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Something from the History of Ukrainian-Czech-Slovak Educational and Scientific Relations in the latter half of the 19th century

Oksana Ivanenko, Department of international relations history and foreign policy of , Institute of History of Ukraine of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, [email protected]

IVANENKO, Oksana. Something from the History of Ukrainian-Czech-Slovak Educational and Scientific Relations in the latter half of the 19th century. Individual and Society, 2016, Vol. 19, No. 1.

On the basis of documents of Central state historical archive of Ukraine (Kyiv), Department of manuscripts and textual studies of T. Shevchenko Institute of Literature of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Institute of Manuscripts of V. Vernadskyi National library of Ukraine this article deals with the significance of Kharkov, St.Vladymyr (Kyiv), Novorossiya (Odessa) Universities’ scientists’ activities for development of Ukrainian-Czech-Slovak relations in the second half of the 19th century. The article notes that Ukrainian-Czech-Slovak scientific and educational links strengthened cultural unity of the Slavonic peoples, enriched inter-Slavic cooperation. National rebirth of the Slavonic peoples, based on French Revolution (1789) ideology and Romanticism, accompanied by the deepening of interest in the history, folklore, ethnography, national and literatures, the growth of ’ national consciousness, eventually – the flowering of science, education, art and centuries-old traditions of inter-Slavonic ties.

National rebirth of the Slavonic peoples. National culture. Education. University. Scholar. Cultural traditions. Ukrainian-Czech-Slovak relations.

The rising of Ukrainian-Czech-Slovak cultural and educational cooperation, strengthening of Slavic unity idea and awakening of Slavs’ national consciousness, development of , literature, theatrical and musical arts, fine arts, investigations of folklore, ethnography, and history took place against the background of national rebirth of the Slavonic peoples in the middle of the 18th – 19 th centuries. Czech and of Austrian monarchy exposed to the ideas of democracy, freedom of national and cultural development of the Slavs, their indefeasible right to the protection of their own national identity, preservation and enhancement of cultural traditions.

Activities of such protagonists, inspired by the ideas of Enlightenment and Romanticism, like Josef Dobrovský, Josef Jungmann, Karel Jaromír Erben, Karel Havlíček-Borovský, František Palacký, Pavel Josef Šafařík and others have contributed to the deployment of Slavic national movements. During this period the foundations of Czech national culture were laid. Thus, for its formation the establishment of Royal Czech Society of Sciences in in the late 18th century as well as the (1818) and Matice česká (1831), aimed to the development of Czech literature publishing and promotion, were considered as most important events. “Časopis Českého muzea”, on which pages the founder of Czech historiography, the author of famous five-volume “Dějiny národu českého v Čechách a v Moravě” František Palacký defended the independence of the Ukrainians and their “on the territory of that time Hungarian Subcarpathia until the Kuban”,[1] became printed version of Matice česká. ”Slovanské starožitnosti” (1837) of Pavel Josef Šafárik, “Slovník česko-německý” (1835-1839) of Josef Jungmann and others also belonged to the editions of Matice. The representatives of Saints Cyril and

57 Človek a spoločnosť - Individual and Society, 2016, 19(1)

Methodius Brotherhood who have transmitted to Prague the poem “Heretic” (1845), created by Taras Shevchenko under the influence of communication with who lived in Kyiv, maintained contacts with Czech adherents. It is symbolically, that in 1876 year, Shevchenko's “Kobzar” was published in Prague, while the infamous Ems Ukaz was issued in Russian Empire.

“The spring of nations” 1848-1849 became the period of Slavs’ national consciousness’ rapid rising. Under the leadership of František Palacký the Slavic Congress began its work in June 1848 in Prague, where the national rights of the Ukrainians were officially recognized. Activities of cultural and educational society “Umeletsk conversation”, with the support of which in 1867 in Prague the composer Mykola Lysenko presented Ukrainian folk songs in his own treatment, have contributed not only Czech, but also Ukrainian culture popularization.

