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- . - - - . -. � ..;/, AGE MILL.YEAR$ ;YE basalt �- OUATERNARY votcanoes CENOZOIC \....t TERTIARY ·· basalt/// 65 CRETACEOUS -� 145 MESOZOIC JURASSIC " 210 � TRIAS SIC 245 " PERMIAN 290 CARBONIFEROUS /I/ Å 360 \....t DEVONIAN � PALEOZOIC � 410 SILURIAN 440 /I/ ranite � ORDOVICIAN T 510 z CAM BRIAN � w :::;: 570 w UPPER (J) PROTEROZOIC � c( " 1000 Ill /// PRECAMBRIAN MIDDLE AND LOWER PROTEROZOIC I /// 2500 ARCHEAN /(/folding \....tfaulting x metamorphism '- subduction POLARHÅNDBOK NO. 7 AUDUN HJELLE GEOLOGY.OF SVALBARD OSLO 1993 Photographs contributed by the following: Dallmann, Winfried: Figs. 12, 21, 24, 25, 31, 33, 35, 48 Heintz, Natascha: Figs. 15, 59 Hisdal, Vidar: Figs. 40, 42, 47, 49 Hjelle, Audun: Figs. 3, 10, 11, 18 , 23, 28, 29, 30, 32, 36, 43, 45, 46, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 71, 72, 75 Larsen, Geir B.: Fig. 70 Lytskjold, Bjørn: Fig. 38 Nøttvedt, Arvid: Fig. 34 Paleontologisk Museum, Oslo: Figs. 5, 9 Salvigsen, Otto: Figs. 13, 59 Skogen, Erik: Fig. 39 Store Norske Spitsbergen Kulkompani (SNSK): Fig. 26 © Norsk Polarinstitutt, Middelthuns gate 29, 0301 Oslo English translation: Richard Binns Editor of text and illustrations: Annemor Brekke Graphic design: Vidar Grimshei Omslagsfoto: Erik Skogen Graphic production: Grimshei Grafiske, Lørenskog ISBN 82-7666-057-6 Printed September 1993 CONTENTS PREFACE ............................................6 The Kongsfjorden area ....... ..........97 Smeerenburgfjorden - Magdalene- INTRODUCTION ..... .. .... ....... ........ ....6 fjorden - Liefdefjorden................ 109 Woodfjorden - Bockfjorden........ 116 THE GEOLOGICAL EXPLORATION OF SVALBARD .... ........... ....... .......... ..9 NORTHEASTERN SPITSBERGEN AND NORDAUSTLANDET ........... 123 SVALBARD, PART OF THE Ny Friesland and Olav V Land .. .123 NORTHERN POLAR REGION ...... ... 11 Nordaustlandet and the neigh- bouring islands........................... 126 WHA T TOOK PLACE IN SVALBARD - WHEN? .... -
Air Ambulance Services in the Arctic 1999-2009: a Norwegian Study Jan Norum1,2,3*, Trond M Elsbak3
Norum and Elsbak International Journal of Emergency Medicine 2011, 4:1 http://www.intjem.com/content/4/1/1 ORIGINALRESEARCH Open Access Air ambulance services in the Arctic 1999-2009: a Norwegian study Jan Norum1,2,3*, Trond M Elsbak3 Abstract Background: Air ambulance services in the Arctic have to deal with remote locations, long distances, rough weather conditions and seasonable darkness. Despite these challenges, the people living in the area expect a high quality of specialist health care. Aims: The objective of this study was to analyse the air ambulance operations performed in the Norwegian Arctic and study variations in diagnoses and flight patterns around the year. Methods: A retrospective analysis. All air ambulance operations performed during the time 1999 – 2009 period were analysed. The subjects were patients transported and flights performed. The primary outcome measures were patients’ diagnoses and task patterns around the year. Results: A total of 345 patients were transported and 321 flights performed. Coronary heart and vascular disease, bone fractures and infections were the most common diagnoses. Most patients (85%) had NACA score 3 or 4. Half of all fractures occurred in April and August. Most patients were males (66%), and one fourth was not Norwegian. The median flying time (one way) was 3 h 33 m. Ten percent of the flights were delayed, and only 14% were performed between midnight and 8.00 AM. The period April to August was the busiest one (58% of operations). Conclusions: Norway has run a safe air ambulance service in the Arctic for the last 11 years. In the future more shipping and polar adventure operations may influence the need for air ambulances, especially during summer and autumn. -
