known gold that fluctuated in-board the continent margin in time occurrences in Val Plattas, geochemical gold up to and space 0.131 ppm was identified from the sulfide veins. Whole- 3) Folds of contrasting strike interfered, reflecting rock geochemistry using several XRF methods, LA-ICP polyphase deformation according to position along -MS and external metallurgical assay and trace element the plate margin and shifting COB-geometry. analyses was carried out. Mass balance calculations of 4) Fold systems of contrasting orientation and different least altered versus most altered host gneiss was per- age interfere to create double-folded regimes. formed, and geochemical anomalies of Ag, As, S, Sb, Se and Bi were distinguished. Comparison to highly altered and mineralized zones in Val Plattas was per- A model of the tectonic evolution of formed, and the geochemical anomalies coincide with regards to S, Sb, Se and Bi, but somewhat different sig- the Loppa High from late Paleozoic nals are observed by U, V and Cu. This may indicate a to present-day large-scale process leading to gold mineralization related to the Alpine orogeny, possibly across tectonic units. Gac, S., Indrevær, K., Gabrielsen, R.H. & Faleide, J.I. References: Jaffé, Felice. Gold mineralisation in the Surselva region, The Research Centre for Arctic Petroleum Exploration Canton Grisons, Switzerland. Swiss Journal o f (ARCEx), Department of Geosciences, University of Geosciences 103, no. 3 (2010): 495-502. Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway, Labhart, T.P. (1977): Aarmassiv und Gotthardmassiv; email: [email protected] Sammlung Geologischer Führer, Gebrüder Borntraeger, Berlin The Loppa High is an intriguing geological structure in Schmid, Stefan M., Bernhard Fügenschuh, Eduard the SW Barents Sea. First, the basement has a complex Kissling, and Ralf Schuster. Tectonic map and structure. The interpretation of seismic, gravity and overall architecture of the Alpine orogen. Eclogae magnetic data suggests the presence of a ~100 km wide Geologicae Helvetiae 97, no. 1 (2004): 93-117. high-grade ‘mafic’ lower crustal body below the High, probably emplaced during the Caledonian orogeny (Ritzmann and Faleide, 2007). Second, the Loppa High Palaeogene North Atlantic opening has a complex tectonic history differing from the surrounding area. The present day Loppa High is the along the Barents Sea margin and result of several phases of uplift and subsidence. Its its adjacent deformation predecessor, the Selis Ridge (now buried below the western flank of the present day Loppa High) was Gabrielsen, R.H.1* , Faleide, J.I.1, Wong, P.W.1, Gac, uplifted in the late Carboniferous to middle Triassic S.1, Indrevær, K.1, Faisal Miraj, M.2, Dinkgreve, P.3, (Riis et al. 1986). The entire high then subsided in the Sokoutis, D.3 & Pascal, C.2 late Triassic forming a depocenter. In the earliest NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, no. 1, 2017 27

Cretaceous, a wider platform around the Selis Ridge eastern Canada determined from subsidence curves. became uplifted, causing the depocenter to form a sub- Earth and Planet. Sc. Lett., 51, 343-361. aerially exposed Loppa High (Gabrielsen et al. 1990; Vorren, T.O., Richardsen, G., Knutsen, S.M., & Faleide et al. 1993a; Indrevær et al., in press). The latter Henriksen, E., 1991. Cenozoic erosion and event of uplift was contemporaneous with the onset of sedimentation in the western Barents Sea. Mar. extreme lithospheric thinning in basins to the west. The Petrol. Geol. 8, 317-340. high then gradually subsided in the early Cretaceous (Glørstad-Clark et al. 2010). Renewed uplift took place in Paleogene times likely linked to rifting and break-up Formidling og fremtidens geofag of the Norwegian-Greenland Sea and in the Pliocene- Pleistocene as a response to glacial erosion (Vorren et Bruk av nærmiljøet til læring av geo- al., 1991). fag øker forståelsen The driving mechanisms behind the repeated uplift and subsidence of the Loppa High remain poorly under- Ganerød , G.V. stood. Thermal uplift of rift flanks resulting from extreme thinning of the lithosphere during the main phase Norges geologiske undersøkelse, [email protected] of formation of the Tromsø and Bjørnøya basins (Roy- den and Keen, 1980) and flexural uplift associated with Det er utrolig hvor mye bra geologi som er tilgjengelig fault block rotation and footwall uplift (Glørstad-Clark rett utenfor klasseromsvinduet. Samarbeid med åtte et al. 2010) have been proposed to explain the early videregående skoler i Trondheim, Malvik, Stjørdal, Cretaceous phase of uplift of the high. However, those Melhus og Elverum, som underviser i Geofag, viser at mechanisms fail to explain the Triassic – Jurassic phase mangfoldet i geotoper i gå eller sykkelavstand til skolen of subsidence and along-strike variations in observed er ubegrenset. Den eneste utfordringen vi har møtt på er uplift wavelengths along the rift flank. skoler i byer, det vil si tettbebygde strøk, der må vi Here we present a new model for the tectonic evolution tenke annerledes. of the Loppa High from late Paleozoic to present-day. Siden 2014 har NGU samarbeidet med lærere i Geofag We propose that phases of uplift and subsidence are the ved videregående skoler for å tilrettelegge feltarbeid til result of density changes accompanying phase transiti- nærområdet og pensum. Etter en bratt læringskurve har ons in the mafic body. The phase transitions would vi fått noen erfaringer som gjerne deles. Den første er at result from pressure and temperature variations in the nærområdet byr på stor nok variasjon til å dekke de lower crust caused by the various geodynamic events fleste behov til feltarbeid. Nært samarbeid med skolen (such as late Triassic far-field compression and early og lærerne er svært viktig, det er de som skal Cretaceous rifting) that the SW Barents Sea experienced gjennomføre feltarbeidet med elevene og de må være since late Paleozoic times. The model is tested using a involvert hele veien. Legg til rette etter lærenes ønske numerical modeling approach. It consists of a 2D og behov. Del opp feltarbeidet i deler; forarbeid inne, thermo-\kinematic model of lithosphere intruded by a feltarbeid ute og etterarbeid for å få best mulig lower crustal mafic body which density is given by a PT læringseffekt av opplegget. En erfaring er at oppgavene dependent phase change model. Preliminary results ikke kan være for omfattende, de må kunne gjennom- show that 1) densification of the mafic body caused by føres på 3 klokketimer inkludert "transport". far-field compression (associated with late Triassic For at opplegget med feltarbeid skal bli en suksess må westward upthrusting of Novaya Zemlya) gives en ta med lærerne rundt på alle geotopene og gå gjen- subsidence and 2) large heat supply provided by the nom oppgavene og diskutere fremgangsmåte. Dette er early Cretaceous formation of Tromsø and Bjørnøya helt nødvendig for at lærerne skal føle trygghet rundt basins trigger phase changes towards lighter material in opplegget og at de vil ta det i bruk. Jeg vil vise eksempl- the mafic body giving rise to uplift. er på oppgaver og geotoper. Fra "enkle" oppgaver til Faleide, J. I., Vågnes, E. & Gudlaugsson, S. T. 1993a. mer krevende. Formålet er å gjøre elevene nysgjerrige Late Mesozoic–Cenozoic evolution of the og at de setter puslebrikkene sammen til et helt bilde til southwestern Barents Sea. In Geological Society, slutt. London, Petroleum Geology Conference series (Vol. 4, pp. 933-950). Gabrielsen, R.H., Farseth, R.B. & Jensen, L.N., 1990. Structural Elements of the Norwegian Continental Microdiamonds in the Seve Nappe Shelf. Pt 1 The Barents Sea region. Norwegian Complex in the Swedish Petroleum Directorate. Caledonides and their probable Glørstad-Clark, E., Faleide, J. I., Lundschien, B. A. & Nystuen, J. P. 2010. Triassic seismic sequence occurrence in the hinterland in stratigraphy and paleogeography of the western Norway. Barents Sea area. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 27(7), 1448-1475. Gee, D.G., Majka J. & Klonowska I. Indrevær, K., Gabrielsen, R.H. & Faleide, J.I., 2016. Early Cretaceoussyn-rift upliftand tectonic inversion Department of Earth Sciences, Uppsala University, in the Loppa High area, southwestern Barents Sea, Sweden. [email protected] Journal of the Geological Society, in press. Riis, F., Vollset, J., & Sand, M., 1986. Tectonic The recent discovery of microdiamonds in the garnets of development of the western margin of the Barents Seve Nappe Complex (SNC) paragneisses suggest a Sea and adjacent areas. widespread distribution of UHPM in the central Scand- Ritzmann, O., & Faleide, J.I., 2007. Caledonian es. They occur in central Jämtland County in two basement pf the western Barents Sea. Tectonics, 26 localities, 50 km apart, on Snasahögarna, near Storlien (5). (Majka et al. 2014) and on Åreskutan (Klonowska et al. Royden, L., & Keen C.E., 1980. Rifting process and 2015 and in press), in both places in two outcrops about thermal evolution of the continental margin of a hundred meters apart. They support previous local evidence of UHPM in Seve garnet peridotites and 28 NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, no. 1, 2017

eclogites farther north in Jämtland. Isotope studies all Geomechanical testing was performed to evaluate the favour an Ordovician age for this subduction-related acoustic response of shale sample from Rurikfjellet metamorphism which was probably related to continent- Formation representative of overburden lithologies from arc collision during closure of the Iapetus Ocean. Longyearbyen, in order to relate to the field obser- The diamondiferous paragneisses occur in central parts vations from micro seismic monitoring during water of the SNC, usually underlain by quartzite-dominated injection tests. During the water injection tests in metasedimentary rocks and amphibolites (locally boreholes Dh4 and Dh6 failure of rock was indicated eclogites) and overlain by amphibolites and mica schists from pressure response (Bohloli et al. 2014), while the (locally blueschists). Similar middle Seve garnetiferous micro-seismic monitoring survey showed no micro- (usually kyanite and phengite-bearing) paragneisses seismic events (Kühn et al., 2014). A hypothesis for this have been mapped as far north as the Blue Road in observation in the field data is that pre-existing fractures Västerbotten County, a distance of over 300 km. Thus a were re-opened and thus did not make any significant reasonable estimate of the area of development of the acoustic events. This hypothesis is further examined in UHPM nappe is about 150,000 km2; however they may the laboratory through performing one velocity step well be present not only farther along the axis of the testing in a direct shear box and one drained triaxial orogen, both to north and south, but also in the hinter- shear test while monitoring Acoustic Emission (AE). land in Norway, e.g. in Seve correlatives in the Western A shale sample from the depth of 386 m of borehole Gneiss Region (WGR). Dh6, was chosen for the direct shear testing (Bohloli et For the last thirty years, the timing of the HP and UHP al. 2016). The specimen was pre-fractured along the in the WGR has been debated – whether they were all bedding plane prior to testing. This sample is then generated by Siluro-Devonian Scandian orogeny during loaded in the direct shear box, at an initial normal stress the underthrusting of the Baltoscandian margin beneath of 6.6 MPa. Then, three cycles of velocity steps at 5, 10 Laurentia, or perhaps only a part. In Sweden and 15 MPa normal stress were performed. Each cycle (Norrbotten County) the Seve provides evidence of consists of three velocities; V1, V2 and V3, where V1= early Ordovician high grade metamorphism and sub- 1 μm/s, V2= 10 μm/s and V3=50 μm/s. The test result sequent Ordovician-Silurian nappe-emplacement. Depo- showed that the friction coefficient increases with sition of turbidites in the Baltoscandian margin foreland increasing velocity, and indicated that slip on bedding- basin was apparently a response to this early Caledonian parallel fractures will probably be non-seismic. orogeny. Clearly the emplacement of these SNC HP and Further, a triaxial acoustic emission test was performed UHP complexes onto the outer margin of Baltica on intact sample from 299 m from borehole Dh6 (NGI, occurred, at least in part, prior to the collision of Baltica 2016). The dry sample was first loaded isotropically and Laurentia and would have been involved in the later (σ1=σ3) to 6 MPa. Then the confining stress was kept underthrusting of Laurentia. constant and the differential stress was increased until Within the hinterland of the central Scandes, the SNC the sample failed. The peak effective axial stress at can be followed westwards into the western limbs of the failure was 94 MPa. A total number of 20 acoustic Tömmerås and Trollheimen antiforms. In the Troll- emissions were recorded in this test. These were the heimen antiform, it has been known for forty years that events that were strong enough, relative to the noise, to there are at least two levels of basement in this northern be extracted from the data. Several emissions occur part of the WGR: a deeper “parautochthonous” better around peak stress and some occur during residual preserved part with unconformably overlying quartzites, phase after failure (shearing along failure plane). Very and an upper ductilely deformed eclogite-bearing few emissions were observed compared with other test allochthon. Apparently many of the eclogites farther on sandstone, previously carried out at NGI (Aker et al. south in the WGR may well be located at this level or 2014) and elsewhere. Shale sample behaves brittle with closely above in the Seve correlatives. Recently, quartz- high strength and this sample behaves rather elastic until ites intercalated in the WGR basement rocks south of peak stress, and AE events might therefore be rather Sunnfjord (Röhr and Skår, 2016) have provided instant and localized close to peak. However, all events evidence of Caledonian imbrication, with eclogites might not been captured due to sampling interval or occurring in the hanging wall. This suggests that the their low magnitude. Both type of tests, velocity Trollheimen relationships may well be representative of stepping direct shear and AE shear test in triaxial cell much of the WGR. What is clear is that until we better indicate that the shale may behave non-seismic during understand the internal structure of the WGR, we will both fracture slip and failure of intact rock. These two not be able to properly weigh the merits of the observations from laboratory tests support the field alternative interpretations that are fundamental for our observations that Rurikfjellet shale may not induce understanding of Scandian collisional orogeny. seismicity. These observations also indicate that Klonowska et al. 2015. Geophysical Research Abstracts, distinguishing between re-opening of natural fractures Vol. 17, EGU2015-11609. or fracturing of intact rock might be challenging during Majka et al. 2014. Geology, 42, 1107-1110. micro seismic monitoring. Röhr and Skår 2016. Nordic Geological Winter Bohloli B., Skurtveit E., Grande L., Titlestad G.O., Meeting, Finland. Børresen M.H., Johnsen Ø. & Braathen A. 2014. Evaluation of reservoir and cap-rock integrity for the Longyearbyen CO2 storage pilot based on laboratory Geomechanical testing of shale for experiments and injection tests. Norwegian Journal of Geology 96: 171-187 micro-seismic potential at CO2 Bohloli B., Choi J.C., Skurtveit E., Pluymakers A., storage pilot on Svalbard, Norway 2016. Geomechanical interpretation for micro- seismic potential at CO2 storage pilot on Svalbard, Grande, L.*, Bohloli, B., Skurtveit, E. Park, J. Soldal, Norway. EUROCK 2016, 28-31 August Cappodocia, M. & Sauvin, G. Turkey. In: Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering: from the past to the future, Ulusay et al. (Eds.), 1309 Norwegian Geotechnical Institute -1314 * [email protected] Kühn D., Lecomte I., Harris D., Ohrnberger M., Oye V. and Albaric J. 2014. Investigation of induced NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, no. 1, 2017 29

seismicity and aseismic deformation in response to Cretaceous succession that is subcropping a thin cover CO2 injection and related pressure changes, Semi- of Quaternary sediments. annual project report to KMB project 224880: A total volume of 38 020 km3 salt is estimated to have SafeCO2 II 2/2014 accumulated in the Nordkapp Basin during the mid- NGI 2016, UNIS CO2 Lab- CO2 flow test and Carboniferous to early Permian. The volume corres- geophysical monitoring, Technical Note 20140696- ponds to an average thickness of 1.2 km in the 01-TN. southwestern sub-basin and 2.12 km in the central and northeastern sub-basins. It should still be noted that these figures are average thicknesses and that the initial Salt structures, salt distribution and salt distribution was non-uniform and controlled by the underlying rift architecture. timing of halokinesis in the Nord- kapp Basin, southwestern Barents Sea A forgotten treasure: fluvial sediments of the Aspelintoppen Grimstad, S.*, Gabrielsen, R.H. Faleide, J.I. & Hoang, H.T.T. Formation (Eocene, Svalbard)

1 2 3 Department of Geoscience, University of Oslo, 0371 Grundvåg, S.-A. , Helland-Hansen, W. , Knaust, D. & Naurstad, O.2 Oslo, Norway, * email address: [email protected] 1 Department of Geology/ARCEx, UiT The Arctic The Nordkapp Basin is an elongated ENE-WSW- University of Norway, P.O. Box 6050 Langnes, N- trending, segmented salt-filled basin that developed dur- 9037 Tromsø, Norway. Corresponding author e-mail: [email protected]. ing the Late Paleozoic rifting in the southwestern Bar- 2 ents Sea. Salt diapirism and the formation of pillows Department of Earth Science, University of Bergen, attached to the basin margin make the Nordkapp Basin Allégaten 41, P.O. Box 7803, N-5020 Bergen, Norway. E-mail: [email protected]. one crucial example of salt tectonics in the southwestern 3 Barents Sea. The objective is to study the salt distribut- Statoil ASA, Svaneholmen, 4035 Stavanger, Norway. ion and evolution of the salt structures in the Nordkapp E-mail: [email protected]. Basin. The main dataset is 2D seismic reflection lines that are used in combination with filtered gravity data, Fluvial systems are commonly classified as either selected time-slices from a pseudo-3D cube and well meandering, braided, or anastomosing. These represent data. end-members of a continuous spectrum of channel The rift basin architecture in the Nordkapp Basin is systems. One class of channel systems, that have characterized by a wide fault zone of short, but densely- received less attention than the three classical end- spaced fault segments. The lateral continuity of the fault members, is the one characterized by nested cut-and-fill segments increases up section from the Late Paleozoic channel architectures. This type of systems has been level. The southwestern sub-basin has a half-graben reported from several petroleum-producing intervals on architecture determined by great subsidence at the NE- the Norwegian Continental Shelf, including the middle SW striking Nysleppen Fault Complex. The central sub- Jurassic Ness Formation in the North Sea, and the lower basin has a relatively symmetric architecture style and is Jurassic Åre Formation in the Norwegian Sea. There bounded by the E-W striking Thor Iversen Fault are, however, few good outcrop examples and modern Complex and the Nysleppen Fault Complex that is analogues to this particular type of channel systems. The changing its strike from NE-SW in the west to W-E in lack of analog data for nested cut-and-fill channel the east where the northeastern sub-basin is narrower successions can thus increase the uncertainty of many compared to the central sub-basin. The bordering fault reservoir predictions and models. complexes at the central and northeastern sub-basins are The Eocene to Oligocene Aspelintoppen Formation of dipping towards the basin center at the Late Paleozoic the Central Basin of Spitsbergen, Svalbard, consists of level in contrast to the southwestern sub-basin. The fluvial sediments deposited in an overfilled foreland present salt distribution is characterized by patchy basin. The formation has a maximum preserved elongated salt structures in the southwestern sub-basin thickness of more than 1000 meters but remains one of and numerous sub-circular salt structures in the central the least studied lithostratigraphic units of Svalbard. sub-basin. On the contrary, a distinct NE-SW striking Previously the Aspelintoppen Formation mostly receiv- salt wall dominates the northeastern sub-basin and at the ed attention from various researchers because of its well northern end of the basin, the margins connect at the -preserved palaeo-flora. In contrast, its underlying and crest of a major salt dome. partly interfingering marine counterpart, the Battfjellet In the Early Triassic the sedimentation rates increased Formation, is well studied and famous for its shelf-edge significantly in the Nordkapp Basin area and salt diapirs deltas that link down-dip to submarine fan deposits. rose in the basin while the margins were a site for salt Here we present new sedimentological and ichnological pillow formation. During the Triassic, the salt diapirs data from a combined core and outcrop dataset from developed small overhangs before the salt movement central Spitsbergen. Our data shows that fine-grained, ceased toward the end of Triassic. Differential loading inter-channel floodplain deposits dominate the initiated by the prograding Triassic depositional system succession, but ribbon-shaped channel sandstone bodies is suggested as the primary triggering mechanism in a few to maximum 15 m thick with limited laterally combination with possible extension. The salt structures extent are variably present. The channels are interpreted remained inactive throughout the Jurassic and Early as relatively short-lived low-sinuosity channels. The Cretaceous, allowing the Lower Cretaceous sediments overall facies stacking pattern show remarkably minor to prograde across the basin. However, later salt- gross environmental variations upwards in the reactivation is distinct by intrusion of upwards succession apart from a 10 m thick zone in the basal part narrowing salt diapirs in the Jurassic and Lower that shows clear brackish influence; the remaining upper part being devoid of tidal or brackish water influence. 30 NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, no. 1, 2017

The system as a whole is suggested to be the result of 1 Department of Earth Science, University of Bergen, high subsidence rates in combination with high sedi- Alleg. 41, N-5007 Bergen mentation rates promoting vertical aggradation and 2 COWI AS, Solheimsgt. 13, 5058 Bergen frequent channel-avulsion, the latter process being consistent with similar findings in the underlying and Following the initiation of the industrial revolution in time-equivalent Battfjellet Formation. Norway at the early 1900´s many of the heavy industrial factories established at that time were located in inner fjord systems of western Norway. The advantage was an Upper Paleocene ultramafic igneous easy access to cheap electricity, but the main dis- advantage has been that the pollution from this rocks offshore mid-Norway: re- industrial activity has been transported into fjord syst- interpretation of the Vestbrona ems where the circulation of the water masses has been fairly limited leading to a high concentration of heavy Formation as a sill complex metals in the fjord basin sediments. The recently developed non-destructive X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) core Hafeez, A.1,2, Planke, S.2,3, Jerram, D.A.3,4, Millett, 2,5 2 6 scanning technique offers new possibilities to obtain J.M. , Maharjan, D. & Prestvik, T. near-continuous records of bulk element composition in marine records. This new analytical geochemical 1 Tullow Oil, Oslo, Norway 2 method can measure the bulk element content directly Volcanic Basin Petroleum Research (VBPR), Oslo, from the surface sediment archives within a period of Norway 3 seconds and with a resolution up to 200 microns. By The Centre of Earth Evolution and Dynamics (CEED), applying this method on rapidly deposited sediments University of Oslo, Norway one can reconstruct a continuous record of carbonate 4 DougalEarth, Solihull, UK 5 content on a sub-decadal to annual scale. This kind of Department of Geology and Petroleum Geology, high-resolution records can also be compared directly University of Aberdeen, UK 6 with historical and instrumental records from the same Department of Geology and Mineral Resources area. This offers new possibilities to identify in an Engineering, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway effective way the geochemical anomalies in the sediment column and estimate the variability of the Continental breakup between NW Europe and industrially produced elements as e.g. Cu, Zn and Pb Greenland around 56 Ma ago was associated with and their distribution and thickness/quantity in fjord widespread magmatism. Silica undersaturated alkaline basin sediments. Examples will be presented demon- porphyritic igneous rocks of a similar age have strating the close linkage between the industrial previously been dredged near the mid-Norwegian coast. production history and the entrance of these elements in These igneous rocks of the Vestbrona Formation have the fjord sediments. Identification of these elements previously been interpreted as either igneous plugs or offers an excellent opportunity to date the recent marine volcanic flows. New 3D seismic data show that relati- sediments using these elements as an event spike and vely small sill complexes are abundant in the same also to reconstruct the history of pollution in these fjord region. In total we have mapped 36 sills with a size of 2 basin sediments. As the precision of the XRF element 0.1 to 9 km . In addition, ten seismic horizons were int- detection is high the time of full recovery to natural erpreted and tied to nearby wells to obtain a robust conditions of the basin sediments, after close down of stratigraphic framework. Vintage igneous and sediment- these factories, can be calculated. ary dredge samples have been re-analyzed, including petrography, geochemistry (XRF, XRD), biostratigraphy, and Ar-Ar geochronology. The sampled igneous rocks are interpreted as erosional remnants of sill in- Depositional pattern controlling the trusions. The seamount is located in an area with sub- reservoir properties of the Middle cropping Egga Member rocks. Sill intrusions are common in the Egga Member, and several shallow sills Triassic Snadd Formation from the are identified within this sequence a few kilometer SW Barents Sea down-dip. The new Ar-Ar data suggest that the sills are 1-2 Ma older than breakup (ca. 57-58 Ma). Furthermore, Haider, S.1 & Mondol, N.H.1, 2 the biostratigraphy and petrography of two sediment samples suggest that the samples were collected from 1 University of Oslo; [email protected], near in-situ subcrops. The sediment samples are of [email protected] Danian age, and are strongly metamorphosed, most 2 Norwegian Geotechnical Institute; [email protected] likely by local sill intrusions. The newly identified sills and vent structures have implications for the petroleum In the complex geological settings like SW Barents Sea, prospectivity of the study area. Intrusions cause heating reservoir quality is deteriorated by several geological of the host rock, whereas the sills and the vent structures events like late Cenozoic exhumation. This study may also have a long-term impact on fluid migration in investigate the inter-formational lithologic variations of the basin. Middle Triassic Snadd Formation from one well to the other and intra-formational changes within a single well. A suit of well log data is used to carry petrophysics and Mapping and estimating the quantity rock physics analyses. This depicts how geological changes have contributed to the intra-formational of contaminated sediments in fjord changes from well to well. Rock physics templates have settings in western Norway using also been used to analyse the effect of cementation over the reservoir properties. XRF core scanner technique The net-to-gross for the M. Triassic Snadd Formation is

1 1 2 calculated for the wells 7120/2-1, 7120/1-1 and 7121/1- Haflidason, H. , Thorsen, L. & Soldal, O. 1. Majority of the dataset is falling in sandy shale and

NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, no. 1, 2017 31 shale zones, the highest net-to-gross values among these contact metamorphic aureoles (conduction) as presented three wells are 0.46 for the well 7121/1-1. This validates in many earlier studies. None of the previous studies the existing literature that the dominant lithology of the have indicated that the creation of localized hydro- Snadd Formation is shale and sandy shale with inter- thermal circulation systems affecting the sediments at layers of siltstone and sandstones. The north-eastern considerable distance from the intrusions. We found well in the study area holds relatively more sandy con- however evidence that the sedimentary sequence may tent than the western and south-western wells. The well have experienced normal burial diagenesis and 7120/1-1 is located on the hanging wall, which can be thermally induced diagenesis both close and far away the reason behind its nature of shaliness. Because during from the sill intrusion (distances more than five times the sea level changes the hanging wall remained relativ- the thickness of the sill). Therefore, the sedimentary ely deeper than the foot wall. So hanging wall remained sequence is divided into two parts with different thermal unaffected by the sands generated during storms. history; the bulk sediment, being largely unconsolidated The average porosity calculated for the Snadd Format- and with a maximum burial temperature not much ion in the area is 12-14% with the highest value of higher than 60-70°C; and thinner intervals outside the porosity found in the well 7121/1-1. The values of contact zone that have experienced hydrothermal temp- porosity seem to be fair but the high shale contents (low eratures (around 140°C). The hydrothermally altered net-to-gross) put a question mark on the connectivity of sediment sections are characterized by recrystallized pores which reduces the effective porosity. This also carbonate cemented intervals, and we propose that these depicts the digenetic effect increases from east to west sections originally containing substantial amounts of due to greater burial depth and higher temperature. The bioclastic carbonates have been flow baffles already diagenesis also reduces the porosity and affects the during the hydrothermal activity and have partly reservoir quality. The in-situ depth and geothermal controlled the migration pathways of the buoyant hot gradient are theoretically lying in the mechanical com- fluids. The best evidence of the maximum burial paction zone but the theory of uplift validates the results temperature of the sediments is the appearance of as at the time of deposition these rock were buried incipient stylolite formation and authigenic quartz over- deeper but later on uplift occurred which brought the growths in the un-cemented sediment sections. The reservoir section at the shallower depth. hydrothermal solutions have resulted in localized seri- The thickness of the Lower Triassic source rock reduces citization of feldspars, recrystallization (dissolution and from east to west. The supply of hydrocarbon is directly subsequent precipitation of original carbonate particles) depended on the presence, maturity and thickness of the of the bioclastic carbonates, and incipient formation of source rock. Since the thickness of the source rock in fibrous illite nucleated on various substrates as a result the eastern well 7121/1-1 is high, probably it has higher of mica alteration. All these observations points to supply of hydrocarbon from the source and ultimately hydrothermal alteration at T > 120-140 °C. This at has the higher hydrocarbon saturation than the western distances considerably further away than expected from wells. The rock physics templates also prove the saturat- dissipation of heat by conduction only, which, may ion of hydrocarbon in this well. Moreover, the rock affect sediments at distances up to twice the thickness of physics cement model is applied which shows the evi- the magmatic intrusion. Reservoir quality variations as a dence of cementation in the Snadd reservoir sandstone. result of sill intrusion emplacement due to heat transfer through localized hydrothermal advection cells were observed. Despite the hydrothermal induced diagenetic New insights about thermally driven changes in the thinner carbonate cemented intervals, no apparent diagenetic effect like porosity decrease was diagenetic changes due to the observed in the reservoir rocks between the carbonate emplacement of magmatic sills into cemented intervals. reservoir sediments at Wilhelmøya (Svalbard): Implications for reservoir Anomalies of Seismicity in the quality Hellenic Slab Manifest Deep

Haile, B.G.1*, Jahren, .1 & Hellevang, H.1,2 Earthquake Mechanism

1 Department of Geosciences, University of Oslo, Halpaap, F., Rondenay, S. & Ottemöller, L. Pb.1047 Blindern, NO-0316 Oslo, Norway 2 The University Centre in Svalbard (UNIS), Pb. 156, Department of Earth Science, University of Bergen, 9171 Longyearbyen, Norway [email protected] *e-mail: [email protected] The Western Hellenic subduction zone is characterized The Upper Triassic to Lower Jurassic Kapp Toscana by a transition from oceanic to continental subduction. Group at Wilhelmøya (Svalbard, Norway) contains pot- In the southern oceanic portion of the system, abundant ential reservoir sediments intruded by igneous sills. seismicity reaches intermediate depths of 100-190 km, Sedimentary basins containing igneous intrusions within while the northern continental portion rarely exhibits sedimentary reservoir units represent an important risk deep earthquakes. Our study aims to investigate how in hydrocarbon exploration. Constraining reservoir het- this oceanic-continental transition affects fluid release erogeneity as a result of sill emplacement is therefore and related seismicity along strike, by focusing on the crucial to reducing exploration risk. Sill intrusions in the distribution of intermediate depth earthquakes. To studied area are of limited vertical extent (~12 meters obtain a detailed image of the seismicity, we carry out a thick). This study focuses on the potential reservoir unit tomographic inversion for P-velocity and P/S-ratio and within the Kapp Toscana Group in order to better double-difference earthquake relocation using travel understand the effect of magmatic intrusions on the time picks from 1070 events. Here we present results general burial diagenesis of siliciclastic sediments. The from these analyses in conjunction with migrated sill affects the sedimentary host rock by developing receiver function images from the MEDUSA experi- ment. Our tomographic images recover the subducting 32 NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, no. 1, 2017

crust down to 80 km and the slab's mantle down to 140 are useful provided there are no depositional hiatuses km below mainland Greece. Both the continental crust (difficult to identify in some mudrocks), structural off- in the north and the oceanic crust in the south appear as sets, or exposure to subsequent oxidation events. Also, thin low velocity layers, while high velocities charac- trace element data should be normalized to either TOC terize the underlying subducting mantle. Although the or Al to distinguish hydrogenous and non-hydrogenous northern and southern trenches are offset at the surface components, that is, to measure real changes in paleo- along the Kefalonia Transform Fault (KTF), the tomo- seawater rather than the relative contributions of organic graphic images show that continental and oceanic sub- matter and inorganic detritus. More recently, Mo, U, ducting crusts align at depth. This suggests a smooth and Cd isotopic compositions have been used to transition between rapid slab retreat in the south and establish basin restriction versus homogenization of slow slab convergence in the north. Relocated hypo- water masses at all scales in paleogeographic settings. centers outline the extent of the seismogenic zone in the Finally, Os isotopic variations in seawater may be southern Ionian slab. Intermediate depth seismicity calculated from measured Re-Os isotopic ratios paired varies significantly along strike in that part of the sys- with interpolated ages pinned by biostratigraphy and/or tem and abruptly terminates below central Greece (east radioisotope geochronology. An added contribution of of the KTF), likely reflecting the transition from oceanic Re-Os data is the possibility to create an isochron from to continental subducted crust. In cross-section, the stratigraphically confined intervals. Isochroneity is pro- Wadati-Benioff zone exhibits a systematic bend near 80 of that redox-sensitive elements reflect primary depo- km depth, with dips increasing from ~24° to ~55° at that sitional environments. point. This is also where the low-velocity signature of We present two concerns regarding how we look at the subducting crust fades out in both tomographic and OAEs and MEs. First, the majority of studies focus migrated images, suggesting that the bend is associated only on explanations derived from hydrosphere- with the transformation of basaltic crustal rocks into atmosphere interactions. The role of lithospheric input denser eclogites. Below this feature, the seismogenic seldom enters the discussion, with two exceptions: (1) zone becomes thinner and appears to migrate deeper to call on increase/decrease of continental weathering into the slab, possibly outlining regions of the slab and riverine input to oceans, and (2) to invoke where the subducted mantle is undergoing deserpentin- “hydrothermal input from mafic sources” as an ization. Serpentine is also present in the tip of the explanation for Os isotopic excursions toward low mantle wedge, where a cluster of seismicity appears in a values. Second, there is a tendency to seek a common small region. These earthquakes’ mechanism could be duration period for OAE events, that duration being on associated with Antigorite-rich material crossing a the scale of tens to hundreds of thousands of years. We ductile-brittle transition during serpentine breakdown, suggest that duration is far less relevant than triggered by a subducting seamount disturbing the flow understanding the on-off switch in the broadest sense. It pattern in the mantle wedge. is the differences, not the likenesses among OAEs and MEs that provide high-value information for understanding these events in the geologic record. If we want to understand OAEs and MEs, then we need Fifty Shades of Gray (and Black) to move from documenting the effects to finding ways to uncover the underlying causes. To do this, we must Hannah, J.1,2 & Stein, H.1,2 move our thinking from sharp records of onset and 1 recovery at the ~10,000 to 100,000 year level toward CEED, University of Oslo, Norway time scales of millions to many tens of millions of years. [[email protected]] 2 Such a change in thinking requires that we add deep AIRIE Program, Colorado State University, USA lithospheric processes to our equation (lithosphere- [[email protected]] hydrosphere-atmosphere), and further integrate still deeper processes that feed the lithosphere. The last is In the last decade the interest in OAEs (Oceanic Anoxic perhaps the most important in the end. [Supported Events) has increased dramatically, driven by their under the CHRONOS project, sponsored by the value as global correlation tools through the geologic Norwegian petroleum industry.] record, their importance in characterizing petroleum source rocks, and perhaps to simply contemplate our own destiny. Similarly, in the last several decades, study of mass extinctions (MEs) has also risen Stø Formation Reservoir Properties precipitously. Geochemical tools are increasingly used in Wells 7220/12-2, 7220/2-3S, to identify and globally correlate these events. The pro- 7120/6-1 and 7121/5-1 from the duct is convincing data sets for both scientists and the public that document the impacts of large climate Hammerfest Basin, Southwestern changes on the chemistry of ocean water and the Barents Sea evolution of life, on sea and on land, throughout the geologic record. Hansen, H.N.1, Løvstad, K.2, Jahren, J.3 & Müller, R.4 With a stratigraphic column on the left side of a figure, elemental or isotopic data sets are presented as vertical Department of Geoscience, University of Oslo, panels to the right, showing data collected at the cm to 1 [email protected] decimeter scale. This “panelrama” layout makes it easy 2 [email protected] to identify and correlate excursions through the studied 3 [email protected] stratigraphic interval. Essential data to construct the 4 [email protected] “Panelrama Diagram” are TOC (Total Organic Carbon) 13 and δ C (the carbon isotopic composition of either The Stø Formation is present in large parts of the South- organic or inorganic carbon, or both). Panels showing 34 western Barents Sea and was deposited in a shallow trace metals concentrations (e.g., Mo, V, U) and δ S are marine setting in the early to middle Jurassic. The frequently utilized to assess redox conditions at the sandstones of the Stø Formation consist of highly sediment-water interface or in the water column. All mature quartz arenites with the major differences in NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, no. 1, 2017 33 initial composition between different units being the Reservoir characterization of the clay content and textural parameters. The aforemention- ed differences are related to changes in depositional Triassic succession of the Bjarme- settings. Facies identified ranges from upper shoreface land Platform, SW Barents Sea - beach/barrier bar deposits, to more distal settings and towards offshore in extreme cases. Examples from the Caurus, Arenaria The reduction of porosity in sandstone reservoirs with and Obesum discoveries increasing burial is the result of mechanical compaction and as the temperatures reaches ~70-80 ºC and above Hansen, J.A.1 & Mondol, N.H.1,2 from chemical compaction. For clean mature sandstones quartz cementation is the main factor controlling the 1 University of Oslo, [email protected] reduction of porosity in deeply buried reservoirs. The 2 Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), sediments response to the effect of progressive burial is [email protected] governed by their initial textural and mineralogical composition. This study presents characterization of Triassic reservoir In order to investigate the reservoir quality of the Stø sandstones in and around the Bjarmeland Platform, SW Formation in the Hammerfest Basin petrophysical and Barents Sea. The well log data from eight exploration petrographical data from four wells (7220/12-2, 7220/2- wells are utilized to characterize the Triassic reservoir 3S, 7120/6-1 and 7121/5-1) were utilized in this study. sandstones (Kobbe and Snadd Formations) using petro- The Stø Formation in well 7120/2-3S (Skalle) consists physical analysis, rock physics diagnostics and AVO of a lower unit of consistently clean sands with poro- (Amplitude Veriation with Offset) modeling. The sities around 12-15% and significant quartz cement, and potential reservoir intervals that have been identified an upper unit with higher porosities of around 15-18% and examined span over a wide range of depth (675 to and less quartz cement interpreted to be caused by 2300 m measured depth from KB). The quality of allogenic grain rims corresponding to slightly higher reservoirs (e.g. shaliness, net-to-gross, porosity and clay content. The Stø Formation in well 7120/12-2 permeability) also vary greatly both laterally and (Alke sør) consisted of two clean sandstone units in the vertically within the study area. The older Kobbe For- upper and lower parts of the formation with good poro- mation reservoir generally exhibits poorer quality with sities of 20-25% and a more extensive unit with higher respect to shaliness (34.9-69.0%), porosity (2.6-16.4%) clay content. In well 7121/5-1 and 7120/6-1, located and consequently net-to-gross, but hydrocarbons are within the central part of the Hammerfest basin, the more frequently found than in the younger Snadd lower part of the Stø Formation was recognized as clean Formation. Average effective porosity in the Snadd sandstone intervals with minor amounts of quartz cem- Formation reservoirs approach 30% at maximum, but ent. The majority of the observed porosity values in typically varies between 10-20%. Net-to-gross ranges these intervals were above 12%. Higher clay content from 30 to 100%, and reservoirs fulfilling the net pay within the upper part of the Stø Formation in addition to cutoff (Sw < 60%) are identified in two wells; 7222/11- more quartz cement has significantly reduced the poro- 1 (Caurus) and 7222/6-1 (Obesum). The Snadd Format- sity and commonly lies below 8%. ion thickens towards NW, and has a maximum thickness Based on the observed quartz cement volume and clay of 1406 m on the Loppa High. content, the permeability distribution within the Stø Utilization of published Vp-depth trends, uplift estimat- Formation has been discussed in a general manner. es, rock physics cement models and shear modulus-den- Intervals with small amounts of quartz cement and clay sity plots has resulted in identification of transition were interpreted as high permeability intervals. Core zones from mechanical to chemical compaction. Uplift plug data from the studied wells have confirmed this estimated using data from this study corresponds interpretation. reasonably well with published values. Rock physics Textural analysis shows that the finest grained intervals diagnostics in the Vp/Vs-AI and LMR domains are have the highest intergranular volume (IGV). However, shown to be adequate for the current database in terms these intervals have the poorest preserved porosity of showing lithology effects and separation of within the Stø Formation, indicating a more significant hydrocarbon-saturated intervals. They do however dis- porosity reduction during the chemical compaction play low sensitivity to more specific water saturation regime compared to coarser grained intervals. levels, possibly due to a certain shale component In terms of porosity, the results showed that there are frequently present in the studied reservoir sandstones. two main ways that abnormally high porosities can be AVO modeling has been used to compare two target re- preserved in these sediments: (1) exceedingly clean servoir intervals from two of the discovery wells homogenous sandstones lacking foresets, hampering the 7222/11-1 (Caurus) and 7224/6-1 (Arenaria), in order to formation of stylolites. (2) Some form of allogenic grain observe differences of relatively deep versus shallow rims preventing quartz from precipitating in certain clay burial as well as spatial variations of studied sandstones. influenced intervals. Low porosity intervals were com- Given their depth and the information derived about monly either fairly clean extensively quartz cemented their cementation and consolidation, the Snadd reservo- sandstones, or more clay rich sequences where clay irs in two wells show AVO responses as generally were occupying the pore space in addition to quartz expected. A class 3 response is inferred for a shallow, cement. Highly cemented intervals have been linked to less cemented sandstone reservoir, whereas the deeply shorter distances between stylolites and also the relative buried, well consolidated and cemented Kobbe sand- amount of micro-stylolites. Areas where clay minerals, stone is described as the class 1 AVO anomaly. The sen- especially mica, are in contact with detrital quartz grains sitivity of AVO response to fluid changes decreases, due are assumed to be, by far, the most prominent source of to low porosity or higher cementation. AVO anomalies silica cement. are harder to detect and intercept-gradient analysis con- The exact mechanism that causes some of the more clay sequently plot closer to or within the background trend rich sequences to develop allogenic dust rims preventing represents brine saturated sandstones. This behavior is quartz cementation in intervals of the Stø Formation and observed in the Kobbe Formation at depth 2200 m in the link to a specific depositional setting (facies) should well 7222/11-1, where changes in the AVO signature be the subject for further research. 34 NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, no. 1, 2017

due to varying fluid content is significantly smaller than (IPCC) are used as a basis for describing possible future for shallower Snadd reservoirs tested in well 7222/11-1. climates in Norway. Different scenarios for future anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases are used in the calculations. Projections of temperature, Palynofacies analysis: testing precipitation, snow conditions, runoff, flooding and sea level will be emphasized in the lecture. Examples will different techniques in a also be given of how the results from the report are Mississippian succession of the applied to support planning work in the municipalities.