During 1860s Slavs’ national and cultural development took place under the conditions of Austrian government’s social and political reforms, the introduction of elected local government, the establishment of constitutional dualistic Austro-Hungarian monarchy (1867), where fundamental democratic freedoms were enacted by legislation. Standards codification of Czech , expansion of its use and social demand had a great importance for the formation of modern Czech nation and its cultural consolidation. Promotion of in primary, secondary and higher education contributed to language culture improving, Czechs’ national consciousness growing. The significant event in the history of one of the oldest European higher education institutions – Prague University – became the isolating of German and Czech parts ( University, 1882) in its structure. The solemn opening of the National Theatre in Prague (1883) became a true Czech national holiday.

The rising of Czech national culture contributed to the establishment and development of university education in the Slavic lands. Ukrainian-Czech university communications originated from the Middle Ages. The information about the students from and Volyn has appeared in the list of since the late 14th century.[2] The rector of Kyiv-Mohyla Academy, the Metropolitan of Kyiv, Galicia and all over Little Russia Varlaam Yasynskyi studied at the Olomouc University. During the second part of 19th century the links with Czech scientific and educational centers have been further developed. Through the scientific trips to Slavic lands of Austro- native scientists had a possibility to improve their professional level, started cooperation with foreign colleagues, collected materials for researches and popularized their achievements within Europe. The prominent Ukrainian philologist, art historian, ethnologist, philosopher Potebnja, being in the status of adjunct of and literature at Kharkiv University, received two-year mission abroad from the Ministry of Education in 1862. During this trip he studied Czech language and listened to lectures of the founder of Slovak literary language Martin Hattala at Charles University.[3] Alexander Potebnja developed ties with West Slavic colleagues after his return, supporting the scientific correspondence and book exchange with Martin Hattala as well as the philologist, the head of Czech Museum library in Prague Adolf Patera, poet, translator and historian Karel Jaromir Erben and others.[4] In his letter to Patera (dated November 3rd, 1865) Ukrainian scholar underlined the difficulties of researchers in Russian Empire: “You are sending to Moscow or to an editor of insignificant Voronezh philological magazine and waiting for years. You are writing an article today and not sure if it will be published during your lifetime”.[5] Potebnja was elected to the Royal Czech Scientific Society in Prague in 1887 with the support of Hattala.[6] On this occasion, Patera in his letter, dated January 29, 1887, stated: “... a proto “поздравляю” Vás a vítám co člena české společnosti nauk”.[7] Alexander Potebnja also corresponded and exchanged scientific literature with the professor of Charles University, historian and legal scholar Josef Kalousek.[8]

The panslavistic ideas, outlined by the professor of history and literature of Slavic dialects (Kyiv University) Vasylij Yarotskyi, who published on the pages of magazine “Университетскиеизвестия” his trip reports about Slavic countries (1862 - 1863), are quite corresponded to the tsarist government’s foreign policy regarding influence extension of Russian empire within Central and Eastern Europe and Balkans. During his traveling he paid his attention mostly to the study of Slavs’ situation within the Austrian monarchy and then concluded that the Czechs, the , the Slovenes and partially the suffered from germanization, but the Ruthenians of Galicia had endured oppression by the Poles, while the Ruthenians of the north-eastern Hungary – magarization, the suffered from cultural and linguistic oppression by the Czechs and the Hungarians, and the Croats had the most “national freedom” among the Slavic peoples.

Meanwhile Kyiv scholar noted such important phenomena in Slavdom’s history as the creation of Matica slovenská in 1863 and especially – the rising of cultural and educational movement in Prague, Brno and other Czech and Moravian towns. The intellectual Czech elite united in community centers, so-called

58 Oksana Ivanenko, Something from the History of Ukrainian-Czech-Slovak Educational and Scientific Relations in the latter half of the 19th century

