The Palgrave Handbook of , Identities and Borders This page intentionally left blank The Palgrave Handbook of , Identities and Borders

Edited by Tomasz Kamusella University of St Andrews, UK Motoki Nomachi Hokkaido University, Japan and Catherine Gibson European University Institute, Selection, introduction and editorial content © Tomasz Kamusella, Motoki Nomachi and Catherine Gibson 2016 Individual chapters © Respective authors 2016 Foreword © Peter Burke 2016 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2016 978-1-137-34838-8 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may made without written permission. No portion of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, Saffron House, 6–10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The authors have asserted their rights to be identified as the authors of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. First published 2016 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Palgrave Macmillan in the UK is an imprint of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS. Palgrave Macmillan in the US is division of St Martin’s Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010. Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world. Palgrave® and Macmillan® are registered trademarks in the , the , and other countries. ISBN 978-1-349-57703-3 ISBN 978-1-137-34839-5 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-137-34839-5 This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. Logging, pulping and manufacturing processes are expected to conform to the environmental regulations of the country of origin. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data The Palgrave handbook of Slavic languages, identities and borders / edited by Tomasz Kamusella, Motoki Nomachi, Catherine Gibson. pages cm Summary: “Languages are artefacts of culture, meaning they are created by people. They are often used for identity building and maintenance, but in Central and they became the basis of nation building and national statehood maintenance. The recent split of the Serbo-Croatian in the wake of the break-up of amply illustrates the highly politicized role of languages in this region, which is also home to most of the world’s Slavic-speakers. This volume presents and analyzes the creation of languages across the Slavophone areas of the world and their deployment for political projects and identity building, mainly after 1989. The overview concludes with a reflection on the recent rise of Slavophone speech communities in Western Europe and . The book brings together renowned international scholars who offer a variety of perspectives from a number of disciplines and sub-fields such as , socio- political history and language policy, making this book of great interest to historians, sociologists, political scientists and anthropologists interested in Central and Eastern Europe and ”—Provided by publisher. ISBN 978–1–137–34838–8 (hardback) 1. Slavic languages—History. 2. Languages in contact—Slavic languages. . Kamusella, Tomasz, editor. II. Nomachi, Motoki, editor. III. Gibson, Catherine, editor. PG45.P35 2015 491.8'09—dc23 2015003227

Typeset by MPS Limited, Chennai, India. In remembrance of Professor M. Cienciała (1929–2014) Professor Milka Ivić (1923–2011) Professor Jerzy Tomaszewski (1931–2014) This page intentionally left blank Contents

List of Figures, Tables, and Maps x

Foreword xii

Acknowledgements xiv

Notes on Contributors xv

Introduction 1 Tomasz Kamusella, Motoki Nomachi, and Catherine Gibson

1 Cross-border Turkic and Iranian Language Retention in the West and East Slavic Lands and Beyond: A Tentative Classification 8

2 Identity and Language of the Roma (Gypsies) in Central and Eastern Europe 26 Elena Marushiakova and Vesselin Popov

Part I North and Their Languages

3 The Polish Livonian Legacy in Latgalia: The Confluence of Slavic Ethnolects in the Baltic-Slavic Borderland 57 Catherine Gibson

4 Iazychie and : Mixing Languages and Identities in the Ukrainian Borderlands 81 Andrii Danylenko

5 A Borderland of Borders: The Search for a in Carpathian Rus’ 101 Paul Magocsi

6 Rusyn: A New–Old Language In-between Nations and States 124 Michael Moser

7 The Czech-Slovak Communicative and Continuum: With and Without a Border 140 Mira Nábělková

vii viii Contents

8 The Changing Lattice of Languages, Borders, and Identities in 185 Tomasz Kamusella

9 ‘Our People is Divided, Yes, and Torn Asunder …’: The Sorbian Language Community and Its Internal Divisions 206 Roland Marti

10 Fickle Nationalism: ’s Shifting Ethno-Linguistic Borders 230 Maxwell

11 From ‘Hungarus’ Patriotism to Linguistic Nationalism 245 István Fried

Part II and Their Languages

12 and the Construction of Borders in the 263 Brian D.