Petroleum, Coal and Research Drilling Onshore Svalbard: a Historical Perspective
NORWEGIAN JOURNAL OF GEOLOGY Vol 99 Nr. 3 https://dx.doi.org/10.17850/njg99-3-1 Petroleum, coal and research drilling onshore Svalbard: a historical perspective Kim Senger1,2, Peter Brugmans3, Sten-Andreas Grundvåg2,4, Malte Jochmann1,5, Arvid Nøttvedt6, Snorre Olaussen1, Asbjørn Skotte7 & Aleksandra Smyrak-Sikora1,8 1Department of Arctic Geology, University Centre in Svalbard, P.O. Box 156, 9171 Longyearbyen, Norway. 2Research Centre for Arctic Petroleum Exploration (ARCEx), University of Tromsø – the Arctic University of Norway, P.O. Box 6050 Langnes, 9037 Tromsø, Norway. 3The Norwegian Directorate of Mining with the Commissioner of Mines at Svalbard, P.O. Box 520, 9171 Longyearbyen, Norway. 4Department of Geosciences, University of Tromsø – the Arctic University of Norway, P.O. Box 6050 Langnes, 9037 Tromsø, Norway. 5Store Norske Spitsbergen Kulkompani AS, P.O. Box 613, 9171 Longyearbyen, Norway. 6NORCE Norwegian Research Centre AS, Fantoftvegen 38, 5072 Bergen, Norway. 7Skotte & Co. AS, Hatlevegen 1, 6240 Ørskog, Norway. 8Department of Earth Science, University of Bergen, P.O. Box 7803, 5020 Bergen, Norway. E-mail corresponding author (Kim Senger): [email protected] The beginning of the Norwegian oil industry is often attributed to the first exploration drilling in the North Sea in 1966, the first discovery in 1967 and the discovery of the supergiant Ekofisk field in 1969. However, petroleum exploration already started onshore Svalbard in 1960 with three mapping groups from Caltex and exploration efforts by the Dutch company Bataaffse (Shell) and the Norwegian private company Norsk Polar Navigasjon AS (NPN). NPN was the first company to spud a well at Kvadehuken near Ny-Ålesund in 1961. -
Climate in Svalbard 2100
M-1242 | 2018 Climate in Svalbard 2100 – a knowledge base for climate adaptation NCCS report no. 1/2019 Photo: Ketil Isaksen, MET Norway Editors I.Hanssen-Bauer, E.J.Førland, H.Hisdal, S.Mayer, A.B.Sandø, A.Sorteberg CLIMATE IN SVALBARD 2100 CLIMATE IN SVALBARD 2100 Commissioned by Title: Date Climate in Svalbard 2100 January 2019 – a knowledge base for climate adaptation ISSN nr. Rapport nr. 2387-3027 1/2019 Authors Classification Editors: I.Hanssen-Bauer1,12, E.J.Førland1,12, H.Hisdal2,12, Free S.Mayer3,12,13, A.B.Sandø5,13, A.Sorteberg4,13 Clients Authors: M.Adakudlu3,13, J.Andresen2, J.Bakke4,13, S.Beldring2,12, R.Benestad1, W. Bilt4,13, J.Bogen2, C.Borstad6, Norwegian Environment Agency (Miljødirektoratet) K.Breili9, Ø.Breivik1,4, K.Y.Børsheim5,13, H.H.Christiansen6, A.Dobler1, R.Engeset2, R.Frauenfelder7, S.Gerland10, H.M.Gjelten1, J.Gundersen2, K.Isaksen1,12, C.Jaedicke7, H.Kierulf9, J.Kohler10, H.Li2,12, J.Lutz1,12, K.Melvold2,12, Client’s reference 1,12 4,6 2,12 5,8,13 A.Mezghani , F.Nilsen , I.B.Nilsen , J.E.Ø.Nilsen , http://www.miljodirektoratet.no/M1242 O. Pavlova10, O.Ravndal9, B.Risebrobakken3,13, T.Saloranta2, S.Sandven6,8,13, T.V.Schuler6,11, M.J.R.Simpson9, M.Skogen5,13, L.H.Smedsrud4,6,13, M.Sund2, D. Vikhamar-Schuler1,2,12, S.Westermann11, W.K.Wong2,12 Affiliations: See Acknowledgements! Abstract The Norwegian Centre for Climate Services (NCCS) is collaboration between the Norwegian Meteorological In- This report was commissioned by the Norwegian Environment Agency in order to provide basic information for use stitute, the Norwegian Water Resources and Energy Directorate, Norwegian Research Centre and the Bjerknes in climate change adaptation in Svalbard. -