Barents Sea

Hansen, T.H.1, Clayton, G.2, Lopes, G.1 & Mangerud, Impact and mitigation of natural G.1 hazards in a changing climate – 1Department of Earth Science, University of Bergen, a pilot project for Larvik and Lardal P.O.Box 7803, N5020 Bergen, Norway; municipalities [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] Harbitz, C.B.1, Frauenfelder, R.2, Glimsdal, S.3, 2Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University Høydal, Ø.A.4,Kaiser, G. 5, L'Heureux, J.-S.6,Ekseth, of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK; K.H.H. 7, Solheim, A.8, Kalsnes, B. 9 & Sandersen, F.10 [email protected] NGI – Norwegian Geotechnical Institute Palynofacies analysis is typically used in palynology 1 [email protected] and coal- or sedimentary petrography to better charac- 2 [email protected] terize palaeoenvironments and the source rock potential. 3 [email protected] However, different techniques can be applied in this 4 [email protected] type of analysis. When estimating the relative 5 [email protected] abundance of organic matter (OM) types usually all the 6 [email protected] particles in an arbitrary number of fields of view are 7 [email protected] counted. If the relative proportions of the OM types are 8 [email protected] estimated, then the particles sizes need to be measured. 9 [email protected] This last technique produces estimated relative 10 [email protected] proportions of the particles that are influenced by the size distributions of the various OM types and which All Norwegian municipalities have the obligation to may not reflect OM proportions in volumetric terms. map potential impacts of climate change in the frame- Results from simple ‘palynological’ point counting are work of an overall risk and vulnerability assessment. To here compared with results based on relative areas of support the work of the municipalities with climate OM types measured using ‘ImageJ’ image analysis change adaptation, NGI has conducted a pilot study in software. Larvik-Lardal, assessing potential impacts and consequ- In this preliminary study, core samples were used from ences of natural hazards in a changing climate. It is the offshore exploration well 7029/3-U1 from the East first study with this level of detail in Norway and it was Finnmark Platform (southern Barents Sea). These shale co-financed by the Norwegian Environment Agency. samples were from the Blærerot Formation, Billefjorden In cooperation with the municipalities, areas for field Group, dated as Mississippian (Visean) in age. Palyno- studies as well as future climate scenarios were defined. facies analysis was completed by applying two methods: Using local knowledge, climate statistics, numerical 1) point counting. 2) relative area measurement using modeling and spatial analysis the potential future the free image analysis software ‘ImageJ’. In both cases, impacts of natural hazards in Larvik/Lardal were the OM classification used was based on that of Bujak calculated and mapped. Scenarios applied are based on et al. (1977). RCP8.5, using a 200-year return period in 2065. Further work will be undertaken to determine the The expected increase of extreme precipitation leads to relationship between areas and volumes of the various an increase of intensity and frequency of urban flooding, OM types. For this, volumes of typical translucent OM erosion, quick clay slides, rock slides, and river particles (palynomorphs and aggregates of amorphous flooding. An increasing storm activity in Skagerrak in organic matter) will be determined in transmitted light combination with a rising sea level will increase the using Z-Stack image analysis and volumes of opaque magnitude and frequency of storm surges, coastal flood- OM types (phytoclasts) will be estimated using SEM. ing, and erosion in the two municipalities. The resulting hazard and risk maps developed for Larvik/Lardal are presented together with suggested local adaptation and Future climate in Norway: what mitigation measures. News articles about the project can be found at https://www.ngi.no/Nyheter/Aktuelt-fra- should we prepare for? NGI/Larvik-Lardal-foerst-med-pilotprosjekt-for- klimaendringer and at Hansen-Bauer, I. http://www.larvik.kommune.no/no/Nyheter/Larvik-og- Lardal-kommune-er-forst-ute-med-et-pilotprosjekt-for- Norsk klimaservicesenter klimaendringer-og-lokale-utfordringer/ [email protected]

The lecture will mainly be based on the report "Klima i Norge 2100” ("Climate in Norway 2100"; Klima i Provenance of the De Geerdalen Norge 2100 - Kunnskapsgrunnlag for klimatilpasning.). Formation, Svalbard Climate projections from the latest assessment report from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Harstad, T.S.* & Mørk, M.B.E. NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, no. 1, 2017 35

Institutt for Geologi og Bergteknikk, NTNU, The purpose of the study has been to identify 7491Trondheim. palaeosols, and relate them to the overall depositional * [email protected]. environments. The palaeosols have been identified by three main characteristics: roots, soil horizons and soil Published work on the provenance of the Triassic De structure. Based on field observations an attempt to Geerdalen Formation and its Barents Sea equivalent classify the palaeosols has been made. Special attention Snadd Formation give different indications of source has been paid to the Isfjorden Member, which constitut- area to the De Geerdalen Formation sandstones. This es the uppermost part of the De Geerdalen Formation. study presents new data input to the provenance dis- The member is easily recognized by coquina beds and cussion based on mineral chemical analysis of the alternating red and green mudrocks, but the lower base accessory mineral chromium spinel and sandstone of the member is not clearly defined. petrography from locations in central and eastern There are notable differences between brown and Svalbard. The study was performed as part of the master yellow palaeosols found in the middle and upper parts thesis work by Harstad (2016). An east - northeast of the De Geerdalen Formation and the red and green provenance area, possibly from the Taimyr Peninsula, is palaeosols restricted to the Isfjorden Member. The yel- considered likely for the De Geerdalen Formation. low and brown palaeosols are in general immature com- Identification of detrital minerals and lithic fragments pared to the green and red palaeosols of the Isfjorden was used to interpret source area lithology. Apatite, Member. Distinct and alternating green and red colours chromium spinel, garnet, rutile, tourmaline and zircon might be related to fluctuations in groundwater level heavy minerals are observed in sandstones along with and reduction and oxidation of the soil profile. The pala- various lithic fragments of volcanic and metapelitic eosols are found on floodplains, interdistributary areas origin. A considerable polycrystalline quartz content and on top of proximal shoreface deposits. The number, represents deformed quartzite grains, chert and spicu- thickness and maturity of palaeosols tend to increase lites. The observed lithic clasts and accessory minerals upwards in the De Geerdalen Formation. indicate varying source rock lithologies of metasedi- Calcrete is only observed within the Isfjorden Member. mentary, sedimentary, volcanic and intrusive origin. It is unevenly distributed, with thicker and better devel- The accessory mineral chromium spinel was used as a oped calcrete on west Spitsbergen compared to eastern petrogenetic marker to distinguish tectonic setting of areas. This observation is regarded as a likely general mafic and ultramafic source rocks of the De Geerdalen trend, but the accurate distribution is considered un- Formation. When comparing the observed compositio- certain due to scree cover and lack of petrographic thin nal ranges, a compositional match with mafic to ultra- sections. Calcrete might imply a minor shift in climate mafic continental intrusions, covering flood basalts, sub from warm and semi-humid with seasonal rainfall to - volcanic intrusions and layered intrusions are warm and semi-arid. An alternative explanation is that indicated. The observed volcanic lithic fragments in the the formation of calcrete was related to better drained De Geerdalen Formation may have a similar origin as soil in the west, possibly due to uplift. the detrital chromium spinels. The closest known possible source to chromium spinel of continental intrusion composition, and likely source United Nations Resource Classi- to De Geerdalen Formation chromium spinel, is located on the Taimyr peninsula, representing the northernmost fication for Fossil Energy and Miner- part of the Siberian Traps Large Igneous Province. This al Reserves and Resources provenance interpretation is supported by the existence of Siberian Traps related zircon age peaks in detrital (UNFC): Recent developments and zircons of the De Geerdalen Formation. No observations implications for sustainable suggesting varying provenance between the different development Svalbard locations and samples are made. Heiberg, S.1, McDonald, D.2, Blystad, P.3, Denelle, F.4, Griffiths, C.5 & Tulsidas, H.6 Palaeosols in the De Geerdalen 1 Chairperson, Petronavit AS ([email protected]) Formation in Svalbard 2 BP Vice President, Reserves and Chairperson of the Haugen, T.1,2 UNECE Expert Group on Resource Classification 3 Consultant 4 1 Norwegian University of Science and Technology Chairperson of the UNECE Renewable Energy 2 Classification Task Force The University Centre in Svalbard 5 Chief of Section, Sustainable Energy Division, United Nations Economic Commission for Europe The presentation is based on the master thesis “A 6 sedimentological Study of the De Geerdalen Formation Economic Affairs Officer, Sustainable Energy with Focus on the Isfjorden Member and Palaeosols”. Division, United Nations Economic Commission for The thesis was written in cooperation with the Univers- Europe ity Centre in Svalbard and Department of Geology and Mineral Resources Engineering at the Norwegian Uni- The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development that the versity of Science and Technology. world signed up to has just celebrated its first annivers- In the study sedimentological depositional environments ary, which coincided with that of the Paris Accord on of the Upper Triassic De Geerdalen Formation in climate change. Even though Sustainable Development Svalbard was investigated. Field work was conducted in Goal (SDG) #7 specifically calls for affordable and 2014 and 2015. In the thesis mainly data from 2015 was clean energy for all, the availability of energy and raw presented. In addition XRD and thin section analyses materials are fundamental for the realization of almost have been performed on selected samples. The localities all the SDGs. The current challenge, however is to visited are situated on Edgeøya, Barentsøya, Wilhelm- achieve long-term sustainable planning and manage- øya, Agardhdalen, and west Spitsbergen. ment, diversification of activities, introduction of inno- 36 NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, no. 1, 2017

vative technologies and investments in the development Major tectonic units of supposed middle allochthon of energy and mineral resources. As the world moves position in the Heidal area include the lower Rudihø- towards a knowledge intensive and service-oriented way Mukampen crystalline basement complex and the upper, of working, the availability of reliable and accurate in- mainly metasedimentary, Heidal unit. The two units are formation on energy and mineral resources has become separated by a garnet grade ultramylonitic interface, so a high priority. that the basement-cover relationship suggested by The United Nations Framework Classification for Fossil Strand (1951) is just hypothetical. The Heidal unit is Energy and Mineral Reserves and Resources (UNFC) overlain tectonically by Paleozoic metasupracrustal provides global analysts, countries, industries and fin- rocks of the Trondheim Nappe Complex. By contrast, anciers with a common tool for managing natural endo- the nature of the footwall units is more uncertain. wments and for ensuring that the resources are Locally it is underlain by ‘gabbro conglomerate’, i.e. a developed transparently, efficiently and sustainably in a polymict conglomerate in a greenish matrix, which has socially acceptable manner. UNFC is applicable to all been correlated with similar units in the Valdres Group extractive activities, including for solid minerals, oil, sparagmites, but a corridor of such rocks along gas, uranium and thorium. UNFC underwent significant Murudalen, shown by Siedlecka et al (1987), was not development in September 2016 when it also became confirmed. One problem in establishing these operational for injection projects for the geological stor- correlations is that these units are cut by major northeast age of CO2 and for renewable energy projects, including -trending extensional faults both to the southeast and geothermal energy. Comparable work is underway for northwest, the latter being the extension of the Lærdal- other renewable energy projects (solar, wind, bioenergy, Gjende Fault. hydro) and anthropogenic resources. UNFC was The Rudihø-Mukampen complex is, in the north (Rudi- recently bridged to the new classification for oil and gas hø), characterised largely by high-grade metamorphic, resources of the Russian Federation. The Committee on mafic to intermediate garnet-pyroxene rocks, described Sustainable Energy of the United Nations Economic by Gjelsvik (1947). To the south (Mukampen) an incre- Commission for Europe (UNECE) is the intergovern- asing planar medium-grade overprint is observed, mental body that endorsed these changes. The work on linking this complex westward directly to the Jotun UNFC has a global mandate from the UN Economic and Nappe Complex along a northeast dipping amphibolite- Social Council. UNFC has a close relationship with the facies shear zone. Dating by U-Pb indicates that high- Norwegian Petroleum Directorate (NPD) and its petrol- grade metamorphism and intrusive activity occurred eum classification, the Petroleum Resources Manage- around 920-900 Ma, affecting gneisses with still poorly ment System (PRMS) and the Committee for Mineral defined protolith ages between 1200 and 1700 Ma. The Reserves International Reporting Standards (CRIRSCO) preliminary ages broadly fit the match, although the tim- family of aligned codes and standards for solid minerals. ing of the Sveconorwegian high-grade metamorphism Providing clean and sustainable energy requires a shift post-dates by some 20-40 m.y. that of the main high- towards increased use of renewable energy and a focus grade events in the Jotun and Lindås nappes. on cleaner fossil fuel technologies. While the full The overlying sheeted Heidal pile, with rocks of still portfolio of UNFC specifications for renewable energy uncertain age, consists largely of garnet-micaschists, are being worked on, Carbon Capture and Storage meta-psammites (flagstones), amphibolites and rare thin (CCS) projects are also supported by UNFC. Appli- marble layers. Local lenses of serpentinite and augen- cation for UNFC for managing Coal Mine Methane gneiss are also present. The unit possibly reflects high (CMM), a major greenhouse gas is under consideration. strain between middle and upper allochthon, resulting in Clean energy also requires many other materials repeated imbrication of different tectonic slices. including rare earth elements (REEs), lithium, silica etc. Both Rudihø and Heidal units were, at a late stage of the for structural, storage and other requirements. Many of medium-grade shear, intruded by numerous granitic to these elements exist in complex geological and mineral- trondhjemitic dykes ranging from dm to hundreds of ogical settings. UNFC is the only system available today meters in size. Dating of these intrusives is made ex- that can aid comprehensive extraction and integrated tremely difficult because of the pervasiveness of xeno- development of multiple materials in complex projects. crystic zircon, but the present available data suggest that Lithium, for example, is produced as a fluid in many they are Early Silurian (435-420 Ma), just like those in cases and UNFC is uniquely positioned to address the the Jotun nappe and the Trondheim region. issues of estimating, classifying minerals produced as Gjelsvik, T. 1947: Anorthosittkomplekset i Heidal. NGT fluids. UNFC is also capable of addressing issues relat- 26. 58 pp. ed to waste generated from extractive activities and add- Siedlecka, A. et al. 1987: Berggrunnskart Lillehammer, ressing the "waste" as anthropogenic resources, from 1:250 000. NGU. which many key materials for clean energy production Strand, T. 1951: The Sel and Vågå map areas. Geology can be produced. This is one of the targets of the SDGs and petrology of a part of the Caledonides of Central within the best practices of the circular economy. Southern Norway. NGU 178, 117 pp.

Heidal revisited: new light on critical Stakeholder geoscience - a needed elements in the allochthon of the turn in a changing world classical Otta region (Oppland) Heldal, T. Heim, M.1 & Corfu, F.2 Geological Survey of Norway, [email protected] 1 Dept of Environmental Sciences, Norwegian Univ. of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, [email protected] When the Geological Survey of Norway was founded in 2 Dept of Geosciences and CEED, University of Oslo, 1858, its vision was to do necessary science of [email protected] international excellence in order to serve practical needs of the society. This vision is still alive under the slogan "geology for society". The content behind the vision NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, no. 1, 2017 37 has, however, changed due to a changing society. In the In the far future, we will be able to produce most of our present time, we face a new challenge for the geo- needs of raw materials from recycled mineral products, science community. Climate change, population growth, given that we manage to stabilize the population growth urbanisation and potential resource scarcity trigger new and secure a rather fair distribution of wealth. In the needs for geoscience aimed at providing information meantime, much of the investments in a green future and solutions to a society that must move towards a depends on resources in the bedrock. A responsible greener and circular economy. society thus should take measures for securing Science has, from the industrial revolution and beyond, sustainable exploration, exploitation and management of moved from the pioneer period of the great generalists, these resources. to specialisation within an increasing number of subjects. This has been wanted and necessary for bringing the achievements of science forward, but the negative Estimating basin filling times without side is less interaction with society. In the last 15 years, we have, however, seen the development of geohazards, chronostratigraphic data: An urban geology, climate science and marine geology as example from the Paleogene Fore- examples of "new geoscience" aimed at different stakeholders than the traditional ones. We have also land Basin fill of Spitsbergen seen further development of resource geology. Helland-Hansen, W.1, Grundvåg, S.-A.2 & Aadland, T.1 This makes a good start for the times to come. Geosci- ence will prove more and more important to an increas- 1 ing number of stakeholders in the society. Partly, this Department of Earth Science, University of Bergen, relates to the simple fact that for facing many of the big Allégaten 41, P.O. Box 7803, N-5020 Bergen, Norway. challenges, holistic knowledge about nature is crucial. Corresponding author e-mail: There is a growing acknowledgement of the importance [email protected]. Tore [email protected] of geoscience not only for finding important mineral 2 resources and reducing risks, but also for the manage- Department of Geology/ARCEx, UiT The Arctic ment of city growth, land use, climate change, renew- University of Norway, P.O. Box 6050 Langnes, N-9037 able resources and nature values. When the European Tromsø, Norway. E-mail: sten- Environment Agency (EEA) talks about "underground [email protected] services", they mean the geoscience equivalent to ecosystem services. The main sedimentary response to the Paleogene uplift This development opens new arenas for the geoscience of the West Spitsbergen Fold-and-Thrust Belt community. But it also demands a new way of thinking (WSFTB), the kilometer-scale thick progradational and communicating. Geoscience must reach out to a succession containing the Gilsonryggen Member of the wider group of stakeholders, of which the majority has Frysjaodden Formation(offshore), the Battfjellet For- little knowledge of geology. Areas such as infrastructure mation (shallow marine) and Aspelintoppen Formation development, urban planning, biodiversity management, (continental), has long been used as a scientific and nature conservation, sustainable tourism and blue educational laboratory. The extraordinary good expos- growth will need geoscience information, but targeted, ures both on kilometer-scale geometries as well as close taylored and well communicated. Instead of making a -up facies-scale excellently demonstrates aspects related classical geological map, we must be able to deliver a to foreland basin sedimentation, the spatial-temporal range of products applicable to different stakeholders. structure of continental to submarine systems tracts, the coupling of seismic scale geometries to outcrops and subsurface studies, the process understanding of clino- form deposition and the link between coastal sediment- Green minerals for a green future ation and basin floor mass-gravity deposition. Time constraints on both structuring and accompanying Heldal, T. foreland basin deposition are relatively limited. Only a few datings within the basin fill has been published; one Geological Survey of Norway, [email protected] gives an upper Paleocene age based on dinoflagellate species within the lowermost part of the Frysjaodden All major shifts in the evolution of human civilisation Formation (cf. Manum and Throndsen 1986); another is have been fuelled by mineral resources. From the Stone dated to ca. 56 Ma at the level of the PETM (Paleocene- Age to the Bronze Age, from the industrial revolution to Eocene thermal maximum) close to the base of the the computer age. Also the green economy will demand Gilsonryggen Member using radiometric dating of ben- minerals, in the short run perhaps more than we ever tonites in combination with astrochronology (Charles et have used. al., 2011; Harding et al., 2011). The green economy will only be possible if it rests on In this study we have performed a source to sink three important pillars: the availability of crucial assessment of the linked WFTB and CB foreland basin minerals for green energy and smart technology; greener fill with particular focus on filling times of the marine exploitation and production of minerals; and finally, a succession from the base of the basin floor fans and up- move towards the circular economy where most mineral wards. One way to circumvent the lack of reliable products are recycled. datings is to use both source-derived sediment product- "Green" minerals are the ones that makes it possible to ion models and sink-derived progradational rates in substitute fossil energy with renewable. A wind turbine modern and ancient systems, two partly independent needs 300 tons of metals, of which some are critical and approaches to arrive at first order estimations of filling subject to possible scarcity. The massive development times. The first approach estimates river mouth sedi- of solar energy plants that we will see in the near future ment loads applying the catchment sediment production will necessarily require increasing supplies of other equation BQART of Syvitski and Milliman, 2007, the minerals, and we will not be able to feed the growing second method applies empirical data either from population without large resources of phosphate rock for progradation rates of modern systems with catchment fertilizer. areas in the same range as what can be estimated for the 38 NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, no. 1, 2017

Svalbard systems, or by using constraints from empiri- age onlaps the “Gjallar Dome” (6704/12-1) implying the cal areal (progradation/aggradation) growth data com- Dome was active at the time of Delfin Fm deposition. piled for averaging times > 10-1 yr (Sadler and Jerol- In latest Cretaceous times the faults were re-activated mack, 2014). Our preliminary results show that basin due to the collapse of the “Gjallar Dome”, and growth filling times are shorter than hitherto assumed. wedges, belonging to the Springar Formation, were dep- Charles, A. J., et al. (2011). "Constraints on the osited. The fault blocks moved significantly horizontally numerical age of the Paleocene-Eocene boundary." implying and underlying detachment, and resulting in Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 12(6) structural closures potentially providing hydrocarbons Harding, I. C., et al. (2011). "Sea-level and salinity traps. fluctuations during the Paleocene–Eocene thermal maximum in Arctic Spitsbergen." Earth and Planetary Science Letters 303(1–2): 97-107. En populærvitenskapelig bok om Manum, S. B. and T. Throndsen (1986). "Age of Tertiary formations on Spitsbergen." Polar Research geologien på Ringerike: et unikt 4(2): 103-131. vindu tilbake mot Norges urtid Sadler, P. M. and D. J. Jerolmack (2014). "Scaling laws for aggradation, denudation and progradation rates: Henstra, G.A.1 the case for time-scale invariance at sediment sources and sinks." Geological Society, London, 1 Institutt for Geovitenskap, Universitetet i Bergen, Special Publications 404. [email protected] Syvitski, J.P.M., and Milliman, J.D., 2007, Geology, Geography, and Humans Battle for Dominance over Ringeriksregionen er en del av Oslofeltet og ligger nord the Delivery of Fluvial Sediment to the Coastal for Oslo. Den omfatter de fruktbare landbruksområdene Ocean: The Journal of Geology, v. 115, p. 1-19. rundt Tyrifjorden, de store deltaområdene som Egge- moen, og Krokskogen i Nordmarka. Ringeriksregionen er et geologisk skattkammer og et unikt vindu tilbake Late Cretaceous depositional mot Norges urtid, den gang det verken fantes fjell, trær eller is i landet. Her er det godt bevarte spor fra tiden da systems in the Norwegian Sea Skandinavia var et eget kontinent, dekket av et grunt Vøring Basin tropisk hav bebodd av spennende primitive dyrearter. Her finner vi også rester etter en yngre tid; da Grønland Helle, K.1, Yacob, A.2, Manafov, R.3, Sakamoto, R.4 & og Norges kontinenter kolliderte ble det dannet en Kjørlaug, I.5 enorm fjellkjede som Ringerike ble en del av. Enda yngre er sporene vi kan se etter den vulkanske 1MOECO, [email protected] aktiviteten som oppsto da kontinentene ble skjøvet fra 2MOECO, [email protected] hverandre igjen. Ikke minst kan vi faktisk også se de 3MOECO, [email protected] landskapsformene som ble dannet i istiden. 4MOECO, [email protected] Mangfoldet av geologiske attraksjoner er svært impo- 5MOECO, [email protected] nerende; korallrev i Limovnstangen, vulkankompleks på Krokskogen og glasiale deltaer på Eggemoen og Hens- The northeast-southwest trending Gjallar Ridge is moen, bare for å nevne et lite utvalg. Det som er helt located in the western parts of the Norwegian Sea spesielt med geologien på Ringerike er at disse sporene Vøring Basin and is bounded to the east by the Vigrid befinner seg innenfor et såpass begrenset område, sam- Synclinal and to the west by the Vøring Marginal High. tidig som de er godt bevarte og lett tilgjengelige. Det er In the Gjallar Ridge area, flattening east-west trending imidlertid ikke tidligere skrevet bok om geologien for seismic cross-sections on the Base Tertiary Unconfor- dette svært interessante området. mity (BTU) reveals a Cretaceous section with parallel Det er sikkert mange også utenfor universitets fagmiljø and horizontal onlaps against normal fault scarps (lack som er interessert i historien som bergartene forteller. of growth wedges). This suggests that Cretaceous depo- Da trenger man veiledning. Jeg har en lidenskap for sition took place in a (inherited) rift-topography, but kunnskapsformidling og har derfor bestemt meg for å during a tectonically quiet time period. skrive en populærvitenskapelig bok om Ringeriks- Along the east side of the Gjallar Ridge, sands were geologien. Målet med boken er å tilby et helthetlig bilde transported from the north through this graben system av denne spesielle geologien for et bredt publikum, som and splayed into the Vigrid Synclinal through relay ikke er nødvendigvis kjent med geologi fra før. ramps. Hence, the prospectivity of the Cretaceous Lan- Spesifikke målgrupper er innbyggere i regionen, samt ge, Kvitnos and Delfin fms along the east side of the besøkende (geoturisme), som er glad i natur og som Gjallar Ridge is strongly linked to point sources defined ønsker mer kunnskap om lokal naturhistorie. Videre vil by relay ramps, which contrasts to the thick (>1000m) temaene i boken dekke mye av det som allerede er and laterally extensive submarine fan sandstone accu- pensum for barn og ungdom. Jeg tenker meg at boken mulations in the Aastaa Hansteen area. kan brukes i undervisningen som et supplement til On the western side of the Gjallar Ridge there is a pensumbøkene, slik at elevene i regionen kan relatere distinct and laterally restricted seismic stratigraphic unit kunnskapen til lokale forhold. Ikke minst er det fag- characterized by strong and continuous “stripy” reflect- personer på studietur som ønsker en mer omfattende ions, lying directly ontop of the distinct pale underlying beskrivelse av området, selv om boken er myntet på seismic (mud) facies. The unit seems to have been (at lekfolk. least locally) sourced from the south due to the north- Boken skal tilby en lett tilgjengelig beskrivelse av de wards dipping, thinning and dimming of seismic reflect- bergartene på Ringerike som forteller en svært inter- ions. Some sediment was sourced from wave erosion of essant historie om dannelsen av vårt land i urtiden. Å bli a local mud dominated paleo-high. However, the eroded kjent med disse bergartene og de prosessene som formet volume is not sufficient to explain the entire package; dem er også en unik mulighet til å lære mer om jord- hemi-pelagic fall out and sandy turbidites (cf. 6704/12- klodens indre mekanismer: Hvorfor blir et hav til land? 1) is likely to also have contributed. The “stripy” pack- Hvordan oppstår et fjell? Hva skjer under overflaten når NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, no. 1, 2017 39 det dannes en vulkan? Geologi er et beskrivende fag, og mode from tensile to shear, giving the upper, youngest det presenteres like mye gjennom illustrasjoner som via part of the fault a more curved plan-view geometry. tekst. Dette vil jeg utnytte, og jeg har laget en rekke illustrasjoner som gjør innholdet lettere å forstå. Arbeidet er godt i gang og jeg forventer at boken lanser- Linking lithosphere deformation and es i slutten av 2017. sedimentary basin formation over multiple scales Some characteristic geometrical Huismans, R.S. aspects of large normal faults in multiphase rifts: a seismic case Department of Earth Science, Bergen University, study from the Lofoten margin Bergen, Norway, [email protected]

Henstra, G.A.1 & Rotevatn, A.1 Here we focus on the relationships between tectonic deformation and sedimentary basin formation. Resolving 1 Institutt for Geovitenskap, Universitetet i Bergen, the interaction and feedback between tectonic crust- ([email protected]) lithosphere scale deformation and surface processes The evolution of normal faults during continental rifting through erosion of elevated areas and formation of represents a more or less continuous process starting sedimentary basins over multiple scales has been a long- with an inception stage, followed by interaction and standing challenge. While forward process based linkage and finally a rift climax stage. In basins that are models have been successful at showing that a feedback characterised by several distinct rift episodes, i.e. a is expected between tectonic deformation and redistri- multiphase rift, the process of inception, linkage and bution of mass at the earth’s surface by erosion, trans- climax is repeated for each rift episode. A later rift port, and deposition, demonstrating this coupling for episode may be characterised by the reactivation of natural systems has been an even greater challenge and buried older rift faults depending on (i) the extent to is strongly debated. Observational constraints on crust- which the buried faults have healed since the previous lithosphere deformation and surface processes are typi- rift phase; (ii) the extension direction with respect to the cally collected at highly varying spatial and temporal pre-existing rift fabric; and (iii) the thermal and rheo- scales, while forward process based models are typically logical state of the lithosphere. We explore the geo- run at either very large lithosphere-mantle scale, or at metrical differences between large normal faults that the scale of the sedimentary basin making it difficult to formed during a single rift episode and those that form- investigate and explore the detailed interaction and feed- ed within the context of a multiphase rift system in back between these systems. Here I will report on recent which faults were reactivated between the different rift advances in forward modelling linking crust-lithosphere episodes. deformation with surface processes over a large range of The Lofoten margin evolved as a part of the North scales resolving tectonic plate scale deformation and Atlantic rift system that was active for more than 200 sedimentary basin formation at stratigraphic scales. The Myr, from Palaeozoic to Cenozoic times, over several forward numerical models indicate a linkage and rift episodes separated by long (>20 Myr) inter-rift interaction between the structural style of thick-skinned periods. Using an extensive dataset consisting of 2D and large-scale mountain belt and rift-passive margin 3D seismic reflection surveys we mapped the main formation, erosion-transport-deposition processes oper- basin-bounding fault zones that characterize the Lofoten ating at the surface, and the thin-skinned deformation margin. These fault zones constitute several linked occurring in the associated sedimentary basins. segments and are over 100 km long. They formed to different extent from the selective reactivation of an older Triassic set of faults that had been buried by c. 1-2 Death and survival in the Early km of Lower Cretaceous strata before renewed Triassic – Svalbard revisited extension took place in the middle Cretaceous. Two observations regarding the geometry of the Lofoten Hurum, J.H.1,7, Økland, I. H.1, Ekeheien, C.P.1, margin’s structural style stand out: Bratvold, J.1, Nash, V.E.2, Roberts, A.J.1,6, Delsett, 1. Some of the Cretaceous through-going fault zones L.L.1, Hansen, B.B.1, Mørk, A.2, Druckenmiller, P.3, exhibit plan-view zigzag geometries, whereas others Reisdorf, A.4, Wintrich, T.5, Nakrem, H.A.1 & Hammer, are more linear. We observe a correlation between Ø.1 the propensity of Cretaceous fault zones to develop zigzag geometries and the presence of a well- 1 Naturhistorisk Museum, Universitetet i Oslo. developed set of buried Triassic rift faults. [email protected] 2. The through-going fault zones exhibit a curved 2 Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet geometry at the Cretaceous level, lacking the sharp 3 University of Alaska, Fairbanks corners that are observed at the links between the 4 University of Basel ancestral fault segments at the Triassic level. 5 University of Bonn We discuss to what extent these observations may be 6 University of Southampton characteristic for the structural style of multiphase rifts, 7 University Studies at Svalbard, Longyearbyen and compare our observations to the results of recent scaled analogue models. We conclude that i) large Three fieldwork seasons in Flowerdalen, Spitsbergen, normal faults that formed in a multiphase rift are Svalbard (2014-16) and its vicinity have yielded an un- particularly prone to form zigzag geometries, being foreseen amount of new vertebrate taxa from the Early composed of segments that formed during different rift Triassic Vikinghøgda Formation and Middle Triassic episodes and ii) the upward propagation of pre-existing, Botneheia Formation. So far the material has been studi- buried fault segments through a rheologically weak ed in four Master theses. overburden likely promotes an upward change in failure 40 NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, no. 1, 2017

In 2014 and 2015 the Botneheia Formation was collect- 5Geoscience Center, University of Göttingen, ed and two main quarries were made. Several mixo- Goldschmidtstr. 3, Göttingen, 37077, Germany saurid skeletons were excavated and one large cymbo- 6Rennesveien 14, N-4513 Mandal, Norway; a- spondylid. In the uppermost Vikinghøgda Formation a [email protected] bonebed with large ichthyopterygians was collected. 7Department of Earth Sciences, Uppsala University, SE- The collection consists of more than 500 vertebrae, 400 752 36 Uppsala, Sweden; [email protected] limb elements and 250 skull and jaw elements. A rich bonebed in the lower part of the Vikinghøgda Fossils record evolutionary processes, biotic turnovers Formation, most likely the Grippia layer of Wiman and and major transitions in the Earth system history. Tran- Stensiö, was found in 2014, partly excavated in 2015 sitions may be abrupt or gradual, but their study dep- and was the main focus in 2016. A large excavation was ends often on the quality and extension of the material made in this layer. In two weeks the team dug 70 metric or sections available. The Digermulen Peninsula is one tons of shale out of the quarry by hand to uncover the of few places in the world where a more or less contin- bonebed. The reward was 800 kilos of bones of sharks, uous succession records the major biotic revolution and lungfish, amphibians, and several enigmatic early establishment of early animals during the Ediacaran and marine reptiles. This is by far the biggest find in the Cambrian transition 541 million years ago, as well as World of the strange marine reptile Omphalosaurus the diversification of the Cambrian ecosystems. Two (about 1000 vertebrae, numerous jaws, skull bones and case studies will highlight two transitions. limb bones). Another discovery was more than a Following the major glaciations about 580 million years thousand vertebra, limb bones and skull fragments all ago, before the Ediacaran – Cambrian transition (E–C), most likely attributed to Grippia. Grippia is a legendary the first macroscopic organisms emerge. Prior to this, early ichthyosaur seen by many as the primitive life consisted of mostly small, usually single celled ancestor of all later ichthyosaurs. The material has so far organisms. The difference between microscopic and been limited to a handful of concretions with partial macroscopic life is fundamental and concerns basic skeletons housed in the Museum of Evolution in issues like respiration, uptake of nutrients and repro- Uppsala. duction. These first macroscopic organisms are The team also made a collection of associated verte- collectively called ediacarans and their interpretations brates and invertebrates stratigraphically above and remain controversial. Some representatives may not below the two bonebeds to provide paleoecological and have any modern counterparts, some are most likely stratigraphic context. In relation to this several sedi- related to cnidarians, but there are few candidates for mentological logs to document the stratigraphy and a bilaterian animals such as annelids and arthropods. The collection of shale for carbon isotopes were made detailed record of trace fossils on the Digermulen Penin- Previous work on Triassic marine reptiles from Svalbard sula gives us the possibility to study the early evolution demonstrates that they are crucial in understanding the of bilaterians. Increased complexity of traces across the evolution of ichthyosaurs globally. However, no major E–C transition reflects increasingly complex trace field-based research programme has been conducted on makers, requiring an internal body cavity and an anteri- Triassic reptiles in Svalbard for a century since the first or concentration of the nervous system. At the E–C important discoveries were made by the Swedes. This boundary, appears Treptichnus pedum, consisting of has now changed. While other fossiliferous Triassic complex branching burrows, and later the first traces sites are known around the World, these bonebeds are made by animals with limbs, with the appearance of unique in its Early Triassic position (more than 247 Rusophycus. On Digermulen T. pedum is found in the million years old, still waiting for absolute dating) and upper part of the Stáhpogiedde Formation with the first will within a few years contribute largely to the under- Rusophycus in the lower Breidvik Formation. standing of the recovery of the marine ecology after the The backbone of Cambrian stratigraphy in Baltoscandia biggest extinction of them all – the Permian-Triassic is a combined record of trilobites and organic walled extinction. microfossils (OWM). In the lower Cambrian, trilobites are rare, and their distribution is not always compatible with the microfossil record, thus hampering correlations. The transition to the traditional middle Cambrian in Baltoscandia is generally marked by the regional Hawke Evolutionary transitions: examples Bay unconformity and a shift from siltstone and sand- from the Ediacaran and Cambrian of stone deposits to mudstone deposits. It may be a result of a transient uplift of western Baltica, yielding a larger the Digermulen Peninsula, Arctic hiatus in the southern parts compared to the northern Norway parts. On the Digermulen Peninsula this interval is straddled by the upper member of the Duolbagáisá Högström, A.E.S.1; Ebbestad, J.O.R.2; Jensen, S.3; Formation and the lower member of the Kistedalen Palacios, T.3; Taylor, W.L.4; Meinhold, G.5; Høyberget, Formation (K1). The former has been considered lower M.6 & Agiæ, H.7 Cambrian and the latter middle Cambrian in age. The succession does not reveal obvious sedimentary breaks 1Tromsø University Museum, the Arctic University of although the transition to the K1 is marked by the last Norway, N-9037Tromsø, Norway; thick quartzite unit in the Duolbagáisá Formation. Trilo- [email protected] bites of the lower Cambrian Holmia kjerulfi Assemblage 2Museum of Evolution, Uppsala University, SE-752 36 Zone are recorded about 180 m below the formation Uppsala, Sweden; [email protected] boundary, while typical middle Cambrian trilobites 3Area de Paleontología, Universidad de Extremadura, E- occur in the K1 member. Recent analyses of a more 06006 Badajoz, Spain; [email protected], continuous record of OWMs allows a more precise cor- [email protected] relation, identifying the Heliosphaeridium dissimilare- 4Department of Geological Sciences, University of Cape Skagia ciliosa Assemblage in association with the Town, Private Bag X3, Rondebosch 7701, South holmiid trilobites and the younger Volkovia-Liepaina Africa; [email protected] Zone about 95 m below the boundary. The latter zone spans the traditional lower and middle Cambrian NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, no. 1, 2017 41 boundary, thus forcing a new interpretation of this part av telefonen kan elever enkelt oppdage geologien i sitt of the succession on the Digermulen Peninsula and its nærområde, oppsøke bergartene ved hjelp av telefonens correlation with coeval successions in Baltoscandia. GPS og ta prøve av dem med en hammer. Tilbake i klasserommet kan man finne mer informasjon om bergartene som er samlet inn. Hvordan har hver enkelt type bergart blitt til og hvilken historie kan disse bergartene til sammen fortelle om den geologiske utviklingen i ditt Mega deposits and erosive features nærområde? related to the glacial lake Nedre Vi har utviklet et undervisningsopplegg basert på en gratis karttjeneste for mobiltelefoner. Undervisnings- Glomsjø outburst flood, opplegget inneholder detaljert fremgangsmåte og rele- southeastern Norway vante spørsmål som vil drive prosjektet fremover. Opplegget er universelt og vil ta utgangspunkt i området Høgaas, F.1, Longva, O.1, Hansen, L.1 & Olsen, L.1 rundt din skole – elevenes oppdrag er å nøste opp i den unike geologiske historien til sitt nærområde. 1 1 Geological Survey of Norway, P.O. Box 6315 Undervisningsopplegget understøtter målene for opp- Sluppen, 7491 Trondheim, Norway, læringen innenfor bruk av geofaglige kart og digitale [email protected] verktøy i geofag. I tillegg integreres feltarbeid og elev- ers selvstendige utforskning i undervisningen. Målet er By studying high-resolution airborne LiDAR data over a å introdusere et nytt verktøy til å utvikle aktiviserende large area in the southeastern part of Norway, we have undervisning i geofag, samt å inspirere lærere til å bruke mapped a set of hitherto undocumented landforms og utforske lokalområdet i undervisningen. Vi presen- related to the catastrophic outburst flood from the glaci- terer karttjenesten, undervisningsopplegget og de didak- al lake Nedre Glomsjø at the end of the last Ice Age. tiske betraktinger som ligger bak. Persistent erosive lines high above the modern valley floor mark the uppermost flooded level and reveal that the flood stream in some areas was several km wide and up to 80 m deep. For comparison, Glomma, Norway's largest river, is in the same area typically less than 300 Is there a tectonic signal in the m wide. Below the upper flooded level we have mapped development of the late Palaeozoic multiple large bed forms - bars - that we believe were deposited during the flood. The largest features are bioherms on the Loppa High? several kilometers long, tens of meters high and cover more than 2 km2. As the flood waned, large amount of Indrevær, K., Gabrielsen, R.H., Gac, S. & Faleide, J.I. flood deposits were mobilised by northerly winds, heaping sediments into impressive aeolian dune fields, The Research Centre for Arctic Petroleum Exploration some among the largest in Norway. Our study shows (ARCEx), Department of Geosciences, University of that the flood was a landscape-defining event and is Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway, email: decisive for how we interpret the Quaternary geology in [email protected] the influenced parts of the region. The sedimentology of the bed forms range from boulder Late Palaeozoic (Moscovian-Sakmarian) bioherms are deposits with foreset beddings to large uniform sections abundant on the Loppa High in the southwestern of sands. Some sections comprise units similar to debris Barents Sea. On the seismic scale, many of the bioherms flow deposits - cemented diamictons with varying clast are asymmetric with a long eastern and a short western sizes and very angular fragments, although clearly dep- flank. In map view they form alternating sub-parallel osited by running water. Despite this being a high- and continuous elongated sinuous ridges and depressi- energy outburst flood, a dynamic system with different ons that have been set in connection with lagoons depositional environments is to be expected, cf. slack- existing at the time of their development. The buildup water deposits from the Missoula floods. We also report locations remained remarkably static over a time inter- on new data from basin coring and Quaternary mapping val of 35 m.y., an aspect that in large has been attributed carried out during the fall of 2016. Basin coring in the to the presence of NE-SW striking fault blocks that areas where we lack apparent morphological indicators controlled the lateral distribution of the bioherms. of the upper flood level, is pivotal for constraining local We further investigate the potential of tectonic influence run-up heights and will also help determine a more on the bioherm buildups by analyzing apparent top-to- precise flood age. the-west reverse faults affecting the late Palaeozoic strata in the area. The presence of reverse faults opens the possibility that the internal structuring and lateral distribution of the bioherms were locally influenced and/or later modified by E-W directed shortening. At Ny karttjeneste for mobiltelefoner the time, the southwestern Barents Sea was dominated by regional dominantly E-W-directed extension. If our gjør det enklere å undervise geologi observations are correct, this regional picture was inter- i skolens nærmiljø rupted by pulses of contraction. We therefore discuss what could be the driving mechanisms behind late Indrevær, K., Malm, R.H. & Lundmark, A.M. Palaeozoic/Mesozoic event(s) of shortening.