“conversations”, where music concerts, balls, folk festivals were organized.[9] Numerous Czech choral societies contributed to the popularization of Slavic culture, as the tens of thousands of people participated in these celebrations. According to Yarotskyi, Czech theater in Prague “was intended to feed up the national spirit”, Czech periodicals and national cultural institutions developed freely. In Prague the scientist met František Palacký – the founder of Matice česká (1831), the author of “History of the Czechs and the Moravians”, which contributed to the rising of Czechs’ national consciousness, and František Ladislav Rieger, who led the work on the creation of Slavic encyclopedias “Náučný Slovník”. The research results on Slavic philology of director of the Prague City Hall archives, publisher of folk songs Mr. Erben and his assistant, compiler of Czech-German and German-Czech dictionaries .Rank; the professor of Charles University M. Hattala; the author, who dedicated his work “Skladba českeho jazyka” to Czech syntax, Mr. Sihmund; the researcher of Czech language and literature’s history Mr. Šhembera; the famous poet and teacher of Russian language in Prague Technological Institute Mr.Ezhbera were of special interest for Kyiv Professor. In Brno Yarotskyi communicated with Slavic deputies of Moravian Seim and the author of “Kniha pro kaźdeho Moravana” ​​Mr.Brundle. Travelling by Czech monasteries, Kyiv Slavist met the publisher of Moravian folklore Mr.Sushil, the writer Mr. Kliatsel and well-known among western Slavs composer Mr.Krzhyzhkovsky.

Being in Austrian monarchy, Yarotskyi particularly was interested in the problems of national and cultural development of the Slovaks. He was impressed by the newspaper “Pest-BudinskeVedomosti”, published by Ján Francisci, and publication of Slovak Grammar in (1862) by catholic priest Josef Viktorin. Kyiv scholar were extremely proud of the acquaintance with Adolf Dobriansky – well-known writer and pro-Russian politician, the governor of “Rus District” with the center in (1849 – 1860).[10]

Scientific trip abroad of professor of Slavic law history (Novorossia University) Valtazar Bogišić (1869) was devoted to the study of archival and library collections in and other cities of Austro-Hungarian, as well as teaching methodology of Slavistic subjects at universities and schools. The scholar noted in his report that the law studentship was the most numerous at Austrian universities and half them were the Slavs. After reviewing the level of Slavistic subjects’ teaching at schools of -Hungary, Bogišić noted that it was developed only after the “landmark 1848”. Departments of Slavic philology functioned at Vienna, Pest, Prague, Krakow, Lviv Universities.Thus, the teachers were absolutely free in choosing of teaching methods and curriculum development, but the only thing they were obliged to do was the working out with students for at least 5 – 6 hours a week. “In all rest professors have the full freedom”, – said Bogišić.[11] At Prague University he paid special attention to the lectures of Martin Hattala, who included “Tale of Igor’s Campaign” in his curriculum of Slavic philology. Bogišić also got acquainted with the specifics of Slavistic subjects teaching at Pest University and concluded that the professor of Slavic philology department Mr Ferenz had devoted particular attention to teaching of literature and practical trainings on various Slavic languages.

Methodological principles of Slavic languages teaching at high schools of Austro-Hungary, introduced after 1849, were interesting for Odessa scholar. After reviewing the statistic of Slavic languages schools in Austria, Bogišić noticed that for 13 500 German students 61 strictly German gymnasiums and 36 mixed functioned; for 1 015 Italian students – 6 strictly Italian and 7 mixed; for 18 400 Slavic students – strictly 28 Slavic and 30 mixed. The scholar had no information about the precise amount of Slavic schools in Hungary. He called attention to the fact that there was no public school for the Slovaks and Ruthenians, however he found a newspaper article about three secondary schools, established by the Slovaks on their own account.

The 50th anniversary of Kyiv University (1884), that received congratulatory addresses from the most prestigious European scientific centers, was the event of European importance. The written greeting of Imperial Royal University of Karl Ferdinand (Prague city) noted that St. Vladymyr University, founded half a century ago, was worthy to be among the oldest educational institutions.[12] The outstanding Ukrainian-Czech physiologist Vladimír Tomsa – a graduate of Charles University, MD (1854) and surgery (1859) – sent his congratulatory address to Kyiv University. In 1865 he was awarded the degree of Doctor of Medicine by St.Vladymyr University. During 1865-1884 he taught there physiology and pathological anatomy, headed physiological laboratory, actively participated in the preparation of scientific personnel, published a textbook on physiology and more.[13] However, for health reasons Tomsa could not personally take part in the festive events, dedicated to the 50th anniversary of the institution, and in his written congratulatory message he said the following: “Until recently I had hoped to be able to attend the anniversary celebration of my favourite St. Vladymyr University. But adverse conditions of my health prevented the implementation of my sincere desire. Expressing gratitude for the invitation, that University honored me, I ask Your Excellency to accept the assurances of my complete respect and