Icepeople Stormy Sendoff
FREE Weather summary Cloudy and partly cloudy with occasional snow and temperatures near -10C through next week. icepeople Full forecast page 3 The world's northernmost alternative newspaper Vol. 9, Issue 1 January 3, 2017 www.icepeople.net 'Longyearbyen at its best:' Modern SVALBARD'S 10 STRANGEST STORIES OF 2016 tragedies, triumphs part of traditional tributes during Syttende Mai celebration Page 7 “ To believe that the governor can rescue people out, regardless of circumstances, is wrong. There is no guarantee for that. - Per Andreassen, police lieutenant Svalbard governor's office ” Late update: 12 apartments vacated again due to building, infrastructure damage. icepeople.net GREENPEACE BRITISH ANTARCTIC SURVEY MARK SABBATINI / ICEPEOPLE A pianist on a glacier, a research vessel suffering from an identity crisis and a gigantic mailbox belonging to the outlaw Santa kept things weird in 2016. WIGGINGWIGGING OUTOUT See DOCK, page 12 Boaty McBoatface, Aquaman, Pokémon among stars in Svalbard's version of the year of surreality By MARK SABBATINI will of the people. A political ad where an in- yet again. Nuclear armageddon, yet again. Editor nocent little girl was obliterated by a weapon When it came to the ways we were weird, A travesty of an election that ignored the of mass destruction. Battling alien invaders, See SURREAL, page 6 Related coverage: • Letters to the Future: grope and change...7 Stormy sendoff • Fleeing Svalbard is easy – sort of……....11 Blizzard buries cars and homes, exposes kindness and resolve By MARK SABBATINI fatal avalanche a year ago. But it didn't cause Editor any tragedies and, while many experienced has- ROLF STANGE MAKSYM BOREIKO Of course, 2016 had to screw us over one sles and minor damage, it was also indiciative A tourist is dwarfed by a drift near Spitsbergen last time with a storm resembling that from the See STORM, page 4 Hotel after a major snowstorm last week. -
Terrestrial Inputs Govern Spatial Distribution of Polychlorinated Biphenyls (Pcbs) and Hexachlorobenzene (HCB) in an Arctic Fjord System (Isfjorden, Svalbard)*
Environmental Pollution 281 (2021) 116963 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Environmental Pollution journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/envpol Terrestrial inputs govern spatial distribution of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and hexachlorobenzene (HCB) in an Arctic fjord system (Isfjorden, Svalbard)* * Sverre Johansen a, b, c, Amanda Poste a, Ian Allan c, Anita Evenset d, e, Pernilla Carlsson a, a Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Tromsø, Norway b Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway c Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Oslo, Norway d Akvaplan-niva, Tromsø, Norway e UiT, The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway article info abstract Article history: Considerable amounts of previously deposited persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are stored in the Received 20 July 2020 Arctic cryosphere. Transport of freshwater and terrestrial material to the Arctic Ocean is increasing due to Received in revised form ongoing climate change and the impact this has on POPs in marine receiving systems is unknown This 11 March 2021 study has investigated how secondary sources of POPs from land influence the occurrence and fate of Accepted 13 March 2021 POPs in an Arctic coastal marine system. Available online 17 March 2021 Passive sampling of water and sampling of riverine suspended particulate matter (SPM) and marine sediments for analysis of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and hexachlorobenzene (HCB) was carried out Keywords: Particle transport in rivers and their receiving fjords in Isfjorden system in Svalbard. Riverine SPM had low contaminant < S e Terrestrial runoff concentrations ( level of detection-28 pg/g dw PCB14,16 100 pg/g dw HCB) compared to outer marine Environmental contaminants sediments 630-880 pg/g dw SPCB14,530e770 pg/g dw HCB). -