Institutt for geofag, Universitetet i Oslo, 0316 Oslo

Smarttelefoner åpner opp for nye undervisningsmetoder innen geofag. Kombinasjonen GPS og internett-baserte karttjenester gjør at elever kan utfordres og engasjeres på måter som ikke tidligere har vært mulig: Ved hjelp 42 NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, no. 1, 2017 Reservoir Quality of Lower-Middle Basins formed at magma-poor hyperextended margins that are partly floored by transitional crust exhibit a Jurassic sandstones within the characteristic lithological assemblage including exhum- Johan Castberg Field in the SW ed subcontinental mantle, basement slivers, syn-rift deep-marine basin sediments, coarse-grained sediments Barents Sea. derived from pre-rift supracrustal rocks or basement,

1 2 and minor mafic intrusives/volcanics. Such a lithologi- Jabbar, A. & Jahren, J. cal assemblage is preserved below the large crystalline

1 nappes in South Norway, including the Jotun, Upper Department of Geosciences, University of Oslo, Bergsdalen, and Lindås nappe complexes and comprises Norway. Email: [email protected] 2 metapelites, metasandstones, metaconglomerates, solit- Department of Geosciences, University of Oslo, ary serpentinite bodies, detrital serpentinite-soapstone Norway. E-mail: [email protected] conglomerates, minor late Scandian intrusives, and thin discontinuous sheets of Proterozoic and Ordovician The Johan Castberg Field is located on the western gneisses. This rock association, non-genetically referred margin of Loppa High in the south-western Barents Sea to as “mélange”, can be traced almost seamlessly from and comprises a reservoir in Lower-Middle Jurassic Bergen to Otta and is interpreted to represent the vest- sandstones of Stø and Nordmela formations containing iges of the pre-Caledonian magma-poor hyperextended both oil and gas. Cored intervals, 15 samples (well margin of Baltica. This study focusses on the meta- 7220/5-1) and wells log data (7219/8, 9-1 and 7220/5, 7, morphism and metasomatism of the metapelites and the 8-1) have been used for petrophysical and petro- serpentinites. graphical study of sandstone reservoirs. Reservoir pro- The metamorphic mineral assemblage of the metapelites perties are preserved significantly due to uplifting and includes white mica, chlorite, biotite, plagioclase, and erosion of the entire region. Sandstone diagenesis is a quartz as well as local garnet and amphibole. The function of burial rate, mineralogical composition and ultramafics are to various degrees serpentinised, talcifi- texture, climate, and hydrodynamic and geothermal ed, and carbonated. The metamorphic mineral assemb- gradients. lage of the serpentinites include serpentine, olivine, talc, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Optical Microscopy, Scanning carbonates (magnesite, dolomite), magnetite, diopside. Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Core logging have The majority of the olivine grains are markedly rich in been performed to investigate the depositional environ- Mg (Fo0.9-0.98) and the diopside grains are rich in Ca and ment, clay mineralogy, role of sediments composition, poor in Al, which suggest that both olivine and diopside facies distribution, and provenance of the reservoir are secondary (Enger 2016, Master’s thesis, UiO). sandstones. Petrographical study has been carried out to Locally, olivine, diopside and carbonate are replaced by find the diagenetic clay and microquartz coatings, serpentine. Talc-carbonate, actinolite-chlorite, and talc- quartz cementation and its distribution in the sandstone chlorite schists were locally developed during blackwall reservoirs. alteration of the ultramafics and the country rocks. Peak The estimation of porosity and Intergranular Volume metamorphic temperatures for the metapelites were (IGV) values reflecting mechanical compaction of estimated at approximately 500 ±50 °C by the means of sandstone reservoirs were the main objectives during Raman spectroscopy of carbon-rich material (RSCM) this research work. Quartz cementation has very limited and are remarkably consistent along strike of the effect on the porosity loss. In addition to mechanical mélange zone. Comparisons of the metamorphic mineral compaction, the authigenic kaolinite and depositional assemblage and the RSCM results with thermodynamic matrix filling the pore space caused some porosity calculations that are based on realistic whole rock reduction. compositions of the metapelites indicate pressures of Lower-Middle Jurassic sandstones are moderate to well 5.25-7.25 kbar during Scandian thrusting. The lateral sorted, fine to medium grained and are mineralogical consistency of the metamorphism is furthermore indi- mature. Sandstones are deposited in prograding coastal cated by the isotope composition of carbonates in the regime whereas shale interval indicates regional 18 mélange. The δ OCarb values of the partly carbonated transgressive pulses during deposition. The porosity and serpentinites and the metasediments fall within a narrow IGV values of sandstones range 6-26% and 25-34% range between +11 and +15.5 ‰ (SMOW) whereas the respectively. The porosity is still well preserved and 13 δ CCarb values fall into three groups: (1) +1.6 to +0.3 ‰ reservoir quality of Lower-Middle Jurassic sandstones (PDB), (2) −1.8 to −3.9 ‰, and (3) −6 to −8.6 ‰, in well 7220/5-1 is very good. irrespective of their textural setting, i.e. whether the carbonate is biogenic, vein material, or replacing serpentine minerals. The unit wide homogenization of the Scandian metamorphism of meta- δ18O values in a narrow range and the only locally pelites and serpentinites in the pre- occurring equilibration of the δ13C values suggest fluid- rock alteration with an externally derived, mostly Caledonian magma-poor hyper- aqueous fluid. During prograde metamorphism of extended margin of Baltica metapelitic rocks aqueous metamorphic fluids are released by the formation of, e.g., biotite and garnet on the Jakob, J.1, Andersen, T.B.1, Boulvais, P.2 & Beyssac, expense of chlorite and feldspar. Aqueous fluids are also O.3 released during the dehydration of serpentinite, e.g. by the breakdown of talc and serpentine minerals to form 1 CEED, Department of Geosciences, University of forsterite and orthopyroxene. Thermodynamic calculati- Oslo, [email protected]; ons indicate that the metapelites may have released up [email protected] to 4 wt% and the metaperidotites up to 9 wt% of 2 Géosciences Rennes, Université de Rennes 1, France, aqueous fluids during prograde metamorphism. Minor [email protected] amounts of carbonic fluids may have been produced by 3 Institut de Mineralogie et de Physique des milieux the decarbonation of the metapelites and the partially condenses, Université Pierre-et-Marie-Curie, Paris, carbonated serpentinites. France, [email protected] NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, no. 1, 2017 43 We suggest that the ultramafics were already mostly or Rurikfjellet Formation (Lower fully serpentinised prior to Scandian thrusting and underwent prograde metamorphism and dehydration Cretaceous, Svalbard) together with the metapelites. Fluid-rock interactions 1 2 3 with metamorphic aqueous fluids homogenized unit- Jelby, M.E. , Grundvåg, S.-A. & Olaussen, S. 18 13 wide the δ OCarb values and locally the δ CCarb values. 1 The shared Scandian metamorphic history demonstrates Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of that the rocks of the mélange represent an almost Copenhagen, Øster Voldgade 5–7, DK-1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark. [email protected]. seamless tectonic unit in the Caledonides of South 2 Norway and were juxtaposed prior to the onset of Department of Geology, UiT The Arctic University of Scandian thrusting most likely in the pre-Caledonian Norway, P.O. Box 6050 Langnes, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway. [email protected]. magma-poor hyperextended margin of Baltica. 3 Department of Arctic Geology, The University Centre in Svalbard, P.O. Box 156, N-9171 Longyearbyen, Norway. [email protected]. Analysing the deformation width of transtensional rifted margins The Lower Cretaceous (Valanginian–Hauterivian) Rur- ikfjellet Formation in Spitsbergen, Svalbard, forms an Jeanniot, L.1 & Buiter, S.1,2 up to c. 300 m thick succession of fine-grained shelf and lower shoreface shales, siltstones and storm-deposited 1Geological Survey of Norway (NGU), Trondheim, sandstones (tempestites). They are time-equivalent to Norway, [email protected] the offshore deposits of the Klippfisk and Knurr 2The Centre for Earth Evolution and Dynamics, formations, and constitute the regressive part of an University of Oslo, Norway >1000 m thick first-order sequence which formed during long-term shoreline progradation (the Rurik- Rifted continental margins show variations in their fjellet Formation) and back-stepping (the fluvio-deltaic width from a few hundred to almost 1000 km. During Helvetiafjellet and open marine Carolinefjellet formati- the Late Jurassic, the separation of Greenland and ons) in response to a full cycle of relative sea-level Norway along two rift axes led to deformation width of change. In contrast to the reservoir-analogous sand- approximately 500 km in the northern part of the rift stones of the overlying Helvetiafjellet Formation, the and 250 km in the south. The movement direction was sedimentology and sequence stratigraphy of the Rurik- oblique to the rift axis, 5° for the northern rift and 33° fjellet Formation has received relatively little attention. for the southern rift. Analogue and numerical modelling We present a revised sedimentological and sequence suggest that the deformation width of rifted margins stratigraphic interpretation of the Rurikfjellet Formati- may have a relationship to their obliquity of divergence. on, based on an extensive dataset recently gathered We here test this by analysing the Atlantic and Indian across the entire Lower Cretaceous outcrop belt in Oceans margins. central, western, eastern and southern Spitsbergen. The We analysed the obliquity and rift width for 24 trans- dataset includes >3000 m of measured outcrop sections; tensional conjugate rifted margins segments. Plate seven subsurface cores; >100 palaeocurrent measure- reconstruction software GPlates (www.gplates.org) is ments; >50,000 photos; high-resolution ichnological and used with the plate rotation model of Torsvik et al. process sedimentological data; as well as several (Earth –Science Reviews, 114, 2012) in order to estim- hundred microfossil and macrofossil biostratigraphic ate the movement direction and magnitude of rifts from and chemostratigraphic samples. The formation displays the initial phases of continental rifting until breakup. regionally persistent facies belts, which can be traced The rifted margin deformation width corresponds to the across large parts of the outcrop belt. These generally distance between the onshore maximum topography and form a regressive–transgressive sequence with a lower the offshore limit where the continental crust is thinner shale-dominated part of offshore shelf to prodeltaic than approximately 10 km. For narrow rifted margins, associations (the Wimanfjellet Member) which are the offshore limit usually corresponds to the Continent- transitionally overlain by offshore transition to lower Ocean Boundary (COB), while for extended rifted shoreface associations of interbedded tempestites and margins, such as the Norwegian margins, we consider complexly burrowed fair-weather deposits (the Kikut- the 10 km thick continental crust limit. The maximum odden Member). The upper part of the Kikutodden topography limit is determined using the global relief Member is generally characterised by a marked facies model etopo1 (Amante and Eakins, 2009). Estimates for deepening. Our data, however, reveal two hitherto un- the deformation width also require the analysis of the recognised progradational pulses which cannot be conjugate rifted margins because conjugate margins are correlated to the known facies belts. They include a often asymmetric. locally constrained slump scar fill association of various From our analysis of the 24 transtensional rifted margin gravity flow deposits observed in the subsurface cores segments worldwide, we found a weak but positive cor- from Longyearbyen, central Spitsbergen, and a relativ- relation between the obliquity of rifting and deformation ely coarse-grained clastic wedge of amalgamated shore- width. Highly oblique margins are narrower than face to delta front sandstones in the southern outcrop orthogonal margins, as expected from analogue models. belt. By integration of high-resolution facies and ichno- This correlation may imply that the required strain for logical analysis, we demonstrate how the depositional breakup is less for oblique margins, which has been architecture and interfingering of these clastic wedges argued for on the basis of numerical models. were controlled by a low-gradient shelf in a high- accommodation setting, with important implications for palaeogeographic and sequence stratigraphic recon- Tempests beyond the teacup: new structions for the Valanginian–Hauterivian of Svalbard and adjacent areas. insights to the storm-dominated

44 NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, no. 1, 2017 Spitsbergen and Greenland Paleo- 2 DougalEARTH Ltd., Solihull, UK 3 Australian School of Petroleum, University of gene Basin Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia 4 1 1 Volcanic Basin Petroleum Research (VBPR), Oslo, Jensen, M. , Jochmann, M. and the Spitsbergen and Norway Greenland Paleogene Basin Research Group 5 Department of Geology and Petroleum Geology, 1 University of Aberdeen, UK Department of Arctic Geology, The University Centre 6 TGS, Asker, Norway in Svalbard (UNIS), Longyearbyen, Norway The North Atlantic Igneous Province (NAIP) covers a The Lower Palaeogene succession on Svalbard has been vast area as well as a significant time span, having investigated several times, often with respect to pre- formed at 60-55 Ma. Importantly, its’ formation is diction and documentation of coal seam distribution and implicated in the climatic perturbations at the Pala- quality in the lowermost coal-bearing Firkanten For- eocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM), and the mation. This formation is the economically most margins are today a target for petroleum exploration. important geological succession on Svalbard. Paleocene Volcanism in the NAIP ranges from lava flows and coal is mined by both Russians and Norwegians, and hyaloclastites to more explosive tephra forming erupti- accounts for 90% of all produced coal on Svalbard ever. ons from both basaltic and more evolved types. The Most publications on the subject are, however, either explosive end members of both mafic and felsic volcan- focusing on small parts inside the Central Tertiary Basin ism also produce ash beds in the rock record at key (CTB), or are assuming the size of the early Paleocene times. Hydrothermal vent structures which are predomi- coal basin to be more or less the size of the present nantly related with the emplacement of large (>1000 distribution of CTB deposits. Results of most of these km3) intrusions into the subvolcanic basins in the NAIP studies are present as unpublished theses, reports and are another style of eruption, where climate-forcing internal data in SNSK archives, and conclusions drawn gases can be transferred into the atmosphere and previously are manifold and are often not in agreement. hydrosphere, and which form structures that alter the No attempts have been made to integrate, review and subsurface permeability pathways for fluids. The types publish these data and studies, and neither to expand the and volumes of gas produced by intrusions is heavily interpretations from the onshore basin to a regional dependent on the host-rock sediment properties that they perspective towards the north Atlantic and North East intrude through. The distribution of vent structures can Greenland. In addition data from coal petrological anal- be shown to be widespread on both the Norwegian and yses carried out within Store Norske has been under- the Greenland margins of the NAIP. In this overview we utilized although they contain important palaeo- assess the main eruption styles, deposits and their environmental information. distribution within the NAIP using mapped examples The Spitsbergen and Greenland Paleogene Basin Re- from offshore seismic data as well as outcrop analogues, search Group’s objective is to achieve detailed under- highlighting the variability of these structures and their standing of the palaeoenvironment prior to and during deposits. As the availability of 3D data from offshore early stages of foreland basin development in the early and onshore increases, the full nature of the volcanic Palaeogene. The project utilizes industry data available stratigraphy from the subvolcanic intrusive complexes, from Store Norske Spitsbergen Kulkompani AS (SNSK) through the main eruption cycles into the piercing vent in addition to subsurface data, and field data from likely structures, can be realised along the entirety of the age equivalent strata in NE Greenland. The aim is to NAIP margins. This will help greatly in our under- integrate a comprehensive review of existing subsur- standing of the evolving palaeo-environments during the face, core and outcrop data with new investigations of evolution of the NAIP. Furthermore, the roles of volcan- field and seismic data to provide a more robust regional ic eruptions, magmatic intrusions, associated vent com- geological model. Data from coal analyses can also be plexes and how these may have influenced the develop- integrated into the study. ment of the PETM crisis can be better constrained. Several master projects and at least two PhD-projects will be working on this task. The group will combine published and unpublished data with new field data to develop an overview of the factors that led to the Bentonite layers in Svalbard: formation of the successions during the Palaeogene. It constraining sources of volcanism, will be an aim to determine the topography after the geochronology, and relative plate upper Cretaceous hiatus and the original extent of the basin, describe the regional distribution of facies and motions during the Paleogene

discuss facies trends in relation to tectonic movement 1 1 1 and basin development. Jones, M.T. , Augland, L.E. , Shephard, G.E. , Burgess, S.2, Eliassen, G.T.1, Jerram, D.A.1, Jochmann, M.3, 3 1 1 Friis, B. , Planke, S. & Svensen, H.H.

Assessing the volcanic styles and 1 Centre of Earth Evolution and Dynamics (CEED), types of the North Atlantic igneous University of Oslo, PO Box 1028 Blindern, 0315 Oslo, province: new insights from the Norway 2United States Geological Survey, Volcano Science Greenland margin Center, 345 Middlefield Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025,

1,2 3 1,4 USA Jerram, D.A. , Reynolds, P. , Planke, S. , Millett, 3 Store Norske AS, Postboks 613, 9171 Longyearbyen, J.M.4,5, Svensen, H.H.1, Jones, M.T.1, Schofield, N.5 & 6 Svalbard, Norway Myklebust, R.

1 The Central Basin in southern Svalbard formed as a The Centre of Earth Evolution and Dynamics (CEED), strike-slip foreland basin during the Paleogene, adjacent University of Oslo, Norway to the West Spitsbergen fold-and-thrust belt. The creat- NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, no. 1, 2017 45 ion of this basin is inherently linked to the changes in To quantify the amount and the associated uncertainty the relative plate motions of North America, Greenland, of undiscovered mineral resource along this part of the and Eurasia, driven in part by the propagation of sea- ridge, multibeam data has been analyzed by NTNU in floor spreading in the Labrador and Norwegian-Green- cooperation with the Russian Institute for Geology and land Seas. These events are intrinsically linked to the Mineral Resources of the Oceans. This analysis has climatic and environmental changes that occurred located several promising areas. Based on these data, a throughout the Paleocene and Eocene. However, the probabilistic mineral resource evaluation (play analysis) exact timings of these key events are poorly refined. An has been performed. Given commodity prices from improved chronostratigraphy of the formation and evol- 2013, these estimations resulted in a gross value esti- ution of the Central Basin can therefore be used to im- mate for the copper, zink, gold and silver containing prove the regional geochronology. SMS deposits on the Norwegian part of the Ridge of Throughout the Central Basin strata are prominent USD 75 billion. However, the uncertainty is consider- bentonite clay horizons of volcanic origin. There are a able. number of potential sources of these layers, including To further strengthen the delineation of the most continental rifting events in the high Arctic and the promising areas along the ridge, additional layers of formation of the North Atlantic Igneous Province publically available data and information has been (NAIP). Here we focus on the chemical fingerprinting analyzed. A framework for the resource quantification and high precision U-Pb dating of Paleocene bentonites. and status of the updated prediction of the potential for Geochemical analyses indicates that ash layers just undiscovered marine minerals inside the Norwegian above the basal unconformity bear a close chemical jurisdiction will be presented and discussed. affinity with the Kap Washington Group in north Singer, D.A. (1993). Basic concepts in three-part Greenland, while later Paleocene ashes appear to have quantitative assessments of undiscovered mineral come from rift volcanism in the Nares Straight. resources. Non-renewable Resources, v. 2, no. 2, Bentonites of unknown provenance have been used to pp. 69–81. date the PETM in this stratigraphic sequence. The basal bentonites are successfully dated here, providing a precise time of foreland basin formation and therefore How to produce more oil from the also the change in plate motions that instigated the transpression between Greenland and Eurasia. Dating of NCS and reduce CO2 outlet later layers provides accurate deposition rates in the basin, which appear to increase as the Central Basin Kaland, T. matured. These findings corroborate previous findings of the timing of rift volcanism in the Arctic, they Halliburton / University of Bergen, provide a precise time of first active spreading in the [email protected] Labrador Sea, and improve the regional geochronology for the mid- to late-Paleocene. It may seem an obvious contradiction to increase oil production from the Norwegian Continent Shelf (NCS) and reduce CO2 outlet. Some politicians and environmental organizations Methodologies for probabilistic esti- claims this and announce that new exploration and mates of offshore massive sulphide production in the Atlantic and Barents Seas cannot be deposits performed if we shall meet the global target to stop the global air temperature from increasing more than 2°C. Juliani, C. But there are no contradictions at all. The hydrocarbons under the Barents Sea or the North Norwegian University of Science and Technology Sea are not meant to be produced for the Norwegian Dept. of Geology and Mineral Resources Engineering market, but for global consumption. Sem Sælandsvei 1, NO - 7491 Trondheim, Norway Norway has signed the Paris Accord to reduce its CO2 E-mail: [email protected] outlet to the atmosphere. The only way of achieving this target is to make strong reduction in car driving and any Our current state of knowledge in land-based and off- fuel burning transport. Norway has a unique opportunity shore mineral exploration has been achieved in an to replace cars, buses, trucks and flights by fast double- attempt to understand both the distribution and charac- track intercity railways and metro systems in the cities, teristics of resource minerals. It includes a multi-stage all based by hydroelectric power. One of two railway process involving analysis of collected and processed tracks from Oslo to Trondheim (Rørosbanen) and the data at various scales aimed at both locating where track from Trondheim to Bodø are still not run on undiscovered deposits might be and how much metal is electricity. But none of the efforts to reduce fuel burning likely to be discovered. Probabilistic concepts are nowa- have been planned or put into any budget, while days integrated in conceptual frameworks used for massive road upgrading has been started by our resource assessment onshore (e.g. Singer, 1993) that can government. be applied in offshore systems. As 85% of the global energy consumption is made by The Norwegian University of Science and Technology burning fuel, it is too arrogant for a small country like (NTNU) and Nordic Ocean Resources AS, with support Norway to strangle the global oil production. The only from Statoil ASA established in 2012 a project to assess consequences will be to reduce energy supply to the ocean mining potential in Norway. The focus has schools, hospitals etc. in poorer countries, and increas- been on increasing knowledge of massive sulfide ing oil price benefitting other producers. mineralization along the North-Atlantic Mid-Ocean Every country has a responsibility to reduce its CO2 Ridge. In this area, seafloor massive sulphides (SMS) outlet to the atmosphere. Norway is not an exception, are formed from the volcanic and hydrothermal though almost no drastic moves are made to meet this. activities along the Ridge. A large part of the North- Norway’s challenges as an oil producer are: Atlantic Mid-Ocean Ridge between Jan Mayen and · Developing smarter well technology in order to Spitsbergen is located inside Norwegian jurisdiction. make non-profitable reserves profitable and extend 46 NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, no. 1, 2017

recovery rate from existing and new fields Since then all scientists have kept asking “why”, the · Improve research methods in order to reduce risk of basic question that all children start asking. drilling dry exploration wells. Today we got all the answers. We know about the start · Integrate all technology in order to reduce costs and and the age of the universe, the creation and the age and improve drilling efficiency and give the wells longer lifetime of our solar system, the plate tectonics, the life time. This requires improved collaborations landscape development, ice ages and climate between geologists and technology inventors. development. · Materialize the massive CO2 emissions research into My “Why” is then: Why should not all living people real projects in existing oil fields. know these answers, when it is the first questions being · Create new systems to collect CO2 from engines in asked by the young innocent children? Why should we order to transport the waste back for field injection. leave it to the myths and religions to give the answers? · Transfer the petroleum technology into other energy The challenge is how and where do we meet and teach providers. people with all kind of background the understanding of · Research and production development of renewable geology? energy from, sun, wind, tide, currents and waves. The first “why” defined by the 2 year old child is driven · Research and develop new technology to store by curiosity. All good parents and teachers know that renewable energy. they must respond with an answer - always, to avoid · Export technology and competence in renewable killing the curiosity. energy to the world market in order to reduce the Our challenge in the objectives of teaching geology to world’s dependency on fuel burning. the entire population is to tease or recreate the curiosity. · Develop business models, investment environment The modern human are drowning in information and financial support for new narrow technology through magazines, literature, news and internet. We are with great potential and impact for improving energy daily introduced to new facts, new research results and technology. new knowledge. The speech will give examples of new technology in the By asking the “Why” in media, papers and news, the test area that may reduce costs and improve recovery attention may be drawn towards the first and basic rate in old and new field development. And it will as questions “Why are we here? How was the earth well present examples of where to focus the new tech- created? And then bring it up to present by asking: How nology research and development in order to reduce may we survive here? How may we allocate and use the global CO2 outlet and climate change. resources in a sustainable way? The last questions focus on existentialism. This touch the ethical questions: Challenges in conveying geology to How do we live? Does our lifestyle reduce the life quality to other people, society or to later generations? The answers may be given by the geologists. This Kaland, T. shows the geologist’s central role in the society debates and the society development. Hence; if you want to join Halliburton / UIB the society discussion, you need to know the geology, [email protected] the dynamic of the landscape, oceans and atmosphere. The Norwegians really love hikes in the nature, being a General geology and subjects from science are well local forest walk or climbing a high mountain. This has informed to the modern society, in all school levels, given Den Norske Turistforening ½ million members. media, news and documentary. Their tour program reflects an increasing interest of But there are still huge lacks of knowledge within achieving more knowledge of the nature. NGF and DNT journalists, teachers, administrators or politicians who have taken the consequence of this by several projects tend to reveal untrue statements based on like geology tours and apps referring geological sites to misunderstandings or outdated knowledge. a GPS. A typical example is when thousands, millions and This speech will also show examples from geology billions of years are mixed. Others may be when presentations during NGF/DNTs geological trips from politicians being afraid of unpopular decisions refuse to Hardangerjøkulen to Flåmsdalen, and how apps and accept geological research results, or choose to follow social media may challenge the curiosity in geology. the only one who talks against all the consensus opinions. The geologist may regard herself as a missionary who wants to spread all knowledge of the earth’s origin and Sustainable restructuring by feature to everybody. recycling Norwegian capabilities But why? Should we not leave the geology to the geologist as we leave the pipe lines at home to the Karlsen, A. plumber? The answer to the “why” is to be given to the 2 year old Department of Geography, NTNU, child. When a child becomes two year and learns to [email protected] create sentences, she starts with asking “Why”. Why is the sky blue?, Why is the water wet? Why is it raining? This presentation has the debate on path dependence as This was the first question man made when we had its starting points. The significance of industrial history developed the first language, had a successful hunting, seems obvious in the context of a domestic economy eaten a good meal and leaned back on a tree. Why are that may become locked into oil and gas dependency. we here? Why was this world created? The perspective of path creation is an alternative and The first Greek nature philosophers did ask the same more dynamic perspective where the legacies of the past “Why?” and they started research, started schools, and appear not just as restrictions to change and barriers for they developed the empiric method as a standard to all diversification of the economy. From this perspective later research. the legacies of the past are turned into resources by NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, no. 1, 2017 47 actors that deliberatively deviate from existing paths: interpreted to be of same age as the Leiken Moraine, Actors have capacities to redeploy existing experiences, around 14ka. The upper part of the deposits is younger competencies, networks and infrastructure in their and interpreted to be related to the Esmark Moraine and efforts to branch off from existing trajectories. deposited during a sea level rise that ended around 32- In the presentation the development in three sectors will 34 m a.s.l. in Forsand during the Younger Dryas. This be compared. First we will have a flash back on the oil study shows that the depositional history of the deposits & gas adventure, before shifting the focus to recent in Forsand are more complex than previously believed. histories in renewables such as solar and the offshore wind sector. The presentation identifies cross-sectoral similarities: Actors reuse capabilities gained in existing How does glacial isostatic adjust- sectors when they diversify into new sectors. While Norwegian oil & gas exploitation started domestically, ment influence the stress field in solar and offshore wind had to enter international Fennoscandia? markets from the very start. This is due to a domestic electricity market self-sufficient by cheap hydro power. Keiding, M.* , Gradmann, S. & Olesen, O. Actors in offshore wind missed a domestic market for testing and verifying technology, before entering the Geological Survey of Norway, Continental Shelf international market. For the offshore wind sector, the Geophysics, Trondheim, Norway, oil and gas sector did not just work as a source of * [email protected]. resources. In booming periods, the oil and gas sectors has competed in regards to attention and resources. The understanding of the crustal stress field in Fenno- Many of the actors that had entered offshore wind scandia has long been complicated due to the lack of returned to oil and gas which appeared more familiar knowledge about how the stress field is influenced by and profitable. the glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA). Here, we present After the drop in crude oil prices during the last two new insight into this question based on a detailed years and the recent climate summit in Paris the quest comparison of models of stress due to GIA with obser- for diversifying the Norwegian economy have become vations of present-day deformation. even more precarious. Market formation in renewables The flexural stress in the upper crust due to present-day in countries like Denmark, Germany and UK is driven GIA could be both tensional and compressive, depend- by supportive policies. Norwegian actors in solar and ing on the glaciation history and mantle relaxation time. offshore wind have been trying to enter these growing State-of-the-art numerical models indicate that the pres- markets. Actors in the solar sector have been rather ent-day GIA stress is compressive, but this does not ful- entrepreneurial in new business formation as the ly agree with observations of present-day deformation. innovations have been more radical. For offshore wind The surface strain rate field, derived from continuous it is rather the incumbents that find potential in reusing GPS data, shows a broad signal of NW-SE extension in or adapting petro-maritime products and services for the most of mainland Fennoscandia, surrounded by a radial new market. Offshore wind may both remedy domestic pattern of shortening. The strain rate field is clearly and regional problems of oil and gas dependency, while controlled by the uplift due to GIA. Contrary to this, we helping the energy transition from fossil fuels to expect the seismic deformation to occur in response to renewables at a global level, in the efforts to combat stresses from both GIA and ridge push, as well as local global heating. stress sources such as sediment loading/unloading, topography and crustal density contrasts. Earthquake focal mechanisms on the Norwegian margin are mainly Geophysical and sedimentological reverse, however, many mechanisms in central Fenno- scandia have a tensional component indicating tensional survey of glacier deposits outside of flexural stress due to GIA. the Esmark Moraine, Forsand, Rogaland Proactive Geomodelling of the Karlsen, F., Svendsen, J.I. & Bakke, J. Lower Cretaceous sediment

Department of Earth Science, University of Bergen distribution - Svalbard and SW ([email protected]; [email protected]; Barents Sea [email protected]) Kjellesvik, L.E.R.1 & Siggerud, E.I.H.1 The Esmark Moraine is located in Forsand, Rogaland, in the south-west of Norway. In front of the moraine there Digital Geology AS are large sand and gravel deposits together with two big [email protected] gravel pits. This setting gives an opportunity to use geo- [email protected] radar and sedimentological methods to get a better understanding of the depositional history of the sediments. The key to understanding the reservoir and fluid proper- In this study, 20 georadar profiles have been collected ties of any hydrocarbon system, clastic or carbonate, is on the surface of the deposits. In addition to the to understand the depositional environment. The distri- georadar profiles that were collected, sedimentological bution of sediments, reservoir quality as well as source work was done along an exposure in a quarry located in and seal, is controlled by well understood geological the middle of the deposits. LiDAR data and differential processes that can be interpreted and described. By GPS were used to get the exact elevation of the different understanding these processes it is possible to make sedimentary units. The lower part of the deposits is part qualified predictions of the consequential distribution of of a delta that has been deposited during a sea level drop sediments by proactive geostatistical modelling. This from around 27 m a.s.l. to 22 m a.s.l around 14ka. In the paper directly links the main components of the middle part of the deposits there is a till layer that is depositional systems, in a sequence stratigraphic con- 48 NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, no. 1, 2017

text, to the controlling parameters of the Truncated Kjoberg, S.1, Planke, S.1, 2, Svensen, H.H.1, Millett, Gaussian Fields algorithm and uses this to predict J.M.2, Jerram, D.A.1,3, Schmiedel, T.4, Galland, O.4, sediment distribution in time and space. The approach is Lecomte, I.5,6, Schofield, N.7 & Heslem, A.8 demonstrated at several scales, all the way from seismic scale basin models to reservoir models, ensuring a 1 The Centre for Earth Evolution and Dynamics systematic geological modelling approach to the entire (CEED), University of Oslo, Norway value chain from exploration through appraisal, field 2 Volcanic Basin Petroleum Research (VBPR), Oslo, development and into production. Norway Sequence stratigraphy is a systematic approach to 3 DougalEarth, Solihull, UK understanding the depositional processes. Based on 4 Physics of Geological Processes (PGP), University of identifying maximum flooding surfaces, that are Oslo, Norway relatively easy to track across the depositional system, it 5 NORSAR, Kjeller, Norway is possible to map and predict the boundaries of the 6 University of Bergen, Norway depositional sequence or depositional system. By anal- 7 University of Aberdeen, UK ysing the thickness distribution of the sequence infer- 8 Statoil, Norway, Norway ences may be made about the location of for instance the coastline at the time of deposition. Together with the The mid-Norwegian Margin is regarded as a type knowledge that the components of the depositional example of a volcanic rifted margin, formed during system (Non-marine, shallow marine, marginal marine Paleogene break-up of the NE Atlantic. The area is and deep marine) are distributed according to laws of characterized by the presence of voluminous basaltic nature the static/spatial parts of the depositional system complexes such as extrusive lava and lava delta is well understood. By further analysing well and out- sequences, intrusive sills and dikes, and hydrothermal crop data it is possible to understand the evolution of the vent complexes. We present a detailed 3D seismic system over time. This dynamic understanding can be analysis of fluid and gas induced hydrothermal vent linked to what is termed the shoreline trajectory. complexes in a 310 km2 area in the Møre Basin, The shoreline trajectory is defined as the path of shore- offshore Norway. We find that formation of hydro- line migration in a cross-sectional depositional dip view thermal vent complexes is accommodated by deformat- and is a function of relative sea-level changes, sediment ion of the host rock when sills are emplaced. Fluids are supply and basin physiography (Helland-Hansen and generated by metamorphic reactions within the thermal Gjelberg 1994). aureole of intrusions and are focused around sill tips due The main controls of Truncated Gaussian Field is the to buoyancy. Hydrothermal vent complexes correspond 3D-trend of the underlying Gaussian Field and the to doming of the overlying strata, leading to the truncation levels. It is possible to link the X- and Y formation of draping mounds above the paleo-surface. components of the trend of the Gaussian field to the Both the morphological characteristics of the upper part coastline and the Z- component to the Shoreline and the underlying feeder-structure (conduit-zone) are Trajectory. The width of the segments or facies belts is imaged and studied in 3D seismic data. Well data show then linked to the truncation levels. that the complexes formed during the early Eocene, This means that the Truncated Gaussian Field model is linking their formation to the time of the Paleocene- fully defined by the understanding of the depositional Eocene thermal maximum (PETM). The well data model. The results from the modelling will therefore be further suggest that the hydrothermal vent complexes a direct prediction of the geology and can be used as a were active for a considerable time period, correspond- invaluable tool in elucidating the consequences of the ing to a c. 100 m thick transition zone unit with both geological understanding. Rather than passively repro- primary A. Augustum and re-deposited very mature ducing statistical measures or geological sketches we Cretaceous and Jurassic palynomorphs. The newly can actively predict geology. derived understanding of age, structure, and formation This is illustrated by a full scale 3D model of the post- of hydrothermal vent complexes in the Møre Basin Permian succession of the Norwegian Barents sea, contributes to the general understanding of the igneous including Svalbard. The model covers an area 6,5 mill- plumbing system in volcanic basins and their impli- ion square kilometers and a total of 12 identified sequ- cations for paleoclimate and petroleum systems. ences through the Triassic, Jurassic, Cretaceous and Cenozoic. 215 datapoints, including all released exploration wells, shallow stratigraphic wells and outcrop Wilson-cycle “kick-off”: Constraining sections together with seismic and other information have been applied in the modelling. A special focus is the influence of a LIP during the given to the Lower Cretaceous Sequence, where the Neoproterozoic evolution of the pre- consequences of rethinking the evolution of the Lower Cretaceous Strata on Svalbard is evaluated. The Caledonian margin of Baltica and quantitive impact of this new depositional model is Laurentia investigated especially for the distribution of reservoir quality sands and source potential for the SW Barents Kjøll, H.J.1, Andersen, T.B.1, Tegner, C.2, Corfu, F.1, & Sea. Planke, S.1,3

1 University of Oslo, Centre for Earth Evolution and 3D structure and formation of Dynamics (CEED), Department of Geosciences, Oslo, Norway ([email protected]) hydrothermal vent complexes at the 2 Aarhus University, Centre of Earth System Petrology, Paleocene-Eocene transition, the Dept. of Geoscience, Aarhus, Denmark 3 Volcanic Basin Petroleum Research (VBPR), Oslo Møre Basin, mid-Norwegian margin Science Park, Oslo, Norway

The supercontinent Rodinia broke up in the late Neo- proterozoic to form the oceans and margins separating NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, no. 1, 2017 49 paleocontinents such as Baltica, Avalonia and Laur- marble deposits and the use of CO entia, which in turn later collided to form the Caledon- 2 ian - Appalachian mountain belts. Some of the geologi- as an industrial reagent cal products of the complex evolution from passive- 1 2 1 margin- to break-up are presently found in nappe Korneliussen, A. , Bialecki, R. Raaness, A. & Walder, I.F.3 complexes within the Scandinavian Caledonides. The break-up was associated with emplacement of major 1 dolerite dike complexes of Ediacaran age (c. 600 Ma), Norges geologiske undersøkelse, postbox 6315 Sluppen, 7491 Trondheim; [email protected] probably constituting a pre-Caledonian Large Igneous 2 Province. The dominantly porphyritic to aphanitic doler- 83 North Road, London W5 4RZ, Great Britain; e- [email protected] ite dike swarms intruded a thinned continental crust 3 comprising Mesoproterozoic, crystalline basement and Kjeøy Research & Education Center, Kjeøy, 8412 fine grained argillaceous marine sandstones, deposited Vestbygd; [email protected] in pre- to early syn-rift basins. Similar sediments are found along the entire 900km long exposed section. Carbonates of industrial interest on the Norwegian Locally, the sediments are migmatized and show mainland have formed in a variety of geological situat- bedding parallel stretching. At some localities, the dikes ions from the Paleoproterozoic to the Silurian, and as a are crosscutting each other and form acute angles of consequence of their complex geological history they c.24 degrees between each other. Efforts to model the show considerable differences in chemical and mineral temperatures and pressures during intrusion of the doler- characteristics. From an industrial point of view the ite dikes, as well as constraining the age of dolerite in- large complexity is an advantage, since different ore- trusion along the non-dated parts of the exposed magma qualities provide raw materials for a larger spectrum of -rich margin, are ongoing. During peak rifting a sheeted industrial applications. Carbonate mining and related dike complex defining the ocean-continent transition downstream industries generates considerable employ- (OCT) evolved. More than 100 Myr later, during early ment and value creation, of priceless importance for stages of plate convergence, distal parts of the margin many communities throughout the country. Further and the OCT experienced high to ultra-high pressure growth in carbonate-based industries is possible based metamorphism, before the remnants of the dike swarms on known deposits, but would require radical initiatives and the OCT were finally thrusted onto Baltica as the and “unconventional” R&D particularly in mineral pro- Seve and Särv Nappe Complexes during the Scandian cessing. phase of the Caledonian orogeny. Of special interest are calcite marbles with a high-whiteness potential, i.e. marbles with low contents of crystal- bound iron and manganese in the carbonate mineral, since these elements reduces whiteness, the lower the The Engebøfjellet Eclogite: better. A significant number of carbonate localities with Evolution, mineralogy and petrology a high-whiteness potential have been identified in of a world class rutile deposit. various parts of the country; some of these deposits have been known for a long time for their high-whiteness Kleppe, S. characteristics while others are new discoveries. However, in many cases finely dispersed inclusions of Nordic Rutile AS graphite and calcite/dolomite intergrowths exclude industrial development in today’s situation, since the very The Engebøfjellet Eclogite is located in the Western fine-grained minerals cannot be separated by mecha- Gneiss Region in Naustdal, Sogn og Fjordane, Nor- nical milling. Such deposits are regarded “unconvent- way. The Eclogite hosts a world class rutile deposit and ional”; they would require an entirely new mineral pro- significant amounts of garnet. The resource is estimated cessing mechanism for industrial development. to contain 92.5 million tons of ore with 3.89% rutile Nature may provide the key: Carbonate rocks break down during weathering processes under the influence (TiO2) and 44% garnet. The eclogite is typically fine grained (<500µm), and is dominated by almandine- of weak carbonic acid (CO2 dissolved in water); in this grossular-pyrope-garnet, omphacite and the sodic-calcic process calcium dissolves in the water as bicarbonate, amphiboles barroisite and magnesio-katophorite. In and precipitates as calcite. This could be a preferential addition minor quartz, pyrite and phengitic mica occur dissolution of calcite as well as selective extraction of in varying amounts. The difference in the bulk rock calcium from dolomite, processes that are not well chemistry reflects variations in the mineralogy as well understood. as the mineral chemistry. In general the FeTi-poor eclo- An analogous industrial process to nature’s mechanism gite is richer in felsic minerals like quartz and mica may be developed if the reaction can be speeded up, while the FeTi-rich eclogite is richer in garnet and from years to minutes. Apparently this can be done by rutile. The eclogite is formed from a 1500Ma gabbroic using extremely powerful ultrasound that break down protolith exposed to eclogite facies conditions at 15-17 the carbonate rock into fine particles, thus exposing a kbar and around 600oC during the Caledonian orogenic very large surface area to react with the carbonic acid. event peaking between 420 and 397 Ma. The eclogite Calcite dissolves selectively, and can be precipitated as was exhumed rapidly due to 1) buoyancy and 2) large a high-purity calcium carbonate in the next processing scale shear zones. The Engebøfjellet eclogite therefore stage. remained in eclogite facies mineralogy except from a Thus, a scenario for future industrial development few zones within the rock body and close to the contact would then be the continued development of the with the host rock which is preserved mainly in amphi- carbonic-acid processing mechanism hand in hand with bolite facies. the further development of suitable deposits. The Ofoten and South Troms regions are of particular interest from this perspective, due to a number of favorable deposits.