13 after the Schengen : Will the Linguistic Borders Also Disappear? 276 Andrej Bekeš

14 Borderlands and Transborder Regions of the : How Far Back in History Is Enough? 309 Anita Peti-Stantić and Keith Langston

15 The Language Situation for the on Both Sides of the Serbian/Montenegrin Border 330 Robert D. Greenberg

16 Croatian: An Old Language on a Do-it-Yourself Border with a New Name 347 .

17 Identity Problems of the Gorani in Eastern Albania and 360 Klaus Steinke

18 Borders in in the Light of Areal Ethnolinguistics 376 Irina Sedakova

19 The Rise, Fall, and of the Bulgarian Literary Language: Sociolinguistic History from the Perspective of Trans-Border Interactions 394 Motoki Nomachi

20 Conflicting Nationalist Discourses in the Balkan Slavic Language Area 429 Jouko Lindstedt Contents ix

Part III A Glimpse into the Future

21 Speakers of Russian in : Where Borderless and Bordered Languages Meet 451 Sarah Smyth

22 Central Europe in the : The in Israel 477 Anna Novikov

23 Negotiating Goods and Language on Cross-Border Retail Markets in the Postsocialist Space 495 Dieter Stern

24 Migration or Immigration? Ireland’s New and Unexpected Polish-Language Community 524 Tomasz Kamusella

Index 549 List of Figures, Tables, and Maps

Figures

4.1 Language and identity mixing in the Ukrainian borderlands 83 13.1 The evolving of bilingual topographic names in Carinthia 294 23.1 Allegedly irredentist slogan in factory at Aginskoe, Chitinskoe oblast’. The text in fact translates as: ‘Safety and civilized order of production enhance and guarantee a prosperous future of the enterprise’ 498 23.2 Torgovyi tsentr at Manzhouli in classicist style 507

Tables

4.1 Development of the literary (s) 96 12.1 Genealogical classification and affiliation of languages of the Balkans 266 15.1 Bosniaks, , and Bosniaks/Muslims in the 2011 Montenegrin Census 339 17.1 Gorani in Albania 364 21.1 Question 1: which languages do you know? 458 21.2 Responses to questions 16–19 on language use 460 21.3 Question 2a: I consider language X ‘part of who I am’ 462 21.4 Responses to question 8 464 21.5 Responses to question 9: re. the status of languages 465 21.6 Responses to question 9: intrinsic and extrinsic factors motivating language education needs 466 21.7 Responses to question 9: psychological factors motivating language education needs 467 21.8 Question 11: attitudinal statements () and (f) 471

Maps

5.1 Carpathian Rus’: a borderland of borders 102 5.2 in Carpathian Rus’ 104

x List of Figures, Tables, and Maps xi

5.3 Ethnographic divisions in Carpathian Rus’ 105 7.1 and Slovak Republic with main cities and towns mentioned (map by Marián ) 141 7.2 of features considered Czech/Slovak (adapted and translated from Bělič 1972) 153 7.3 Moravian, Silesian, and Slovak border dialects (based on a merger of dialect division maps in Bělič (1972) and Štolc et al. (1968), created by Marián Sloboda) 154 10.1 The Czechoslovak and North Hungarian Slavic national concepts 239 13.1 Ethnic distribution in - (Wikimedia Commons, based on Shepherd 1911: 168) 280 13.2 Present distribution of Slovenes in and neighbouring countries 281 15.1 The Sandžak after 2006: divergent language policies of and 332 16.1 The ethnic groups of Austria-Hungary in 1910 according to Distribution of Races in Austria-Hungary by . Shepherd, 1911 351 17.1 Slavic minorities in Albania 371 18.1 Terms for Christmas 381 18.2 Terms for the Yule log 382 18.3 Terms for Christmas loaves 383 18.4 Terms for the Twelve Days’ demons 384 18.5 Terms for the Twelve Days 385 18.6 Christmas and Mumming processions 386 18.7 St Ignatius Day: semantics and main rituals 387 18.8 Local specific features in celebrating the Twelve Days’ rituals 388 Foreword