Seasonal Dynamics of the Marine CO System in Adventfjorden, a West
RESEARCH ARTICLE Seasonal dynamics of the marine CO2 system in Adventfjorden, a west Spitsbergen fjord Ylva Ericson1,2, Melissa Chierici1,3, Eva Falck1,2, Agneta Fransson4, Elizabeth Jones3 & Svein Kristiansen5 1Department of Arctic Geophysics, University Centre in Svalbard, Longyearbyen, Norway; 2Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; 3Institute of Marine Research, Fram Centre, Tromsø, Norway; 4Norwegian Polar Institute, Fram Centre, Tromsø, Norway; 5Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, UiT—The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway Abstract Keywords Marine carbonate system; aragonite; Time series of the marine CO2 system and related parameters at the IsA Sta- net community production; Arctic fjord tion, by Adventfjorden, Svalbard, were investigated between March 2015 biogeochemistry; Svalbard and November 2017. The physical and biogeochemical processes that govern changes in total alkalinity (TA), total dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and the Correspondence Ylva Ericson, Department of Arctic saturation state of the calcium carbonate mineral aragonite (ΩAr) were assessed on a monthly timescale. The major driver for TA and DIC was changes in salin- Geophysics, University Centre in Svalbard, ity, caused by river runoff, mixing and advection. This accounted for 77 and PO Box 156, NO-9171 Longyearbyen, Norway. E-mail: [email protected] 45%, respectively, of the overall variability. It contributed minimally to the variability in ΩAr (5%); instead, biological activity was responsible for 60% of Abbreviations the monthly variations. For DIC, the biological activity was also important, con- ArW: Arctic water; AW: Atlantic water; tributing 44%. The monthly effect of air–sea CO2 fluxes accounted for 11 and CC: coastal current; CTD: conductivity– temperature–depth instrument; DIC: 15% of the total changes in DIC and ΩAr, respectively. -
Checklist of Lichenicolous Fungi and Lichenicolous Lichens of Svalbard, Including New Species, New Records and Revisions
Herzogia 26 (2), 2013: 323 –359 323 Checklist of lichenicolous fungi and lichenicolous lichens of Svalbard, including new species, new records and revisions Mikhail P. Zhurbenko* & Wolfgang von Brackel Abstract: Zhurbenko, M. P. & Brackel, W. v. 2013. Checklist of lichenicolous fungi and lichenicolous lichens of Svalbard, including new species, new records and revisions. – Herzogia 26: 323 –359. Hainesia bryonorae Zhurb. (on Bryonora castanea), Lichenochora caloplacae Zhurb. (on Caloplaca species), Sphaerellothecium epilecanora Zhurb. (on Lecanora epibryon), and Trimmatostroma cetrariae Brackel (on Cetraria is- landica) are described as new to science. Forty four species of lichenicolous fungi (Arthonia apotheciorum, A. aspicili- ae, A. epiphyscia, A. molendoi, A. pannariae, A. peltigerina, Cercidospora ochrolechiae, C. trypetheliza, C. verrucosar- ia, Dacampia engeliana, Dactylospora aeruginosa, D. frigida, Endococcus fusiger, E. sendtneri, Epibryon conductrix, Epilichen glauconigellus, Lichenochora coppinsii, L. weillii, Lichenopeltella peltigericola, L. santessonii, Lichenostigma chlaroterae, L. maureri, Llimoniella vinosa, Merismatium decolorans, M. heterophractum, Muellerella atricola, M. erratica, Pronectria erythrinella, Protothelenella croceae, Skyttella mulleri, Sphaerellothecium parmeliae, Sphaeropezia santessonii, S. thamnoliae, Stigmidium cladoniicola, S. collematis, S. frigidum, S. leucophlebiae, S. mycobilimbiae, S. pseudopeltideae, Taeniolella pertusariicola, Tremella cetrariicola, Xenonectriella lutescens, X. ornamentata, -