Potentials for future value creation based on “unconventional” calcite 50 NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, no. 1, 2017 Structural evolution of sheared Rising student numbers present a challenge for field- based geology education. In the last years, participant margin basins – the role of strain numbers in our “Introduction to Structural Geology” partitioning; the Sørvestsnaget field course have been around 70-80 students. Structural geology field courses involve a lot of individual student Basin, Norwegian Barents Sea work, such as measuring the orientation of geological structures and plotting structures in the stereonet. Kristensen, T.B.*1, Rotevatn, A.1, Marvik, M.1, Henstra, 1 1 2 Especially in an introductory course, students require a G.A. , Gawthorpe, R.L. & Ravnås, R. lot of help with these tasks and need to be tutored

1 individually or in small groups. Even with several MSc Department of Earth Science, University of Bergen, students as teaching assistants, we have been struggling Allégaten 41, 5007 Bergen, Norway 2 to provide the high-quality supervision that all students A/S Norske Shell, Tankvegen 1, 4056 Tananger, deserve. In order to improve this situation, we have Norway * started to develop an application for Android-based [email protected] smartphones and tablets, to be used as a teaching support during structural geology field trips. The app Spatio-temporal basin analysis during shear margin guides the students through the different steps of formation has received much less attention compared to outcrop description, rock description, structural mea- orthogonally extended margins and knowledge about surements and fold classification. It includes short these basins is important for petroleum exploration. In tutorial videos on how to measure planar and linear this study we demonstrate how partitioning of strain structures. For this early stage, we have selected suitable during deformation of the central and southern part of outcrops located in walking distance from the the Sørvestsnaget Basin along the Senja Shear Margin Department of Earth Science. The app guides the stud- facilitated coeval shortening and extension. This is ents to the outcrop and through all the tasks to be done achieved through quantitative analysis of syn-kinematic on the outcrop during the field course. Structural mea- growth strata using 3D seismic reflection data from the surements can be entered into the app, which will give Sørvestsnaget Basin. the students direct feedback on their results. Thus Our results show that during the Cenozoic opening students can visit these outcrops individually before or along the SW Barents Margin extensional faults, after the main field course to work at their own pace. contractional folds and thrusts developed coevally and Altogether, the app is not meant to replace traditional orthogonally to each other. This includes growth on SW field education but to provide an additional source of -NE striking and up to 22 km long normal faults with help and information for students when the teacher is max throw of c. 0.8 km as well as NW-SE oriented unavailable in a large group. Early tests with students synclines and thrust propagation anticlines up to 25 km this spring semester have been positively received. The long showing c. 0.7 km shortening on individual struc- overall feedback from students was very encouraging tures. The quantitative data indicate that the deformation for future development and regular integration of this maximum took place within the latest Paleocene to app in our field education. middle Eocene. We attribute this strain partitioning to be a result of the dextral oblique plate motions along the margin. Rotation of fold hinge-lines and indications of hinge-parallel extension indicate that the dominating Close range hyperspectral imaging deformation mechanism in the central and southern Sør- for geoscience applications vestsnaget Basin during the Paleocene - Eocene was transtensional. We also argue that interpretation of Kurz, T.1, Buckley, S.1,2 & Howell, J.3 shortened structures attributed to inversion along the margin should consider that partitioning of strain may 1 Uni Research CIPR (Centre for Integrated Petroleum result in shortened structures that are coeval with Research), P.O. Box 7810, N-5020 Bergen, Norway, extensional faults and not a result of a separate com- [email protected] pressional phase. 2 Department of Earth Sciences, University of Bergen, The results from this study shed new lights on timing P.O. Box 7800, N-5020 Bergen, Norway, and origin of shortened (and extensional) structures [email protected] along the SW Barents Margin, and should facilitate 3 School of Geosciences, Kings College, Aberdeen, timing of trap formation as well as provide a basin AB24 3UE, UK, [email protected] topography backdrop for prediction of reservoir (and seal) distribution. Accordingly it provides learnings Hyperspectral imaging is an established method con- applicable for petroleum exploration along sheared ventionally applied from airborne and, to some extent, margins in general, and specifically the SW part of the from space borne platforms. The release of compact and Western Barents Margin. lightweight hyperspectral imagers during the last decade allows using this imaging technique in close range applications resulting in a number of new applications Digital field assistant – teaching in geosciences. Hyperspectral imaging is a material mapping technique based on material-dependent dia- structural geology by mobile device gnostic reflectance and absorption properties within the visible (VIS), near infrared (NIR) and short-wavelength Ksienzyk, A.K., Rønnevik, C., Jacobs, J. & Sirevaag, H. infrared (SWIR) spectral ranges and can be used to identify, differentiate and quantify the abundance of University of Bergen, Department of Earth Science, P. minerals. The advantages of this method is that the O. Box 7803, 5020 Bergen, Norway; measurements are spatially coherent, allowing multi- [email protected], [email protected], scale analysis (micrometres to decametres) and that [email protected], [email protected] measurements are undertaken remotely in a non-contact, non-destructive manner. This contribution reviews the state-of-the-art of close range hyperspectral imaging NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, no. 1, 2017 51 including the physical-theoretical background, the proc- standing of the role of the coastal zone in Spitsbergen essing workflow, the integration with 3D data to link the fjords for sediment to transfer to fjord basins. The pres- 2D imagery to a real world coordinate system and the ent study will involve mapping of coastal morphology different visualization opportunities of the imagery and in Dicksonfjorden as well as comparison of aerial classification results. Case studies, from outcrop photos taken during the last century, to match former characterisation and from laboratory core imaging, will sediment distribution with transport to recent deposits be presented and the strength and limitations of this on the seafloor. The remote sensing methods will be mineral mapping technique will be discussed. combined with surface sediment sampling for des- The applications include an outcrop case-study from cription of sediment size distribution. Proximal to distal Spain, where different limestone and dolomite facies transects of short sediment cores through the tidal flat have been mapped and quantified. There, the hyper- will be assessed with 210Pb and 137Cs radionuclides for spectral information highlighted material differences dating. Monitoring of the hydrodynamic system will be that had been overlooked with conventional field done by measuring changes in discharge, current mapping methods. Hyperspectral data from cores from velocities and turbidity. Preliminary results from the Middle Jurassic North-Sea Brent Group (Tarbert and mapping and logging will be discussed. Ness Formations) which contain siliciclastic lithologies, and cores from the Finnmark Platform (Upper Paleozoic Isbjørn and Ørn Formations) consisting of carbonates Middle to Late Triassic (late Ladini- will also be presented. In the Brent cores, the hyperspectral analysis allowed distinction of different an – late Carnian) palynology of the clays and cement types. In the Ørn and Isbjørn shallow stratigraphic core 7534/4-U- Formation carbonate core various limestone and dolomite facies as well as fossiliferous content have 1, Sentralbanken High, Northern been mapped and quantified. Barents Sea Combined with laser scanning and photogrammetry, close range hyperspectral imaging provides an import- Landa, J.1, Paterson, N.W.1, Mangerud, G.1, Mørk, A.2 ant non-contact means to quantify and visualise the & Lundschien, B.A.3 content and distribution of mineralogy and lithology in outcrops and cores. It can be assumed that close range 1 Department of Earth Science, University of Bergen, hyperspectral imaging will become a standard method in Allégaten 41, N-5007 Bergen, Norway the future, in many different geoscience applications 2 Department of Geology and Mineral Resources such as outcrop characterisation, core and sample ana- Engineering, NTNU, NO-7465 Trondheim, Norway lysis, mining or geoengineering and urban applications. 3 Norwegian Petroleum Directorate, P.O. Box 787, 9488 Harstad, Norway

Sediment flux from source to sink – During the Triassic Period, a large seaway developed on the northern coast of Pangea, in the area which is the the coastal link – An example from present-day Barents Sea. Deposition of sediment sourc- the tidal flat in the inner Dickson- ed from the Uralian Mountains in-filled this sea during the Late Triassic, forming a large prograding delta fjorden, Svalbard which gradually converted into a paralic platform. Very little palynological data are available from the northern Kvam, M.H.1a, 2, Jensen, M.1b, Forwick, M.2c, Choi, K.3d 4e Barents Sea due to the remoteness of the region. Several & Howe, J. stratigraphic cores drilled by the Norwegian Petroleum

1 Directorate in the area therefore provide important The University Centre in Svalbard (UNIS), insights into the palaeogeography and depositional Department of Arctic Geology, N-9170 2 history of sediments in this part of the Barents Shelf. The Arctic University of Norway (UiT), Department of The present investigation forms a master study, which is Geology, N-9037 3 a part of a broader palynological investigation of the Scottish Association for Marine Science (SAMS), Middle to Late Triassic succession of Svalbard the Scottish Marine Institute, Scotland PA37 1QA 4 Barents Sea currently underway at the University of Seoul National University (SNU), School of Earth and Bergen. In this study, palynological samples were Environmental Sciences, Seoul 151-747 collected from a shallow stratigraphic core, 7534/4-U-1, E-mails: a [email protected], b c drilled in the Sentralbanken High in the Northern [email protected], [email protected], Barents Sea. The core penetrates approximately 230m [email protected], e of the De Geerdalen Formation (Snadd Formation [email protected] equivalent), and the hypothesis, based on seismic, was that the Ladinian – Carnian transition should be record- The coastal zone forms an important bridge between ed within this core. 56 samples were analyzed for erosional and depositional processes in fjord valleys, as palynostratigraphy and palynofacies. well as the sediment flux dynamics and deposition in the Investigation of this core reveals three distinct palyno- fjords. With increased glacier retreat, many Svalbard logical assemblages, spanning the late Ladinian to late fjords will change from receiving sediment supply Carnian. The lowermost part of the core (233.48 - directly from tidewater glaciers to temporary storage in 153.55 m) yielded assemblage rich in bisaccate pollen the coastal zone as glacier fronts become land-based and and marine palynomorphs and is assigned a late Ladin- temporary storage in proglacial areas, flood plain, deltas ian age. The overlying interval (149.15 – 98.94 m) is and tidal flats becomes more important. separated by an erosive unconformity at 152.8 m, and The present study is included in the master thesis of contains a poorly preserved palynomorph assemblage of Kvam, M.H., and will concentrate on the coastal zone unassigned age. The interval 94.29 – 62.26m contains sediment distribution and dynamics in Dicksonfjorden, an assemblage dominated by lycopsid spores and is Svalbard. The study is a part of a larger research project, assigned to the early Carnian. The uppermost part of the which among other things aims to increase the under- core yielded a palynomorph assemblage dominated by 52 NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, no. 1, 2017 the fern spore taxon Leschikisporis aduncus and is dated Back-thrusting in the lower Paleo- to the late Carnian. The palynofloral distribution and dominance of terrestrial kerogen below 152.8 m is zoic Oslo Region foreland-fold-and- consistent with deposition in an anoxic/dysoxic marine thrust-belt. environment, while assemblages from the upper part are indicative of deposition close to a lycopsid/ fern domin- Larsen, B.T.1,2, Gabrielsen, R.H.3,2,5, Hjelseth, E.v.d.F.4, ated delta/coastal plain swamp. However, the sporadic Kleven, M.K.H.4, Wekenstroo, M.5, v.d.Broek, J.5,2 & occurrence of acritarchs and prasinophytes is indicative Vlieg, M.5 of episodic marine influence. 1 Det norske oljeselskap ASA; [email protected] U-Pb geochronology of the Oslo Rift 2 CEED, Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oslo, 3 Larsen, B.T. 1,2, Corfu2, F. & Heyer, H.3 Department of Geosciences, University of Oslo, P.O.Box 1047 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway 1 4 Statoil, Norway Det norske oljeselskap ASA, 5 [email protected] Department of Geosciences University of Utrecht, the 2 CEED, Department of Earth Sciences, University of Netherlands Oslo, 3 3080 Holmestrand The lower Paleozoic (Caledonian) Oslo Region foreland -fold-and-thrust-belt is characterized by a complex The Oslo Rift is a very special geological feature that system of fold-and thrust units comprising several combined rifting of the crust with abundant magmatism. tectonic levels above the Osen-Røa floor thrust. (Bruton These processes lasted for some 50 m.y. from the latest et al. 2010). The tectonic styles vary from one level to Carboniferous to the end of the Permian, coinciding another, depending on lithology and distance from the with the final stages of the Variscan orogeny to the floor fault and position relative to the thrust system’s south and assembly of Pangea. The previous work had leading edge. Four levels of thrusting have been established six stages of development, beginning with identified, of which the uppermost level affects even the (1) Asker Group sedimentation and sill intrusions, upper Silurian foreland basin Ringerike Group sand- followed by (2) the initial rift stage with basalt stone. Contrasts in deformation can also be traced from volcanism, (3) emplacement of rhomb porphyry lavas one geographical area to another. Hence, the defor- during the rift climax, (4) development of massive mational styles in the the Mjøsa , the Ringerike and the central volcanoes, exploding as calderas, (5) generation Asker/Slemmestad districts are different. Many of the of great batholiths (nordmarkites etc.) and (6) finally the thrust, independent of structural level are much affected ultimate formation of smaller granitic intrusions in the by bedding-parallel tectonic transport. central and northern parts. One quality of the thrust system is the abundance of Mapping and extensive previous dating (e.g., Sundvoll back-thrusts. These appear in different settings, some of et al. 1990; Larsen et al. 2006) demonstrated the longe- which are very complex related to assumed ramps (e.g. vity of these processes and defined the frame of refer- The Sønsterud anticlinorium), some are regular back- ence for understanding the evolution of the rift. Our new thrusts on master fault (Slemmestad) and others again U-Pb dating study is aimed at refining the timing of this are surprisingly low-angle, flat and consistent (The sequence of events and verifying and documenting a Evangelieholmen structure in Hole). It seems that litho- diachronous relationship regarding some of these proc- logy, stratigraphic level, and tectono-stratigraphical esses, such as the emplacement of different rhomb level of thrusting also affect the style of the backthrusts. porphyry lava sequences and the formation of the large These structural types and backthrust mechanisms have batholiths. We have so far mainly concentrating on been explored by scale analogue models. dating of felsic extrusives and small intrusions inside Bruton, D.L., Garbielsen, R.H. & Larsen, B.T. (2010), the calderas and the rhomb-porphyries, a technically The Caledonides of the Oslo Region, Norway – difficult task because of the rarity of zircon or baddeley- stratigraphy and structural elements. Norwegian ite in such rocks. Formation of RP1 to RP11 in the Journal of Geology, 90, pp.93-121. Krokskogen succession lasted from about 292 to 280 Ma. A further aim of the work is to obtain a detailed chronostratigraphy for the large volcanic and sub- Artificial intelligence-assisted petro- volcanic complexes, which seem to have evolved mainly in the time frame 280-270 Ma. leum geoscience: Next generation Sundvoll, B., Neumann, E.-R., Larsen, B.T., Tuen, E., exploration technology 1990. Age relations among Oslo Rift magmatic rocks: implications for tectonic and magmatic Larsen, E.1, Alaei, B.1, Oikonomou, D.1 & Jackson, C.A. modelling. Tectonophysics 178, 67-87 -L.1, 2 Larsen, B.T., Olaussen, S., Sundvoll, B., Heeremans, M. 2008. The Permo-Carboniferous Oslo rift through six 1 Earth Science Analytics AS, Vestboehagen 24, 4022 stages and 65 million years. Episodes 31, 52–58 Stavanger, Norway, [email protected] Larsen, B.T., Olaussen, S., Sundvoll, B. and Heeremans, 2 Basins Research Group, Dept. of Earth Science and M., 2006. Vulkaner, forkastninger og ørkenklima, in Engineering, Imperial College, London, SW7 2BP, UK I.B. Ramberg, I. Bryhni og A. Nøttvedt eds, Landet blir til: Norsk Geologisk Forening, 284–327. Large volumes of hydrocarbons (c. 2.9 GSm3 recoverable oil equivalents; NPD 2016) remain to be found on the Norwegian Continental Shelf (NCS). Finding and extracting these hydrocarbons is difficult (i.e. 187 exploration wells resulted in <10 commercial discoveries during the last five years) and expensive NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, no. 1, 2017 53 (i.e. 143 BNOK was invested in the 187 exploration DRAGON - NGU National Geo- wells that discovered only 224 MSm3 rec. o.e. in the last five years). We believe that under-utilization of data, physical Database and of the existing subsurface knowledge base, are at 1 1 1 least partly responsible for the disappointing exploration Lauritsen, T. , Dumais, M.-A. , Grøtan, B.O. & Gellein, J.1 performance. Furthermore, we argue that the incredibly rich subsurface dataset available on the NCS can be 1 used much more efficiently to deliver much more Norges geologiske undersøkelse (NGU), Leiv precise predictions, and to thus support more profitable Eirikssons vei 39, Trondheim, [email protected] investment decisions during hydrocarbon exploration and production. The national geophysics database, DRAGON, provides In this talk we will argue that Artificial Intelligence information about NGU geophysical data. The (AI), i.e. Machine Learning-based technology, which DRAGON database (DiRect Access to Geophysics On leverages algorithms that can learn and make the Net) provides information about geophysical survey predictions directly from data, represents one way to both on land and on the Norwegian continental shelf. contribute to exploration and production success on the After being in use for over 15 years, DRAGON data- NCS. One key advantage of AI is the technology’s base is being re-vamped using Geosoft DAP server ability to efficiently handle very large volumes of interface. Geosoft DAP is an efficient database manag- multidimensional data, thus saving time and cost and, ing tool allowing the administrators to publish and therefore, allowing human resources to be deployed to distribute data at several confidentiality levels. More- other, perhaps more creative tasks. Another advantage is over, the intuitive user interface facilitates the data AI’s ability to detect complex, multidimensional patt- search through the database content and allows the user erns that are not readily detectable by humans. to download data. We will show how AI-assisted geoscience applications The database is a permanent archive for geophysical and workflows will enable petroleum geoscientists to data from airborne (fixed-wing or helicopter), marine or better understand the tectono-stratigraphic development ground acquisition. The geophysical data include mag- of sedimentary basins in general, and more accurately netometry, gravimetry, radiometry, EM methods, and and quickly predict the nature and occurrence of hydro- other geophysics. The database contains also petrophy- carbons in sedimentary basins in particular. More speci- sical parameters with core sample susceptibility from fically, these applications will enable geoscientists to the continental shelf and current density, magnetic pro- apply more quantitative techniques to very large subsur- perties (susceptibility and remanence) and thermal con- face datasets, thereby facilitating a better understanding ductivity measured on rock samples from the mainland. of the multidimensional and nonlinear relationships exi- The archive contains data owned by NGU together with sting between some of the key geological properties data provided by NGU counterpart research institutes (e.g. lithology distribution and properties such as poro- and commercial parties. In agreement with the Norwe- sity, fluid saturation, source-rock maturity and sealing gian Petroleum Directorate and the Norwegian Mapping capacity). Authority NGU maintains the national database of In areas where geophysical methods are associated with potential field data (gravimetry and magnetometry). low resolution and reliability, for example at significant Today, DRAGON is estimated to contain data from: burial depths, we need alternative methods for · 55 dataset acquired with fixed-wing over the predicting rock and fluid properties. We will show how continental shelf AI techniques help identify and map relationships · 55 marine gravity dataset between rock properties and the broader geological · 200 high-resolution dataset acquired with fixed-wing context in which they occur. When the machine learning and helicopter over land algorithms have learned these relationships directly · 72,000 ground gravity points from data, they can be used to predict (quantitatively · 47,000 ground petrophysical points. and probabilistically) rock properties based on regional The data archive consists of structured series of standard geological data. files in addition to two Oracle databases (gravity and To tackle this challenge, we need to quantify the petrophysics). These files contain data, metadata and multidimensional relationships between the extracted visual representations of data in various forms. All the rock and fluid properties, and regional data such as files are indexed in a meta-database which is available structural setting, stratigraphic setting, and other map- via NGU web portal based data such as subcrop-, isopach-, depth-, proven- http://geo.ngu.no/GeosciencePortal/search. ance-, temperature- and pressure-maps. Successful pre- NGU updates continuously the content of the database dictions based on regional geological data must be by reprocessing older dataset and merging regional based on an understanding of relationships between compilations. multiple geological parameters and their interactions. AI-assisted petroleum geoscience will enable efficient use of large amounts of hitherto underutilised Petroleum Systems of the Barents subsurface data, and handling of multidimensional parameter sets in a purely data-driven way; this is currently Sea – A geochemical study not possible with the technology and workflows avail- Lerch, B.1 & Karlsen, D.A.2 able under the current paradigm. In this talk we will show that machine learning-based technology will red- 1 uce human bias, which currently is pervasive in the Department of Geosciences, University of Oslo; [email protected] petroleum geosciences, and enable much more data- 2 driven analytics and investment decisions in the Department of Geosciences, University of Oslo; Exploration & Production industry. [email protected]

It has been shown that Cenozoic uplift, erosion and reburial, as well as several glacial and interglacial cycles had great impact on petroleum system elements in the 54 NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, no. 1, 2017

Barents Sea. Furthermore, already entrapped petroleum trends are unclear. The predicted effect of climate may have been exposed to physical alterations initiated changes, such as increased precipitation and erosion, is by pressure and temperature changes in the subsurface. expected to result in an increase frequency of landslides. Expulsion and generation from multiple source rocks of However, historical records show that the impact of varying age, secondary alteration effects such as human activity may be more significant that what can be biodegradation, water washing and fractionation, large predicted from climate change alone. For example, in scale remigration due to fill-spill processes and tilting of Canada more than 40% of landslide in sensitive clays is reservoirs, as well as leaking of petroleum may increase attributed to human activity, and similar numbers are the chance of “petroleum blends”. Therefore geochemi- found for Norway and Sweden. This is a very important cal analysis may be complicated due to a “blended” cha- consideration that shall not prevent us from racter of the petroleums. understanding how climate influence landslide activity The study accomplished a systematic investigation of but may help looking at adaptation technologies or the degree to which oils and condensates are “petroleum practice that will reduce landslide hazard overall in blends”, or of singular source rock origin. This was sensitive clay terrain. done by evaluation of thermal maturity signatures; variations in alteration signatures; and variations in organic matter input that can be used to draw conclusions about The Norwegian Geo-Test Sites the depositional environments of the inferred sourced rocks that generated and expelled the analyzed project petroleums. In order to understand such “petroleum L'Heureux, J.-S. blends” in reservoirs, an attempt was made to decipher these complex signatures: Systematic analysis of three hydrocarbon compound classes: (1) light hydrocarbon Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), Trondheim, C4–C8 compounds, (2) medium range C10–C20 com- Norway, [email protected] pounds, and (3) biomarker range C20+ compounds. This approach resulted in several basin scale trends that Benchmarking is of significant importance in geoscienc- help to better understand the present distribution and es and engineering, both for testing and verifying inno- composition of the petroleums investigated. Geochemi- vative soil investigation methods and foundation sol- cal and multivariate statistical analysis of 50 oils and utions. However, historical benchmark sites often are condensates from the south western Barents Sea revea- lost due to urbanization and other development. led the presence of four petroleum families: (1) Family Scientists and engineers have therefore too short time to A: Permian/Triassic sourced, (2) Family B: Carbonifer- conduct scientific research on specific soil materials. ous sourced, (3) Family C: Jurassic sourced, and (4) NGI and its partners, NTNU, SINTEF, UNIS and the Family D: Triassic and Jurassic sourced condensates. Norwegian Public Roads Administration (NPRA), have The depositional environments of the inferred source received funding from The Research Council of Norway rocks comprise marine, transitional and terrestrial (RCN) to develop a new Norwegian Geo-Test Sites conditions with organic matter input ranging from research infrastructure. From 2016 to 2019, five bench- possible Type I to Type II - II/III and Type III kerogen. mark sites will be established. The research infrastruct- Distinct maturity values, ranging from the early oil win- ure is unique in its wingspan, and the benchmark test dow to the late oil/condensate window, and alteration sites will be available for at least 20 years. The five test parameters (biodegradation, water-washing, phase frac- sites developed as field laboratories in Norway will tionation) for the three respective compound classes cover a wide range of typical soil conditions: soft clay, indicate mixing of petroleums generated from two or silt, sand, quick clay and frozen soil (permafrost). The more organic rich source rocks. In general, two trends sites will be available to industry, public authorities, that characterize most investigated oil samples have research organizations and academia worldwide so that been found: (1) a C20+ fraction that represents palaeo- they also can use the sites as benchmark to test new soil petroleum, i.e. the first petroleum charge that mixed investigation methods, new foundation solutions, test with (2) a later arrived C20- charge representing more new and old equipment, do long term observations such recently migrated hydrocarbons. as creep behaviour and perform specialized testing to develop soil models. The project will also establish a network of specialists working on test sites abroad. In this way it will be possible to exchange information for Impact of Climate Change and a wide range of soil conditions worldwide. The paper human activity on Quick clay Land- gives a short description of the five test sites and two slide Occurrence in Norway examples of full-scale tests run at two of the sites.

L'Heureux, J.-S. Situated Simulations: Visualization Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), Trondheim, on location by means of Mobile Norway, [email protected] Augmented Reality

Large landslides in sensitive and quick clay represent a major geohazard in Norway. Such landslides sometimes Liestøl, G. involve soil movements in the order of millions of cubic meters and represent a major threat to human life, Department of Media & Communication, University of constructed facilities, the infrastructure, and the natural Oslo, [email protected] environment. Example of catastrophic landslides that affected the Norwegian population are numerous (e.g. Mobile augmented reality and location-based media landslide at Verdal in 1893, in Sokkelvik 1959, at Rissa change the way we may connect audio–visual in 1978, Kattmarka in 2009). In recent years, research- information to specific places and landscapes. Popular ers have looked at the impact of climate change on the handheld devices now serve as dynamic interfaces to occurrence of landslides in sensitive clays, but the alternative versions of the environment where the user is NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, no. 1, 2017 55 positioned. In the SITSIM Project we have with ductile deformation character) are interpreted as experimented with both past and future situated the main porosity-reducing factors in the Kobbe and simulations: reconstructions of historical places and Snadd Formation sandstones. events as well as preconstructions of future scenarios regarding urban planning and climate change. The talk will present the basic features and potentials of this A new palynostratigraphic frame- indirect augmented reality platform. work for the Mississippian successions of the Barents Sea, Norway – Reservoir characterization of The Finnmark Platform Triassic sandstones in the Lopes, G.1, Mangerud, G.1 & Clayton, G.2 southwestern Barents Sea 1 * Universitetet i Bergen, Institutt for geovitenskap, Line, L.H. , Jahren, J. & Hellevang, H. Postboks 7803, N-5020 Bergen; [email protected], [email protected] Institutt for Geofag, Universitetet i Oslo 2 * Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University Corresponding author: [email protected] of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK; [email protected] Prediction and modeling of compaction in siliciclastic sandstones represent a major challenge in exploration A newly-developed, integrated palynostratigraphic and development of the structurally complex Barents framework for the Billefjorden Group in the Finnmark Sea region. Mechanisms that inhibit the growth of Platform, Barents Sea is presented. In this area, quartz cement, such as grain coatings, often result in deposition of the Billefjorden Group was controlled by preservation of porosity despite exposure to deep burial half-grabens with a marked thickening to the north, and high temperatures. Porosity is also sensitive to affecting thicknesses and lateral extent of the lithostrati- mechanical compaction and the sediment response to graphic units and, as a consequence, hampering seismic mechanical stress is controlled by the composition and correlation. However, better age constraint and correl- texture of the sandstone prior to burial. Reservoir ation has now been achieved by integrating new characterization is thus important for describing local palynological data. and basin-wide variability and aids in developing This study is based on three shallow stratigraphic cores geological models. This study focuses on deeply buried and two exploration wells drilled offshore the Finnmark Middle – Late Triassic sandstone reservoirs in the struc- Platform that covers the entire Mississippian succession. turally complex Barents Sea region. These sandstones New biozones are defined and correlated to the Western represent interesting plays due to the existence of European biozonal scheme. The new palynological data chlorite coatings as a porosity-preserving mechanism. indicate that the Billefjorden Group in this area is The factors controlling reservoir quality of deeply buri- Visean to possibly early Serpukhovian in age. The paly- ed Middle – Late Triassic sandstones in the Hammerfest nostratigraphic framework indicates a hiatus in the Basin, Nordkapp Basin, Bjarmeland Platform, Loppa sedimentary succession in the more proximal eastern High and Fingerdjupet Sub-basin were investigated part of the basin. However, the palynological evidence through sedimentological analyses, optical microscopy, also clearly confirms that the missing part of the X-ray diffraction (XRD), SEM and petrophysical succession is preserved further offshore. methods. The fluvial Middle Triassic Kobbe Formation sandstone located on the Loppa High structure is characterized as a fine – very fine, poorly sorted lith- arenite. The primary porosity in this sandstone is low (< Facies Development of the Late 6 %) due to high concentration of clayey, pore-filling Triassic De Geerdalen Formation on matrix and various pore-filling cements. The primary porosity in Kobbe Formation sandstones in the Barentsøya, Wilhelmøya and NE Nordkapp Basin shows significantly higher values (10 Spitsbergen, Svalbard %). The Middle – Late Triassic Snadd Formation sandstone also represent a fluvial environment, but shows a Lord, G.S1,2,*, Johansen, S.K.1,2, Støen, S.J.1,2 & Mørk, larger volumetric potential compared to the Kobbe For- A.1 mation in wells located in the Nordkapp Basin and the Bjarmeland Platform. Fine – medium grained, litharen- 1 Department of Geology and Mineral Resource itic sand with moderate – good sorting was encountered Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and and primary porosity rarely exceeds 12 %. Kobbe and Technology NTNU, Trondheim, Norway. Snadd Formation sandstones are likely derived from the 2 Department of Arctic Geology, University Centre in southeastern Uralian provenance and are characterized Svalbard UNIS, Longyearbyen, Norway. as mineralogically immature. The textural differences * [email protected] are likely related to different transport distances and energy-levels in the depositional environments. We present field data collected during the summer field Randomly oriented, allogenic clay rims observed in season of 2015 from the north easternmost Triassic ex- both the Kobbe and Snadd Formations might have posures of Spitsbergen, Wilhelmøya and Barentsøya. adhered to the detrital grain surfaces during or shortly Sedimentological analysis has been conducted in order after deposition of the sandstones. These rims are to understand the development of Late Triassic sedi- covered by radially oriented, continuous authigenic ments deposited in a deltaic environment. We build chlorite coatings. Both chlorite rims are iron-rich and upon previously completed studies from the eastern effectively prevent nucleation of quartz cement at burial areas of the Svalbard archipelago and seek to extend this depths exceeding 2 km. Significant mechanical com- understanding northward. paction as a result of deep burial (exceeding 3 km) and Deltaic sediments are recognised throughout the field high content of lithic rock fragments (crystal aggregates area, facies analysis and the application of a depositi- 56 NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, no. 1, 2017

onal environment model show that the Late Triassic De present in Svalbard or in the Sentralbanken area. The Geerdalen Formation is essentially composed of three potential discrepancies in age and the east to south east discrete intervals. The lower interval (early Carnian) is oriented paleo-current directions may have notable dominated by shallow marine and delta front/ shoreface implications for the palaeogeography for the Late facies, the middle (middle Carnian) is dominated by Triassic – Mid Jurassic in the northern areas. delta front to delta top deposits, with the upper section Hopen can be well regarded as an excellent onshore (late Carnian – early Norian) of the De Geerdalen For- analogue to the Late Triassic in the Barents Sea. The mation and Isfjorden Member being predominantly Svenskøya Formation sandstones from Hopen have delta top sediments, consisting of a lagoon, lacustrine received little detailed attention in recent publications and paleosol deposits. documenting the islands geology. However, given the These observations show that the De Geerdalen recent discoveries of viable hydrocarbon resources in Formation represents a distal depositional setting in the Realgrunnen Subgroup sandstones in the Hoop area, comparison to the depositional environments observed the relatively accessible outcrops should be regarded by on the islands of Edgeøya and Hopen by previous those conducting exploration activities in the northern studies. Correlation becomes complex to these areas license blocks of the Barents Sea. due to erosion and a thinner De Geerdalen Formation being present in the visited areas, in comparison to other eastern islands. Provenance and sedimentary proc-

esses controlling the formation of The Svenskøya Formation on Lower Cambrian quartz arenite on Hopen and Wilhelmøya, Svalbard: Baltica An accessible analogue to sand- Lorentzen, S.1, Augustsson, C.1, Jahren, J.2, Nystuen, stone reservoirs in the Realgrunnen 2 3 4 J.P. , Berndt, J. & Schovsbo, N.H. Subgroup 1 Department of Petroleum Engineering, University of Lord, G.S.1,2, Mørk, M.B.E.1, Olaussen, S.2 & Mørk, A.1 Stavanger, [email protected]; [email protected] 1 Department of Geology and Mineral Resources 2 Department of Geoscience, University of Oslo, Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and [email protected]; [email protected] Technology, (NTNU) Trondheim, Norway. 3 Institut für Mineralogie, Westfälische Wilhelms- 2 Department of Geology, University Centre in Svalbard Universität, [email protected] (UNIS), Longyearbyen, Norway. 4 Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland [email protected] (GEUS), [email protected]

The island of Hopen is situated in the far south eastern This study investigates the effect of processes influ- corner of the Svalbard archipelago, at approximately encing material from source to sink in Cambrian quartz N76° 35” E25° 20, Wilhelmøya is situated some 300 km arenite from Baltica. Cambrian quartz-arenitic, shallow further north. The geology of these islands is, or should marine deposits occur on a global scale. Partly, these at least be considered, as highly relevant for geologists deposits are believed to be of first-cycle origin and to conducting hydrocarbon exploration in the Barents Sea. represent a transgressive regime caused by the early The islands are composed entirely of Mesozoic strata global increase in the relative sea level during Lower spanning the Triassic late Carnian to Rhaetian on Hopen Cambrian time. However, given a relatively short tran- and Carnian – Middle Jurassic on Wilhelmøya. In this sportation distance, the high maturity of these deposits study, the sedimentology and reservoir characteristics of suggests that mechanical and chemical processes have the Rhaetian Svenskøya Formation is addressed in drastically altered the material. We present lithological detail, as this unit can be considered correlative to the profiles of the Vangsås, Nexø and Hardeberga format- Tubåen Formation of the Barents Sea Realgrunnen Sub- ions from localities in Scandinavia. Furthermore, we group. The Kongsøya Formation is presented however introduce detrital zircon U-Pb ages of six samples from good exposures of the formation are only present on the Ringsaker Member of the Vangsås Formation from Wilhelmøya and the currently inaccessible Kong Karls southern Norway and the Hardeberga Formation from Land. Bornholm and southernmost Sweden. Nearly 50 meters The stratigraphy of Hopen and Wilhelmøya is domin- of continuously cross-bedded and rippled sandstone ated entirely by Late Triassic rocks of the De Geerdalen, with medium to coarse grain size represent a relatively Flatsalen and Svenskøya Formations. The Svenskøya stable shallow-marine environment. The U-Pb ages have Formation is a prominent cliff-forming white and grey main age peaks at 1.1-1.2 Ga and ca. 1.7 Ga, which is in sandstone and is determined to be Rhaetian in age. The accordance with transport from the Sveconorwegian Svenskøya Formation represents a fluvial dominated Orogen and the Transscandinavian Igneous Belt. These delta front succession. Medium grained sandstones with ages demonstrate a short distance of transportation from large scale trough and planar cross stratification domin- the source area. The pronounced U-Pb age-interval and ate the section. The upper part shows a clear change to the proximity to source rock area, suggest that the sediments with a more marine origin, where siltstone sandstone represents first-cycle deposits. Hence, weath- and mud flake conglomerates dominate. The uppermost ering and reworking processes and subsequent removal part may also represent a formation boundary, however of authigenic components have strongly influenced the this requires some debate. composition of this sandstone. The correlation top the Barents Sea is uncanny; the Svenskøya Formation represents the onshore equivalent of the Tubåen Formation whilst the Kongsøya Formation of Svalbard is likely the equivalent to the Stø Structure and development of the Formation. The Nordmela Formation is thought to not Vøring Escarpment NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, no. 1, 2017 57

Maharjan, D.1, Planke, S.1,2, Millett, J.M.1,3, Jerram, ons and better understanding of the evolution of inter- D.A.2,4 & Abdelmalak, M.M.2 connectivity of primary and secondary porosity evolution through time. Such characterization of detrital and 1 Volcanic Basin Petroleum Research (VBPR), Oslo authigenic minerals allows quantification of both miner- Science Park, 0349 Oslo, Norway, [email protected] alogical and visible porosity changes through the 2 CEED, University of Oslo, Norway diagenetic evolution. The result may consequently give 3 Department of Geology and Petroleum Geology, opportunities to better predict petrographical properties University of Aberdeen, UK both laterally and vertically. 4 DougalEarth, Solihull, UK The development of micro-CT methods has advanced greatly the last years, enabling us to get detailed petro- Coastal escarpments are formed by basaltic lava flowing graphical information across multiple scales (cm- to nm- into the ocean. The Vøring Escarpment comprises a scale). To characterize nanoscale micropores, additional more than 350-km long NE-SW trending escarpment, in sub-plugs (4 mm diameter) were extracted from the outer Vøring Basin. This kilometer-high structure appropriate locations and imaged at higher resolution, has recently been divided into five main segments down to 1.65μm per voxel. The sub-plugs 3D data gives related to variations in accommodation space and basin more accurate representation of the porosity in the structure based on mapping of 2D seismic data. The samples. This is due to more easily resolved micro- central segment of the escarpment is very well imaged porosity, which is mostly located in replacive and pore- on recent industry-standard 3D seismic reflection data. lining clays, such as illite-smectite, illite, kaolinite, and We have done a detailed volcanological interpretation of chlorite. The macroporosity is generally located in the nature of the Vøring Escarpment on these newly primary intergranular pores. These pores are often parti- released data. The interpretation includes the picking of ally filled with carbonate cement. top and intra-basalt horizon on a close grid of in- and The project goal is better prediction of reservoir cross-lines, combined with seismic volcanostratigraphic characterization and understanding the impact of interpretation of the Landward Flows, Lava Delta, and mineralogy and diagenesis on reservoir quality evo- Inner Flows seismic facies units. Various attributes, lution. The study shows that the various diagenetic including coherency cubes and RMS horizon values, phases, such as dissolution of unstable grains and were further calculated and co-visualized with the Top precipitation of clay minerals and carbonate cement, basalt horizon. The mapping results show that the have strongly influenced the formation of reservoir escarpment is mainly a volcanic construction formed by quality in the Edvard Grieg Field through time. The coastal emplacement of voluminous lava flows. How- reservoir quality is highly variable between the different ever, a deeper sedimentary structural high forms the facies in the studied core material. This is especially major part of the escarpment in the south-central part of evident in the highly heterogeneous conglomerate-domi- the study area. Co-visualization of the Top basalt nated alluvial fan deposits. Most of the quality reduction structure with the coherency and RMS data reveal that in the matrix is associated with poor sorting, carbonate debris flows, slumping and faulting are common cement and pore-filling/pore-lining authigenic clay min- features of the Vøring Escarpment. erals. The reservoir quality is enhanced in the sandstone -dominated alluvial fan intervals due to better sorting. These sandstone deposits probably reflect reduced Multi-scale 3D-imaging and quanti- fluvial discharge or sheetflood events on the alluvial fan. The aeolian dune deposits have the highest reser- fication of diagenetic phases in silici- voir quality. These deposits are well sorted with minor clastic reservoirs occurrence of patchy carbonate cement and generally low proportion of authigenic minerals. Locally abundant Mahmic, O.*1, Dypvik, H.1, Hammer, E.2, Sørlie, R.2 & kaolinite has been observed, filling the pore space and Long, H.3. reducing the porosity. Overall, the primary pores are abundant and well interconnected. 1 Department of Geosciences, University of Oslo, ([email protected] & [email protected]). An improved palynostratigraphy for 2 Lundin Norway AS, ([email protected] & [email protected]) the Upper Triassic succession of the 3 FEI Trondheim AS, ([email protected]) Norwegian Arctic

The Utsira High (Southern Norwegian North Sea) has Mangerud, G.* & Paterson, N.W. been a petroleum exploration target since late 1960s. It is a large basement high (about 200x50 km) located 190 Department of Earth Science, University of Bergen,, km west of Stavanger, flanked by the Viking Graben to Allégaten 41, N-5007 Bergen, Norway the West. * [email protected] The southern part of the Utsira High complex (“Hauga- land High”) gained new interest in 2007 when Lundin The Norwegian Barents Shelf, with Svalbard forming its Norway AS discovered commercial hydrocarbons exposed north-western corner, contains an almost reservoirs in Permo-Triassic to Early Cretaceous for- complete Triassic sedimentary record comprised of a mations (Edvard Grieg field). combination of outcrops, stratigraphic cores and explor- The present study focuses on the application of high- ations wells. The succession is of dominantly marine resolution 3D micro-CT scans in order to provide new facies, but still with major input of terrestrial organic insights of heterogeneous core material (Edvard Grieg material which generally dominates the palynological field). The core samples exhibit a range of clastic and assemblages. However, the succession also contains diagenetic phases (particularly quartz, feldspar, and intermittent layers enriched in AOM as well as numer- clays) and display significant primary and secondary ous marine palynomorphs e.g., acritarchs, dinoflagellate porosity. The non-destructive high-resolution 3D micro- cysts and prasinophycean algae. CT technique may improve our petrographic observati- 58 NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, no. 1, 2017

A comprehensive palynological study of the region by years BP) which demonstrate that deglaciation of the Vigran et al. (2014) allowed a definition of fifteen paly- area pre-date the Ulvøy Diamicton - and if that is nological Composite Assemblage zones (CAz) serving correct, the diamicton cannot be a till. We therefore con- as a solid framework for this vast area. Calibrations with sider that sea ice and icebergs formed the Ulvøy ammonoids recovered from Lower and Middle Triassic Diamicton during the Younger Dryas. deposits provided independent age control for the cor- The Scandinavian Ice Sheet margin was located on the responding palynological assemblages, however, ammo- outermost coastal islands between at least ~18,500 and nite control was sparse for the Upper Triassic. In 14,800 calibrated years BP, however, no ice-marginal addition, the relatively low sampling density and lack of deposits have been found offshore from this long period. semi-quantitative palynology revealed the need for The Older Dryas ice margin in this area was located further detailed work on the Upper Triassic succession slightly inside the Younger Dryas margin, whereas as the resolution for this longest lasting of the three farther south it was located slightly beyond the Younger Triassic Epochs was relatively poor with only four Dryas margin. zones defined. A more refined palyno-zonation is currently being established for the Late Triassic, complimented by bio- "Å Vestland – Velstand": an inte- facies studies. Ammonite control for the early Norian succession from the Hopen Island and Re-Os dating grated perspective of geological from a shallow core spanning the Ladinian - Carnian causes for energy abundance in boundary, provides some independent dating restrains for parts of the succession. Based on thorough analysis, western Norway relative abundance counts and a dense sampling programme, seven assemblages are so far recognized as Martinsen, O.J. having stratigraphic significance, and are also traced laterally as well as recognized from cutting and side-wall Statoil, 5020 Bergen, Norway, [email protected] core samples from exploration wells. This ongoing work will be presented both in the context of revision of the Western Norway and adjacent offshore areas and basins present zonation as well as on adding information on the hold a formidable breadth of natural resources and palynofloras as palaeoenvironmental and palaeoclimatic energy types, including water, hydroelectric energy, proxies for the Upper Triassic of the Boreal Realm. geothermal energy, a landscape ideal for wind and ocean current energy, and not least large quantities of oil and gas in offshore basins. A common denominator for this richness in energy is topography, in general The Blomvåg Beds, western Nor- formed initially by early Paleozoic Caledonian mountain building and collapse, Jurassic extension, Cenozoic way; Implications for the Older uplift and glacial erosion. The latter largely replicated Dryas glacial re-advance and and enhanced the topographic template formed by the immigration of humans and animals earlier tectonic processes, rejuvenating topography and creating a landscape ideal for energy sources. to Norway Oil and gas are the oldest natural resources and were