A handbook of Slavic languages needs no introduction to linguists working in this field, but this foreword gives me an opportunity to welcome a collective study that is of great interest and relevance to historians of Europe, whether their principal interests are in cultural, social, or political history. The editors and the contributors to this volume, 25 of them in all, working in 18 different countries, have interpreted their task in broad terms. One might have expected to find a chapter apiece on each of the Slavic languages, and nothing . However, this volume also includes chapters about the use of Slavic languages outside ‘Slavia’ (in Ireland, for instance, in the United Kingdom, in Iceland, and in Israel), as well as discussions of neighbouring languages, from Iranian to , Romany, and Hungarian. Readers of this Handbook are also warned against imagining languages as discrete entities, as handbooks tend to do. More exactly, they are told that attempts to present languages in such a way are part of history, especially the history of nation-building in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The Handbook ranges widely in time as well as space, from the third mil- lennium BCE to the present, although most contributions focus on the last two or three centuries. The authors do not confine themselves to the analysis of languages (including dialects and pidgins), but also place these topics in a wider context or framework, including Romanticism and the discovery of the ‘people’, usually the peasantry, by urban intellectuals. They discuss both the political element in the history of language and the linguistic element in political history, as a means of ‘mass mobilization’, for instance. The con- tributors naturally have much to say about nations and the ‘nationalization’ of languages, especially in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, but they do not neglect larger and smaller topics, from dialect to . Their concern with cultural, social, or political groups ranges from the supporters of Pan- Slavism on the one side to the Bosniaks, say, or the Goranians on the other. The standardization of languages is a recurrent theme, but so is the reaction against standardization. As in the case of cultural history in general, at least as it is practised today, questions of identity (including mental maps and imagined communities) play an important part in many chapters. The standardization of languages is an attempt to create one kind of identity, and the revival of dialect an attempt to create or recreate another, while polyglossia and code-switching both express and maintain the consciousness of multiple identities: national, local, religious, and so on. The writer Elias Canetti, for instance, born in Bulgaria,

xii Foreword xiii spoke Ladino at home and Bulgarian in the street, before learning German, French, and English. Another central theme in this Handbook, and once again in cultural history more generally, is that of borders, whether they are political or linguistic, pre- cise or fuzzy, fluid, malleable, porous, contested, or (as Alexander Maxwell calls them in the case of Slovakia) ‘fickle’ in the sense of to recurrent change. Fernand Braudel was already exploring what he called frontières culturelles in his famous study of the Mediterranean world (1949), although it is only relatively recently, in an age when everything seems to be described as cultural, that terms such as kulturelle Grenze or fronteras culturales have come into regular use. In this volume, borders are viewed in the main not as obstacles but as what Mary-Louise Pratt famously called ‘contact zones’ (1991: 34). They are not only lines that emigrants and immigrants cross in search of a new life but also regions where many people speak several languages (more or less fluently), switch between them in different situations, and even mix them, eventually producing hybrids like Iazychie and Surzhyk in the or what Tomasz Kamusella calls ‘creole’ in Silesia. The tension between standard languages, often imposed from the centre, and the ‘incorrect’ and mixed languages, asso- ciated with borders, recurs in many contributions and so, paradoxically, holds the Handbook together. In short, one might say that the series of intertwined histories presented in this volume offers a guide not only to the Slavic languages themselves but also to the cultures of the lands in which these languages have been spoken and written at various times, especially the many and various cultures of national- ism. Let us that this project inspires similar handbooks to the Romance, Germanic, and Celtic languages!

Peter Burke, University of Cambridge

References

Braudel, Fernand. 1949. La Méditerranée et le Monde Méditerranéen à l’Époque Philippe II. Paris: Armand Colin. Pratt, Mary-Louise. 1991. Arts of the Contact Zone (pp. 33–40). Profession. Vol. 91. Acknowledgements

Maps 5.1, 5.2, and 5.3 were produced by the chapter’s author.

Maps 7.1 and 7.3 were produced for the chapter by and are reproduced with the kind permission of Marián Sloboda.

Map 7.2 is an adaptation executed by the chapter’s author from the map included in: Bělič, Jaromír. 1972. Nástinceské̌ dialektologie. Prague: Státní pedagogické nakladatelství.

Map 16.1 is from Wikimedia Commons, the copyright-free media repository http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Austria_Hungary_ethnic.svg. Description: The ethnic groups of Austria-Hungary in 1910. Based on ‘Distribution of Races in Austria-Hungary’ from the Historical Atlas by William R. Shepherd, 1911, file: Austria_hungary_1911.jpg. The city names were changed to those in use since 1945.

Map 17.1 was produced by the chapter’s author.