First Record of Vulgarogamasus Immanis (Acari, Mesostigmata) in Svalbard
vol. 33, no. 1, pp. 35–39, 2012 doi: 10.2478/v10183−012−0001−8 First record of Vulgarogamasus immanis (Acari, Mesostigmata) in Svalbard Dariusz J. GWIAZDOWICZ 1, Torstein SOLHØY 2, Stephen J. COULSON 3, Natalia V. LEBEDEVA4 and Elena N. MELEKHINA5 1 Uniwersytet Przyrodniczy w Poznaniu, Zakład Ochrony Lasu, ul. Wojska Polskiego 71c, 60−625 Poznań, Poland <e−mail: [email protected]> 2 Department of Biology, University of Bergen, Box 7800, 5200 Bergen, Norway 3 University Centre in Svalbard, P.O. Box 156, 9171 Longyearbyen, Norway 4 Russian Academy of Sciences, Southern Scientific Center, Chekhov str., 344006 Rostov on Don, Russia 5Russian Academy of Science, Institute of Biology, Komi Science Center, Kommunisticheskaya str., 28, 167928 Syktyvkar, Russia Abstract: The mesostigmatid mite Vulgarogamasus immanis (Berlese, 1904) is reported in Svalbard for the first time. The gamasid mite community of Svalbard is amongst the best known of invertebrate groups of the archipelago due to recent revisions based on fresh sam− pling campaigns. Nonetheless, a hitherto unrecorded species of gamasid mite was recently found along the strandline in Barentsburg. This record brings the total gamasid mite inven− tory of Svalbard to 23 species. The current inventory of Svalbard is bedeviled with syn− onyms and misidentifications. Nevertheless, resolving these confusions and maintaining an accurate and updated species inventory is of prime importance in understanding the ecology of this region. Especially in a period of rapid environmental change. Key words: Arctic, Spitsbergen, Barentsburg, mite, Gamasida. Introduction Svalbard lies in the high Arctic between latitudes 74° N and 81° N and longi− tudes 10° E and 35° E, some 700 km north of the Norwegian mainland. -
ESG Perspectives June 2019 Svalbard Sojourn an Arctic
June 2019 ESG Perspectives ™ SVALBARD SOJOURN: AN ARCTIC EXPERIENCE by Bob Smith, President & CIO islands are 60% glaciated with some of the world’s fastest-moving glaciers. The balance of the region is 30% barren ground, and 10% is covered with very low ground vegetation. In contrast to other Arctic regions, the Svalbard has no indigenous population and there is no historical evidence that the Vikings settled in the area during their time. In fact, it was the 1596 Dutch expedition of Willem Barents who discovered and drew maps of the region before his ship was crushed by freezing sea ice leading to his untimely death. However, the work of this expedition survived, and it led to the exploration of the region by other European countries over the Photo of Bob Smith in Kungsfjord, Svalbard centuries. This eventually gave rise to the exploitation It is said that what happens in the Arctic doesn’t stay of the natural resources of the region as a destination in the Arctic. That is because this region provides for whalers, fur trappers, and seal hunters, as well as essential global climate regulation and substantial other animal-based products. With the industrialization ecosystem benefits to humanity outside and beyond of Europe and the arrival of steel-hulled ships in the its boundaries. Indeed, the Arctic environment, and early 1900s, this region also eventually became a source human society and its economic activities are deeply for industrial minerals and, in particular, coal. connected to each other, representing a pivotal link in a complex adaptive global ecosystem. -