1 2 3 formed in the offshore basins from deposition of sedi- Mangerud, J. , Briner, J.P. , Goslar, T. & Svendsen, mentary source, reservoir and sealing rocks supplied J.I.4 from uplifted onshore areas on both the western and 1 eastern margins of the North Sea Basin. The catchments Department of Earth Science, University of Bergen, for the rivers in western Norway supplying these sedi- [email protected] 2 ments were controlled by watersheds steered by the Department of Geology, University at Buffalo, USA, topography initially formed by Caledonian orogeny but [email protected] 3 later modified by various phases of extension. Poznań Radiocarbon Laboratory, Mickiewicz Other, complementary energy sources to oil and gas are University, Poland, [email protected] 4 rooted in a combination of original and rejuvenated Department of Earth Science, University of Bergen, topographic effects of Caledonian mountain building [email protected] and post-glacial isostatic uplift. Water and hydroelectric power is most abundant in western Norway where the Blomvåg, on the westernmost island north of Bergen, is rejuvenated topographic relief created ideal conditions a classical site in Norwegian Quaternary science. Fore- for abundant rainfall and glacial erosion created steep shore marine sediments, named the Blomvåg Beds and falls ideal for hydroelectric power. Furthermore, the now dated to the Bølling-Allerød from 14,800-13,300 uplift and unroofing of igneous and metamorphic rocks calibrated years BP, contain the richest Lateglacial bone not only provided sediments for the offshore basins, but fauna from Norway, numerous mollusc shells, drift now provide a source for geothermal energy, which so wood, and flint that some archaeologists consider as the far has been underexploited. Other alternatives include oldest traces of humans in Norway. We will describe wind, wave and tidal energy, again sourced by a several aspects of the findings, but a main point is that favourable topographic situation along the coast of west the Blomvåg Beds are overlain by a compact diamicton, Norway. named the Ulvøy Diamicton, which for more than 50 In summary, the wealth of energy sources providing years has been interpreted as a basal till, making Blom- welfare in western Norway are interrelated and closely våg a key section for an Older Dryas glacial re-advance tied to tectonic processes going back to Caledonian into the ocean. The sections at Blomvåg were exposed mountain building and later modifying processes. A in ditches in a cemetery that was constructed in 1941-42 sustainable energy future depends on a mix of all forms and have subsequently not been accessible. of available energy. Knowledge to explore for and ex- We re-interpret the diamicton without having seen it! ploit these resources depends on joint efforts by indu- We have obtained a number of radiocarbon and cosmo- 10 stry, academia and not least the construction industry to genic Be exposure ages (14,800-14,500 calibrated develop even more efficient technical solutions. NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, no. 1, 2017 59 The Storbanken high – a large Pockmarks are seafloor craters usually formed during methane release on continental margins. However, the basement high in the eastern part of mechanisms behind their formation and dynamics re- the northern Norwegian Barents main elusive. Here we report detailed investigations on one of the world’s largest pockmark fields located in the Sea Troll region in the northern North Sea. Seafloor investigations show that >7000 pockmarks are present in a Mattingsdal, R. ~600 km2 area. A similar density of pockmarks is likely present over a 15,000 km2 region outside our study area. Norwegian Petroleum Directorate, Based on extensive monitoring, coring, geophysical and [email protected] geochemical analyses, no indications of active gas seepage were found. Still, geochemical data from carbonate The Norwegian Petroleum Directorate acquired nearly blocks collected from these pockmarks indicate a meth- 33 000 km of 2D-seismic data in the northern part of the anogenic origin linked to gas hydrate dissociation and Norwegian Barents Sea from 2012 to 2014. This new past fluid venting at the seafloor. We have dated the seismic data has made it possible to fully map the carbonates using the U-Th method in order to constrain northern part of the area that formerly had overlapping the pockmark formation. The carbonates gave an iso- claims with Russia. The new data have better quality chron age of 9.59 ± 1.38 ka BP, i.e. belonging to the than existing vintage seismic data. Even though initial Holocene. Moreover, radiocarbon dating of processing issues are still not fully resolved in all areas, microfossils in the sediments inside the pockmarks are the data allow us to better understand the geological consistent with the ages derived from the carbonates. history in the northern Norwegian Barents Sea. Based on pressure and temperature modelling, we show The seismic mapping in the new areas of the that the last deglaciation could have triggered dissoci- northeastern Norwegian Barents Sea has revealed a ation of gas hydrates present in the region of the large structural high, called the Storbanken high, on the northern part of the Norwegian Channel, causing Kong Karls Land platform underneath much of the 2 degassing of 0.26 MtCH4/km at the seafloor. Our results bathymetric feature of Storbanken (a large fishing stress the importance of external climatic forcing of the ground in the northern Barents Sea). This high has also dynamics of the seafloor, and the role of the rapid previously been indicated in older publications, but it warming following the Younger Dryas in pacing the has not been fully mapped, as most of it is located in the marine gas hydrate reservoir. formerly disputed area of the northern Barents Sea. The origin of the Storbanken high is still not fully understood, but the seismic data shows that it, at least partly, is a basement high. In some areas the high has Middle to Late Triassic (Ladinian to some mappable horsts and grabens. The seismic data Carnian) palynology of two shallow indicates that the high was buried by the start of the Triassic, as no evidence for a high in this area can be stratigraphic cores, offshore Kong seen in the Triassic prograding sequences. Parts of the Karls Land, Norwegian Arctic Storbanken high and surrounding areas has later been uplifted, probably by the same event(s) responsible for Meltveit, A.R.1, Paterson, N.W.1, Mangerud, G.1, Mørk, the SW-NE oriented anticlines on the Kong Karls Land A.2 & Lundschien, B.A.3 platform. The size of the Storbanken high is comparable to the 1 Department of Earth Science, University of Bergen, Fedynsky-, Loppa-, and Stappen highs. The Storbanken Allégaten 41, N-5007 Bergen, Norway high seems to have many similarities with the Upper 2 Department of Geology and Mineral Resources Paleozoic/basement part of the Fedynsky high, such as Engineering, NTNU, NO-7465 Trondheim, Norway horst/grabens and similar fault orientations. A potential 3 Norwegian Petroleum Directorate, P.O. Box 787, 9488 onshore analog for the Upper Paleozoic horst and Harstad, Norway graben structures on the Storbanken high is the Bille- fjorden area on Svalbard. During the Triassic, the Barents Shelf was situated on the northwestern corner of the Pangaea supercontinent as a large epicontinental seaway. By the Late Triassic A Climatic Trigger for the Giant Troll (Carnian), a major delta, prograding from the southeast towards the northwest, reached the Svalbard area. Pockmark Field in the Northern In 2005, the Norwegian Petroleum Directorate (NPD) North Sea drilled five shallow stratigraphic cores through Upper and Middle Triassic strata offshore Kong Karls Land, Mazzini, A.1, Svensen, H.H.1, Forsberg, C.F.2, Linge, Svalbard. The present investigation forms a master H.3, Lauritzen, S.-E.3, Haflidason, H.3, Hammer, Ø.4, study comprising the two oldest cores from this area Planke, S.1,5 & Tjelta, T.I.6 (7831/2-U-2 and 2-U-1). Samples from both cores have been studied by applying palynology and palynofacies 1 CEED, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway analyses. The study is part of a larger industry consort- ([email protected], [email protected]) ium under the FORCE umbrella, where the main aim is 2 NGI, Oslo, Norway ([email protected]) to enhance the resolution of the Upper Triassic Series in 3 University of Bergen, Norway the Norwegian Arctic region and provide input to the ([email protected], [email protected], interpretation of the palaeoenvironment. The present [email protected]) study therefore provides an important input towards this 4 Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, Norway overarching goal. ([email protected]) The lowermost core 7831/2-U-2 comprises 13.3 meters 5 VBPR, Oslo, Norway ([email protected]) of shale, correlated to the Botneheia Formation. The 6 Statoil, Stavanger, Norway ([email protected]) palynological samples from the oldest core yielded poorly preserved palynomorphs, dominantly bisaccate 60 NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, no. 1, 2017

pollen, algae and acritarchs. The core is assigned to the multiple dyke intrusions based on elastic models has late Ladinian age Echinitosporites iliacoides CAz based been debated. Therefore, we have implemented con- on the occurrence of the nominate taxon, confirming the sistent elastoplastic formulation that incorporates two preliminary interpretation of Vigran et al. (2014). The criteria for development of plastic deformation corres- younger core (7831/2-U-1) spans 20.95 meters of the ponding to tensile fractures and dilatant shear bands. overlying Tschermakfjellet Formation. Palynological The second plasticity model is based on the Mohr- analysis of the core reveals an upwards increase of Coulomb theory. The two regimes are different with spores, coupled with a decrease in bisaccate pollen and respect to the loading path. marine palynomorphs. Core 7831/2-U-1 is assigned to We show how ambient pressure and far-field stresses the early Carnian Aulisporites astigmosus CAz based on control different patterns of localized plastic deformat- the presence of A. astigmosus, again confirming the age ion in shear and tensile modes around the magmatic assignment of Vigran et al (2014). These age interpret- centre. Our modelling results are compared with local ations are also consistent with published Re-Os dates and planetary dyke complexes on Earth and Venus. In (Xu et al., 2014), which place the Ladinian – Carnian particular, the cross-cutting relationship of dykes that (Middle – Late Triassic) boundary within the upper part apparently belong to the same emplacement episode in of the core 7831/2-U-2, and constrain the overlying core the northern Barents Sea can be explained by the 7831/2-U-1 to the earliest Carnian. magma intrusion guided by dilatant plastic shear bands. The palynofacies analysis of this oldest core revealed a total dominance of amorphous organic matter (AOM), indicative of deposition in an anoxic marine environment. The palynofacies analysis of this youngest core Determination of CO -Brine relative revealed an increasing input of terrestrial organic matt- 2 er. This is consistent with previous studies from the permeability curves for CO2 storage area, documenting the arrival of a prograding, early sandstone reservoirs Carnian delta in the region. Moghadam, J.N.1, Mondol, M.H.1,2, Aagaard, P.1 & Hellevang, H.1,3

Geometry of dyke swarms controll- 1 University of Oslo; [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], ed by brittle failure patterns [email protected] 2 1 2 Norwegian Geotechnical Institute; [email protected] Minakov, A. & Yarushina, V. 3 The University Centre in Svalbard (UNIS);

1 [email protected] Centre for Earth Evolution and Dynamics (CEED), University of Oslo, [email protected] 2 Precise determination of the relative permeability in Institute for Energy Technology (IFE), Oslo, case of the multi-phase flow is quite essential for [email protected] reservoir simulation studies. In this study, the unsteady state displacement method was utilized to obtain the Giant radiating dyke swarms are often associated with absolute permeability, the gaseous CO2–brine drainage large igneous provinces. These dyke swarms can be and imbibition relative permeability curves and residual used as markers to reconstruct pre-breakup position of saturations for two sandstone core plugs, the Knorring- the continents and infer paleo-stress regime. On Earth fjellet Sandstone (Longyearbyen, Svalbard, Norway) the entire paleo-structures are less likely to preserve due and a reference core plug of Berea Sandstone to erosion and plate tectonics. Therefore, existing (Cleveland Quarries, Ohio, USA). In case of lack of models for formation of giant dyke swarms are partly experimental data, the measured relative permeability based on presumably analogous coronae structures on values, saturation data and proper correlations, were Venus. Sometimes complex geometry of giant dyke utilized to generate capillary pressure data. The signi- swarms has promoted debates on the role of mantle ficant role of wettability and heterogeneity contrast in plumes in their formation. the observed relative permeability differences between In this talk, we address the mechanical aspects of the the two core plugs were discussed. We observed very genesis and geometry of giant dyke swarms and the key low endpoint CO saturations and relative permeabilities role of rheological behaviour of the lithosphere affected 2 while the observed CO2 fractional flow was signi- by a mantle plume. We do that by performing numerical ficantly high at relatively high water saturations. The mechanical modelling and comparing results with observed trapped CO saturation was relatively high for geophysical observations. 2 both core plugs that implicates high CO2 immobilization Our numerical finite-element model consists of an ela- capability of these two sandstone formations. The con- stoplastic heterogeneous lithosphere, which is trast between viscous-capillary forces and interfacial perforated with a cylindrical plume and subject to far- tension for different CO2 phases is used to explain the field tectonic stresses. The radius of the plume is observed differences between the supercritical and assumed to be 200 km. We use a plane strain approxi- gaseous CO2-brine relative permeabilities. mation, which is assumed to be valid at mid-crustal depths. We model the lithosphere small-scale hetero- geneities by a random Gaussian field of the yield strength perturbation or damage. From agriculture to tourism: results The tensile failure criterion is a standard for description from a study program in knowledge of the dyke geometry subject to regional stresses: namely, that the dyke, once initiated, propagates along tourism. the direction perpendicular to the least compressive Motrøen, T.1 & Bryn, A.2 stress. However, in some cases the observed geometry of dyke swarms cannot be matched using this model. 1 Moreover, the application of this model to formation of Høgskolen i Hedmark, Postboks 400, 2418 Elverum, NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, no. 1, 2017 61 terje.motrø[email protected] survey in the southern Hammerfest 2 Natural History Museum, Universitetet i Oslo, Postboks 1172, Blindern, 0318 Oslo, Basin of the Barents Shelf, Norway [email protected] Mulrooney, M.J.1, Leutscher, J.2 & Braathen, A.3

Many rural districts face a variety of challenges, for 1 example the abandonment of farms. These processes Department of Arctic Geology, University Centre in releases areas, tied-up capital and human resources. Svalbard (UNIS), PO Box 156, 9171 Longyearbyen, Svalbard, Norway, [email protected] Some of the available resources can probably be useful 2 for the increasing tourism industry. However, the Eni Norge AS, PO Box 101 Forus, 4064 Stavanger, Norway, [email protected] tourists of today are more demanding towards nature- 3 and culture based guidance (knowledge tourism). To Department of Geosciences, University of Oslo (UiO), activate the released potential within rural areas in Sem Sælands Vei 1, 0371 Oslo, Norway. decline, Hedmark University of Applied Sciences [email protected] established a decentralized program for knowledge tourism (2004 – 2011). In 2012, we sent a questionnaire The Goliat Field consists of Middle to Upper Triassic to all students (117) to gain more knowledge about: 1) reservoirs which exploit an elongate anticline (the whether the study program helped to realize the Goliat structure) in the hanging wall of the Troms- potential in terms of small-scale tourism enterprises; 2) Finnmark Fault Complex (TFFC), offshore Norway. what roughly characterized the students and the new The area is affected by a dense network of multiple businesses; 3) whether the study generated positive side trending fault populations which historically have inhi- effects on local communities. The results show that 53 bited seismic resolution owing to persistent fault % want to exploit released resources for tourism shadow. Seismic investigations utilising a multi-azimuth development. At the same time, the new tourism three-dimensional survey (EN0901) allow much crisper enterprises took part in a versatile livelihood, where delineation of seismic features previously unattainable only a small proportion of the respondent’s total income by vintage single-azimuth surveys. Three dominant fault came from these businesses. trends are identified in the area, two of which reflect TFFC trends, the Alke–Goliat (NE–SW) and the Goliat– Tornerose (NNE–SSW). The Goliat Field is located within a zone of intersection between both trends. A third E-W trend, the Hammerfest Regional trend, is Om geologer og samfunnsdebatten likely influenced by the offshore extension of the – hvorfor gjør vi så lite av oss? Trollfjord-Komagelv Fault Complex (TKFZ). A local NW–SE trend, the Goliat Central, affects the Goliat Müller, R. structure and partitions Alke–Goliat and Goliat–Torne- rose subsidiary faults resulting in curvilinear traces. Arcadia Research / UiO, [email protected] Several cross-cutting fault trend relationships are observed and may provide fluid compartmentalisation in Klimaendringer, naturkatastrofer og energiutfordringer the reservoirs. Compilation of regional transects and the handler i mange tilfeller om faglige problemstillinger EN0901 survey provides new insight into the evolution som grenser opp mot geologi. Til tross for dette, riktig- of the Goliat structure which is underlain by a fault- nok med ytterst få hedelige unntak, er vi geologer stort bound basement terrace that became established in the sett fraværende i den offentlige debatt. Late Palaeozoic. The structure is envisaged to have Hvorfor er det slik? Dette er kompleks og har flere formed due to vertical segmentation of the TFFC and dypenforliggende grunner. La oss likevel spekulere; For cores the overlying broad anticline. The western limb of det første, fraværet i den offentlige debatten gjelder ikke the Goliat anticline is likely formed by differential bare geologer, men naturvitere generelt. Skyldes dette at compaction, whereas the eastern limb is primarily a utdannelsen blir for spesialisert? Vitenskapsfilosofen result of hanging wall roll-over linked to a jog in the Thomas Kuhn sammenliknet sågar utdannelsesløpet til vertical fault geometry. Rifting took place in the Palaeo- naturvitenskapen med den for ortodoks teologi. Vi lærer zoic (Carboniferous to Permian?), and in the Mesozoic, for eksempel om petroleumsgeologi, men ikke om sam- possibly as early as the Late Triassic, with a major event funnets energiutfordringer. Mange ferdig-utdannede in the Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous. Minor reactiv- geologer mangler dermed innsikt og engasjement for å ations continued into the Late Cretaceous, and possibly delta i samfunnsdebatten. the Early Cenozoic. Mesozoic syn-kinematic geometries Et annet moment er alle-kjenner-alle-syndromet. Mange in the hanging wall of the Goliat–Tornerose TFFC geologer er ansatt i oljeindustrien eller forvaltningen. segment are consistent with deposition during up section Mener man for eksempel noe om norsk oljeindustri, propagation of a blind fault, over which, a monocline løper vedkommende en stor risiko for at dette senere was established and later breached. Corrugations in fault kan gå utover en selv. I frykt for å skade sitt eget og traces, transverse folds (associated with displacement selskapets rykte unngår de å gå ut med sine synspunkter. maxima/minima) and vertical fault jogs suggest the Og til sist, mange geologer mangler et nettverk i TFFC existed as a greater number of segments prior to mediene som er blottet for naturvitere. Kanskje slipper amalgamation during the Late Triassic to Jurassic. A derfor en historiker eller økonom lettere igjennom med phase of Barremian inversion created local compression sine synspunkter. structures above blind extensional faults, and deeper seated buttressing against large faults. Later polygonal faults affect the Late Cretaceous to Early Cenozoic Structural Architecture of the Goliat successions.

Field: Application of a high resolution multi-azimuth 3D seismic 62 NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, no. 1, 2017 Easy-to-use digital geological maps Foraminiferal stratigraphy of a deep in the field: mobile map for Sval- basin to prodelta sequence: the bard. Rurikfjellet Formation (Ryazanian- Hauterivian) of Spitsbergen Myhre, P.I. Nagy, J. & Naoroz, M.S. Norwegian Polar Institute, [email protected] Department of Geosciences, University of Oslo, P.O. I am presenting an easy way to carry GPS-enabled Box 1047 Blindern, NO-0316 Oslo, Norway, geological maps on a regular smartphone or tablet, with- [email protected], [email protected] out the need for phone coverage. The goals are that the system should cover a large region, be easy to use on The Rurikfjellet Formation is a siliciclastic succession regular consumer electronic products, freely available, attaining a thickness of 202 m in the central Spitsbergen and using simple software that is open source or at least Janusfjellet section, which is the basis of this analysis. free of cost. The formation is comprised of the Wimanfjllet Member An obvious choice for field geologists, this also is a way of shales and the Kikutodden Member of siltstones and to introduce non-scientists to the geology of the natural shales with interbedded sandstones. The base of the environment by making it simple to interact with and formation is marked by the clayey Myklegardfjellet explore geological data. Bed. Published geological maps are perhaps the first The foraminiferal succession of the formation consists companion on geological field work of any kind, and of agglutinated taxa with calcareous forms occurring the go-to resource for choosing field sites, navigating in sporadically. Within this succession, five assemblage the geology and forming hypotheses. Digital geological zones are distinguished and designate by the marker maps are compiled from published paper-maps, while species: Glomospirella multivoluta, Rhizammina bros- new maps are often produced digitally. Such a database gei and Pseudobolivina jamalica in the Wimanfjellet can have a much larger spatial coverage than individual Member (Ryazanian, Valanginian to early Hauterivian); paper maps, and the zooming ability inherent to digital Haplopgragmoides topagorukensis and Recurvoides maps leaves the typical scale of compilation less neremovensis in the Kikutodden Member (Hauterivian). relevant than before: We can view the same maps at The assemblages are of boreal nature, showing close very variable zoom levels. similarities to Early Cretaceous faunas from Western For the first time, GPS-enabled digital maps for Sval- Siberia, the Sverdrup Basin and North Greenland. bard were published by the Norwegian Polar Institute In the lower and middle parts of the Wimanfjllet (NPI) in 2016 (Offline geological map of Svalbard, Member, the foraminiferal faunas reveal relatively high 2016). The geological map, originally published in species diversities, and commonly include 40-50% deep Dallmann (2015), was made using data from the NPI water species suggesting upper bathyal to deeper shelf 1:250 k-scale geological map for Svalbard. For the pur- conditions. In the upper Wimanfjellet and through the pose of this offline mobile map, up-to-date topographic Kikutodden Member decreasing diversities indicate and glacier outline data sets were combined with the hyposaline prodelta environments connected to the geology base layer. The map was prepared using open progradation of the overlying Helvetiafjellet Delta. source software (QGIS, GDAL) and can be used offline Strongly reduced diversities in the upper part of the on a smartphone, tablet or computer. By zooming in, Kikutodden Member suggest interdistributary bay con- information about each geological unit is shown in text, ditions. Relatively high oxygen index indicates that and GPS-enabled devices can show the user's location access to dissolved oxygen was not a restricting factor on the map. Depending on screen resolution, full detail in the deep water to prodelta environments. Extremely of the map (including text labels) is best viewed at ca. high dominance of agglutinated taxa is explained by 1:30 000 scale, but the map can also be viewed at much high degree of calcium carbonate starvation during larger scales to see e.g. regional geological features. deposition of the formation. Users need an application on the mobile device to read In a sequence stratigraphic context, the topmost sand- the files, and the app "Geoviewer" from Lizardtech stone-siltstone beds of the Agardhfjellet Formation rep- suites this purpose on both of the market-leading mobile resent a maximum regression. The contact between operating systems. these sandy beds and the overlying glauconitic siltstones As in the digital world in general, there are many of the Myklegardfjellet Bed defines the lower sequence advantages with digital geological maps; perhaps most boundary. Extreme enrichment of glauconite in the important is easy and quick access to information overlying clayey interval signals a rapid transgression anywhere, any time. This type of products can perhaps with extensive condensation forming a thin transgress- go some way in making geological information more ive systems tract. The maximum transgressive interval, easily available. with peak values of both foraminiferal abundance and GeoSvalbard SG250 Raster: Offline geological map of deep water taxa extends into the lowermost part of the Svalbard (2016). Norwegian Polar Institute Wimanfjellet Member. The regressive systems tract (Tromsø): https://data.npolar.no/dataset/eafafbb7- continues upwards, through the upper Wimanfjellet and b3df-4c71-a2df-316e80a7992e the entire Kikutodden Member to the upper sequence Dallmann, W.K., 2015 (Ed.): Geoscience Atlas of boundary at the base of the fluvio-deltaic Helvetiafjellet Svalbard, Norwegian Polar Institute, Report 148. Formation. Tromsø

NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, no. 1, 2017 63 Fossil seep carbonates (Late faunal association of sunken wood was discovered in the Basilika Fm. of Fossildalen (Spitsbergen). The in- Jurassic – Late Paleocene) of the vertebrate fauna within the seep carbonates is of mode- greater Barents Shelf area. rate diversity (17 species) and has a shallow water affinity. Wood specimens within the carbonates contain bo- Nakrem, H.A.1, Hryniewcz, K.1,2, Hammer, Ø.1, Little, rings and shells of wood-boring bivalves, and are asso- C.T.S.3 & Kaim, A. 2 ciated with abundant specimens of the thyasirid genus Conchocele, common to other seeps of similar age. 1 Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, Box Our results have shed new light onto the history of 1172 Blindern, NO-0318 Oslo, Norway. methane seepage on Svalbard, and the evolution and [email protected] ecology of seep and wood-fall faunas during the latest 2 Institute of Paleobiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Jurassic–early Paleogene time interval. ul. Twarda 51/55, 00-818 Warszawa, Poland Hryniewicz, K., Bitner, M.A., Durska, E. Hjálmars- 3 School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, dóttir, H.R., Jenkins, R.G., Miyajima, Y., Nakrem, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom H.A. & Kaim, A. 2016. Paleocene methane seep and wood-fall marine environments from Spitsbergen, During the last ten years a research project with focus on the Mesozoic of Spitsbergen has been conducted by Svalbard. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, geologists and paleontologists at the Natural History Palaeoecology 462, 41-56. Museum, Oslo. Remarkable vertebrate fossils from the Hryniewicz, K., Nakrem, H. A., Hammer, Ø., Little, Jurassic have been described in detail, and for the next C.T.S., Kaim, A., Sandy. M. &. Hurum, J.H. 2015a. years the focus is on Triassic faunas. The palaeoecology of latest Jurassic-earliest A parallel project has been devoted to the study of Cretaceous hydrocarbon seep carbonates from Jurassic-Cretaceous hydrocarbon seep occurrences in Spitsbergen, Svalbard. Lethaia 48(3), 353-374. DOI: Spitsbergen (Agardhfjellet Fm.) (Hryniewicz et al. 2015a) and Novaya Zemlya (Arctic Russia) (Hryni- 10.1111/let.12112. ewicz et al. 2015b), as well as late Paleocene seeps of Hryniewicz, K., Hagström, J., Hammer, Ø., Kaim, A., Spitsbergen (Hryniewicz et al. 2016). The carbonates Little, C.T.S. & Nakrem, H. A. 2015b. Late Jurassic- are significantly depleted in heavy carbon isotopes Early Cretaceous hydrocarbon seep boulders from (δ13C values as low as ca. −40 to −50 ‰) and show Novaya Zemlya and their faunas. Palaeogeography, textures typical for carbonates formed under the influ- Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 436, 231–244. ence of hydrocarbons, such as fibrous carbonate cements and corrosion cavities. Sixteen seep carbonate bodies from the Jurassic-Creta- ceous of Spitsbergen have been sampled and analyzed. The Thermo-tectonic History of a They contain an unusual fauna for seeps, lacking most Gneiss-Amphibolite Sequence, of the species characteristic for roughly coeval seep deposits. These seeps formed in a shallow epicontinen- Iddefjord, Østfold tal sea with widespread deposition of fine-grained, 1 2 1 organic-rich sediments. They are spread over a relativ- Narum, B.M.M.N. , Gabrielsen, R.H. & Corfu, F. ely large area and are positioned roughly in the same interval, indicating seepage over extensive areas of the Department of Geosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway palaeo-Barents Sea for around 9 Myr. The seep fauna is 1 very species rich and with low dominance, comprising [email protected] 2 [email protected] 54 species, with a composition similar to that of Jurassic 3 –Cretaceous normal-marine environments of other [email protected] Boreal seas. Seep-restricted fauna is not abundant and is represented by four species only. We suggest that The Iddefjord terrane of the Sveconorwegian Orogen, chemosymbiosis was a source of nourishment for some consists of rocks formed in an arc setting, mainly bet- of the seep-restricted and ‘background’ organisms. The ween 1650 and 1550 Ma (Åhäll and Connelly 2008), high diversity and low dominance of the fauna and and affected by Sveconorwegian deformation and meta- significant richness and abundance of ‘background’ morphosis in varying degrees. At Remmen, near Halden species is typical for shallow water seeps. (Østfold), 150 meters of diamond-wire-cut outcrops The analyzed Late Jurassic–Early Cretaceous seep carb- have been investigated. The study is based on traditional onate boulders from Novaya Zemlya were collected in structural field analysis and utilizes Pb-U dating of 1875 by A.E. Nordenskiöld during his expedition to zircon, monazite, titanite and rutile by ID-TIMS. The Siberia. They contain index fossils of Late Oxfordian– thermo-tectonic evolution, which includes plastic and Early Kimmeridgian, Late Tithonian (Jurassic) and brittle compressional and extensional events, was in- latest Berriasian–Early Valanginian (Cretaceous) age. vestigated. The Remmen outcrops display a sequence of The fossil fauna is species rich and dominated by moll- biotite-gneiss, garnet amphibolite and several generati- uscs, with subordinate brachiopods, echinoderms, fora- ons of pegmatite veins. The geometric and time relati- minifera, serpulids and ostracods. Most of the species, ons between the biotite-gneiss and the garnet-amphi- including two chemosymbiotic bivalve species, likely bolite are prominent in the outcrops. In one area (C), the belong to the ‘background’ fauna. Only two species can amphibolite consists of rectangular homogeneous boud- be interpreted as restricted to the seep environment. ins in the semi-chaotic foliated gneiss. In other parts of Other seep faunas with similar taxonomic structure are the outcrops (A), the amphibolite is migmatitic with suggestive of rather shallow water settings, but in case internal foliated slivers of leucosome, defining lens- of Novaya Zemlya seep faunas such a faunal structure shaped bodies. The foliation in the gneiss dips towards might have been because of the high northern latitude the north, with large variance in the vicinity of the occurrence. amphibolites, as stress shadows form on the sides of the Based on an initial study of museum collections and boudins. This plastic deformation event was bracketed field work in 2015 a late Paleocene-aged methane seep in time by two dated generations of pegmatite, as the 64 NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, no. 1, 2017

oldest generation is constrained to the amphibolite and 7122/7-3 (in the Goliat Field). A total of 13 brine- boudin, while the youngest generation of pegmatite cuts saturated compaction tests were performed in the through the gneiss and boudins borders. Norwegian Geotechnical Institute laboratory to apply a Zircon data from the gneiss indicate protolith ages maximum effective vertical stress of 50 MPa. The between 1.7 and 1.6 Ga. Monazite gives a metamorphic slightly crushed, washed and freeze-dried cutting age 1554 ± 11 Ma, and discordant data for zircon in a samples were characterized for mineralogical compositi- migmatitic amphibolite suggest formation during the ons (both bulk and clay fractions), grain size distribution same event. The area was strongly overprinted by and geochemical analysis. The controlled, high precis- Sveconorwegian deformation and metamorphism. This ion laboratory experiments replicate the changes in rock is well documented by zircon, titanite and rutile data properties of stress-dependent mechanical compaction from the garnet amphibolite rocks, indicating ages (~2–2.5 km burial depth depending on the geothermal between 1040 and 1030 Ma for this event. The two gradient) of progressively buried argillaceous sedi- latest pegmatite generations yield discrete ages of ments. Experimental results show a marked difference 1040.7 ± 4.2 and 1033.2 ± 1.2 Ma based on zircon and in compaction behavior of studied cap and source rock monazite, and thus constrain the time of formation of sequences within the basin and even within a formation. the main foliation in the gneiss. Titanite crystallization Compaction (mechanical and chemical) normally causes in the garnet amphibolite as well as one of the sampled irreversible diagenetic changes in sediments, which are pegmatites gives a crystallization age around 920 Ma, manifested in lower porosity and higher acoustic veloc- which corresponds to the time of intrusion of the Idde- ity. These changes record the maximum burial depth in fjord granite, a part of the Bohus batholith. This late and normally pressured sediments. The velocity and porosity low-U titanite likely formed by fluid induced mineral difference between normally compacted and exhumed reactions that liberated Ti and Ca. rocks at their equivalent depth used to estimate the Brittle faults represent the youngest part of the defor- magnitude of exhumation. In this study, a technique was mation history. The faults vary in orientation and age, used to utilize experimental compaction trend lines of with cohesive and unchohesive fault rocks. Thin-secti- reconstituted natural aggregates for estimating net ex- ons of cataclasite show several stages of activation, and humation. The transition between mechanically and the youngest faults, containing a fault gouge, mark the chemically compacted sediments was identified in each end of a history of formation and deformation that well location based on well-log derived acoustic veloc- spanned nearly 1700 million years. ity- and porosity-depth trend lines, in addition to rock physics analysis. The shear modulus was plotted against porosity (calculated from density log) to determine the Experimental mechanical compact- transition from mechanical to chemical compaction. The velocity- and porosity-depth trends (derived from well ion of reconstituted mudrocks from log data) subsequently were calibrated with the experi- the SW Barents Sea: implication for mental compaction curve of the layer, which is still in the mechanical compaction domain. The deviation from exhumation estimation the reference curves (displacement along the depth axis) was estimated graphically and mathematically as net Nooraiepour, M.1 & Mondol, N.H.1,2 exhumation. A net exhumation of 950 m and 800 m was 1 proposed at 7220/10-1 (Salina) and 7122/7-3 (Goliat) Department of Geosciences, University of Oslo (UiO); well locations, respectively. The provided experimental [email protected], baselines and proposed technique have the advantage of [email protected] 2 being free from the major drawbacks of compaction- Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI); based techniques for evaluating uplift and erosion. [email protected] Some of these limitations are the assumptions for i) the relation between porosity and velocity, ii) inconsistency Exhumation events describe erosion and removal of between the depth and compaction, iii) unreliability in overburden, and in some cases surface uplift. Exhum- the establishment of reference curves for a basin or a ation has profound effects on the evolution of sediment- rock unit, iv) occurrence of abnormal pore pressure, v) ary basins and the hydrocarbon systems that they choice of reference succession, vi) variability in miner- contain. Consequently, quantification of exhumation alogy and vii) physical properties of measured section. events has direct importance for the understanding of petroleum systems and prospectivity in exhumed basins like the SW Barents Sea. Numerous studies employed local point measurements of rock displacement to esti- Machine learning in Petroleum mate uplift and erosion in SW Barents Sea. Such as Geoscience: Constructing EarthNET thermal (e.g., vitrinite reflectance, fission track analysis), tectonic (e.g., subsidence curves), compactional Oikonomou, D.1, Alaei, B.1, Larsen, E.1 & Jackson, C. (e.g., sonic log velocity, compaction and diagenesis of A.-L. 1, 2 clay minerals, anomalous seismic velocities) and stratigraphic (e.g., section correlation, seismic sequence geo- 1 Earth Science Analytics AS, Vestboehagen 24, 4022 metries, seismic section subcrop analysis) frames of ref- Stavanger, [email protected] erence. The discrepancies between the reported individ- 2 Basins Research Group, Dept. of Earth Science and ual estimates may arise for various reasons, even where Engineering, Imperial College, London, SW7 2BP, UK approximations were made with the same frame of reference. Underutilization of data due to a lack of time, and This study investigates petrophysical and acoustic prop- insufficient calibration of geophysical methods are just erties of experimentally compacted reconstituted mud- two of the causes behind the disappointing exploration rock samples of several seal sequences from the SW results on the Norwegian Continental Shelf (NCS) Barents Sea. The studied samples were reconstituted during the last 5-6 years. Our failure to utilise and inte- from the drill cuttings of mudstone and shale formations grate available data is partly a result of the inefficiency of two exploration wells 7220/10-1 (Salina Discovery) of traditional methods of data analysis, which typically NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, no. 1, 2017 65 require large amounts of human and financial resources We strongly believe that, by researching, developing to be spent, and the deployment of costly analytical and deploying this technology, we will provide more techniques. The as-yet untapped potential of efficient efficient and accurate analytical methods that can analytical techniques that utilize all relevant data ultimately transform petroleum geoscience into a much encourages us to further develop novel data analysis more data-driven science. methods. Our approach to developing more efficient and precise analytical techniques is based on artificial intelligence Oblique Caledonian continental (AI) and machine learning (ML) technology; i.e. algorithms that can learn and make predictions directly from collision interpreted from aero- data. One key advantage of ML in science is the techno- magnetic data in Scandinavia logy’s ability to efficiently handle very large volumes of multidimensional data, thus saving time and cost and, Olesen, O., Bjørlykke, A., Brönner, M., Dumais, M.A., therefore, allowing human resources to be deployed to Gernigon, L., Lutro, O., Maystrenko, Y., Nasuti, A., other, perhaps more creative, tasks. Another advantage Slagstad, T. & Solli, A is ML’s ability to detect complex, multidimensional patterns that are not readily visible to humans. Geological Survey of Norway, [email protected] We aim to solve the data under-utilization problem described above by implementing ML techniques in Precambrian structures on the Fennoscandian Shield can petroleum geoscience. By doing so, we aim to provide be traced on aeromagnetic maps below the Caledonian more reliable and efficient methods for data analytics, nappes to the western gneiss regions of Norway. These and ultimately reduce the number of costly, unsuccessful wells. No. Precambrian N‐S and Site of rotation Sense of rotation Previous studies of the application of ML to petroleum NNW‐SSE trending geoscience problems have typically focused on a single magnetic structures task using limited data types. For example, ML-based 1 Round and oval postoro‐ Stryn Counterclockwise studies using borehole data has allowed us to predict genic Sveconorwegian sedimentary facies, porosity, permeability and fluid granitoids extending saturation, whereas those using seismic data have from the Grimstad and permitted identification and prediction of reservoir Herefoss granites in architecture by automatic labelling of geological fea- Agder to the Gaupne tures observed in seismic attributes. More recently, the granite in Nordfjord as-yet-unrealized potential of ML to help analyse integrated subsurface datasets has been illustrated (e.g. prediction of petrophysical properties, such as resistivity, 2 Precambrian or‐ Eikesdal Counterclockwise from a combination of wells and seismic attributes). thogneisses extending We are developing machine-learning technology that from Lesja to Eikesdal can learn from, and make predictions based on, a combination of wireline log data and lab-derived mea- 3 Granitoid of the Grong Counterclockwise surements. These algorithms are used to predict rock Transscandinavian Igne‐ and fluid properties that are not directly measured by the ous Belt (TIB) extending wireline logging tools, in wells (or parts of wells) from from the Precambrian of which lab data are not available. More specifically, we SW Sweden to Nord‐ are researching methods for prediction of property data Trøndelag related to; i) source rocks (e.g. total organic carbon, hydrogen index, and vitrinite reflectance), ii) reservoir 4 TIB granitoids continuing Rana Counterclockwise rocks (e.g. porosity, permeability, and fluid saturation), from the Precambrian of Sweden to Høgtuva in and iii) seal rocks (e.g. fracture pressure and capillary Nordland properties). We also focus on predicting electrical properties (e.g. conductivity, horizontal and vertical resi- 5 TIB quartz monzonites of Hamarøya Counterclockwise stivity), and acoustic properties (e.g. shear velocity, and the Tysfjord granite elastic parameters), which are used as input to ML- 6 Archaean and Palaeo‐ Andøya Counterclockwise assisted geophysical predictions. proterozoic granitoid The geophysical part of our project is focused on rocks on Senja (partly relationships between well data and remote sensing TIB rocks) extending to (seismic and controlled-source electromagnetic (CSEM) Andøya (e.g., Fiskenes data. We investigate how algorithms trained on different granite) combinations of various seismic attributes and well data affect the accuracy of rock and fluid property prediction. 7 The Ersfjord granite (also Offshore Kvaløya None We explore how algorithms can be trained on a part of the TIB) stretch‐ combination of seismic, CSEM, well data, rock and ing from northern Swe‐ fluid properties in relatively data-rich ‘reference’ areas, den to Kvaløya in order to predict rock and fluid properties based on both seismic and CSEM data where data are sparse. By 8 Magnetic volcanosedi‐ Alta Clockwise integrating ML methods with current methods of direct mentary rocks of the lithology and fluid prediction from geophysical data Kautokeino Greenstone Belt continuing from the (e.g. seismic amplitude-versus-offset and seismic and Precambrian of CSEM inversion), we aim to mitigate the non-unique- Finnmarksvidda below ness problem inherent to each individual geophysical the Caledonian nappes technique. Our ML-approach will provide calibration to the Alta‐Kvænangen data for geophysical methods, by making large-scale a window priori rock- and fluid-property data accessible. 66 NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, no. 1, 2017

structures also appear in several of the parautochthonous years. Through discovery and research of active and windows within the orogen. The main aeromagnetic extinct venting areas we are gradually establishing the anomalies reflecting N-S- and NNW-SSE-trending Pre- knowledge base needed to assess the metal inventory of cambrian structures in Norway are listed in the table, hydrothermal deposits in the Norwegian-Greenland Sea. from south to north. In parallel with our research on high temperature vent- The magnetic structures show a distinct pattern (see ing and polymetallic sulphide deposits, a range of low table). The southernmost anomalies (1-6) are rotated c. temperature hydrothermal and hydrogenetic deposits 90° counterclockwise into the Caledonian trend along have been discovered and documented. These include the line Stryn-Eikesdal-Grong-Hamarøya-Andøya- biomediated Fe-oxyhydroxide deposits that form by Senja. The northernmost anomalies (8), on the other diffuse low-temperature hydrothermal activity, sediment hand, are rotated clockwise along a line from offshore -hosted Mn-micronodules that appears to be related to Kvaløya to Alta. We suggest that this structural pattern hydrothermal fall out, and hydrogenetic Fe-Mn crust is related to the collision of Baltica and Laurentia during that form by very slow (0.5-15 mm/My) precipitation of the main Scandian phase of the Caledonian orogeny. polymetallic oxyhydroxide from seawater on stable rock Bottrill et al. (2014) proposed that the collision started surfaces. Since we first observed and sampled Fe-Mn at the southern end of the collisional zone, and crust along the flanks of the Mohns-Knipovich ridge propagated northward. This asymmetric geometry during an expedition in 2000, we have discovered large resulted in the counterclockwise rotation of Baltica with areas with Fe-Mn crust particularly along the extinct respect to Laurentia, consistent with the observed Ægir Ridge and at the East Jan Mayen Fracture Zone. pattern of magnetic structures and the discontinuous This presentation will summarize the current knowledge distribution of ultrahigh-pressure (UHP) terranes along and the ongoing research on the range of mineral the terminal (Scandian) collision zone. The transition deposits that are present in the Norwegian-Greenland zone between counterclockwise and clockwise rotation Sea. coincides with the proposed bend of the Caledonian orogen in the southern Barents Sea (Gernigon et al. 2014). The line extending through the Caledonides from Inversion of Eocene to mid-Pliocene Stryn to Alta represents a boundary between two crustal blocks with different Caledonian reworking. The west- landscape evolution in Scandinavia ern Caledonised unit extending offshore Norway most using offshore sediment volumes likely constitutes the template for the post-Caledonian rift structures. The eastern block demonstrates a less Pedersen, V.K.1, Braun, J.2 & Huismans, R.S.1 extensive modification during the Caledonian continent- continent collision. Reflection seismic lines (e.g., the 1Department of Earth Science, University of Bergen, Stjørdal-Østersund profile) reveal thrusting within base- Norway ([email protected]). ment windows in the eastern block. Several of these 2Helmholtz Centre Potsdam, German Research Center thrusts were subsequently reactivated as normal faults for Geosciences (GFZ), Germany. during late- to post-Scandian extensional deformation. The origin of high topography in Scandinavia is highly debated, both in terms of its age and the underlying Hydrothermal and hydrogenous mechanism for its formation. Traditionally, the current high topography is assumed to have formed by several mineral deposits in the Norwegian- Cenozoic (mainly Neogene) phases of uplift and dissect- Greenland Sea ion of an old peneplain surface (e.g. Reusch, 1901; Lid- mar-Bergström et al. 2000). These same uplift events Pedersen, R.B., Flesland, K., Gilje, S.R., Johannessen, are suggested to explain an increased deposition in K.C., Marques, F.A. & Thorseth, I.H. adjacent offshore basins on the Norwegian shelf and in the North Sea. However, more recently it has been K.G. Jebsen Centre for Deep Sea Research, Department suggested that prolonged climate-dependent erosion and of Earth Science, University of Bergen isostatic uplift of existing topography may also explains the recent evolution of topography in Scandinavia Fifteen years of deep sea exploration by the University (Nielsen et al., 2009; Steer et al. 2012; Pedersen et al., of Bergen has revealed the presence of large hydro- 2016). For this latter view, an increased sedimentation thermal and hydrogenetic mineral deposits in Norwegi- towards the present has been assumed to be a conse- an waters. Presently, eight active hydrothermal venting quence of a climate related increase in erosion (Nielsen areas and a large number of active and extinct venting at al., 2009; Goledowski et al., 2012). sites have been located at the Arctic Mid-Ocean Ridges In this study we wish to explore whether inverse that extends from Iceland through the Norwegian- modeling of landscape evolution can give new insight Greenland Sea and into the North Polar Basin. The into Eocene to mid-Pliocene landscape evolution in the active vent fields that have been visited and sampled Scandinavian region. We do this by combining a highly range from black smoker vent field at 2000 to 3000 m efficient forward-in-time landscape evolution model water depth to shallow, epithermal systems at 100 m (FastScape; Braun and Willett, 2012) with an water depth. The character of the associated hydro- optimization scheme suitable for non-linear inverse thermal mineral deposits varies with depth and fluid problems (the neighborhood algorithm – NA; Sam- temperature, and the sizes range from small, bridge, 1999a,b). In order to limit our approach to the insignificant deposits to large mounds that are several fluvial regime, we exclude the most recent Quaternary 100 meters across and that contains millions of tons of time period where glacial erosion processes are expect- hydrothermal deposits. With more robust robotics tech- ed to dominate landscape evolution. Our forward-in- nology now being available through the Norwegian time landscape evolution models are constrained using Marine Robotics Facility (NORMAR) and with the i) sediment fluxes based on decompacted offshore sedi- gradual development of more efficient exploration tech- ment volumes and ii) maximum pre-glacial topography niques, we expect to locate most of the active venting from a mid-Pliocene landscape reconstructed using geo- areas present in Norwegian waters during the next 5-10 physical relief and sediment volumes from the mid- NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, no. 1, 2017 67

