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UC Berkeley UC Berkeley Electronic Theses and Dissertations UC Berkeley UC Berkeley Electronic Theses and Dissertations Title Una mirada dialéctica a las representaciones discursivas de la invasión estadounidense a Puerto Rico en 1898 Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8xj1h5vh Author Diaz-Velez, Jorge Publication Date 2017 Peer reviewed|Thesis/dissertation eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California Una mirada dialéctica a las representaciones discursivas de la invasión estadounidense a Puerto Rico en 1898 By Jorge Díaz Vélez A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Hispanic Languages and Literatures in the Graduate Division of the University of California, Berkeley Committee in charge: Professor Ivonne del Valle, Chair Professor Daylet Dominguez, Co-Chair Professor Elena Schneider Spring 2017 Copyright © 2017 by Jorge Díaz Vélez All rights reserved Abstract Una mirada dialéctica a las representaciones discursivas de la invasión estadounidense a Puerto Rico en 1898 by Jorge Díaz Vélez Doctor of Philosophy in Hispanic Languages and Literatures University of California, Berkeley Professor Ivonne del Valle, Chair The Spanish-American War of 1898 ended Spain’s colonial empire in the Western Hemisphere, and represented the symbolic pinnacle of U.S. imperialism throughout the Caribbean and the Pacific. During this historical juncture, the U.S. launched the invasion of Puerto Rico and established itself as the governing power. My analysis of this defining event in Puerto Rico’s history focuses on the ‘discursive’ and ‘representational’ practices through which the dominant representations and interpretations of the Puerto Rican campaign were constructed. In revisiting the U.S. ‘imperial texts’ of ’98, most of which have not been studied extensively, it is my intent to approach these narratives critically, studying their ideological and political significance regarding the U.S. acquisition of Puerto Rico as a colony. The ‘War of ’98’ has been typically represented as an inter-metropolitan conflict, thus relegating to a secondary place the contestatory discourses produced within the colonies. It is the purpose of my dissertation to examine ‘dialectically’ the cultural counter-discourse produced by the Puerto Rican Creole elite alongside the U.S. official discourses on Puerto Rico, concerning its colonial past under Spanish domination, the military occupation of the island, and its political and economical future under the American flag. With this purpose in mind, I chose to study four post-1898 Puerto Rican novels, specifically José Pérez Losada’s La patulea (1906) and El manglar (1907), and Ramón Juliá Marín’s Tierra adentro (1912) and La gleba (1913), all of which have been underestimated and understudied by literary scholars. As a gesture of resistance in the face of the disruption of the old social order (that is, the old patterns of life, customs, traditions and standards of value) caused by the U.S. invasion and occupation of Puerto Rico in 1898, the island’s intellectual elite –most of which were descendant of the displaced coffee hacendado families– responded by fabricating an ideology-driven national imaginary and iconography that proposed a hispanophile, nostalgic, and romanticized rendering of the late-19th century coffee landscape (i.e. the pre-invasion period) as an idyllic locus amoenus, thus becoming an emblem of national and cultural identity and values against American capitalist imperialism, the ‘Americanization’ of Puerto Rico’s economy and political system, and the rapid expansion of U.S. corporate sugar interests. This dissertation has two distinct yet complementary purposes: first, it examines critically the imperial/colonial power relations between the United States and Puerto Rico since 1898, while questioning the hegemonic discourses both by the Americans and the Puerto Rican cultural elite regarding Puerto Rico’s historical and political paths; secondly, it is an attempt to do justice to the literary works of two overlooked Puerto Rican novelists, approaching them critically on several levels 1 (historical, literary, and ideological) and bringing their works out of the shadows and into today’s renewed debates around Puerto Rico’s unresolved colonial status and U.S. colonial practices still prevalent today. 