The “Coolest” and Northernmost FAQ Welcome to UNIS We Hope You Will
The “coolest” and northernmost FAQ Everything you might or might not want to know about your stay at UNIS Made by the UNIS Student Council autumn 2016 Welcome to UNIS We hope you will have a great time here ͺ Before arrival Important: Remember to apply for housing, and sign your contract before arriving, and check the dates. Your room will first be opened in the afternoon the day your contract starts, so if you arrive 3am you should make sure the contract starts the day before arrival. If your contract starts in the weekend your room will be opened at Friday afternoon (Samskipnaden opens your room and leaves the key inside, so you don’t need to worry about not being able to access your room) Rifles: If you want to borrow rifles (you need them when leaving town) during your stay please read the rifle part http://www.unis.no/studies/student-life/new-students/ Q: What do I need to pack? http://www.unis.no/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/PACKING-LIST.pdf - When it comes to equipment and how warm clothing you need it is up to what you plan to do and how easily you freeze - You should bring or buy a pair of thin liner gloves to wear under thicker mittens. During field work you will find that it is very hard to write with the thick scooter mittens, and that is awfully cold to do anything bare handed in -20 degrees celsius - Liner gloves can be very nice to have during the safety course, you will do part of it outside. -
Vol. 7 • No. 1 • 2013
Vol. 7 • No. 1 • 2013 Published by Umeå University & The Royal Skyttean Society Umeå 2013 The Journal of Northern Studies is published with support from The Royal Skyttean Society and Umeå University © The authors and Journal of Northern Studies ISSN 1654-5915 Cover picture Scandinavia Satellite and sensor: NOAA, AVHRR Level above earth: 840 km Image supplied by METRIA, a division of Lantmäteriet, Sweden. www.metria.se NOAA®. ©ESA/Eurimage 2001. ©Metria Satellus 2001 Design and layout Lotta Hortéll och Leena Hortéll, Ord & Co i Umeå AB Fonts: Berling Nova and Futura Paper: Invercote Creato 260 gr and Artic volume high white 115 gr Printed by TMG Tabergs Contents / Sommaire / Inhalt Editors & Editorial board ................................................................................................................5 Articles / Aufsätze Robert Latham & Lisa Williams, Power and Inclusion. Relations of Knowledge and Environmental Monitoring in the Arctic . 7 Raynald Harvey Lemelin & Michel S. Beaulieu, The Technology Imperative of the Cree. Examining Adaptability and Livelihood in Northern Ontario, Canada ...........31 Kjell Sjöberg, Fishing Gear Used for River Lamprey Lampetra fluviatilis (L.) Catches. Documenting Rivers that Flow into the Baltic Sea. Part I, Sweden ..............49 Reviews / Comptes rendus / Besprechungen Review Essay: Recovering the Heritage of Past Research and Natural Resource Exploitation in Polar and Alpine Regions. Lars Andersson (ed.), Sarek, Arktis och akade-misk vardag. En bok om geografen Axel Hamberg (Skrifter rörande Uppsala Universitet, Serie C, Organisation och Historia 94), Uppsala: Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis 2012; Susan Barr, David Newman & Greg Nesteroff, Ernest Mansfield (1862–1924). “Gold—or I’m a Dutchman!”, Trondheim: Akademika Publishing 2012 (Aant Elzinga). 86 Jóhann Páll Árnason & Björn Wittrock (eds.), Nordic Paths to Modernity, New York and Oxford: Berghahn Books 2012 (Anders Lidström) ........................................................