Pliocene-Quaternary. By running a large number of 1 Volcanic Basin Petroleum Research (VBPR), Oslo numerical experiments we can distinguish between a Science Park, 0349 Oslo, Norway, [email protected] diverse set of different uplift histories and initial topo- 2 CEED, University of Oslo, Norway graphic conditions, and how they are able to match the 3 Department of Geology and Petroleum Geology, observational record. University of Aberdeen, UK Braun, J., Willett, S.D., 2012. Geomorphology 180-181, 4 DougalEarth, Solihull, UK 170-179. 5 Statoil, Oslo, Norway Goledowski, B., Nielsen, S.B., Clausen, O.R., 2012. 6 Geomar, Kiel, Germany Basin Research 24, 377-400. 7 TGS, Lensmannslia 4, 1386 Asker, Norway Lidmar-Bergström, K., Ollier, C.D., Sulebak, J.R., 2000. Global and Planetary Change 24, 211–231. Voluminous igneous complexes are commonly present Nielsen. S.B. et al., 2009. J. Geodyn. 47, 72-95. in volcanic basins on rifted continental margins, and Pedersen, V.K., Huismans. R.S., Moucha, R., 2016. represent a challenge for petroleum explorationists. A Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 446, 1-9. 2500 km2 large industry-standard 3D seismic cube has Reusch, H., 1901. Aarbog for 1900, Norges Geologiske recently been acquired on the Vøring Marginal High Undersøgelse 32, 124–263. offshore mid-Norway to image sub-basalt sedimentary Sambridge, M., 1999a. Geophys. J. Int. 138, 479-494. rocks. This cube also provides a unique opportunity for Sambridge, M., 1999b. Geophys. J. Int. 138, 727-746. imaging top- and intra-basalt structures. Detailed Steer P. et al., 2012. Nature Geosci. 5, 635-639. seismic geomorphological interpretation of the Top basalt horizon, locally calibrated with high-resolution P- Cable wide-azimuth data, reveal new insight into the Climate Change and the Norwegian late-stage development of the volcanic flow fields and the kilometer high coastal Vøring Escarpment. Subaerial Road Network lava flows with compressional ridges and inflated lava

1 2 lobes cover the marginal high, with comparable struct- Petkovic, G. & Dolva, B. ure and size to modern subaerial lava fields. Pitted surfaces, likely formed by lava emplaced in a wet environ- Statens vegvesen, Vegdirektoratet, Geoteknikk- og ment, are present in the western part of the study area skredseksjonen, near the continent-ocean boundary. The prominent Vøring Escarpment formed when eastward-flowing lava 1 [email protected] 2 reached the coastline. The escarpment morphology is [email protected] influenced by pre-existing structural highs, and locally these highs are by-passed by the lava. Volcanogenic The Norwegian Public Roads Administration has been debris flows are well-imaged on the escarpment horizon working on the adaptation to a changing climate for 10 along with large-scale slump blocks. Similar features years now. This comes as a natural part and continu- exist in active volcanic environments, e.g. on the south ation of the traditional work on adaptation of roads to coast of Hawaii. Numerous post-volcanic extensional weather and climate, especially protection from land- faults and incised channels cut both into the marginal slides and avalanches. high and the escarpment, and show that the area was The presentation gives an overview of the research geologically active after the volcanism ceased. In con- projects we have carried out or been involved in and clusion, igneous seismic geomorphology and seismic how they contributed to our knowledge base for volcanostratigraphy are two very powerful methods to adaptation to climate change. The emphasis is on our understand the volcanic deposits and development of own R&D programmes, “Climate and Transport” and rifted margins. The study demonstrates great promise “NIFS - Natural hazards, infrastructure, floods and for further understanding the igneous development of slides”. NIFS has been carried out through collaboration offshore basins as more high-quality 3D seismic data with The Norwegian National Rail Administration and becomes available. The Norwegian Water Resources and Energy Director- ate. This collaboration sets the premises for our future work on natural hazards. NPRA’s policy for dealing with adaptation to climate Hydrocarbon Seepage Above Håpet change has been mainstreaming, i.e. introducing adap- Dome Interpreted From Shallow tation measures in all fields of work and responsibilities Cores and P-Cable Seismic Data that are affected by climate change. We will present some main steps taken within flood and landslide risk Polteau, S.1, Planke, S.1, Matar, M.1, Trulsvik, M.1, management, and preparedness for natural hazards. Stolze, L.1, Kjølhamar, B.E.2 & Myklebust, R.2 Finally, some challenges concerning implementation of new knowledge will be mentioned. 1 Volcanic Basin Petroleum Research AS, Oslo Science Park, 0349 Oslo, Norway, [email protected] 2 TGS, Lensmannlia 4, 1386 Asker, Norway Igneous seismic geomorphology of buried lava fields and coastal Seabed sampling and high-resolution seismic data may provide new constraints on the hydrocarbon prospect- escarpments on the Vøring volcanic ivity of frontier regions such as the Håpet Dome in the rifted margin Barents Sea. We have collected 453 gravity cores in the Hoop and Barents Sea SE areas to detect hydrocarbon Planke, S.1,2, Millett, J.M.1,3, Maharjan, D.1, Jerram, seepage anomalies and for seismic-stratigraphic tie, D.A.2,4, Abdelmalak, M.M.2, Groth, A.5, Hoffmann, J.6, including 35 cores near seven exploration wells for Berndt, C. 6 & Myklebust, R.7 calibration purposes. The samples were analyzed using three different analytical methods; (1) the conventional organic geochemical analyzes of Applied Petroleum Technologies (APT), (2) the Amplified Geochemical 68 NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, no. 1, 2017 Imaging (AGI) method, and (3) the Microbial Prospect- Geochemical characteristics of re- ing for Oil and Gas (MPOG) method. These analytical approaches can detect trace amounts of thermogenic placive dunites in the upper mantle hydrocarbons in the sediment samples, and may provide section of the dismembered Ferrag- additional information about the fluid phases and the depositional environment, maturation, and age of the en-Raudhammeren ophiolite body, source rocks. Central Norway. The aim of this study was to calibrate the three methods of seep analysis using the results from the seven explor- Pryadunenko, A.1, Nilsson, L.P.2, Larsen, R.B.1 ation wells with known results, and to apply the calibration to samples collected in areas without exploration 1 Department of Geology and Mineral Resources wells. The calibration wells included three boreholes Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and associated with oil discoveries, two with gas dis- Technology, Sem Sælands veg 1, Trondheim 7491, coveries, one dry well with gas shows, and one dry well. Norway In general, the results of this case study reveal that the 2 The Geological Survey of Norway (NGU), Postal Box oil wells have an oil seep signature, gas wells show a 6315 Sluppen, Trondheim 7491, Norway gas signature, and dry wells have a background signature. The standard geochemical methods rely on measur- A number of partially dismembered ophiolite bodies ing the abundance of compounds between C1 to C5 in have been reported from the Røros Region at the border the headspace gas and between C11 to C36 in the sedi- area between Norway and Sweden. The ophiolites are ment extracts. The anomalies detected in the sediment recognized as the remnants of Paleozoic ocean floor and samples above the Håpet Dome were in the C16 to C30 are believed to be obducted during Early Ordovician range. Since the organic matter yields were mostly very time. Mid-ocean ridge tectonic settings were inferred for low, the detectable signal by the standard method was these ophiolites in contrast to Caledonian suprasubduct- commonly overprinted by recent immature organic ion zone/ oceanic island arc related ophiolite complexes matter. Therefore, the identification of small hydro- outcropping along the coast of Norway, suggesting their carbon anomalies at the lower end of the measurable formation in a marginal basin within the Iapetus ocean. analytical range (C11 to C15) was often not possible with The Feragen-Raudhammeren ophiolite bodies are sand- this method. The AGI method relies on passive adsorb- wiched between garnet mica schists of the Seve nape ents collecting volatiles and semi-volatile compounds in and the overlying sedimentary succession of the Köli the C2-C20 range released from the sediments. The patt- nape. Mantle sections of both ophiolite bodies are erns of compounds found in sediments collected close to composed of clinopyroxene-poor lherzolite to clino- oil wells were in the C5 to C14 range, which consequ- pyroxene-bearing harzburgites with subordinate amount ently defined anomalous samples from the Håpet Area. of dunites. All the rocks are strongly to moderately The MPOG method relies on the presence of C1-C9 serpentinized. Two types of dunites can be distinguished hydrocarbon oxidizing bacteria in the sediments. These within the mantle unites of the ophiolite bodies. First bacteria are only present if seepage is active and type is represented by cumulative dunite layers altern- provides enough nutrients for them to survive. The well ating with mantle peridotites. Second type of dunites study calibrated the different levels of bacterial activi- bodies include replacive dunites veins and lenses. The ties measured in background and anomalous samples, latter type was interpreted as restite from partial melting and were translated to the Håpet Dome samples. Inte- and melt extraction from the upper mantle. Replacive grating the seep results from the three different methods dunites form discordant bodies and show contacts to broadens the detection range of carbon compounds from mantle peridotite from sharp in dyke-like bodies, to the sediment samples. Very strong hydrocarbon seepage transitional with opx fading out on a scale of 1 cm to was interpreted when all three methods give positive several meters. Thin discontinuous layers of Cr-spinel results. However, differences in results from the three are commonly observed within replacive dunite bodies. methods may occur and is largely explained in terms of Within the northwestern quarter of the 16 km2 Feragen analytical measurement ranges, method sensitivities, body, resembling the mantle – crust boundary, the and bio-geochemical processes in the seabed sediments. amount of discordant dunite bodies exceeds that of For example, a bacterial anomaly in a sample may cor- mantle peridotite. Here peridotite lenses with sharp to respond to a geochemical background signature. This transitional contacts to dunites are observed as frag- situation has been interpreted to occur in areas with ments within the dunite volume. intense seepage where blooms of bacterial populations Peridotites, dunites and dunite-peridotite transition consume most of the volatile compounds resulting in a zones were sampled at Feragen-Raudhammeren area. bacterial anomaly and geochemical background signa- Gradual increase in MgO content of the rocks is ture. In addition, we interpreted a geochemical anomaly observed from 39 wt % in peridotites to > 41 wt % in the heavy carbon number range to correspond to a within the transition zones. Dunites always show > 43 residue when volatiles were not detected using the other wt % of MgO. Similar trends occur for nickel, with peri- two methods. dotites and transition zones always showing Ni < 2000 The integration of the combined seep results with high- ppm and dunites containing > 2000 ppm of Ni. SiO2 resolution 3D P-Cable seismic data in the Håpet Area contents shows inverse correlation with MgO content of support the deep origin of the leaked hydrocarbons and the rocks being as low as 34,5 wt % in dunites and identified possible migration pathways from the closure increasing gradually through the transition zones up to > to the seafloor. In conclusion, the Håpet Dome case 38 wt % in peridotites. Pt is the only element of the PGE study provides a robust framework for interpreting the group showing enrichment relative to depleted mantle results of cores taken above other untested closures else- average composition up to 36 ppb. Other PGE group where, a confidence that can be further increased when elements are depleted in the rock with contents often integrating the results with high-resolution 3D seismic being below detection limits. data. Harzburgite lenses are observed within the dunite pods. These lenses show the same banding as the host harzburgite suggesting that these relicts have not been rotated from their original position and that the NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, no. 1, 2017 69 formation of dunites took place as a volume replace- With the creation of the new UNESCO designation, the ment of the harzburgite. Dunite bodies within the mantle geological natural heritage received an important added section of ophiolite complexes are considered to repre- value in the UNESCO system. However, the important sent sites of melt extraction and migration that question has not changed: how can geology sometimes essentially control the composition, physical properties complex and difficult be used to boost tourism? How and ore-forming potential of melts extracted from the can this part of our natural history be transformed into a mantle and ascended up section in the ophiolite tourism product? pseudostratigraphy. Gea Norvegica Geopark, covering eight municipalities in Vestfold and Telemark, has been part of the global network of geoparks since 2006. The geological history The evolution of the Late Weichsel- ranges from some of the last tectonic developments of the Precambrian, via the world type area for Carbonatite ian ice flow pattern in Gausdal Vest- volcanism, the Cambrian to Silurian fossil-rich, tropical fjell, southern Norway seabeds of Baltica, Carboniferous and Permian lavas and deep magmatic rocks of the Oslo Rift to the Putniņš, A.& Henriksen, M. Quaternary moraines, soils and other glacial features and evidences of still ongoing land uplift. Several of the Department of Environmental Sciences, Norwegian geological localities have high international scientific University of Life Sciences, ([email protected]; value, as the Fen Volcanic Complex, the famous Larvik- [email protected]) ite occurences, the Langesundsfjord mineral province, including the first discovery of Thorium. A wide collection of glacial and meltwater landforms The geological landscape itself also has high value. have been mapped from a detailed LiDAR data set in Coastal areas with fjords, inlets, rocky islands and the Gausdal Vestfjell area, southern Norway. Analyzing skerries, sculptured by glacial processes, are rare land- the spatial relations and the distribution of the identified scapes worldwide. The steep Paleozoic limestone subglacial bedforms, mainly streamlined landforms and escarpments are highly visible features of the so-called ribbed moraines, have provided new insight on the Grenland area. The Geopark also holds important agri- sequence of glacial events in an inner region of the cultural areas, due to its geological history. Fennoscandian Ice Sheet. In addition, the field investi- However, is high scientific importance of any natural gations have brought new insight into the formation of heritage automatically enough for transformation into a ribbed moraines. The presence of meltwater is important tourist attraction? Or is the unique or rare geology so during ribbed moraine formation, as the sediments show exciting for our own citizens or those who come to visit, signs of high water saturation. Ribbed moraine format- that it will create pride, identity, increased knowledge ion can occur both when the ice flow slows down and and act as a basis for increased tourism just by the speeds up, forming broad fields and elongated belts of occurrence of the outcrop? ribbed moraines, respectively. The evolution of the re- After many years of experience with guided tours to the constructed Late Weichselian ice flow pattern at this public, our Geopark has developed a communication inner region of the Fennoscandian Ice Sheet is stepwise concept in which the geological history is combined where a topography independent ice flow (Phase I) with other pieces of natural history, together with our changes into a regional (Phase II) before a strongly cultural history and aspects of developments of society. channelized, topography driven ice flow (Phase III). A With increasing popularity and a very high number of migrating ice divide and lowering of the ice surface participants in 2016, we see that the Geopark activities seem to be the main reasons for these changes in ice may constitute a significant contribution to knowledge flow pattern. and nature-based tourism and thereby contribute to increased local business development. A Geopark presents geological history based upon scientific knowledge, but to be more than a “playground for geo- The new UNESCO Site Designation logists” the geological explanations must be simple and “UNESCO Global Geoparks”: Trans- the history connected to the history of people, if we formation of geological heritage into want to create successful, sustainable tourism products. tourism products in Geoparks

Rangnes, K. Hvordan kan elever i videregående skole lære å observere som geo- Gea Norvegica UNESCO Global Geopark, loger? Porselensveien 6A, 3920 Porsgrunn, [email protected] Remmen, K.B.1 & Frøyland, M.2

In November 2015, the General Conference of UN- 1Institutt for lærerutdanning og skoleforskning (ILS), ESCO unanimously adopted UNESCO Global Geoparks Universitetet i Oslo, Postboks 1099 Blindern, 0317 as a new Site Designation, the first since the Oslo, e-post: [email protected] establishment of well-known World Heritage List of 2Naturfagsenteret, Universitetet i Oslo, Postboks 1106 1972. Several criteria are required for an area to be able Blindern, 0317 Oslo, e-post: to become a UNESCO Global Geopark and crucial is a [email protected] geological heritage of international significance. All former requirements are still needed; a UNESCO Global Observasjon er helt sentralt for å utvikle kunnskaps- Geopark must conduct education on all levels and grunnlaget i geofag. Det må også elever i skolen få towards a broad audience, and contribute to local eco- erfare og lære. Uten å begrunne tolkninger med observa- nomic development, based on the natural heritage and sjoner, vil ikke elever utvikle forståelse for geofaglige through sustainable tourism. fenomen og prosesser. Det så vi konsekvensen av i en av våre tidligere studier: 8-åringer i barneskolen kunne 70 NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, no. 1, 2017

identifisere bergarter bedre enn 18-åringer på videre- Høstterminen 2017 begynner vi igjen med kurs 1, som i gående skole som hadde tatt fordypning i geofag. år ligger an til å starte med 3 dagers feltarbeid på Finse i Grunnen til det var at 8-åringene hadde lært å identi- september. Påmeldingsfrist: 1. august 2017. fisere bergarter ved å observere mønsteret til steinen Velkommen! («prikker», «striper» og «lag på lag med fossiler») og forklare hvordan steinen hadde fått mønsteret ved å fortelle dannelseshistorien. Basert på resultatene foreslo NGF sin rolle for geologisk kunn- vi at elevene kan begynne å observere som geologer hvis de får verktøy for å observere og tolke stein. skap i samfunnet Da lærere i videregående skole fikk se at barneskole- elever håndterte bergartsidentifisering bedre enn geofag- Rom, J.N. elever i videregående skole, endret de måten de underviser bergarter på. Men hvordan har det fungert for elev- Norsk Geologisk Forening, [email protected] ene? Er elever i videregående skole bedre til å identifisere bergarter nå, etter at lærerne har gitt dem «prik- Norsk Geologisk Forening er en upolitisk, tverrfaglig ker, striper og lag-på-lag» som verktøy for å observere medlemsorganisasjon for det norske geofagmiljøet. og tolke bergarter? Foreningen har som mål å formidle kunnskap og bygge For å svare på dette har vi undersøkt elever i geofag fra nettverk gjennom faglige og sosiale aktiviteter. Videre tre videregående skoler – 55 elever totalt. Vi filmet skal foreningen bidra til å skape oppmerksomhet om- elevene mens de satt i små grupper (2-4 elever per kring geofagene i samfunnet. gruppe) og sorterte bergarter og begrunnet hvorfor. NGF har utarbeidet en ny ambisjon og strategi for Resultatene viser en betydelig forbedring i hvordan foreningen. Vår ambisjon er at «NGF skal eksponere elever på videregående identifiserer bergarter. Samtidig geofag som en grunnpilar i dagens og fremtidens sam- finner vi også at elevene har noen utfordringer og funn gjennom å øke kunnskap, sikre faglig kvalitet og misforståelser. I denne presentasjonen vil vi derfor skape engasjement.» Med eksponering forstår vi «på- diskutere elevenes utfordringer med bergartsidentifiser- virkning av målgruppen, og et uttrykk for at en gitt ing og hvordan de kan utvikle seg fra å observere person har mulighet for å motta et budskap, og hatt en bergarter på et naivt, hverdagslig nivå til et mer avansert reel mulighet for å oppfatte og bearbeide budskapet». nivå som er i tråd med en geologisk forståelse av I den nye strategien har vi definert tre strategiske bergarter. områder som vi skal prioritere aktivitetene våre under. Disse områdene er: 1) Faglig kvalitet som hovedsakelig henvender seg til den geofaglig profesjonelle delen av medlemsmassen, 2) Lokal aktivitet som omfatter Smakebit fra EVU for geofaglærere aktivitetene i nærmiljøet til medlemmene og 3) Skape – what’s in it for you? engasjement som henvender seg til samfunnet og hobbygeologer. Remmen, K.B.1, Lundmark, A.M.2 & Frøyland, M.3 Med faglig kvalitet forstår vi faglig mangfold, kunn- skapshevning og - deling, som foreningen skal tilrette- 1 Institutt for lærerutdanning og skoleforskning (ILS), legge for. Under lokal aktivitet erkjenner NGF at vel- Universitetet i Oslo, Postboks 1099 Blindern, 0317 fungerende lokalavdelinger er foreningens viktigste Oslo, e-post: [email protected] ressurs. Et viktig suksesskriterie er god kommunikasjon 2 Institutt for geofag, Postboks 1047 Blindern, 0316 med lokalavdelingene og sikre at de har nødvendige Oslo, e-post: [email protected] ressurser til å rekruttere medlemmer og skape aktivitet. 3 Naturfagsenteret, Universitetet i Oslo, Postboks 1106 Med å skape engasjement mener vi å skape interesse og Blindern, 0317 Oslo, e-post: forståelse for geofagene i samfunnet. [email protected] Et viktig suksesskriterie for NGF skal være til enhver tid å arbeide med god kommunikasjon og synlighet. Dette Hvordan kan du få inspirasjon og hjelp til å lage spenn- skal vi oppnå gjennom å kontinuerlig oppdatere og ende undervisning i geofag for elever i videregående utvikle nettsiden geologi.no med aktivitetene våre, være skole? I denne presentasjonen byr vi på en smakebit på aktive i sosiale medier som Facebook og Instagram, og etter- og videreutdanning for geofaglærere. «Smakebit- å være på aktuelle kommunikasjonsplattformer. Foren- en» består av en praktisk aktivitet som viser hva vi gjør, ingen ønsker å ta en aktiv rolle som arenabygger for hvordan vi gjør det, og hvorfor. meningsbryting. Bakgrunnen er at Institutt for geofag ved Universitet i NGF er først og fremst en vitenskapelig forening, men Oslo og Naturfagsenteret har tilbudt etter – og videre- tar også et ansvar for å kommunisere geologisk kunn- utdanning for lærere i geografi / geofag på videregående skap til samfunnet. Geologiens Dag er foreningen sitt skole siden 2009. Etter – og videreutdanningen består av fremste landsomfattende arrangement med opplevelser fire kurs som hver inneholder 50 % geofag og 50 % for at folk flest skal få innsikt i hva geologi er. geofagdidaktikk (tabell 1). Hvert kurs kan tas som Arrangementet er for alle som er nysgjerrige, som etterutdanning (uten studiepoeng) eller videreutdanning undres over jorda vi lever på, som vil lære om (15 studiepoeng). menneskets livsgrunnlag og hvor vår rikdom kommer Etter- og videreutdanningskursene gir deg bred og opp- fra. Geologiens Dag vil fortsette å være en av våre datert kunnskap i geofag. Professorer, post-docs og stip- viktigste aktiviteter for å skape engasjement blant folk endiater ved universitetet sørger for at du får satt deg generelt. inn i og diskutert det siste innen geofaglig forskning. Du Geofag-OL er også noe NGF engasjerer seg i, dette for å får også designe et undervisningsopplegg, prøve det ut i stimulere videregående elever til å velge geofag og klasserommet eller i felt, dokumentere elevenes respons dermed gi flere forståelsen av hvor viktig geologi er i og dele resultatene med andre lærere på kurset. Det gir samfunnet, og for å øke rekruttering til realfagstudier. deg inspirasjon og konkrete tips til kreativ, oppdatert I 2006 utgav foreningen boken «Landet blir til», en bok undervisning som bidrar til elevenes dybdelæring i som samler Norges fastlandsgeologi, Svalbards geologi geofag. og geologien på sokkelen i ett verk. Boken formidler historien om den norske naturen - med vakre fjorder, NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, no. 1, 2017 71 fjell og tinder, dramatiske daler og langstrakte vidder. today. The duplex at Hukodden probably constitutes a Boken er et praktverk og er svært lærerik for alle. ramp between the basal and the upper detachment Den profesjonelle delen av medlemsmassen er ivaretatt zones, and is most likely classified as Structural Level 2 gjennom foreningen sine konferanser, ekskursjoner, og of Bruton et al. (2010). The relationship between the vårt faglige tidsskrift Norsk geologisk tidsskrift (Nor- stratigraphy and the thrust planes indicates that the wegain Journal of Geology). layers were folded some time before, as well as during, the thrusting. The upper thrust plane cuts the layers laterally at a low angle, and the layers of the middle im- Structural controls on fluid flow bricate horse are folded with vergence towards the south, where the underlying, middle thrust plane cuts Rotevatn, A.1, Bastesen, E.2, Dimmen, V.1, Fossen, through the lower limb of the fold. This thrust plane also H.1,3, Gawthorpe, R.1, Henstra, G.1, Korneva, I.1, cuts through the lower thrust plane. Horizontal and low Kristensen, T.1, Nixon, C.1, Nærland, K.1, Peacock, D.1, angle striations on slickensides indicate late, lateral Sanderson, D.4,& Zuluaga, L.1. movements on the thrust faults. The thrust faults are cut by north-south trending faults and diabase dykes. Both 1Department of Earth Science, University of Bergen, the faults and the dykes are of Carboniferous-Permian Norway age. The poster will feature a geological map, two 2Uni Research CIPR, Bergen, Norway profiles, and a tectonic interpretation. 3Museum of Natural History, University of Bergen, Bruton, D.L., Gabrielsen, R.H. & Larsen, B.T. 2010. Norway The Caledonides of the Oslo Region, Norway – 4Faculty of Engineering and the Environment, stratigraphy and structural elements. Norwegian University of Southampton, UK Journal of Geology, Vol 90, pp. 93-121. *email: [email protected] Henningsmoen, G. 1977. Kapittel 4. Bygdøy. I J.A. Dons (red.): Geologisk fører for Oslo-trakten. Geological structures (faults and other types of fract- Universitetsforlaget, 2. utgave, pp. 96-101. ures) exert profound controls on the flow of fluids, and are the loci of fluid-rock interactive processes, in the brittle crust. For example, faults may control the locat- The fill-spill-leakage route in the ion of ore deposits, hot springs, volcanism, speleothem Frigg Field area. deposits, hydrocarbon migration, seal breach, diagenetic reactions, radon gas escape, and more. Furthermore, Rykkelid, E1. & Rundberg, Y2. faults and other types of fractures are important as conduits for flow in groundwater, geothermal and 1 Aker BP, [email protected] hydrocarbon reservoirs, but may also represent a threat 2 YR GEO AS of leakage and environmental contamination from CO2 storage and nuclear waste disposal sites. Tracking the migration route from an active leakage In this talk we review how structures control flow, by area at surface back to an active kitchen may tell which considering how connectivity and preferential flow traps that have active migration today, in the same way conduits evolve over time in a growing fault or fracture as tracing migration back to an inactive kitchen can population. This is strongly tied to the development of prove leaking traps. Leakage-related structures that can structural complexity, (for example fault intersections be seen on seismic sections depend on the actual litho- and relay zones), which form natural foci for fluid logy and the burial depth. transport in the brittle crust. We also examine the physi- An example of an active leakage area is to the east of cal drivers behind flow localization in time and space. the Frigg Field. The area has a high density of We use examples from siliciclastic, carbonate and pockmarks and shallow bright spots. The bright spots crystalline ‘basement’ lithologies to illustrate the topic. are gas accumulations within the glacial deposits, and they are situated above a sand-dominated Pliocene- Miocene sequence where local, but extensive calcite Duplex structure at Hukodden cementation occurs in the form of a number of thinner pipes. These pipes extend from the bright spots down to Ryen, S.H.1 the base of the sandy sequence at 1 km depth where they stop. The calcite cementation is interpreted as a result of Institutt for geofag, Universitetet i Oslo, biodegradation from vertical leaking oil and gas. A [email protected] characteristic seismic shadow zone from the pipes makes it extremely difficult to map deeper down. It has been known for some time that parts of the strati- Well data from the underlying clay-dominated zone that graphy of the Lower and Middle Ordovician at Huk- extends from 1 km to 1.9 km depth suggest the presence odden is repeated by thrusting and folding (e.g. Hen- of a former mud-volcano with highly disturbed strati- ningsmoen 1977). Recent mapping shows that this most graphy in the core, and with extrusive rim-sands just at likely forms a duplex structure, which is more complic- the top of the shaly interval. The possible extrusive ated than previously known. The duplex structure is sands are saturated with oil and gas. At the base of the composed of three top-to-the-south thrust faults. It mud volcano is a Frigg Formation closure, the Frigg includes the Tøyen Formation, the Huk Formation, and Gamma structure, that is under-filled today, but showing the Elnes Formation. The basal dècollement zone a much deeper paleo-contact. Present oil leg is 14 m appears to be located in the middle of the Tøyen below a thinner gas cap. The trap is located in the fill- Formation, along the boundary between the black shale spill route from the main Frigg Field, which in turn is in of the Galgeberg Member and the calcareous shales of the fill-spill route from several deeper Frigg satellites the underlying Hagastrand Member. Presumably, the rimming the Frigg main structure. The oil-gas ratio is three thrust faults join in an upper detachment zone in dependent on position in this fill-spill route. The the shale of the Elnes Formation. Due to erosion down westerly closures that are located above a presently to the present landscape, this zone cannot be observed active and highly over-pressured kitchen are dominantly 72 NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, no. 1, 2017

gas fields, including the main Frigg Field, whereas the detailed geological and geophysical mapping. Phases 1 eastern area that receives hydrocarbons laterally by fill- and 2 were performed in 2015, while phase 3 could not spill is oil-dominated. be completed due to lack of financial support. Active migration vertical from Upper Jurassic source The bedrock in the area consists of fine to coarse rocks and through the Cretaceous shaly sequence requ- grained granites, porphyritic granite, meta-andesite and ires an overpressure that is at, or very close to, the frac- meta-dacite. Helicopterborne radiometric measurements turation pressure. Where this latter scenario does not show that the granitic rocks in general contain 3-5 ppm exist, hydrocarbons will migrate laterally into structur- uranium, with up to 10 ppm in specific zones in the ally shallower Jurassic traps, rather than vertical into hillside south and east of Kinsarvik. Given that the foot- stratigraphically shallower traps. Vertical leakage from print of these measurements is more than 100 meters by the Jurassic traps produces characteristic gas chimneys, 100 meters, local uranium concentrations could be as opposed to what observed in the shallower sections, higher than this. Analyses of samples show uranium where biodegradation is more pronounced. concentrations of up to 31 ppm (Sunndal et al. 2004). Note that the presence of carrier beds such as in the Depressions in the deposit, previously interpreted as Frigg Formation causes a significant offset of the active dead ice depressions, have a conical shape and are 10 to kitchen and the observed spill-to-surface area. 15 meters deep. At the bottom of these we find large boulders, about one cubic meter in size. These might be interpreted as a lag deposit left after erosion of flowing Radon problems in Kinsarvik – water. Another observed feature is circular mounds, five meters high and with diameters of 15 to 35 meters. revision of the geological model. Large boulders with diameters of ten meters and more

1,2 are frequently seen on top of the deposit. All of these Rønning, J.S. [email protected] landforms are characteristic of rock avalanche deposits. Høst, J. 1 [email protected] 1 A preliminary interpretation of LIDAR data indicates a Bøhme, M. [email protected] rockslide deposit of 1 mill. m2. However, further geo- Finne, I.3 [email protected] 1,2 physical and geological mapping is needed to confirm Fredin, O. [email protected] our preliminary conclusions. Hansen, L.1 [email protected] 1 Sundal, A.V., Henriksen, H., Lauritzen, S.E., Soldal, O., Ofstad, F. [email protected] Strand, T. & Valen, V. 2004: Geological and Solli, A.1 [email protected] geochemical factors affecting radon concentrations in dwellings located on permeable glacial 1 Geological Survey of Norway (NGU) 2 sediments—a case study from Kinsarvik, Norway. Norwegian University of Science and Technology Environ. Geol. 45 (2004) 843-858. (NTNU) 3 Sundal, A.V., Jensen, C.L., Ånestad, K. & Soldal, O. Norwegian Radiation Protection Authority (NRPA) 2007: Anomalously high radon concentrations in dwellings located on permeable glacial sediments. J. The radon problem in Kinsarvik, Ullensvang Herad in Radiol.Prot. 27(2007)287-298. Rogaland, is among the greatest in the world. Single 3 indoor values of more than 100.000 Bq/m and annual average as high as 56.000 Bq/m3, have been measured. The problem affects more than 100 dwellings, of which Go North - Geosciences in the the annual average indoor radon level is 4340 Bq/m3 Northern Arctic (Sundal et al. 2007). I comparison, the action level of radon in houses is 100 Bq/m3. Indoor radon concentrat- Sand, G. ions vary during the year, and this is explained by thermally induced flows of radon-bearing soil air through a SINTEF porous ice marginal deposit, giving a flow towards the upper part in winter time and towards the area of lower There is a growing international interest in exploring the elevation in summer. Arctic Ocean. Norway once was the leader in the field, Updated geological knowledge together with new but has hardly been there since the days of Fridtjof methods (LIDAR data) has made NGU re-examine the Nansen. Professor Yngve Kristoffersen spent a year in problem. There is significant evidence that do not fit the Arctic Ocean on board his hovercraft in 2014-15, with existing geological explanations, that the Kinsarvik but he is the exception. deposit is an ice marginal moraine. How can an ice Following the Law of the Sea decision providing marginal deposit lack fine grained material and be so Norway with additional acreage on the continental shelf porous that annual flow of soil gas may occur? Why north of Spitsbergen, a national team has been organized does the deposit have a morphology and size inconsist- to study the geological processes that have formed this ent with an ice marginal moraine? Why do we have a area. The initiative is supported financially by the dominance of large and angular boulders in the deposit? Foreign Ministry through the Arctic 2030 program, and In 2015, NGU initiated a project in cooperation with the is currently inviting international partners with access to Norwegian Radiation Protection Authority (NRPA) to icebreakers and/or common scientific goals. re-evaluate the geological history in Kinsarvik. The goal was to see if the porous deposit could be sourced from one or several large rockslides in the area. The hillside Towards characterization of natural morphology indicated this, and could explain the discrepancies mentioned above. This rise a new fractures in a caprock shale: an question: Could there be similar deposits in other areas integrated borehole-outcrop study of in Norway with the same radon problems? The project had three phases: 1) helicopter-borne radiometric mea- the Agardhfjellet Formation, Sval- surements in the Kinsarvik surroundings to determine if bard, Arctic Norway the bedrock is uranium bearing; 2) a short field trip to obtain knowledge for the planning of phase 3; and 3) NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, no. 1, 2017 73 Schaaf, N.W.1,2, Senger, K.2, Mulrooney, M.J.2, Ogata, Havrommet i et tverrfaglig perspek- K.3, Braathen, A.4,2 & Olaussen, S.2 tiv 1 Institute for Earth and Environmental Science, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, Schjølberg, I. 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany, [email protected] Naturressurser, kunnskap og muliggjørende teknologier 2 Department of Arctic Geology, UNIS (The University gir oss et stort fortrinn i utvikling av havnæringer, både Centre in Svalbard), Postboks 156, 9171 nye og gamle. Norge har en unik kompetanse innenfor Longyearbyen, [email protected], olje og gass teknologi som nå anvendes inn mot både [email protected], havbruk og i leting etter marine mineraler. I tillegg, vil [email protected] digitalisering endre både produkter, byggemetoder, 3 Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, VU University driftsmodeller og skape nye forretningsmodeller. Hvor- Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085-1087, 1081 HV dan utnytter vi dette best mulig i utvikling av hav- Amsterdam, The Netherlands, [email protected] rommet? Presentasjonen vil gi en oversikt over de mest 4 Department of Geosciences, University of Oslo, fremtredene muliggjørende teknologiene, vise Postboks 1047, Blindern, 0316 Oslo, eksempler på tverrfaglige anvendelser og kompetanse- [email protected] overføring mellom havnæringer. Det gis eksempel fra Deep Sea Mining der behovet for tverrfaglig forskning The Longyearbyen CO2 Lab aims to capture carbon di- er helt sentralt for å utvikle denne næringen. oxide emitted by the local coal-fuelled power plant and store it in an unconventional, siliciclastic, Late Triassic - Middle Jurassic reservoir located at ca. 700 to 1000 m Modeling Hydrothermal Venting in depth. The caprock consists of Late Jurassic - Early Cretaceous shales of the Agardhfjellet Formation, cha- Volcanic Sedimentary Basins: racterized by organic rich, highly fissile mudstones with Impact on Hydrocarbon Maturation silty intervals, reflecting offshore anoxic conditions. and Paleoclimate Pressure data observations, including severe under- pressure in the reservoir and an overpressured aquifer Schmid, D.W.1,2,*, Iyer, K.1, Planke, S.3,4 & Millett, J.3 above the top seal, suggest efficient sealing properties of *[email protected] the caprock, confirmed by numerous leak-off tests. In addition, a natural gas accumulation is envisaged to be 1 GeoModelling Solutions GmbH, Zurich, Switzerland capped by internal horizontal barriers in the cap rock. 2 Physics of Geological Processes, University of Oslo, Despite the proven sealing capacity of the Agardhfjellet Norway Formation its lower section is intensely fractured, as 3 Volcanic Basin Petroleum Research, Oslo, Norway demonstrated by observations in outcrops and drill 4 Centre for Earth Evolution and Dynamics, University cores. These fractures could be reactivated and exploit- of Oslo, Norway ed as preferential fluid flow pathways during and after CO2 injection. In this study we characterize the natural Vent structures are intimately associated with sill intrus- fracture network in the two lowermost members (i.e. ions in sedimentary basins globally and are thought to Oppdalen and Lardyfjellet mbs.) of the Agardhfjellet have been formed contemporaneously due to over- Formation in order to quantify its architecture and pressure generated by gas generation during thermo- predict the fluid flow pathways. We conducted manual genic breakdown of kerogen. Methane and other gases fracture mapping on 90 m of continuous drill core to generated during this process may have driven quantify the vertical distribution of predominantly sub- catastrophic climate change in the geological past. In horizontal and low angle fractures. Field data (i.e. this study, we present a 2D FEM/FVM model that scanlines) were used to quantify horizontal distribution accounts for ‘explosive’ vent formation by fracturing of and orientation of the sub-vertical fractures and deter- the host rock based on a case study in the Harstad Basin, mine if they are genetically linked to sub-seismic faults offshore Norway. Overpressure generated by gas release present in the section. Wireline logs including an during kerogen breakdown in the sill thermal aureole acoustic televiewer and caliper measurements supple- causes fracture formation. Fluid focusing and over- mented those data. In addition, ground and drone-based pressure migration towards the sill tips results in vent photogrammetry was applied to generate 3D models of formation after only few tens of years. The size of the laterally and vertically extensive outcrops for both vent depends on the region of overpressure accessed by stratigraphic and structural correlations. About 1500 the sill tip. Overpressure migration occurs in self- fractures from cores and 1000 fractures from the field propagating waves before dissipating at the surface. The were obtained and processed. Our results indicate a pre- amount of methane generated in the system depends on dominance of low angle fracturing, sometimes with TOC content and the type of kerogen present in the host striations, throughout the majority of the analyzed core rock. Generated methane moves with the fluids and interval. In addition, outcrop data mainly consist of high vents at the surface through a single, large vent structure angle joints. The fracture trends observed in the field at the main sill tip matching first-order observations. exhibit dominant E-W and N-S directions. The estim- Violent degassing takes place within the first couple of ated vertical fracture frequency is up to 20 fractures per hundred years and occurs in bursts corresponding to the meter, with a horizontal fracture spacing between 2.5 timing of overpressure waves. The amount of methane and 40 cm, possibly providing a pervasive network of vented through a single vent is only a fraction (between fluid migration pathways. From a structural complexity 5 and 16%) of the methane generated at depth. Upscal- viewpoint, it therefore appears uncertain whether the ing to the Vøring and Møre Basins, which are a part of investigated lower section of the Agardhfjellet Format- the North Atlantic Igneous Province, and using realistic ion represents the inferred horizontal pressure barrier. host rock carbon content and kerogen values results in a smaller amount of methane vented than previously estimated for the PETM and is not enough to result in 74 NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, no. 1, 2017

negative carbon isotope excursion observed in the fossil 5 Department of Geology and Petroleum Geology, record. This suggests that a contribution from other School of Geosciences, University of Aberdeen, UK, regions in the NAIP affected by sill intrusions is [email protected] required to drive catastrophic climate change. Accounting for igneous intrusions into sedimentary basins is important to the petroleum industry especially in Importance of Evolving Fault Seals the Møre and Vøring basins with its significant amount of volcanic intrusions. This magmatism deforms the on Petroleum Systems: Southern host rock and affects the thermal evolution of a basin, Halten Terrace, Norwegian Sea thereby influencing hydrocarbon generation, migration, and accumulation. Presently, numerous mechanisms Schmid, D.W.1,2, Iyer, K.1, Rüpke, L.H.1, Skeie, J.E.3, concerning the syn-emplacement (i.e. elastic bending Karlsen, F.3 & Hartz, E.H.3, 4 related active uplift and aureole induced volume reduction) and post-emplacement (i.e. differential compact- 1 GeoModelling Solutions GmbH, Zurich, Switzerland ion) deformation of the host rock have been suggested. 2 PGP, Department of Geosciences, University of Oslo, In this study, we investigate the relevance of the Norway different existing syn- or post-emplacement related 3 Det norske oljeselskap ASA, Norway mechanical models of dome growth accommodating the 4 CEED, Department of Geosciences, University of emplacement of igneous sills. We use high-quality 3D Oslo, Norway seismic and well data located in the western part of the Møre Basin (mid-Norwegian margin) to analyze the The role of faults in petroleum systems is important deformation of Cretaceous – Paleogene overburden especially in cases where the hydrocarbon accumulation associated with the emplacement of the Tulipan saucer- in the prospect or field is fault-dependent. Usually, the shaped sill between 55.8 and 54.9 Ma. Horizon properties of faults in petroleum systems are considered interpretations and various thickness and attribute maps as static through time. We present a case study from the show a clear correlation between the saucer-shaped southern Halten Terrace, offshore Norway, which high- Tulipan sill and an observed domed structure above. lights not only the importance of faults but also that the Additionally, we observe in the shallow parts of the evolution of fault properties is key in determining the dome structure hydrothermal vent complexes connected correct charge in the fields in the region. The best-fit by fractures only along the periphery of the underlying model shows that in order to match observations the sill. We show that the Tulipan sill is responsible for the model requires at least two stages of hydrocarbon mig- dome structure in the overburden of the study area. At ration during which faults properties change from parti- the same time we see that not solely the mechanism of ally to completely sealing with respect to hydrocarbon elastic bending or differential compaction can be flow across them. The most likely process that results in responsible for the observed dome structure, but the fault sealing is cementation due to rapid burial and in- combination of them. creasing temperatures due to glaciation during the Quaternary ice age. This results in the most accurate charge of accumulations in the region while also ex- Excursions in the Western Gneiss plaining other observations such as present-day pressure compartmentalization and biodegradation. The best-fit Region (WGR) model also implements the source rock thermal evolution based on a 2D basin model that improves the Seljebotn, J.V. match of fluid GOR in the accumulation to the measured values. This study highlights the importance of multi- University of Bergen, [email protected] scale, multi-physics and multi-stage models in order to obtain results consistent with present day observations. Geological excursions in Norway seem to have an increasing potential as a commercial concept. Logistic planning and development of field guides have been conducted to investigate the potential of such arrangements. Mechanisms of overburden The WGR represents a unique area in terms of geologi- deformation associated with the cal attractions and potential research projects. A large variety of rare ultra high pressure (UHP) rock-types and emplacement of the Tulipan sill, mid their contact relations can be observed. Outcrops at the -Norwegian margin costal UHP domains to the alpine areas expose the east- and southwards decreasing pressure-temperature (P-T) Schmiedel, T.1, Kjoberg, S.2, Planke, S.2, 3, Magee, C.4, gradients. Well exposed outcrops along tectonic Galland, O.1, Schofield, N.5 & Jackson, C.A.-L.4 contacts between the Proterozoic thrust nappe units and Devonian metasediments along with the spectacular 1 Physics of Geological Processes (PGP), Department Quaternary geology provide potential for field excursi- of Geosciences, University of Oslo, NORWAY, ons with various focuses. The first project, a 12-day [email protected] / excursion in August 2016 was organized for CCFS (The [email protected] Australian Research Council Center of Excellence for 2 Centre for Earth Evolution and Dynamics (CEED), Core to Crust Fluid Systems) and followed the increas- Department of Geosciences, University of Oslo, ing P-T path from Bergen to Molde. Its objective was to NORWAY, [email protected] / do field observations related to the effects of fluids and [email protected] melting processes in the lower crust and upper mantle. 3 Volcanic Basin Petroleum Research AS (VBPR), Specific attention was given to anorthosites, gabbros, 0349 Oslo, NORWAY, [email protected] eclogites, harzburgites, dunites and garnet lherzolites/ 4 Basins Research Group, Department of Earth Science pyroxenites. A short presentation will be given of select- and Engineering, Imperial College London, UK, ed outcrops visited during this trip, along with addition- [email protected] / [email protected] al outcrops available along alternative routes in the NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, no. 1, 2017 75