59 Človek a spoločnosť - Individual and Society, 2016, 19(1) sincere commitment!”[14]

In August 1899 Kyiv University became the center of XI Archaeological Congress, which brought together delegates of European scientific institutions, and in particular the representatives of Charles University (Lubor Niederle, Jiří Polívka), Czech Academy of Sciences, Czech Society of Antiquities in Prague. The famous Czech Slavist Lubor Niederle was elected to be the honourable chairman of first session of first branch “Prehistoric Antiquities”. Niederle’s essay “About the resettlement of the Slavs from the North of the to Hungary”, that was presented at the meeting of eighth branch “Antiquities of Southern and Western Slavs”, the honorary chairman of which was his colleague of Charles University J. Polívka, caused significant interest and hot debates.

Alexander Kotliarevskyi, being already a famous scholar in Slavic countries, was elected the Professor of Slavic Philology at Kyiv University (1874). In 1872 he went on a trip abroad to prepare doctoral dissertation, published in 1874 in Prague called “Antiquities of Baltic Slavic people’s legal life. Experience of the comparative Study of Slavic Law”. Kotliarevskyi supported financially the construction of the National Theatre in Prague and gave his material aid to the poor Slovaks who aspired to get education at Prague schools.[15] Scientific achievements of the scholar were marked by his election as a corresponding member of the Royal Czech Society (1875).

Foreign travel program (1874 – 1876) of Novorossia University’s Associate Professor of Slavic Philology Alexander Kochubynskyi shows the importance of inter-Slavic relations for scientific and educational institutions. Visiting of Prague was interested for him through researches of old Czech language’s manuscripts of 14th – 16th centuries and listening to lectures on Slavistic subjects at Prague University. In Vienna the scholar planned to study ancient Czech manuscripts in the court library and listen to lectures of the founder of comparative historical research of Slavic languages’ grammar Franc Miklošyč and outstanding figure of Czech National Revival, philologist and ethnographer Vojtěch Šembera. In Pest Kochubynskyi had to start the “studying of Slavic peoples of northern Hungary – the Slovaks and the Russians”. His attention to the study of Slovak culture he argued that “... it is rightly to see the link in the language of poor inhabitants of southern Carpathian that connects the languages of extreme west and east Slavs – the Czechs and the Russians”.[16] Accordingly, the scientist described the route of his journey that consisted of such basic points as , Trenčín, Svätý Martin, Banská Bystrica, Prešov, Košice, Užhorod, Munkács, Chust, Sziget.

According to Kochubynskyi’s report about scientific studies abroad, in Prague he studied old Czech language by charters, annals, synodikon. The lectures of the Professor of Charles University Martin Hattala, devoted to review of Slavic manuscript literature and clarifying of Slavdom’s role and place in the history of world civilization, were of great interest for Kochubynskyi. Teaching the history of Slavic literatures, the professor turned to the analysis of “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign”. Kochubynskyi highly appreciated the teaching method of Hattala, who supposed that his purpose was not to give the greatest amount of information to the students and not to overload their memory of facts, but to make the detailed analysis of a few, but key scientific issues. Odessa scholar in his memoirs gave a vivid description of Hattala as a lecturer: “He is dry, not eloquent, even monotonous, but behind this external dryness there is a true interest of content”.[17] Kochubynskyi paid his attention mostly to Czech monuments study in Prague. The famous Rukopis královédvorský, inauthenticity of which has been proven in the 1880s, was of particular interest for him. Reading the original manuscript, he urged scholars to serious paleographic investigations because he was sure that “one faith is not enough”. In order to study local dialects Kochubynskyi visited the mountainous region of Krkonoše in eastern Czech and walked around the Prague, including Charles Bridge, in the market days and public holidays. He studied Slovak language on the basis of scientific works of Josef Miloslav Hurban, L’udovit Velislav Štúr, Martin Hattala, Pavel Josef Šafařík, František Ladislav Čelakovský, Ján Kollár and others. Kochubynskyi also made a critical analysis of Matica slovenská publications. In Prague he received substantial assistance in his academic pursuits from many librarians, archivists and scholars, including Adolf Patera and Martin Hattala.