Maps 18.1 through 18.8 were produced by the chapter’s author.

xiv Notes on Contributors

Andrej Bekeš was born in Celje, Slovenia. Having graduated in mathematics from the , he received an MSc in mathematics from Osaka University and an MA in Japanese from the Osaka University of Foreign Studies. After obtaining his PhD in linguistics from the University of Tsukuba in 1986, he worked as a researcher at Iskra Delta and at the Jožef Stefan Institute, and as Assistant Professor in the Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Ljubljana. From 1990 to 1995 he served as Invited Foreign Professor at the University of Tsukuba. In 1995 he returned to the University of Ljubljana to teach as Professor of Japanese Studies. Between 2010 and 2013 he was Professor at the Graduate School of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Tsukuba. Since 2013 he has been back to the University of Ljubljana. His areas of interest are Japanese text linguistics and language policies in East Asia and the Balkans.

E. Wayles Browne was educated at , the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and the University of , Yugoslavia, and holds a PhD from the University of . He is Professor of Linguistics at , specializing in Slavic linguistics, with a specific focus on the Serbo-Croatian area (Bosnian, Croatian, Montenegrin, and Serbian). He has also taught at University and . He has published widely on vari- ous aspects of Serbo-Croatian linguistics, among others, in such renowned journals as Balkanistica, Folia Slavica, and Linguistic Inquiry. He has also translated literary works from Serbo-Croatian and other Slavic languages.

Andrii Danylenko is Professor of Russian and Slavic Linguistics in the Department of Modern Languages and Cultures at Pace University, New York, and Research Associate at the Ukrainian Research Institute at Harvard University. His research interests lie in the history of East Slavic, especially Ukrainian, Polish, literary Ukrainian and linguistic typology, as well as socio- linguistics and cultural studies, Medieval and Early Modern Muslim-Slavic relationships. He has authored or co-edited seven books and more than 100 articles, reviews, and encyclopaedic entries published across the world.

István Fried was born in Budapest in 1934. Between 1955 and 1973 he taught in elementary schools in Budapest; from 1973 to 1984 he was a research fel- low in the Széchényi National Library in Budapest; between 1984 and 1987 he worked as Assistant Professor in the Department of Comparative Literature at the University of . In 1987 he became University Professor, and in 2005 Professor Emeritus. He specializes in comparative literature and in modern

xv xvi Notes on Contributors

East-Central Europe. He has published widely in Hungarian, German, French, English, Czech, Slovak, Slovene, Croatian, and Serbian.

Catherine Gibson has an MA in English and Modern History from the University of St Andrews, Scotland and an International MA in Economy, State and Society: Nation, History and Society with reference to Central and Eastern Europe and (IMESS) from the School of Slavonic and East European Studies, University College London, and the , . She is currently a doctoral researcher at the European University Institute in Florence, Italy, where she is writing her PhD on nineteenth-century ethnolin- guistic cartography in the northwest . In summer 2013, she was awarded a grant from the Carnegie Trust for the Universities of Scotland to conduct fieldwork on the development of written Latgalian in eastern Latvia. Her publications include ‘Gruomota: The Influence of Politics and Nationalism on the Development of Written Latgalian in the Long Nineteenth Century (1772–1918)’, Sprawy Narodowościowe/Nationality Affairs (2013) and ‘Language and Nationalism between , Latvia, , , and Russia: The Case of Latgale’, The St Andrews Historian (2014).

Robert Greenberg is the Dean of the Faculty of Arts and Professor of Linguistics at the University of Auckland. Between 2003 and 2013, he taught in the Department of Slavic Languages and Literatures at Yale University. He received his PhD from Yale University in 1991, and has taught at Yale, Georgetown, and the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. He is a specialist in and linguistics, and has worked primar- ily on sociolinguistic issues in the former Yugoslavia. He has explored issues of language, nationalism, and ethnic identity both in Tito’s Yugoslavia and in the years following Yugoslavia’s breakup. His publications include numer- ous books and articles on South Slavic and Balkan Slavic topics. His most recent book, Language and Identity in the Balkans (2004, second revised and expanded edition, 2008), received an award in 2005 for the best book on Slavic Linguistics from the American Association of Teachers of Slavic and East European Languages. Greenberg has been a research fellow at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, and has held two Fulbright scholar- ships. In 2010 he was awarded the William Clyde DeVane medal for excel- lence in teaching and scholarship from the Phi Beta Kappa chapter at Yale University.