2 Agradecimientos En estas líneas quisiera expresar mi agradecimiento a aquellas personas que de un modo u otro colaboraron durante el largo proceso de investigación y redacción de la disertación doctoral. He aquí el fruto de años de sacrificios, responsabilidad y compromiso que no hubiera sido posible sin el apoyo de todos de ustedes. Primero, quiero agradecer a mis padres, Carlos y Eliadina, por su constante apoyo, comprensión y cariño, y sobre todo por nunca haber dudado de mí. Gracias por siempre estar desde lejos al pendiente de mis penas y disfrutando cada uno de mis logros. ¡Éste último se los dedico a ustedes! A mis hermanos, Carlos y Pilar, agradezco el apoyo incondicional que me han ofrecido en todos estos años de estudio a pesar de la distancia física. A mis grandes amigos, cómplices, hermanos putativos y compañeros de la vieja guardia, Walter y Rafa, gracias por permitirme crecer con ustedes entre tantas celebraciones y desaciertos. En fin, gracias por tantas conversaciones, confidencias, memorias e historias vividas, y por toda la buena música. A mis nuevos amigos del Área de la Bahía, muy en especial a William, Alex, Lola, por las buenas charlas y momentos compartidos, y ayudarme a sobrellevar este difícil y largo camino del doctorado. A los profesores Esteban Tollinchi y Roberto Milano por haberme enseñado con su ejemplo lo que es ser un verdadero humanista e intelectual. También agradezco a mi comité de tesis; a los profesores Ivonne del Valle, Daylet Domínguez y Elena Schneider por su paciencia con mis errores y digresiones y guiarme a través de la investigación. A Verónica López, nuestra Graduate Advisor, por mantenerme encaminado e informado durante los años del doctorado y por ser una de las pocas personas, dentro del campus universitario, que me brindó su tiempo y su atención, y que me escuchó y me aconsejó cuando más lo necesité. No quiero pasar por alto a los estudiantes de bachillerato a quienes enseñé en mis cursos de Español en UC Berkeley, durante los pasados años y de quienes tanto aprendí. Gracias por haberme regalado tantas bonitas memorias, y algunas de las experiencias formativas más enriquecedoras e importantes, no sólo en el ámbito de mi trayectoria profesional sino incluso de mi vida. Y por último, pero no menos importante, agradezco a mi amada Diana, por su amor, paciencia y apoyo incondicional. Fueron muchas las trasnochadas, las frustraciones, las distracciones y las fluctuaciones de ánimo trabajando en esta investigación. Gracias por ser mi sostén emocional durante los pasados dos años, y también por animarme cuando más lo necesitaba, por contagiarme con tu esperanza y optimismo, por enseñarme a confiar más en mí mismo y a ver el lado positivo de las cosas y las situaciones, y por mostrarme con gestos, y no con palabras trilladas, que el verdadero amor no tiene límites. Terminar la disertación doctoral no hubiera sido posible sin ti. i Contenido Agradecimiento……………………………………………………………………………….i Introducción…………………………………………………………………………… …….iv PARTE I Capítulo I: Los antecedentes del ’98 y los rudimentos del discurso expansionista estadounidense (1880-1898)……………………………………......1 1.0. Introducción…………………………………………………………………………...1 1.1. John Fiske y el fundamento racial y étnico en la construcción de la política expansionista en la antesala de la invasión a Puerto Rico……………………….....2 1.2. Rev. Josiah Strong y la teología del expansionismo estadounidense y la evangelización protestante del mundo caribeño………………………………………8 1.3. El resurgimiento de la ‘leyenda negra’ y el sentimiento anti-español en los discursos imperiales estadounidenses en los umbrales del ’98……………………15 1.4. La patologización del mal y la barbarie del colonialismo español en los textos ‘imperialistas’ sobre Puerto Rico……………………………………………....18 Capítulo II: Los ‘americanos’ y sus ‘textos imperialistas’: la “guerra simbólica” y representacional en torno a la invasión de Puerto Rico en 1898……………………………………………………………………..................................25 2.0. Introducción………………………………………………………………………….25 2.1. Puerto Rico como “teatro de guerra”; la representación de la campaña militar del ’98 en Uncle Sam’s Soldiers de Oscar Phelps Austin…………...........32 2.2. Richard Harding Davis y el discurso reduccionista en torno a la campaña militar en Puerto Rico…………………………………………………………………...39 2.3. El humorismo y la crítica satírica en la representación de la campaña militar en Puerto Rico en los artículos periodísticos de Finley Peter Dunne y Albert Gardner Robinson………………………………………..................................45 ii PARTE II Capítulo III: La hispanofilia y la reconstrucción de la hacienda cafetalera pre ’98 en las novelas Tierra adentro y La gleba de Ramón Juliá Marín……………………………………………………………………....................54 3.0. Introducción……………………………………………………………………….....54 3.1. El replanteamiento del ’98 desde la perspectiva del escritor utuadeño Ramón Juliá Marín………………………………………………………………………60 3.2. La idealización y mitificación del paisaje montañoso cafetalero pre ’98 en las novelas Tierra adentro y La gleba.…………………………………………………….65 3.3. La construcción del personaje ‘trágico’ del hacendado cafetalero en las novelas Tierra adentro y La gleba………………………………………………….....71 Capítulo
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