In August 1875 Kochubynskyi moved from Vienna to Northern Hungary. He continued his learning of Slovak language in Turčiansky Svätý Martin, where Matica slovenská was founded in 1863. However, as the scholar noted, his “ for Matica was in vain”, because its activities had already stopped for that time: “Chronicle” and “Collection of Folk Songs” were not published, the library of Czech-Slovak books of 17th – 18th centuries and collection of manuscripts were sealed. In Liptovský Mikuláš he studied collection of Slovak books from private library of Pastor Fr. Baltik; in Csertész he met A. Dobriansky, studied geography and history of the local region in his library, made excursions to ’ in Galicia. Much attention Kochubynskyi devoted to the study of language of “northern Hungary’s Little Russians” or “Hungarian Ruthenians”, and he concluded that it differed little from Boiko and Hutsul language,

60 Oksana Ivanenko, Something from the History of Ukrainian-Czech-Slovak Educational and Scientific Relations in the latter half of the 19th century while the language of western Ruthenians in Spiš, Šariš, partly in Zemplin, in his opinion, had its own peculiarities.[18] In late September 1875 the scholar studied Serbian, Croatian, Slovak-Czech (17th-18th .), and Polish manuscripts at the National Museum of Budapest. In the department of Ruthenian manuscripts (manuscripta russica, ruthenica) his attention was directed to the monument of late 18th – early 19th centuries “Cantilenae sive specimina llinguae Ruthenicae et Valachicae in ” with Slavic texts from 11 church prayers and songs.

During the European trip 1880-1881 professor of Russian history of Kyiv University Volodymyr Antonovych traveled to Austro-Hungary, where he worked at Lviv University, Ossolineum, moreover, he visited Krakow, Vienna, where went on the steamboat to Budapest and examined its architecture, admired the sights of Prague, Charles Bridge, picturesque palaces and town halls, religious buildings. He also worked there at Czech museum, met the professor of Slavic philology (Charles University) M.Hattala. [19]

In 1891 Antonovych studied archaeological museums’ collections of Lviv, Krakow, Prague, Vienna, Graz, Zagreb, Budapest and Belgrade. With the support of “general patron of Russian travelers” philologist A. Patera Antonovych got an opportunity to review latest exhibits of the Prague National Museum and to visit the private museum of archaeologist and member of Czech Seim E.S. Berger. In Prague Kyiv professor spoke the language like “German-Russian-Polish-Ruthenian”, but everybody understood him. [20]

Andronik Stepovych, who took a position as private-docent of Slavic philology at the St.Vladymyr University in 1895, repeatedly traveled to Czech. In extracts from travel writing that were published in the newspaper “Киевское слово” during 1889 – 1890, he described about the activities in Prague of “Russian Circle” involving several Russians and dozens of Czechs – representatives of different social groups, who communicated with each other exclusively in Russian, performed music compositions, did reports on literary topics, organized theater performances. “Russian Circle” subscribed and popularized in Czech various periodicals of Russian Empire. Simultaneously students of Prague united around the society “Slavia”, which professionally organized Russian and other Slavic languages courses. Of interest are Stepovych’s personal impressions about stormy artistic life of Prague, admiration of Czechs for Pyotr Tchaikovsky’s musical works, level of operas’ productions of Russian composers at Prague scene, activity of the Russian Orthodox Church in Prague.[21] Visiting the exhibit of Slovak embroidery in Prague museums “Industrial”, the scholar concluded that it is similar to the “south Russian patterns”.

An important component of Stepovych’s international relations was the setting up of book-exchange with foreign Slavic colleagues. Through his mediation Czech ethnographer, folklorist, cultural historian, founder of the magazine “Česky lid” Čeněk Zíbrt in 1892 submitted to the edition of magazine “Киевскаястарина” his work “History of Culture, its origin, evolution and bibliography”.[22] Stepovych actively cooperated with foreign Slavic editions such as the magazine “Hlídka Literárni” (Moravia), on which pages he published his works and popularized the information on Slavistic subjects teaching at universities of Russian Empire.[23]

Slavic colleagues-scholars, performing their own researches, often turned for advice to Stepovych. Czech folklorist Ludvik Kuba asked him to explain the differences between Little Russian and Great Russian folklore, and in his letter, dated November 1884, he wrote that in an old Czech collection he found many Little Russian songs, that were transcribed in Latin, so he wanted to publish them and for this purpose asked Stepovych to improve the transcription of the following song:

Jedna hora vysokaja

a druhaja nyzka;

jedna mila dalekaja

a druhaja blizka.