WGR. Potential locations suitable for excursions in the ward-coarsening delta-front units observed in Hornsund alpine area at Sunnmøre requires a bit of walking but and Sørkapp Land, developed between the uppermost the outcrops are very well exposed and quite interesting Janusfjellet Subgroup and the Helvetiafjellet Formation. subjects for future research. Potential customer groups At the transition to the Berremian, repeated uplift occur- for which this concept is adapted are primarily private red resulting in erosion of the ‘Ullaberget’ sediments groups, institutions and universities. A basic geological north of Van Keulenfjorden, which is redeposited as the background knowledge is required to fully appreciate large (tens of metre scale) white coloured ‘massive’ the unique geology of the WGR, but simplified field sand, river deposits observed in Van Keulenfjorden and guides and more basic trip concepts can also be the thickening in the localities to the south of the island. arranged. The consequence of such an interpretation is the existence of a large delta-system well south of Svalbard. The very low angle to flat shoreline trajectory observed in Rethinking the evolution of the Hornsund and Sørkapp Land thus alternated with a slightly negative angle of shoreline trajectory causing the Lower Cretaceous strata on sedimentary system to prograde way south of Bjørnøya. Svalbard, consequences for This corroborates with what can be observed from seismic lines across the Northeast and eastern Barents Sea. sediment distribution within the SW The low angle trajectory also explains the apparent lack Barents Sea - a quantitive approach of ‘thick’ packages of shallow marine sand across the Early Cretaceous shelf, which is due to lack of accom- Siggerud, E.I.H.1,2 & Kjellesvik, L.E.R.1 modation space, while at the same time explains the occurrence of shallow marine sands and conditions in 1Digital Geology AS, 2NTNU IPT the Fingerdjupet area where regional (un-eroded) thick- [email protected] ness maps indicate increase in accommodation space at [email protected] the time. As relative sea level rose again a flood plain setting with meandering rivers and accumulation of Over the last fifty years different stratigraphic compilat- finer-grained material and coals (in effect the section ions have been made for the Adventdalen Group, from a described from Festningen at Svalbard) was developed more layer-cake model depicting a hiatus between the as part of the highstand to transgressive system tract Janusfjellet and above lying Helvetiafjellet (Parker with the deposition of the overlying Carolinefjellet For- 1967, Nagy 1970); to a more sedimentological interlink- mation. Utilising the changes in shoreline trajectory ed scheme presented in the early 1980s (Steel & derived from the various models, it will be demonstrated Worsley 1984, Nemec 1988). One main difference to the logical consequence in shallow marine sandstone the scheme of Parker (1967) was that the collapsed delta deposition in time and space using modern day geo- front sequence observed in the mountain side at Kval- modelling tools. vågen (on the East coast in Storfjorden) was suggested to be the delta-front succession of the underlying Janus- fjellet Subgroup believed by Parker (1967) to be south A stratigraphically calibrated XRF east of mainland Svalbard. With the introduction of sequence stratigraphy, and in database for the lower parts of the particular the realisation of deposition during relative Triassic, Permian and Carboniferous sea level fall (forced regression) a third alternative model was proposed by Gjelberg and Steel in 1995. of the Barents Sea They suggest a western uplift resulting in fluvial valleys down cutting into the underlying Janusfjellet Subgroup. Silva, M.H., Rustad, T.L., Bell, D.G., Keegan, J.B., This work was based on re-interpretation of old outcrop Bäckström, S.A. & Blanc, M.-C. descriptions from the Helvetiafjellet Formation, suggesting a depositional model consisting of a series of APT AS small progradational, albeit backstepping sequences, where by the outcrops in Kvalvågen represented the A study using X-ray fluorescence (XRF), a tool used to initial lowstand delta succession. The consequence of determine the elemental composition of materials, was such an understanding being that there will be no fluvi- done in 17 wells from the Norwegian sector of the al/shallow marine sandstones south of todays Svalbard. Barents Sea. The focus is on the lower parts of Triassic, An alternative understanding was later presented by Permian and Carboniferous. Midtkandal in this Dr.scient thesis whereby the section The primary aim of the study is to develop XRF anal- at Kvalvågen does not reflect collapse during deposition ysis as a stratigraphic tool, though the data can be used in the Cretaceous, but modern-day coastal process for sedimentological and provenance studies and numer- where by blocks of the lower Helvetiafjellet Formation ous other applications. XRF has proved effective in cor- have slid down on the softer Janusfjellet Subgroup relation of barren or poorly fossiliferous deposits of shales. Consequently, they agree with the stratigraphic Triassic and older age and improving the resolution of break documented by Parker (1967) and suggest that thick homogeneous sequences. Helvetiafjellet Formation consists of a thin lower fluvial A review of all available biostratigraphic data has also dominated section overlain by a thicker tidal-dominated been done in order to establish an event based section prior to the deposition of the shoreface system, biostratigraphy, which will thus be calibrated to the which in their interpretation is the basal Carolinefjellet XRF zonations. Formation. The database consists of about 1500 XRF measurements A fifth model is presented here based on all the avail- over 6500 meter of well sections, including cores and able logged sections including the outcrops in the very cutting samples. The Triassic / pre-Triassic boundary south of Spitsbergen. This suggests that the Ullaberget were sampled for all available wells penetrating deposits Member observed in the Van Keulenfjorden represents a older than the Triassic in the Barents Sea, giving data on large prograding system that prograded from the North the assumed unconformity. All formations from the base to the South developing the highly progradational up- 76 NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, no. 1, 2017 of the Snadd Formation to the base of the Soldogg For- tion of western Dronning Maud mation are represented by at least two well sections. The biostratigraphic review (Palynology and Micro- Land, East Antarctica: evidence paleontology) of the 17 wells includes: a well by well from low-T thermochronology breakdown and lithostratigraphic reinterpretation. APT’s schemes and distribution of fossiliferous hori- Sirevaag, H.1, Jacobs, J.1,2, Ksienzyk, A.K.1 & Dunkl, I.3 zons will be integrated along with XRF for identification of breaks in the sequences. 1 Department of Earth Science, University of Bergen, Allégaten 41, 5007 Bergen, Norway ([email protected]) Preliminary results of the NPD 2015 2 Norwegian Polar Institute, Fram Centre, Hjalmar Johansensgate 14, 9296 Tromsø, Norway shallow drilling campaign, Kvitøya, 3 Geoscience Center, University of Göttingen, northern Norwegian Barents Sea. Goldschmidtstrasse 3, 37077 Göttingen, Germany

Simonstad, E.*, Karlsen, K.L., Pedersen, N., Bering, D., The Dronning Maud Land Mountains (DML), East Høy, T., Bjørnestad, A., Sand, M., Sandstå, N.R. & Antarctica, form an approximately 1500 km long, coast- Stenløkk, J. parallel escarpment, possibly resulting from flexural uplift during the Jurassic rifting between East and West Norwegian Petroleum Directorate Gondwana. DML is characterized by a young, alpine * [email protected] topography with a relief of ca. 5500 meters, formed by mountains up to ca. 3500 masl and the major Jutul- The Norwegian Petroleum Directorate (NPD), as a straumen-Penckgraben with an incision close to 2000 governmental institution, have the opportunity to gather mbsl. During the Gondwana rifting, significant amounts geological data in areas that are not opened for of continental flood basalts (CFB) related to the Karoo petroleum activity on the Norwegian continental shelf. mantle plume were emplaced at ca. 180 Ma. These NPD has been doing this since the directorate was basalts are presently widespread in South Africa (i.e. established in 1973. In the Norwegian part of the Bar- Drakensberg), while on the conjugate margin of East ents Sea region the exploration started in the mid 1970s Antarctica, they are only preserved as remnants in with acquisition of seismic 2D data, followed by sci- wDML. Previous apatite fission track (AFT) studies entific geological sampling by shallow drilling. On the have suggested that Heimefrontfjella was covered by Norwegian Continental Shelf, shallow drilling is limited 1.5-2 km of Karoo basalts, while there are no evidences to a depth of 200 m below seafloor without a BOP. of such thermal event in Gjelsvikfjella further northeast. The northern Norwegian Barents sea, north of 74 o 30 Except for these areas, the extent, thickness and the north is not opened for petroleum activity and the NPD erosional history of these basalts have previously not is the only one allowed to collect data in this area. Since been accurately constrained. Glacial models suggest that 2011 more than 30 000 km of 2D seismic has been DML was one of the nucleation sites for the East collected, and much of this in the former area with Antarctic ice-sheet at 34 Ma. Being coast-parallel, it is overlapping claims with Russia. likely that the DML Mountains attracted significant In the north of the Norwegian part of the Barents Sea amounts of precipitation prior to the glaciation, and it is several shallow drilling campaigns have been complet- therefore important to understand to what degree the ed. The second last one was in 2005 when shallow drill- CFBs contributed to the topography at the Eocene- ing was done in the area around Kong Karls land. The Oligocene boundary. By combining a wide range of low area around Sentralbanken High has also previously -temperature thermochronological methods, such as been a target for shallow drilling. The drill sites where AFT and apatite and zircon (U-Th)/He dating (AHe, chosen based on prominent seismic reflectors out- ZHe), with thermal modelling, we are able to constrain cropping on the seabed. There is a good coverage of the thermal evolution of the samples between ca. 40ºC parts of the Triassic succession and both rocks of and 200ºC. The new dataset, including 21 AHe, 8 ZHe Jurassic and Cretaceous age has been sampled from and 26 AFT analyses, enables us to estimate the extent previous years. and thickness, as well as the erosional history of the In September 2015, based on the new 2D seismic data, CFBs in western DML. the NPD undertook a drilling campaign in the northeast- All ZHe mean ages predate Gondwana break-up. Two ern part of the Norwegian Barents Sea. The shallow samples in the vicinity of Jutulstraumen-Penckgraben drilling locations were located between latitude 79 o 30 yield Permian mean ages, probably recording initial and 80 o 40 north. Permian rifting and peneplanation of the area. The The operation was very successful. Cores from seven remaining ZHe ages are derived from the graben shallow drilling sites where acquired, varying 52-200 shoulders of Jutulstraumen-Penckgraben. The analyses meters in length, and a total of 1048m. The water depths yield scattered ZHe ages up to 650 Ma, indicating that varied between 300 – 400 meters. these areas were located at, or close to the surface al- Several of the cores have now been studied and ready shortly after the Pan-African orogeny. Previously preliminary results are very interesting. Thick sandstone published AFT ages from wDML scatter between ca. 80 packages probably of Triassic age, several coal layers and 370 Ma, showing that the AFT system was reset in up to one meter thick, shales and carbonates of Permian only parts of western Dronning Maud Land during the and Carboniferous age have been observed. The cores emplacement of the continental flood basalts. While the are now being analysed further, sampled for biostrati- majority of the new AFT analyses show Cretaceous- graphy, palynology, organic geochemistry and further Jurassic ages, six samples from Hochlinfjellet (cDML) sedimentological description. predate Gondwana break-up. This indicates that this region was not significantly affected by the continental flood basalts, thus marking the eastern boundary of the Jurassic continental flood basalts CFBs. AHe analyses give mainly ages between ca. 50 Ma and ca. 150 Ma, except for two samples derived and their significance for the glacia- from elevated areas close to Jutulstraumen-Penckgrab- NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, no. 1, 2017 77 en, giving ages of ca. 300 Ma and 370 Ma. This sug- selected based on competetive tests during local qualifi- gests that the elevated areas were not affected by the cation rounds as well as a four-day national training and CFBs, while the rest of the area was buried by up to 1 qualification session at the Department of Earth Science km of basalts, but only until late Cretaceous-early at the University of Bergen (UiB). Our students demon- Paleogene times. By combining the suite of low-T strated that they meet the required standards as bronze thermochronological data with thermal modelling, we medals were won during the Oplympiads in Spain (1 suggest that the central and western parts of wDML medal) and Brazil (2 medals). In Norway, the interest were buried by 1.3-3 km of basalts during the early for IESO has increased from 100 participating schools Jurassic, and that the areas were located close to, or at, in 2014 to 120 schools in 2015, when 730 students the surface at the onset of the 34 Ma glaciation. For the participated in the qualification rounds. eastern part (Hochlinfjellet), the samples were located at In Norway the recruitment for natural science education temperatures of ca. 75ºC during early Jurassic times. has been low for several years. As an incentive to meet However, the thermal models show no evidence of a this deficit, geoscience was introduced as a subject thermal event coeval to the CFB emplacement in this matter in upper secondary school in 2007. Through the region, but rather a continuous burial by sediments since participation in IESO, the intention is to further incent- the Permian peneplanation, and thus, defining the east- ivate and stimulate the interest in the natural sciences. ern boundary of the Jurassic continental flood basalts of Even more important than reaching the four students Dronning Maud Land. that qualify for the olympiad, are the big number of students that participate in the qualification and especially the c. 100 highly motivated students that go to the International Earth Science second round, and the 16 that go on to the national final and training session in Bergen. At the training camp at Olympiads :inspiring a new UiB, the secondary school students meet university generation of geoscientists students and young researchers studying and working with geoscience subject matters like geology, meteoro- Sivertsen, J.-E.1, Kleiven, H.F.2, Moen, B.F.3 & logy and terrestrialastronomy, and they get an intro- Rotevatn, A.2 duction to field and labarotory methodology. Through national and international publicity on the achievements 1St. Olav vgs., Jens Zetlitzgt. 33, 4008 Stavanger; john- at the olympics, it is our hope that more students will be erik.sivertsenskole.rogfk.no inspired to pursue a career in natural sciences, and geo- 2Department of Earth Science, University of Bergen, science in particular. P.box 7803, 5007 Bergen ;[email protected] and [email protected] 3Geological Society of Norway c/o NGU, P.box. 6315 Detailed stratigraphic core analyses Sluppen 7491 ,Trondheim ;[email protected] of the Permian-Triassic transition in Since 2007, International Earth Science Olympiads Svalbard (IESO) have been held with participants from more than 30 countries. The olympiad is aimed at stimulating the Sleveland, A.1, Planke, S.1,2, Zuchuat, V.3, Franeck, F.4, interest of upper secondary school students to discover Svensen, H.H.1, Midtkandal, I.3, Hammer, Ø.4, the possibilities for further studies and professions in the Twitchett, R.5 and the Deltadalen Study Group natural sciences in general, and geoscience in particular. Each country is represented by four students and two 1CEED, Department of Geosciences, University of Oslo, mentors; during three days of competition, the students Norway, [email protected] increase their knowlegde in a range of geoscienctific 2Volcanic Basin Petroleum Research (VBPR), Oslo diciplines, such as geology, hydrology and meteorology, Science Park, 0349 Oslo as well as other science subjects such as mathematics, 3University of Oslo, Department of Geosciences, P.O physics and chemistry as integral parts of geoscience. box 1047 Blindern 0316 Oslo, Norway Also environmental sciences, georesources and geohaz- 4Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, Norway ards are subjects that are vital both for the national and 5Natural History Museum, Earth Sciences Department, international communities. Working and interacting London, UK with international students with a range of backgrounds, the participants broaden their horizons and develop an The voluminous igneous activity of the Siberian Traps appreciation for the international aspects of the likely triggered a global extinction resulting in the for- geosciences. mation of the Permian-Triassic boundary (PTB). How- IESO is arranged by the International Geoscience Edu- ever, documented evidence on the environmental effects cation Organisation (IGEO), and has previously been of the Siberian Traps decreases away from the center of held in South Korea (2007), Taiwan (2008), the Philip- volcanic activity. Previous research on the PTB mostly pines (2009), Indonesia (2010), Italy (2011), Argentina relied on field observations, but the resolution of these (2012), India (2013) and Spain (2014). In September studies depended on outcrop quality. This contribution 2015, the olympiad took place in Brazil, where 26 is based on two 100 m deep fully cored boreholes inter- countries were represented. Next year’s olympiad will secting a PTB succession in Deltadalen, Svalbard, pro- take place in Japan, whereas Thailand will host the 2018 viding ideal material for a detailed comprehensive olympiad. The host country of the 2017 olympiad is yet documentation for the stratigraphic interval. The cored to be determined, but Norway has been approached by sections are calibrated with outcrops nearby the drill IGEO to host the event. site. One core has been systematically logged and IESO are considered very prestigious in many countries, scanned with a 200 μm resolution using the XRF and and the level is somewhat more advanced than what CT methods, as well as hyperspectral imagery. The base Norwegian students are taught in their upper secondary of the borehole includes lithologies that are dominated school curriculum. Norway participated for the first by Permian chert-rich green glauconitic sandstones of time in IESO in Santander, Spain, in 2014, and again in the upper Kapp Starostin Formation. This ~15 m thick 2015 in Pocos de Caldes, Brazil. The participants were sandstone unit shows various degrees of bioturbation, 78 NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, no. 1, 2017 intensifying in the uppermost meters. The Kapp Starost- Upper Carboniferous synrift basin fill in Formation is in turn sharply and conformably overlain by ~8 m of laminated black shales of the lower of the Billefjorden Through - an Triassic Vikinghøgda Formation. These laminated black analogue to the offshore counter- shales hold no sign of biological activity and is thus interpreted to have penetrated the Permian-Triassic ext- parts in the Barents Sea

inction interval. This unit remarkably includes 18 1,2 4 4 preserved zircon-bearing ash layers providing an oppor- Smyrak-Sikora, A. , Braathen, A. , Johannessen, E.P. , Kristensen, J.B.3, Olaussen, S.1, Sandal, G1,2 & tunity for accurate U/Pb dating. Detailed cyclostrati- 1,3 graphic analyses of the laminated black shales suggest a Stemmerik, L.

sedimentation rate of approximately 0.5 cm/kyr, and 1 provide, together with the U/Pb zircon ages, a great tool Department of Arctic Geology, University Centre in for high-resolution documentation of the PTB interval. Svalbard, P.O. Box 156, 9171, Longyearbyen, The remaining upper succession is an interval of inter- Norway; [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] bedded clay- and siltstone-dominated mudstones of the 2 Vikinghøgda Formation, marking the return of biologi- Department of Earth Science, University of Bergen, P.O. Box 7800 N-5020 Bergen cal activity at its base. Finally, additional ongoing in- 3 vestigations utilize sequence stratigraphic concepts to Natural History Museum of Denmark, Øster Voldgade ultimately constrain the Permian-Triassic basin devel- 10, 1350 København; [email protected], [email protected] opment models in Svalbard and the high-Arctic region. 4 Department of Geosciences, University of Oslo, Postboks 1047 Blindern 0316 Oslo, Norway; [email protected] Meet the green Stone Age 4 Statoil ASA, Statoil (early retired) Sisikveien 36, 4022 Stavanger, Norway; [email protected]; Smelror, M. The Upper Carboniferous Billefjorden Trough is an on- Geological Survey of Norway, PO Box 6315 sloop, shore analogue of the near contemporary rift basins 7491 Trondheim development on the Barents Shelf. The basin fill of the Billefjorden Through shows an allover transgressive A shift to a greener society requires increased access to succession from fluvial red beds to mixed shallow a variety of minerals and new materials. The building marine carbonates, evaporites and sandstones. blocks of the new stone age is rare minerals that are part The evolution of the Billefjorden Trough has formed in of our daily life new, and smart technological solutions response to faulting along the Billefjorden Fault Zone. which are necessary to produce green energy. Techno- The complex nature of syn-depositional faults including logical paradigm shifts throughout our history has led to the displacement transfer along the relay zone has cont- major changes in the minerals that have been important rolled the depositional setting and facies stacking patt- for communities. When the standard of living increases erns. On the hanging wall an array of dip- slip faults has for billions of people, the need for mineral raw materials also an impact on the basin fill architecture and the rises rapidly. The use of most metals measured against sedimentary facies distribution due to faults growth and domestic product grows steeply, before it flattens out linkage, differential offset along the fault strike and towards the level that characterizes industrialized count- footwall uplift. During our studies we combine sedi- ries. While the consumption of copper per capita per mentary facies studies with structural measurements and year has been around 2.5 kg in developing countries, the mapping on lidar- and photogrammetric- virtual outcrop corresponding figures in industrialized countries are 4-5 models. Our results point at: times higher. A rapid growth in many developing 1. The significance of an early stage faulting, controlling countries leads to increased demand for minerals, not the distribution of sediments, location of the depo- just build a raw material for roads, houses and infra- centres, occurrence of sandstone belts, and affecting structure and energy mineral such as coal and petrole- the drainage pattern um, but also rare minerals that are required for a carbon- 2. The fairly symmetrical geometry of the early basin free energy production. (early Baskirian) in respect to later asymmetrical Without increased exploration and new mining a shift to development of the Billefjorden Trough a greener, more environmentally friendly energy pro- 3. An unconformity at the Baskirian- Moscovian bound- duction will be threatened. Today solar and windmills ary related to the footwall uplift cover only 1 percent of the world's energy production, 4. Fault-controlled gypsum dissolution and stratiform whereas water power covers approximately 7 percent. If breccias location the sun, wind and water will replace energy produced The recent studies show a number of seismic and sub- from oil, gas and coal and nuclear power, we are faced seismic scale elements such as faults segmentation and with a new Stone Age. For example, we need 90 times fault-related distribution of potential reservoir rocks, more aluminum and 50 times more iron, copper and pointing at the heterogeneity and complexity of rift- pure quartz to produce enough solar cells and wind forming processes. We suggest that the Billefjorden turbines. To meet the demand for steel, aluminum and Trough might be a good analogue for predicting basin copper, we need more than triple production of these fill within the Carboniferous rift system in the Barents metals up to 2050. Norway has varied bedrock, and we Shelf. Our study could also contribute to broader under- have access to several metals, industrial minerals and standing of rift basin evolution. rare earth elements needed in future technological solutions. We also see that new and more environmentally friendly supply chains based on minerals can be developed in Norway. The opportunities to play an active role in facing the green Stone Age are numerous.

NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, no. 1, 2017 79 Sedimentary architecture of silici- Indicators of completeness of the clastic, syntectonic graben and half- glacial record of a Cryogenian tillite - graben fill in Kvalpynten, Edgeøya, the Port Askaig Formation, Argyll, Svalbard Scotland

Smyrak-Sikora, A.1,3, Osmundsen, P.T. 2,1, Braathen, Spencer, A.M.1 & Ali, D.O.2 A.4,1, Ogata, K.5, Anell, I.4, Husteli, B.1,3, Mulrooney, M.J.1, 4 & Olaussen, S.1 1 Madlavollveien 14, 4041 Hafrsfjord, Norway 2 Department of Earth Sciences, Royal Holloway, 1 Department of Arctic Geology, University Centre in University of London, Egham, Surrey TW20 OEX, Svalbard, P.O. Box 156, 9171, Longyearbyen, UK Norway; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected] Many features of the PAF indicate completeness, imply- 2 Geological Survey of Norway, 7491 Trondheim; ing that the stratigraphic record has preserved many [email protected] (most?) environmental events. The Formation totals ca. 3 Department of Earth Science, University of Bergen, 1100m in thickness, comprises 5 Members and includes P.O. Box 7800 N5020 Bergen ca. 50 diamictite beds. It shows gradual, progressive, 4 Department of Geosciences, University of Oslo, P.O. upward changes in lithologies: diamictites change from Box 1047, Blindern 0316 Oslo, Norway; dolomitic siltstone (Member 1), to silty dolomitic aren- [email protected]; [email protected] ite (2), to silty arenite (3, 4); interbedded strata change 5 Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, VU University, from dolomite (1), to dolomitic sandstone (2), to sub- 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; k.ogata@ arkose (3 to 5). The clasts in the diamictites also change vu.nl. progressively: from dolomite and limestone (1), to dolomite, quartzite and granite (2), to granite, quartzite and An array of ten grabens/ half-grabens and their associ- dolomite (3) and to granite, quartzite and minor ated syn-tectonic basin fill (averaging approx. 700 m dolomite (4). The dolomite and limestone clasts match across) are exposed along a 9 km cliff section at the lithologies in the top of the underlying Lossit Kvalpynten, Edgeøya, offering a unique opportunity to Limestone: there are no sedimentary clasts derived from study the silisiclastic architecture of listric graben basin levels deeper in the underlying Dalradian formations. fill. The exposures at Kvalpynten provide a unique opp- The PAF records a total of ca. 76 environmental events, ortunity to correlate fault-controlled sedimentary archi- comprising 28 glacial, 25 periglacial and 23 non-glacial tecture on the scale of meters to hundreds of meters with events. Glacial episodes are mostly represented by mas- detailed facies relationships, and thus fault-induced sive diamictites; 8 show evidence of glaciotectonism differential accommodation with the depositional envir- (tills); 6 horizons show ice-rafting; some other diamic- onments that filled it. tites are probably glaciomarine. Periglacial conditions The basins developed in the Late Triassic, during the are represented by sandstone wedges (23 horizons), deposition of the Early Carnian to Early Norian deltaic frost-shattered clasts (6 horizons) and cryoturbations (3 successions of Tchermakfjellet and De Geerdalen for- horizons). The detailed progression from glacial dia- mations which is approximately the onshore equivalent mictite to periglacial conditions to non-glacial deposi- to the offshore Snadd Formation. The lowermost part of tion has been observed at 14 stratigraphic levels; there is the ca 400 m high Kvalpynten cliff section reveals a one example of the reverse sequence. number of NW–SE striking growth faults with 50–100m The PAF and the two overlying formations (Bonahaven offset, which bound basins filled with shale and Dolomite, Jura Quartzite) have a combined thickness of sandstone wedges. Up section, the growth faults tip out, up to 7km in Argyll. The depositional environments and are buried by undeformed deltaic deposits. stayed unchanged during this enormous subsidence Integrated field studies including sedimentology and (PAF – shallow marine/emergent - glacial/interglacial; structural geology combined with surfaces mapping on a BD – shallow marine/emergent; JQ – shallow marine/ photogrammetric virtual outcrop model allowed incre- tidal), implying that accommodation space was created mental reconstruction of the grabens/ half-grabens continually. The PAF and the Dalradian Supergroup are evolution. Four transgressive surfaces were identified amongst the thickest such sections of Neoproterozoic and mapped, allowing correlation of the sandstone package. These indicators of the stratigraphic completeness ages between each basin. The sequence of faulting has of the PAF provide supporting evidence for it being a been defined with respect to the mapped flooding sur- candidate for the Cryogenian GSSP. faces. Faulting clearly occurred in several phases as evident by the syn-kinematic fault’s control on sediments of different ages, and from the occurrence of later New Energy Solutions – from an Oil forming faults rotating earlier formed fault blocks. In general, early faults defined a relatively symmetrical & Gas company basin configuration whereas later phases of movement were localized mainly along south-dipping faults. This Stadaas, J.-F. gave rise to a change to more asymmetric basins and to the formation of asymmetric, composite sedimentary Statoil ASA, Oslo, [email protected] bodies with stacked shoreface and offshore transition deposits. Locally, fault crests were eroded. Our sedi- The presentation will include what is changing in the mentological observations suggest that tidal processes global renewable landscape and how Statoil is positi- were dominant during sandstone deposition within the oning the company to build optionality for renewable grabens/half-grabens, expressed by the widespread occ- growth. What can be bridged from the oil and gas com- urrence of tidal bar and tidal flat deposits. petence base and will there also be relevant renewable opportunities in Norway?

80 NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, no. 1, 2017 Dating Oil – Success [3] Hurtig, Stein, Hannah (2016) GSA Abstracts with Programs doi: 10.1130/abs/2016AM-283562. Stein, H.J.1,2 & Hannah, J.L.1,2 Research supported by CHRONOS, a consortium of Norwegian petroleum companies, and the Swiss 1 CEED, Universitet i Oslo, PO Box 1028, Blindern, National Science Foundation. 0315 Oslo, Norway, [email protected] 2 AIRIE Program, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1482 USA, Marginal basin volcanism, Silurian [email protected] sandstone sedimentation and sub-

Rhenium-osmium (Re-Os) geochronology is a proven, duction-zone volcanism at Dugurds- effective tool for charting the temporal history of organ- knappen, Mid-Norwegian Caledon- ic matter. Re and Os are redox-sensitive metals, sequest- ered in organic matter of potential source rocks under ides

anoxic conditions. If not oxidized during diagenesis or 1*, 2 2, 3 1, 2 weathering, accurate depositional ages may be extracted Stokke, E. W. , Gasser, D. , Dalslåen, B. H. & Grenne, T.2 from Re-Os isotopic data. To take the next bold step of dating the maturation and migration of hydrocarbons, 1 we must understand how Re, Os and Os isotopes are Department of Geosciences, University of Oslo, distributed among organic compounds and between Norway *[email protected] 2 Geological Survey of Norway, Trondheim, Norway organics and sulphides. 3 Re-Os geochronology begins with the assumption that, Sogn og Fjordane University College, Sogndal, at its birth, the dated material comprises multiple parts, Norway each with the same Os isotope ratio (187Os/188Os), but with varying 187Re/188Os ratios. Thus, dating oil The well-exposed mountain Dugurdsknappen lies near requires (1) homogenization of Os isotopes during Oppdal within the southern part of the Western maturation and expulsion, (2) retention of unique Trondheim Region (WTR) of the Mid-Norwegian 187Re/188Os ratios in discrete components of the oil Caledonides. The northern part of the WTR has been during migration, without decoupling of parent and studied in some detail, including the Løkken-Vassfjellet daughter isotopes, and (3) effective lab separation of ophiolites and their overlying sedimentary successions, those discrete components for analysis, without ex- interpreted to comprise volcanic arc and marginal basin change of Re, Os, or Os isotopes. We have shown that deposits related to the closing of the Iapetus Ocean. Far asphaltene and maltene components of oil retain distinct less has been done in the southern WTR, leaving 187Re/188Os and 187Os/188Os ratios during laboratory internal correlations unclear. We present new structural, separation, with 187Re/188Os ratios of maltenes consi- geochemical and U-Pb zircon data from the Dugurds- stently lower than those of asphaltene. Isochrons knappen area, which help to unravel the Caledonian constructed from a crude oil plus its asphaltene and evolution of this part of the WTR. maltene components, return consistent and geologically The oldest rocks exposed in the Dugurdsknappen area meaningful ages. This approach is the first to produce a comprise greenschist-facies pillow basalts with local Re-Os age for a single oil sample [1]. agglomerate, jasper and cherts, interpreted to have Laboratory experiments show that Re/Os ratios vary formed in an oceanic marginal basin. They are covered with the polarity of asphaltene components. Different by locally developed jaspers, followed by a thick solvent/precipitant pairs, however, produce different succession of ribbon-chert with interbedded conglomer- trends, and resulting separates do not yield isochrons ates and sandstone layers. This succession grades [2]. A key finding is that the radiogenic 187Os in these upwards into silty chert and green siltstone. The entire separates is partly decoupled from its 187Re parent. sedimentary succession is interpreted to have been Thus, these experiments document the behaviour of Re deposited directly after the basaltic volcanism in a and Os using different solvents, and discern impacts on marine basin close to a terrestrial source, with gradually isochroneity. Further experiments [3] show that during increasing terrestrial input upward. The greenstone – oil-water interactions, the oil rapidly acquires the ribbon-chert – siltstone succession is structurally in- 187Os/188Os ratio of the water, whereas exchange of verted, and isoclinally folded into a large S-SE trending Re is kinetically inhibited. With controlled reactions upright antiform, probably part of a regional system of between oil and aqueous fluid, the Os isotopic upright syn- and antiforms. An erosional unconformity composition is altered, but the isochronous relationship overlain by a basal conglomerate separates these is preserved. Thus, migrated hydrocarbons that interact strongly deformed lower units from an overlying less with aqueous fluids may yield appropriate ages, but deformed, typically cross-laminated, sandstone unit. A their Os isotopic composition may not reflect that of the tonalitic clast within the sandstone is dated at 485.0 ± source rock. 3.7 Ma, and a detrital zircon spectrum from the sand- In summary, we demonstrate that geologically stone defines a maximum depositional age of 427 ± 3 meaningful Re-Os ages can be derived from single oil Ma. Intermediate subvolcanic rocks with a subduction- samples. The initial 187Os/188Os ratio systematically signature geochemistry intrude the sandstone. Both the reflects the degree of exchange with formation waters, units below and above the unconformity are folded into but the isotopic clock remains intact. We have now SW-trending folds with a related regional axial-plane made substantial strides toward understanding Re-Os foliation. These folds are generally NW-verging, indi- behaviour in hydrocarbon systems, and why the cating a relation to the post-orogenic extensional phase chronometer works for oil. of the Caledonian orogeny. [1] Georgiev, Stein, Hannah et al. (2016) Geochimica et Our results indicate that marginal basin volcanic and Cosmochimica Acta 179: 53-75. sedimentary rocks were inverted and strongly folded in [2] DiMarzio, Georgiev, Stein, Hannah (2016) GSA a pre-427 Ma orogenic phase prior to deposition of post- Abstracts with Programs doi: 10.1130/abs/2016AM- 427 Ma sandstones, possibly deposited in a piggy back 281621. basin on the eroded surface of the previously deformed rocks. Both units are intruded by post-427 Ma sub- NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, no. 1, 2017 81 duction-related subvolcanic rocks. Such late Silurian sediment column, as well as pollen- and DNA-compo- sedimentary and subvolcanic rocks have not been sition of plant remains, reflect some pronounced chang- described previously in the WTR and their extent is so es in the environment that must be related to glacier far unknown. variations and a shifting climate. We have also detected a possible paleomagnetic excursion. In collaboration with a newly established German-Russian project term- Climate history along the Arctic ed Paleolomnological Transect (PLOT) a new 54 m long core was retrieved from the deepest part of the lake Seaboard of Eurasia Bolshoye Schuchye in April 2016. It seems very likely

1 1 2 3 that this long core will bring us much further back in Svendsen, J.I. , Haflidason, H. , Bjune, A. , Clarke, C. , time. Alsos, I.G.4, Henriksen, M.5, Hovland, M.N.1, Gyllen- 6 1 7 8 creutz, R. , Mangerud, J. , Melles, M. , Nazarov, D. , Ólafsdóttir, S.1 & Thomas, E.K.9 Linking volcanism and gas release 1 Department of Earth Science, University of Bergen, from the North East Atlantic Volcanic [email protected]; [email protected]; Province to the PETM: Challenges [email protected] 2 Department of Biology, University of Bergen, and updates

[email protected] 1 1 1 3 Department of Geography and Environment, Svensen, H.H. , Jones, M.T. , Augland, L.E. , Jerram, D.A.1,2, Planke, S.1,3, Kjoberg, S.1, Iyer, K.4, Schmid, University of Southampton, [email protected] 4 5 4 Tromsø University Museum, University of Tromsø, D.W. & Tegner, C.