A u toji dalekoji

voly ta korovy

a u toji blyzeňkoji

61 Človek a spoločnosť - Individual and Society, 2016, 19(1)

jeno čorne brovy.

A ja tuju dalekoju

ludjam povarnju,

a do toji blyzeňkoji

pišky povandruju.[24]

In his letter, dated April 1885, Kuba reported that he was preparing the publication of Little and Great Russian folk songs, so he asked Stepovych to help in the preparation of their publication.[25]

Thus, during the latter half of the 19th century Ukrainian-Czech-Slovak scientific and educational links strengthened cultural unity of the Slavonic peoples, enriched inter-Slavic cooperation. National rebirth of the Slavonic peoples, based on French Revolution (1789) ideology and Romanticism, accompanied by the deepening of interest in the history, folklore, ethnography, national languages and literatures, the growth of Slavs’ national consciousness, eventually – the flowering of science, education, art and centuries-old traditions of inter-Slavonic ties. The ideas of Common Slavic Unity incarnated in the activities of Decembrists organization “Society of United Slavs”, Brotherhood of Saints Cyril and Methodius, creativity of national public and cultural figures. Mykhailo Drahomanov in his work “До чего довоевались?” (Geneva, 1878), that quickly gained popularity and was republished in St. Petersburg (1878) and Paris (1906), called for the creation of Common Slavic Radical Party on the basis of Orthodox and Catholics’ unity, the solving of territorial problems between the Poles and the Ruthenians, the Czechs and the Slovaks, the Serbs and the Croats, the Serbs and the Bulgarians and adjustment of cooperation with similar parties of neighboring non-Slavic peoples – the Romanians, the Greeks, the Albanians, the Italians, the Germans, the Hungarians.[26]

While traveling around the countries of native scientists improved their professional level, performed research work in archives and libraries, studied the culture of Slavionic peoples, participated in international scientific forums, and returning home, they maintained contacts with foreign colleagues by correspondence, shared with them their ideas and creative designs. They attached great importance to the familiarization with activities of Matice česká and Matica slovenská aimed at the development of Slavic languages and literatures, publishing, education and popularization of Slavonic people’s culture.

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[1] KOLESSA, Oleksander. Pohliad naistoriiu ukrains'ko-ches'kykh vzaiemyn vid X do XI v.: Promova, vyholoshena na sviatochnij inavhuratsii Ukrains'koho Universytetu v Prazi dnia 23 zhovtnia 1921. Praha, 1924, s. 9.

[2] VIDNYANS'KYJ, Stepan. Karlovyj universytet. In: Entsyklopediia istorii Ukrainy. Kyiv: Naukova dumka, 2007, tom(t.) 4, storinka (s.) 113-114.

63 Človek a spoločnosť - Individual and Society, 2016, 19(1)

[3] Izvlechenija iz otchjotovlic, otpravlennyh za granicu dlja prigotovlenija k professorskomu zvaniju. In Zhurnal Ministerstva Narodnogo Prosveshhenija. Sankt-Peterburg, 1863, ch. 120, s.9.

[4] Viddil rukopysnykh fondiv i tekstolohii Instytutu literatury im. T.H. Shevchenka NAN Ukrainy, fond 73, od. zb. 22-33.

[5] Viddil rukopysnykh fondiv i tekstolohii Instytutu literatury im. T.H. Shevchenka NAN Ukrainy , fond 73, odynytsia zberihannia (od.zb.) 29, arkush (ark.) 1.

[6] Tsentral'nyj derzhavnyj istorychnyj arkhiv Ukrainy, m. Kyiv, fond 2045, opys 1, sprava 7, ark.1.

[7] Tsentral'nyj derzhavnyj istorychnyj arkhiv Ukrainy, m. Kyiv, fond 2045, opys 1, sprava 119, ark.1.

[8] Tsentral'nyj derzhavnyj istorychnyj arkhiv Ukrainy, m. Kyiv, fond 2045, opys 1, sprava 83, ark.1.

[9] Otchjot ispravljajushhego dolzhnost' jekstraordinarnogo professora Jarockogo, po sluchaju komandirovki v slavjanskie zemli s uchjonoju cel'ju, s 15 ijunja 1862 goda po 15 dekabrja 1863 goda. In Universitetskie izvestija, 1864, no.2, s.91.

[10] Otchjot ispravljajushhego dolzhnost' jekstraordinarnogo professora Jarockogo, po sluchaju komandirovki v slavjanskie zemli s uchjonoju cel'ju, s 15 ijunja 1862 goda po 15 dekabrja 1863 goda. In Universitetskie izvestija, 1864, no. 2, s. 108.

[11] BOGISHICH, Baltazar. Otchjot o zagranichnoj komandirovke. In Zapiski Imperatorskogo Novorossijskogo Universiteta, 1870, t. 5, s. 18.

[12] Instytut rukopysu Natsional'noi biblioteky Ukrainy imeni V.I. Vernads'koho, fond 8, od. zb. 2714, ark. 1-4.

[13] Biograficheskij slovar' professorov i prepodavatelej Imperatorskogo Universiteta Svjatogo Vladimira (1834 – 1884). Kiev, 1884, s. 654-656.

[14] Instytut rukopysu Natsional'noi biblioteky Ukrainy imeni V.I. Vernads'koho, fond 8, od.zb. 2812, ark. 12.

[15] VLASOVA, Zoja. A. A. Kotljarevskij v Prage. In Literaturnye svjazi slavjanskih narodov. Issledovanija. Publikacii. Bibliografija. Leningrad : Nauka, 1988, s. 302.

[16] KOCHUBINSKIJ, Aleksandr. Zapiska o puteshestvii po slavjanskim zemljam. In Zapiski Imperatorskogo Novorossijskogo Universiteta, 1874, t. 13, s. 123.

[17] KOCHUBINSKIJ, Aleksandr. Otchjot o zanjatijah slavjanskimi narechijami za vremja s 1 avgusta 1874 g. po 1 fevralja 1875 g. In Zapiski Imperatorskogo Novorossijskogo Universiteta, 1876, t. 18, s. 264.

[18] KOCHUBINSKIJ, Aleksandr. Otchjot o puteshestvii po slavjanskim zemljam s 1-go avgusta 1875 po 1-e fevralja 1876 g. In Zapiski Imperatorskogo Novorossijskogo Universiteta, 1876, t. 20, s. 125.

64 Oksana Ivanenko, Something from the History of Ukrainian-Czech-Slovak Educational and Scientific Relations in the latter half of the 19th century

[19] Tsentral'nyj derzhavnyj istorychnyj arkhiv Ukrainy, m. Kyiv, fond 832, opys 1, sprava 110, ark. 11.

[20] Syn Ukrainy: Volodymyr Bonifatijovych Antonovych. Kyiv, 1997, t. 1, s. 291.

[21] Kievskoe slovo, 31 dekabrja, s.1-2. 1890, 6 janvarja, s. 2-3.

[22] Instytut rukopysu Natsional'noi biblioteky Ukrainy imeni V.I. Vernads'koho, fond 179, od. zb. 477-478, ark. 1.

[23] Instytut rukopysu Natsional'noi biblioteky Ukrainy imeni V.I. Vernads'koho, fond 179, od. zb. 447, ark.1, od. zb. 448, ark. 1, od. zb. 449, ark. 1.

[24] Instytut rukopysu Natsional'noi biblioteky Ukrainy imeni V.I. Vernads'koho, fond 179, od. zb. 521, ark. 4.

[25] Instytut rukopysu Natsional'noi biblioteky Ukrainy imeni V.I. Vernads'koho, fond 179, od. zb. 525, ark. 1-3.

[26] DRAGOMANOV, Mihail. Do chego dovoevalis'? In Sobranie politicheskih sochinenij. Parizh, 1906, t. 2, s. 118.

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