[email protected] 1 5 Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Center for Earth Evolution and Dynamics, University Norwegian University of Life Science, of Oslo (CEED), Oslo, 0316, Norway 2DougalEARTH Ltd., Solihull, UK [email protected] 3 6 Department of geological sciences, University of Volcanic Basin Petroleum Research AS (VBPR), Oslo, Stockholm, [email protected] 0349, Norway 7 4Geomodelling solutions GmbH, Zürich, Switzerland Department of Geology and Mineralogy, University of 5 Cologne, [email protected] Aarhus University, Denmark 8 Geological faculty, Saint-Petersburg State University, [email protected] The main phase of the development of the North East 9 Department of Geology, University at Buffalo, USA, Atlantic Volcanic Province took place about 56 Ma and [email protected] coincides with the Paleocene Eocene Thermal Maxim- um (PETM). The volcanic activity was characterized by A lake coring campaign in the Polar Urals is being voluminous flood basalts, large plutonic complexes, sub carried out within the framework of the multinational -marine eruptions, widespread tephra deposition, and research project "Climate History along the Arctic Sea- emplacement of sills and dikes along the continental board of Eurasia" (CHASE) supported by the Research margins of Norway, Greenland, Ireland, and the UK. Council of Norway. The overall aim of the project is to Here we review the style and tempo of volcanism during document the climate variability and environmental re- this important period of Earth’s history and discuss the sponses in the Eurasian Arctic. This includes an assess- sources and volumes of the carbon gases emitted to the ment of the impact this variability had on glaciers, ocean and atmosphere. Moreover, we present new data landscapes, ecosystems, and early human colonization. and models from 1) West Greenland showing the impact A prime target is the documentation of and interpret- on sill intrusions on gas generation from heated Creta- ation of some unprecedented high-resolution lake rec- ceous mudstones, 2) a 3D seismic survey of gas release ords that have been retrieved from two lakes (Bolshoye structures offshore Norway, and 3) Paleocene-Eocene Schuchye and Malaya Schuchye) situated in the Polar tephra layers from Svalbard and Denmark. Gas migrated Urals. Bolshoye Schuchye, the largest and deepest lake out of the contact aureoles by either explosive venting in the entire mountain chain, contains more than 130 m or by slower seepage towards the seafloor as demon- of acoustically laminated sediments that must have strated by 3D seismic data. Some of the gas was accumulated over a long period of time lasting several permanently trapped (dry gas and CO2-rich gas) in the tens of thousands years. In addition to geological, source rocks and aureoles. Combined with high- palynological and paleomagnetic methods we are em- precision zircon ages and a time model for the PETM, ploying new molecular tools (ancient DNA) and com- our approach may give robust fluxes that can explain pound-specific isotope analysis (δ2H, δ18O) of organic both the onset and the body of the PETM. remains to reconstruct past floras well as well as the temperature and moisture balance history. Here we present some preliminary results from the Volcanic glass alteration and its ongoing investigations. The sediment cores that have been analyzed so far reveal that the lacustrine sediment reservoir importance in Bolshoye Schuchye consists of finely laminated silt 1 2 3 and clay with minimal disturbances from mass move- Sætre, C. , Dypvik, H. & Hellevang, H. ments. A series of consistent radiocarbon dates from a 24 m long core that was retrieved from the southern end University of Oslo, Department of Geoscience of the lake shows that the cored sequence spans the last 1 24,000 years without any interruption or breaks. There [email protected] 2 [email protected] is nothing to suggest that the lake was ice covered 3 during the Last Glacial Maximum at which time only [email protected] restricted mountain glaciers appear to have existed in the catchment. However, down-core variations in the 82 NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, no. 1, 2017

Volcanic glass readily alters to phyllosilicates and zeo- ing the latest Cretaceous to Eocene. The steep part of lites in the presence of water. This can significantly alter the east-dipping limb has a dip of about 70-80 degrees, reservoir properties by reducing permeability and poro- with a gradually more open structure seen both north sity. Increased understanding on authigenic clay format- and southwards, reflecting N and S plunging fold axis, ion is key knowledge to predict reservoir properties, and respectively. e.g. recoverable oil and gas reserves in volcaniclastic The main aim of this study is to describe deformation reservoirs. bands and fractures developed during progressive The project purpose is to analyze volcanic glass/rock folding of the Navajo Formation sandstones, expanding fragment alteration and assess their effects on reservoir on work by Zuluaga et al. (2014). The Navajo Format- properties. This is done by studying natural rock ion is described as several hundred meters of highly samples representing different alteration settings and porous sandstone, deposited as aeolian sand dunes performing controlled hydrothermal experiments. These during the Jurassic. Following subsidence in the Creta- are conducted using glass extracted from the samples as ceous and Paleogene, the San Rafael Swell was experi- starting material. encing onset of uplift and erosion in Miocene time, res- Samples have been collected from the Quarternary sand- ulting in today’s outstanding exposures in Mine Canyon stones (Montaña Amarilla and Barranco Tamaraceite) that allowed detailed study of deformation structures. from the Canary Islands (Gran Canaria and Tenerife). Field observations focus on deformation band populat- The Montaña Amarilla is a shallow marine bar post- ions associated with the folding display several cross- depositionally exposed only to ambient temperatures cutting populations, pointing to more than one episode and seawater. In contrast, the shallow marine sandstone of activity. Our main observation is that of conjugate of Bc. Tamaraceite was hydrothermally altered by deformation band sets in addition to deformation bands seawater heated by overlying hyaloclastites. Additional following the layering of the dunes. In some locations samples are collected from hydrocarbon reservoirs rich we observe band populations hosting en-echelon fract- in volcaniclastic material from the Rosebank oil field. ures, consistent with N-S extension. Samples from four Hydrothermal alteration experiments are performed on locations will be further studied through thin sections the sampled glass/rock under varying experimental con- and in the lab to determine the microstructural differ- ditions to increase the understanding on alteration ence of the different types of deformation bands and mechanisms. Based on studies on the natural samples their fractures, as observed in the field. and experiments geochemical modelling (PHREEQC) is performed to better understand stability of the secondary phases. Detailed petrographic studies using whole rock The pre-Caledonian Scandinavian and clay XRD, SEM-EDS, XRF, thin section and microprobe analysis is performed on all collected and experi- Dyke Complex and 600 Ma plate mentally formed material. reconstructions of Baltica Preliminary results Studies of outcrop samples show varying degrees of Tegner, T.*1, Andersen, T.B.2, Brown, E.L.1, Corfu, F.2, volcaniclastic alteration and generation of secondary Planke, S.2, Kjøll, H.J.2 & Torsvik, T.H.2 phases, mainly reflecting differences in original rock and fluid composition and temperatures during alter- 1 Centre of Earth System Petrology, Department of ation. Geoscience, Aarhus University, Denmark; The beach sandstone of Montaña Amarilla is poorly * [email protected] consolidated and made up of volcaniclastic sediments 2 Centre for Earth Evolution and Dynamics, University sourced from the region. The whole rock composition is of Oslo, Norway primarily of igneous minerals and minor abundances of secondary phases. These include gypsum, analcime and Magmatism of the first known rifting phase of the North halite. The shallow marine sandstone of Bc. Tamarace- Atlantic Wilson cycle is surprisingly well preserved in ite displays a higher degree of alteration with increased the Caledonian nappes of central and northern Scandi- abundance of secondary phases as phillipsite, clay navia. Along c. 1000 km the Särv and Seve Nappes are minerals and possibly mica and lower amounts of characterised by spectacular dyke complexes and other primary minerals. intrusive forms originally emplaced into continental The Rosebank oilfield consists of Paleogene volcanic sedimentary basins along the rifted margin of Iapetus. rocks interbedded with siliciclastic and volcaniclastic We refer to this as the magma-rich segment of the pre- reservoirs. The volcaniclastic rocks show variable Caledonian margin of Baltica, in contrast to the hyper- reservoir properties probably related to difference in extended and magma-poor segment exposed in southern alteration conditions. Studies of the rocks samples com- Norway (Andersen et al., Jakob et al., this meeting). In bined with geochemical modelling might explain the the larger picture the Scandinavian Dyke Complex is observed changes in reservoir properties. part of the Central Iapetus Magmatic Province (CIMP). The intensity, volume and structure of the Scandinavian Dyke Complex is comparable to that of the present Progressive deformation in mono- passive margins of the North Atlantic large igneous province (Kjøll et al., this meeting) and U-Pb ages sug- cline, San Rafael Swell, Utah gest magmatism was short-lived at 610-590 Ma. To constrain the origin of the Scandinavian Dyke Com- Sørensen, T.N.1, Braathen, A.2 & Skurtveit, E.3 plex and to potentially guide plate reconstructions of 1 Baltica we: (1) re-visited the dyke complexes of the University of Oslo, [email protected] Särv, Sarek, Kebnekaise, Tornetrask and Indre Troms 2 University of Oslo, [email protected] 3 mountains of northern Sweden and Norway; (2) Norges Geotekniske Institutt, [email protected] compiled new and published geochemical data for the entire dyke complex; (3) modeled mantle sources and The San Rafael Swell is located to Central Utah, USA. melting dynamics; and (4) extended reconstructions of This regional N-S structure reflects a kilometer amplitu- the paleo-position of Baltica back to 600 Ma. Although de Laramide-style monocline, which likely formed dur- the appearance of the dykes ranges from garnet NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, no. 1, 2017 83 amphibolite gneiss to pristine magmatic intrusions, all the Norwegian Geotechnical Institute, the Norwegian bulk rock compositions largely reflect the original mag- Business School and the Norwegian Meteorological matic rock. The compiled dataset includes c. 600 anal- Institute. yses that essentially forms a coherent suite dominated This contribution presents ongoing research activities by tholeiitic ferrobasalt akin to the North Atlantic large and results so far of relevance for the field of igneous province, but including alkali basalts in the geoscience. central portion where meta-carbonatite is also reported. A few samples (<30) are significantly contaminated with crust, but most are largely uncontaminated. Potential for nickel extraction from The tholeiitic dykes display systematic lateral variations over c. 1000 km in trace element compositions suggest- the Bruvann Ni-olivine deposit, ing geochemical enrichment (e.g. delta-Nb and La/Sm Northern Norway (N) relative to mid-ocean ridge basalt) in the southern and central portions, grading to more depleted com- Tinsley, M.1., Walder,1,2 I.F., Stopa,1 F., Donatelli,2 J. & positions in the north. The most enriched tholeiites Embile, R.1,2 occur in the central portion that also includes alkali basalts. The lateral geochemical zoning is comparable to 1New Mexico Tech, Socorro, NM, 87801, USA; e.g. the North Atlantic large igneous province and [email protected] around Iceland today. Our petrological modeling 2Kjeoy Research & Education Center, Kjeoy, 8412 suggests melting of asthenospheric mantle involving at Vestbygd, Norway; [email protected] least two source compositions. We therefore speculate that the Scandinavian Dyke Complex formed by melting The Bruvann nickel deposit is part of a layered mafic of a zoned mantle plume originating from a plume intrusion near Narvik. Some peridotite layers have sub- generation zone (margins of large low shear-wave velo- stantial sulfide mineralization, including pentlandite, city provinces) at the core-mantle boundary. If the pyrrhotite, pyrite, and chalcopyrite (Boyd and Mathies- position of the present plume generation zone in the en 1979). The presence of these minerals led to mining Pacific can be viewed as stationary back to 600 Ma, we of the Bruvann deposit from 1989 to 2002 processed by entertain the idea that the Scandinavian Dyke Complex flotation of sulfide minerals (Lamberg 2005). The area may be used to guide plate reconstructions. now lies abandoned, with large heaps of waste rock. However, if an economic leaching method could be found for these rocks, similar to heap leaching for Klima 2050: a research-based copper, the resource could become a valuable mine again mining the lower grade nickel containing dunite. innovation centre for risk reduction Research is currently underway to determine the pot- through climate adaptation of ential for Ni leaching from the waste rock and find infrastructure and buildings applicable methods to leach significant concentrations of Ni at a reasonable cost. Time, B. The Bruvann mine and the immediate area was investigated last summer. A stream emerging from the Klima 2050, SINTEF main mine adit was traced until it became a major [email protected] tributary to a small river. At each location where water entered the stream, water samples were collected for Klima 2050 - Risk reduction through climate adaptation pH, conductivity, and metals analysis to determine the of buildings and infrastructure is a Centre for Research magnitude of leaching from natural processes. Twenty based Innovation (SFI), funded jointly by the Research waste-rock samples were collected from the heaps Council of Norway (RCN) and the partners of the surrounding the mine, and ten with the highest potential centre. The aim of Klima 2050 (www.klima2050.no ) is for successful leaching as determined by a paste pH test to reduce the societal risks associated with climate were selected for mineralogical, geochemical and changes, including enhanced precipitation and flood kinetic column testing. water exposure within the built environment. Minerals of interest, such as pentlandite and pyrrhotite, The Centre will strengthen companies’ innovation will be separated from the bulk rock via magnetic capacity through a focus on long-term research. It is separation and used to create thin and polished sections also a clear objective to facilitate close cooperation bet- to study the mineralogy. Short-term tests, including sul- ween Research & Development,-performing companies, fur species, acid generation potential, neutralization public entities, and prominent research groups. potential, and net acid generation, will be performed on Emphasis is placed on research and innovation of each waste-rock sample. These tests will provide infor- moisture-resilient buildings, storm-water management, mation on how much acid can be naturally generated blue-green solutions, mitigation measures for water- from the rock, leading to enhanced weathering and triggered landslides, socio-economic incentives and oxidation, releasing more Ni from the olivine as well as decision-making processes. Both extreme weather and the sulfide. This will also give information about the gradual climatic changes is addressed. status and sources of nickel leaching from the mining The Centre consists of a consortium of 18 partners from disturbed area to give input for reclamation of the mine three sectors: industry, public entities and research/ area. Results will be compared to data from the field education organizations. The partners from the industry/ water samples to see how representative the columns private sector include a variety of companies from the are. Later, columns may be treated with H2SO4, HNO3, building industry. The public entities comprise the most or other substances in an attempt to leach more nickel important infrastructure owners in Norway (public from the waste rock. roads, railroads, buildings, airports), as well as the directorate for water and energy. The research and education partners are SINTEF Building and Infrastructure, the Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 84 NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, no. 1, 2017 Hvordan opprettholde interessen for surrounding host rocks but there is no sharp boundary between them. The interactions and linkage of faults can petroleumsgeofag ved lavere influence the damage zone width (e.g. Kim and Sander- oljepriser og krav om grønt skifte? son, 2005). Hence, there has been efforts to constrain the damage zone width mainly through outcrop studies Egil Tjåland,,Instituttleder ved Institutt for geovitenskap (e.g. Berg and Skar, 2005; Schuller et al., 2013; Choi et og petroleum, NTNU al., 2016). Details of fault damage zone and fault core structures can be mapped at outcrop, but descriptions Interessen for petroleumsfag ved alle landets universi- and statistical handling are usually constrained by how teter og høyskoler nådde sitt høydepunkt ved studie- these features are defined by individual workers and the opptak våren 2013. Ved NTNU var det da ca. 8 primær- accessibility of these features in the field. Reflection søkere pr. studieplass, med dertil høye karakterkrav. seismic data is used to study subsurface large faults, Interessen for petroleumsfag ved NTNU var også stor although the interpretation of faults could be hampered våren 2014, men selv om karakterkravene dette år ble by the seismic resolution. In the current study, we have veldig høye falt søkertallet til ca. 6 primærsøkere pr. integrated spectral decomposition with attribute work- studieplass. Etter at OPEC åpnet for kvotefri produksjon flows (e.g. coherence, dip, or fault enhancement attri- sommeren 2014 har interessen for å studere petroleums- butes) to improve imaging of faults and specifically the relaterte fag falt til et nivå der universiteter og høyskoler fault damaged zone (fault damage zone plus fault core) har problemer med å fylle studieplassene. in seismic data. Magnitude of higher frequency volumes Oljeindustrien er fremdeles norges største industri, og are used as input to generate seismic attribute volumes det vil være av nasjonal nødvendighet å opprettholde en highlighting small scale discontinuities. These fault att- jevn utdanning av geologer og geofysikere. Vi har tid- ribute volumes have higher resolution compared to att- ligere erfart at dalende interesse for geofagene henger ribute volumes generated from full bandwidth seismic sammen med lave oljepriser. Disse periodene (1986- data. We applied the integrated attribute generation app- 1990 og 1998-2002) ble etterfulgt av stor etterspørsel roach on 3D seismic surveys from the Norwegian etter geopersonell. Dersom den tidligere utviklingen Continental Shelf. We have used the enhanced images fortsetter på samme måte som før betyr det at etter- of seismic faults (derived from the high resolution fault spørselen for geopersonell vil begynne å gjøre seg attribute volumes) to study the geometry of structures gjeldende i 2017/18. observed in fault damaged zone as well as the variation En viktig forskjell i dagens situasjon er at media og in damaged zone width along fault length at different politikere fremhever nødvendigheten av et grønt skifte. depths. The structures identified within fault damaged Det er viktig å vise ungdom at man kan bidra med et zone on seismic attribute volumes have been compared grønt skifte ved å påvise og produsere norsk gass som to the corresponding features in the outcrop examples. vil fortrenge langt mer forurensende kull. Videre er det viktig å fremheve at geofaglig viten vil kunne brukes til andre industrier enn oljeindustrien, slik som bl. a. marin Structure, stratigraphy and age of gruvedrift, geovarme, rassikring, vannleting, og CO2 - lagring. the Repparfjord volcano–sedi- Et konkret tiltak for å opprettholde interessen for petro- mentary succession, northern leumsfagene vil være å utfordre olje- og Norway; a revised geological serviceindustrien til å danne et spleiselag som vil motivere fremtidige studenter. Dette kan gjøres ved å framework of the sediment-hosted sette av ressurser til sommerjobber, internships, pro- Nussir Cu-deposit sjektassistanse, premiering av masteroppgaver og trainee-ordninger etter fullført utdanning. På den måten Torgersen, E.1,2, Viola, G.1,2,3, Sandstad, S.R.1 & vil Norge kunne sikre jevn interesse for petroleums- Melezhik, V.1 fagene i overskuelig fremtid. 1 Geological Survey of Norway – NGU, Trondheim, Norway [email protected] Fault Damage Zone, insights from 2 Dept. of geology and mineral resources engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology – outcrops and seismic attributes NTNU, Trondheim, Norway 3 1 2 Dept. of Biological, Geological and Environmental Torabi, A. * & Alaei, B. Sciences – BiGeA, University of Bologna, Italy

1.*Uni Research CIPR, [email protected] The Repparfjord volcano-sedimentary succession forms 2. Earth Science Analytics the main part of the Repparfjord Tectonic Window, northern Norway, and hosts abundant Cu minerali- Faults play a significant role in controlling the migration zations, including two major sediment-hosted Cu- and trapping of hydrocarbons. Thus, providing a deposits; Nussir and Ulveryggen. The succession is rigorous and reliable assessment of fault network about 8 km thick and comprises low-grade and gener- configuration and properties can considerably reduce ally weakly deformed Early Paleoproterozoic arkosic the exploration risks and production challenges associ- sandstones, conglomerates, dolostones, and mafic to ated with fault-bounded traps (Iacopini et al., 2016; felsic volcanic and volcaniclastic rocks. Both of the Torabi et al., 2016a and b). Fault damage zone includes sediment-hosted deposits occur in clastic rocks of the damaged rocks that are enveloped around fault core. Saltvatnet Group. New mapping and structural analysis These rocks are either fractured or contain deformation show that the current geometry of this group is that of a bands depending on the porosity of the rock under km-scale, upright NE–SW-trending anticline, the Ulve- deformation. Fault core encompasses the most fractured ryggen anticline, cored by the Saltvatnet Group, which and crushed rocks around the major slip surface but its thus represents the lowermost exposed part of the transition with fault damage zone is usually gradual. Repparfjord volcano-sedimentary succession. Although damage zone includes more damage than the NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, no. 1, 2017 85

New and existing geochemical data demonstrate that the on the Norwegian continental shelf with a potential for two volcanic-dominated Nussir and Holmvatnet groups, large oil and gas accumulations. which crop out on either side of the Ulveryggen anticline, have similar geochemical character and can be interpreted as temporal and lateral correlatives. The Palynofacies and chemostratigraphy basaltic Ulveryggen intrusions within the Saltvatnet Group are, however, geochemically different from any of Permian-Triassic sections along other igneous rocks in the Repparfjord Tectonic Win- the Sassenfjorden in central Spits- dow, suggesting that these intruded prior to the Nussir and Holmvatnet groups. bergen

Carbonate litho- and chemostratigraphic data from the 1 1 2,3 upper part of the Saltvatnet Group, which hosts the van Soelen, E.E. , Hasic, E. , Planke, S. , Svensen, H.H.2, Sleveland, A.2, Midtkandal, I.1, Mangerud, G.4, major Nussir Cu-deposit, suggest that these sediments 5 1 were deposited at the termination of the global Loma- Twitchett, R.J. & Kürschner, W.M. gundi–Jatuli isotopic event around 2060 Ma. This age is 1 also consistent with other recent geochronological University of Oslo, Departments of Geosciences, P.O box 1047 Blindern 0316 Oslo, Norway constraints from the Repparfjord Tectonic Window. 2 The revised stratigraphy of the Repparfjord volcano- Centre for Earth Evolution and Dynamics (CEED), P.O. box 1028, Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway sedimentary succession is interpreted as reflecting depo- 3 sition and volcanism in an evolving continental back- Volcanic Basin Petroleum Research AS (VBPR), 0349 Oslo, Norway arc, which contrasts with the purely intraplate rift- 4 setting inferred for most parts of the Fennoscandian University of Bergen, Institutt for geovitenskap, P.O box 7803, 5020 Bergen Shield in the Early Paleoproterozoic. 5 Natural History Museum, Earth Sciences Department, London, SW7 5BD, UK

The structure and hydrocarbon pot- The end Permian biotic crisis is one of the most severe ential of the conjugate NE Green- extinction events in the history of the earth, affecting both the terrestrial and marine environment. A large land and Vøring margins igneous province (LIP) in Siberia is thought to be linked with this global event; however, correlation between the Trulsvik, M.1, Zastroznov, D.1,2, Polteau, S.1, Planke, 1,2 3 volcanic event and the biotic crisis is difficult and S. & Myklebust, R. requires well dated and high resolution Permian-Triassic

1 boundary successions from the Arctic region. Material Volcanic Basin Petroleum Research (VBPR), Oslo from Svalbard was studied including a core from Delta- Science Park, 0349 Oslo, Norway, [email protected] dalen which covers the Late Permian and Early Triassic, 2 CEED, University of Oslo, Norway 3 and outcrop sections at Deltadalen and Høgskulefjellet. TGS, Lensmannslia 4, 1386 Asker, Norway A carbon isotope shift near the Permian-Triassic boundary is an important global stratigraphical tool and The continental margins offshore mid-Norway, south- occurs near the base of the Vikinghøgda Formation in west Barents Sea, northeast Greenland, and the Jan the Deltadalen core, where values change from -24.5 to Mayen Ridge share a common geological history -32.7‰. A similar shift in δ13C was not recognized in leading up to breakup in the earliest Eocene. Integrating the two outcrop sections, which suggests that both are interpretations of the conjugate margins is therefore younger than the extinction event. Palynomorph preser- important for understanding the transatlantic basin vation was generally poor in both core and outcrop geology and petroleum systems. Since 2007, TGS have samples which prevented detailed examination of acquired extensive airborne gravity and magnetic species and limited biostratigraphical reconstruction. surveys and long-offset seismic data offshore NE Instead, palynofacies was used to further correlate the Greenland. TGS and VBPR have furthermore conducted two outcrop sites with the core. High AOM (amorphous four seafloor sampling campaigns from 2011 to 2016 to organic matter) in both outcrop sections links them to an improve the understanding of the geology and anoxic period following the biotic crisis. Palynological petroleum systems of the northeast Greenland shelf and analyses show an increase in spore/pollen ratio starting the outer Vøring Basin. The seismic data have been before the shift in the isotope curve. Such an increase in interpreted using conventional seismic horizon picking spore-producing vegetation is indicative for environ- and seismic volcanostratigraphic methods. The mental stress and a spore-peak has been recognized in interpretation has been constrained with age and many end-Permian successions. However, the decrease stratigraphic information obtained from the seabed in spores over pollen coincides with a change in the dredge and gravity core samples, and by integrated lithology from sand to shale and it’s likely that seismic-gravity-magnetic interpretation. Organic geo- differences in preservation of the palynomorphs affected chemical analyses of seep samples have revealed active the record. Similarly, acritarch abundance is low in the oil seeps from Late Jurassic source rocks associated lower part of the section, which could be indicative for with structural highs on the northeast Greenland shelf. environmental stress, or poor preservation. Although the On the conjugate margin, minor oil accumulations in the start of the extinction event is difficult to pin down due Hvitveis and Snefrid Nord wells reveal the potential for to lithological issues, conditions on land start to improve oil in the Vøring Basin. Plate tectonic reconstructions directly after the δ13C shift, when spore/pollen ratio suggest that the Late Jurassic basins and elevated ridges starts to decrease. The combined stratigraphical and observed on the northeast Greenland shelf extended paleo-environmental data from this study provides a across to the outer Vøring margin. Thus, the mapped framework for ongoing research on the core, which structural framework of the northeast Greenland shelf includes geochronological and geochemical work aimed and the plate tectonic reconstruction provide new at improved dating of the extinction event and constraints on potential sub-basalt exploration targets on strengthening the link with the Siberian Traps. the Vøring Marginal High. We conclude that the outer Møre and Vøring basins represent underexplored area 86 NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, no. 1, 2017 New deglaciation ages and recon- The ore deposits are classified as volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS) deposits located within an ophiolite structed Late Glacial sea-level complex. These deposits were predominantly mined for change for Boknafjorden, western sulfur, copper, and zinc. Ore processing and exposed waste rock has generated acid rock drainage, resulting in Norway soil contamination from smelters and ARD from waste rock dumps scattered all over the district, and tailings Vasskog, K., Svendsen, J.I., Mangerud, J., Svean, A. & and smelter slag leaching into an elongated Langvatn Lunnan, E.M. they were partly dumped into. Langvatn divides the district in a north and south section. Discharges from sever- Department of Earth Science and Bjerknes Centre for al of the mine adits are also contributing to the contami- Climate Research, University of Bergen, P.O. Box nant load on the receiving lake. 7803, N-5020 Bergen, Norway Implications of waste rock weathering and the impact ([email protected]) on surrounding water sources is being examined. Most waste dumps were sampled (solids and seep water when Cosmogenic exposure dates have previously suggested available), while four major mine areas were sampled that Utsira and Karmøy, two islands located at the edge more extensively sampled during the summers of 2015 of the Norwegian Channel and at the mouth of Bokna- and 2016. The focus of the research is on the south side fjorden, respectively, became deglaciated already aro- of the Langvatn, but the research also includes one und 20 thousand years before present (ka BP). A waste dump on the North side. Waste rock and water minimum age of 18.1±0.1 ka BP has been confirmed for samples were taken from each site and analyzed. The Karmøy through radiocarbon dating of foraminifera majority of sites yielded a low soil pH, and high total from basal marine sediments in two isolation basins, dissolved solids. Water samples from numerous creeks whereas new sediment cores have recently been and drainages were sampled and tested for copper, zinc, retrieved for the same purpose from Utsira. iron, and sulfate (more analysis will follow). The data Lithostratigraphic and microfossil analyses from the two shows a wide spread of values, with highest concentrat- isolation basins Grødheimsvatnet (15 m asl) and ions near a small open pit mine, Furuhaugen (the Kringlemyr (12 m asl) have been combined with previ- westernmost mine). Twelve kinetic tests have been run- ous data from Northern Karmøy to produce a Late Gla- ning for 6-15 months all indicating low pH and copper cial relative sea-level (RSL) curve for outer Bokna- concentrations in the leachate in the range of 0.1-5 mg/ fjorden. Combining these RSL data with reconstructions L. Another ten waste rock samples have been selected of eustatic sea level and modelling of the Scandinavian kinetic column tests to determine mineral reactions and Ice Sheet makes it possible to study the interplay bet- further leaching potential together with mineralogy, acid ween different components of sea-level change in base accounting, and sequential chemical extraction. western Norway, almost back to the Last Glacial Maxi- This information will be combined with streamflow data mum (LGM). Our results indicate a marine limit of to estimate contaminant load to the Langvatn. Without about 18 m asl for Karmøy, and highlight the this more extensive mineralogical and geochemical cha- importance of gravitational attraction from the still very racterization of the district any remediation/mitigation large Scandinavian Ice Sheet for the Late Glacial sea- of such a large and variable mining area is likely to fail. level history in outer Boknafjorden. An attempt to isolate the different components of RSL change also indicates that the Younger Dryas glacier re-advance served to more-or-less halt land uplift in the area, which The Petroleum Geochemistry of the in combination with eustatic rise and increased gravi- Johan Sverdrup Field, Southern tational attraction caused the ~10 m transgression observed in Boknafjorden during this period. Utsira High, Norwegian North Sea - A study of maturity, organofacies, reservoir filling and biodegradation Metal leaching from the Sulitjelma VMS mining district, Norway Wesenlund, F.

Walder, I.F.1,2,, Stopa, F.1, Clark, A.1, Tinsley, M.1, University of Oslo Donnatelli, J2. & Embile, R.F1,2. Crude oils located in Middle to Late Jurassic reservoirs 1 New Mexico Tech, Socorro NM, 87801, USA; have been studied in wells from the Johan Sverdrup [email protected] Field located on the Utsira High, Norwegian North Sea. 2 Kjeøy Research & Education Center, Kjeøy, 8412 Upper and Middle Jurassic core samples of various Vestbygd, Norway lithology from the Johan Sverdrup Field, the Edvard Grieg Field located 13 km further west, and the ”dry The Sulitjelma mining district located in, Northern Nor- well” 17/3-1 (Bark Prospect) situated 65 km further east way consists of more than 20 deposits that were mined have also been studied. Petroleum geochemical data from 1860 to 1991 and produced some 26 million tons have been created using Iatroscan TLC-FID (bulk of ore. The mining district was closed and mitigated, molecular composition), GC-FID (n-alkanes and iso- based on very little characterization data, by leading prenoids), and GC-MS (terpanes, steranes, aromatic some adit water into the larger underground mine areas steroids, phenantrenes and methyldibenzothiophenes). and plugging lower portals in the mid 1990’s. The main The core samples were subjected to extraction using tailings area where covered with a thin soil layer 0-20 SOXTEC prior to analysis. The compounds listed have cm thick. This closure has clearly failed in its intent, been used to interpret the thermal maturity, organofacies reducing the mass loading to the receiving environment, and biodegradation of the oils and core extracts. where copper concentrations are 3-5 times higher than The Johan Sverdrup crudes analyzed in this study are limits set by by Norwegian Environmental Directorate. characterized to be fairly homogeneous in composition. They are interpreted to be early – peak mature, non-to NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, no. 1, 2017 87 incipient biodegraded, and sourced from the Draupne (483 ± 13 Ma) thermal event. Sustained elevated Fm source rock, being the most prolific source rock in temperatures annealed previous radiation damage; Cale- the Norwegian North Sea. Sandstone core samples from donian regional metamorphism left no measurable effect the Johan Sverdrup Field (intra Draupne Fm, Hugin Fm) on the U–Pb zircon system. The structure of the Lyder- and the Edvard Grieg Field contain abundant biode- horn Gneiss is characterized by constrictional strain. graded allochtonous hydrocarbons of less maturity, but Fold axes of abundant tight to isoclinal recumbent folds similar organofacies. Sandstone extracts from well 17/3- are parallel to shallowly ENE-plunging mineral stretch- 1 (Sandnes Fm, Bryne Fm) are dominant in polar com- ing lineations. Top-to-ENE shear deformation prevailed pounds with only minimal hydrocarbon content. with consistent orientation from amphibolite facies Basement from the Johan Sverdrup field contains mini- conditions to the brittle-plastic transition. Fluid-assisted mal amount of allochtonous hydrocarbons, indicating strain weakening formed phyllonitic fault rocks in shal- secondary migration. lowly E-dipping, ductile-to-brittle detachments. Molecular interpretation parameters in the crudes Mesoproterozoic protolith ages correlate the Lyderhorn analyzed display no clear lateral or vertical trend in the Gneiss and thereby the Øygarden Complex with the reservoir. A southeast-northwest trend in the bulk satur- Telemarkia domain of the Baltican basement and show ated, aromatic and polar fractions of these crudes sug- a relation with the Sirdal Magmatic Belt. Our results gest a southeastern migration direction from the Vana suggest a continuous NNW-trend of Sveconorwegian sub-basin in the northwest to the present-day Johan domain boundaries and contradict widespread Sveco- Sverdrup reservoir. Previous work suggests a north- norwegian high-temperature metamorphism. We discuss eastern migration route from the southwest based on the structure of the Lyderhorn Gneiss in the light of differential post-glacial isostatic rebound. The present existing and new tectonic models, including Early study has determined both migration routes as valid. Devonian core-complex exhumation of the Øygarden This study provides a petroleum geochemical database Complex, and suggest possible implications for the post of calculated interpretation parameters and the associ- -Caledonian tectonic evolution of SW Norway. ated raw chromatogram data. The data may be used to further understand the Johan Sverdrup field. It should be noted that the results obtained from this half-year thesis Tectonic controls on Upper Jurassic derive from a limited sample set, hence the interpretations should be considered accordingly. shallow to deep-water deposition in the northern North Sea

Zhong, X.1, Varela, A.E.2 & Sverdrup, E.3 The tectonomagmatic evolution of the eastern Øygarden Complex, 1 University of Stavanger, [email protected] Bergen, SW Norway 2 University of Stavanger, [email protected] 3 Bayerngas Norge AS, [email protected] Wiest, J.D.1, Jacobs, J.2, Ksienzyk, A.K.3, Fossen, H.4 Several hydrocarbon discoveries have been found in 1 Department of Earth Science, University of Bergen, Upper Jurassic reservoirs in the northern North Sea. [email protected] Since Upper Jurassic reservoirs are significantly con- 2 Department of Earth Science, University of Bergen, fined laterally and show complicated vertical stacking [email protected] patterns, the study is initiated to investigate the mechan- 3 Department of Earth Science, University of Bergen, isms controlling deposition of Upper Jurassic sediment- [email protected] ary sequences along the Norwegian shelf. In order to 4 Department of Earth Science/Museum of Natural reveal the sediment provenance, transport mechanism History, University of Bergen, [email protected] and depositional character of Upper Jurassic syn-rift deposits, we utilize a large, modern 3D seismic dataset, The Øygarden Complex and the Bergen Arc System are well data, and biostratigraphy analysis of cutting and enigmatic large-scale structures in the SW Norwegian core samples to understand the distribution of mass flow Caledonides. So far, the lack of published U–Pb zircon deposits and how their deposition is controlled by ages from the Øygarden Complex limits clear tectono- tectonics. stratigraphic interpretations and regional correlations. Seismic interpretation indicates that Upper Jurassic dep- The Lyderhorn Gneiss is part of the poorly studied osition was closely controlled by tectonics, which in- eastern Øygarden Complex and located in the core of cludes: (1) From Late Bajocian to Callovian, faults start- the Bergen Arc System. Detailed field mapping was ed to propagate sub-parallel to the axis (NNE-SSW) of conducted and seven samples were dated by SIMS U– the depositional basins. Shallow-marine sands were Pb zircon geochronology. deposited in a coastal shelf environment; (2) From Late A mylonitic granitic gneiss sample revealed a common Callovian to Middle Oxfordian, continuous rifting concordia age of 1506 ± 5 Ma that falls into the Tele- induced fault interaction and linkage between the markian orogenic period. All other samples revealed Viking Graben and the Sogn Graben. Reservoir rocks Sveconorwegian ages: Hornblende biotite granite gneiss are interpreted as remnants of tidal-influenced distribut- and metagabbro samples have an identical common ary channels, tidal bars, and shoreface sands. Also, concordia age of 1041 ± 3 Ma. An amphibolite sample potential sandy gravity and low density turbidite flows from the same gabbroic unit has a poorly constrained have been encountered; (3) From Middle Oxfordian to weighted mean age of 1040 ± 15 Ma. Another mylonitic Kimmeridgian, syn-rift deformation and deposition granitic gneiss sample has a common concordia age of reached its climax phase. Mature linkage of fault 1027 ± 4 Ma. Two samples from intrusive granitic segments caused fault block tilting along the main faults dykes have strongly metamict zircons and revealed an resulting in footwall uplift. Relative sea level drops upper intercept age of 1022 ± 9 Ma. No record of resulted in development of several local unconformities Sveconorwegian high-grade metamorphism was found, with erosion and incision of rotated fault blocks and but metamict zircons from different samples were exposure of the main shelfal areas landwards. Eroded completely or partially reset by an Early Ordovician clastics from earlier pre-rift and syn-rift deposits were 88 NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, no. 1, 2017

transported along incised canyons or slope chutes, and decades. The reserves within Triassic Snadd Formation formed proximal sandy debris flows and distal sand were not included in PDO (Plan for Development and turbidite deposits, like the Oxfordian sandstones at the Operations). This was due to poorer reservoir properties Skarfjell discovery; and (4) During Tithonian, fault compared to the Realgrunnen Subgroup and the Kobbe activity declined drastically, and the Draupne Formation Formation which together constitute the primary reser- organic rich clay was deposited. Syn-tectonic deposition voir target in the Goliat Field. The field has an expected ceased during the Berriasian, and was eventually capped life time of 15 years. However, this life time can pot- by the Base Cretaceous Unconformity (BCU). entially be extended by applying quantitative seismic re- It is questionable how fault linkage and rotated fault servoir characterization techniques within more chal- blocks influenced the drainages and routing of sedi- lenging minor reservoir intervals like the Snadd For- ments from shallow to deep water, as it is difficult to mation. Fluid discrimination by geophysical technique predict the location of the shelf edge and deep-water in uplifted Barents Sea areas has additional challenges deposits. Therefore, an analogue study is performed in as a result of a reduction in the seismic fluid sensitivity the Evrostini delta, the Gulf of Corinth in the western associated with rock stiffening (overconsolidation) due Greece, where mega syn-tectonic mass flow deposits are to prior deeper burial and quartz cementation. exposed. The field work reveals that mass flow deposits, A multidisciplinary approach involving geology, rock such as alluvial fans, Gilbert-type fan deltas, and turbid- physics, and geophysics has been used for petrofacies ite submarine fans, were mainly developed along fault characterization from long offset prestack angle gathers linking zones. Multiple stages of rifting forced the dra- and petrophysical well logs. A rock physics feasibility inages to cut downward into uplifted footwall or shifted and AVA forward modelling reveal the sensitivity of the the channels around the propagated fault tips. Eroded defined petrofacies classes to different elastic properties. sediments from previous alluvial fans and fan deltas The optimum prestack inversion method is subsequently flushed into the drainage systems, and became a part of selected based on the rock physics feasibility. The provenance for young deltas. Consequently, several output from the inversion is used to derive the PEIL pulses of debris-flow-dominated Gilbert-type fan deltas (Pseudo-Elastic Impedance), PI (Poisson Impedance), were produced near the major linking faults, with and LMR (Lambda-Mhu-Rho) attributes. These derived turbidite submarine fans deposited in their distal prestack attributes are then combined with poststack localities. A forced regression event was interpreted trace attributes in a neural network analysis. Neural within the giant Evrostini delta, which triggered erosion networks utilize the non-linear relationships between the and/or brecciation into the topset and foreset parts. parameters to further optimize the inverted result and to Reworked clastics moved short distance basinwards and predict the effective porosity, gamma ray, and resistivity were redeposited near the slope, which was generated log responses. by a north dipping normal fault. Finally probability density functions (PDFs) extracted Based on this, mature linkage of fault systems enlarged from the best well log training dataset are applied to a the gross volume of accommodation space and resulted composite seismic attribute volume from which proba- in fault block rotation and footwall uplift. Most importa- bility estimates of the classified petrofacies are obtain- ntly, field work in the Gulf of Corinth highlighted that: ed. Geological interpretations are then inferred based on (1) interaction zones of major faults are the major path- the seismic geomorphological character observed from way for syn-tectonic mass flows; (2) tilted or uplifted the different attributes. Probability maps obtained from fault blocks would force the drainages to seek for new this integrated approach has the potential to guide pathways, such as downcutting valleys, incised canyons, petrophysical reservoir modelling workflows and opti- eroded chutes, etc.; and (3) Deep-water turbidity sub- mization of reservoir drainage strategies. marine fans are developed beyond the toeset of debris- flow dominated shallow marine mass deposits. There- fore, in the northern North Sea, we suggest that proxi- Langfjellet: A promising North Sea mal sandy gravity and deep-water turbidite flows have been transferred basinwards from their shallow marine discovery in a Jurassic structural and continental counterpart along fault transfer zones maze developed by faulted block rotations and fault linkage. Øvrebø, L.K.1, Thon, K.T.2, Kunz, A.2, Hartz, E.H.2,3, Husby, Ø.2, Skillingstad, P.2 & Johansen, Y.B.2 Petrofacies characterization using 1 Aker BP ASA, [email protected] prestack inversion and neural 2 Aker BP ASA networks within the Snadd 3 Centre of Earth Evolution and Dynamics, Oslo, Formation of the Goliat Field, SW University, Norway

Barents Sea Multiple 2016-discoveries north of the Frøy Field,

1, 2 1, 3 1 witness that the region still is prosperous decades after Yenwongfai, H. , Mondol, N.H. , Faleide, J.I. & the first well opened the eastern flank of central Viking Lecomte, I.4 Graben. Discoveries in five prospects near the Askja- 1 Krafla Discoveries, and most recently three structures University of Oslo; [email protected], on the Langfjellet discovery greatly outnumber the two [email protected], [email protected], dry structures in the same drilling campaigns. [email protected] 2 Common for the discoveries is a certain reservoir con- Statoil ASA; [email protected] sistent of ‘Brent/Vestland to Upper Jurassic sandstones 3 Norwegian Geotechnical Institute; [email protected] 4 interfingering with and overlain by shales including the University of Bergen; [email protected] Upper Jurassic sourcerock. The latter are mature at depth to the west of the Langfjellet structure(s). Thus, The studied Goliat Field is the first oil field to be in pro- the exploration complexity resides in understanding duction in the Norwegian sector of the Barents Sea hydrocarbon wandering. Where did the oil migrate, and despite an exploration history spanning over three where is it trapped? This point is particularly well NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, no. 1, 2017 89 illustrated in the greater Langfjellet discoveries. The extended Norwegian Jurisdiction. Along the ridge, the four wells illustrate a well-developed Mid Jurassic tid- University of Bergen (UiB) has previously identified ally dominated reservoir (Hugin Fm), segmented by several active and in-active vent fields. Based on these numerous crosscutting faults. This results in a complex discoveries together with the global focus on potential discovery where each well has internally shifting for marine mining, researchers at NTNU have identified pressures, hydrocarbon type and filling levels, where the AMOR as an area for potential discoveries of both contacts and pressure vary between closely spaced economic size seafloor massive sulphide deposits. Early wells. Both stratigraphic and minor structural barriers estimations by the NTNU researchers have indicated hold up to a few bars fluid pressure, which in turn cor- that the Norwegian continental shelf may contain large respond to tens of meters variation in oil filling. Accord- values of minerals and metals as part of active and in- ingly, a cross-disciplinary mix of seismic interpretation, active vent fields. These estimations have been based on sedimentology, structural geology and petrophysics is the same methods that are used by the Norwegian needed to evaluate the discovery. Naturally, a key input Petroleum Directorate and the oil and gas industry to is a 3D understanding of the interplay of faults and the estimate undiscovered oil and gas resources on the multiple reservoir sandstones based on seismic inter- continental shelf. The same methodology has also been pretation. However, welltest, pressure data and the well used to assess the amount of undiscovered mineral core illustrate that there are dense zones of small faults resources on land by the Geological Survey of Norway. and deformation bands below seismic resolution. As a result of the very positive resource estimations, Clearly, the complexity of the discovery represents a NTNU has increased its focus on marine minerals in production challenge, but it also opens an insight into general and specifically on assessment of technology for the regional petroleum system. In a regional perspective, exploration and exploitation of seafloor massive the dramatic (330+ bar) overpressure at the edge of Vik- sulphides, resulting in the NFR project MarMine - ing Graben (e.g. the Fulla discovery) bleed off east- Exploitation technologies for marine minerals on the wards to the near hydrostatic Langfjellet discoveries, extended Norwegian continental shelf. across several larger to (more often) minor faults. Given As part of MarMine, researchers from NTNU and that these 150+ million year old faults holds dramatic partners carried out a research cruise to the AMOR pressure today, but once (and perhaps still) have let during August and September 2016. The aim of the hydrocarbons pass by, the system must be truly MarMine project and the cruise was to investigate the dynamic. We are only starting to understand some of the potential for mineral extraction from the seabed, test mechanisms guiding the prospectively of the region and new exploration technology and better understand the the complex hydrocarbon wandering in general, but we biology and ecology of an inactive site. During the do understand that understanding the structural control cruise, various underwater vehicles were used for of hydrocarbon wandering separate exploration success collection of data and samples from the sites identified from failure. Accordingly, this complexity may be view- by UiB as well as visits to potential hydrothermal vent ed as an intriguing challenge possibly representing a fields, indicated through morphotextural studies of the sneak peak into the future of hydrocarbon exploration in detailed bathymetric data acquired by UiB in previous mature petroleum provinces as the North Sea. cruises and new data sets acquired in the present cruise. The collected data and samples are intended for research on various technological aspects associated with mineral MarMine - Exploitation technologies extraction from the seabed, and concentration of the various metallic minerals by mineral processing. Based for marine minerals on the extended on results from the cruise and further MarMine results, Norwegian continental shelf the early resource estimates will be tested and the data will contribute to new estimates to be generated. The Aasly, K.1, Ellefmo, S.1, Kleiv, R.A.1, Ludvigsen, M.2, biological data will describe, for the first time, the Ramirez-Llodra, E.3 & Søreide, F.2 benthic communities of the inactive site at Mohn’s Treasure, providing baseline information necessary to 1 Department of Geology and Mineral Resources assess environmental impacts related to mineral Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and production from the seabed. Technology, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway 2 Department of Marine Technology, Norwegian This project is an important part of NTNU's focus on University of Science and Technology, NO-7491 marine minerals and will help bring NTNU to the Trondheim, Norway forefront, also when it comes to technology related to 3 Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), this kind of activities. The industry partners are leading Gaustadalléen 21, NO-0349 Oslo, Norway companies within their fields, both nationally and internationally, and covers large parts of the value chain On the Arctic Mid-Ocean Ridge (AMOR), specifically needed for future seabed mining. in the southern half of the ridge, the so-called Mohn´s This presentation will present initial results from the Ridge. The main part of the AMOR lies within the research cruise and ongoing research on the collected data and samples. 90 NGF Abstracts and Proceedings, no. 1, 2017