Brian D. Joseph is Distinguished University Professor of Linguistics and the Kenneth E. Naylor Professor of South Slavic Linguistics at The , where he has taught since 1979. He is a specialist in the history and structure of Greek and Albanian, as well as in Balkan linguistics and historical linguistics more generally. Notes on Contributors xvii

Tomasz Kamusella is Reader in Modern History at the University of St Andrews, Scotland. His English-language monographs include Silesia and Central European Nationalisms: The Emergence of National and Ethnic Groups in Prussian Silesia and Austrian Silesia, 1848–1918 (2007) and The Politics of Language and Nationalisms in Modern Central Europe (2009). He co-edited the two-volume collection Nationalisms Across the Globe (2005–2006), and Nationalisms Today (2009). He is working on his new project, ‘The Atlas of in Modern Central Europe’, and co-edits for Peter Lang the book series, ‘National isms Across the Globe’, which he founded in 2009.

Keith Langston is Professor of Slavic Studies and Linguistics at the University of Georgia. He is the author of Cˇakavian Prosody: The Accentual Patterns of the Cˇakavian Dialects of Croatian (2006) and co-author, together with Anita Peti-Stantic,́ of Hrvatsko jezicnǒ pitanje danas: Identiteti i ideologije [The Croatian Language Question Today: Identities and Ideologies] (2013) and Language Planning and National Identity in (2014). He has published numerous articles on the phonology, , and sociolinguistics of South Slavic languages and dialects.

Jouko Lindstedt is Professor of Slavonic Philology, University of Helsinki. His research interests are in the development of Bulgarian and Macedonian as Balkan languages; the origin, spontaneous change, and nativization of as a contact language; language policy in the Balkans and in the ; early Slavonic studies; South Slavonic philology. He has also published on tense, aspect, evidentiality, and other verb categories. His research projects include ‘Updating the Sociology of Language in the Balkans’ (funded by the Academy of Finland, 2009–2013), ‘The Konikovo Gospel’ (diverse funding, 2004–2008), ‘Corpus Cyrillo-Methodianum Helsingiense’ (no separate funding, slowly developing from 1986), and ‘Contacts and Identity in the Balkans’ (funded by the Academy of Finland, 1998–2000).

Paul Robert Magocsi is Professor of History and Political Science at the , where he also holds the professorial Chair of Ukrainian Studies. Among his 700-plus publications are 30 books, including the follow- ing: The Shaping of a National Identity: Subcarpathian Rus’, 1848–1948 (1978); : A Historical Survey and Bibliographic Guide (1983); Historical Atlas of East Central/Central Europe (1993); A (1996); Of the Making of Nationalities There Is No End, 2 vols (1999); The Roots of (2002); and Ukraine: An Illustrated History (2007). He is also editor-in-chief of the Encyclopedia of ’s Peoples (1999) and co-editor and main author of the Encyclopedia of Rusyn History and Culture (2002). Magocsi has taught at Harvard University and the Hebrew University in Jerusalem. In 1996 he was appointed as Permanent Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada – Canadian Academies of Arts, Humanities, and Sciences. xviii Notes on Contributors

Roland Marti was born in Geneva (Switzerland). He studied Slavonic, German, and Oriental Philology in Switzerland and Russia (then the Union). He holds a PhD in Slavonic Philology from Basel University (Switzerland). He is head of the Department of Slavonic Philology at the University of the Saarland in Saarbrücken (). He is a member of the editorial boards of the scholarly journals Palaeobulgarica (Sofia) and Lětopis (Budyšin/Bautzen) and of the advisory board of several others. His main areas of research include minority languages in Europe, the sociolinguistics of Slavonic languages, and literature, historical linguistics (Old ), and graphematics.

Elena Marushiakova and Vesselin Popov have published widely about Gypsies in Bulgaria, Balkans, and Central and Eastern Europe. Their major publications include the first monographic research on history, ethnogra- phy, social structure, and culture of the Gypsies in Bulgaria (1997), a book on Gypsies in the (2000), and a volume on Gypsies on the littoral (2008). They published a book series in the field of Romani Studies entitled ‘Studii Romani’. Elena Marushiakova and Vesselin Popov work at the Department of Balkan Ethnology at the Institute of Ethnology and Folklore Studies with the Ethnographic Museum, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences. They have created a specialized Romani/Gypsy Studies Library with an Archive and a Romani Studies Centre. Elena Marushiakova is President of the Gypsy Lore Society, the world’s oldest scholar organization in the field of Romani studies. From January 2015 Elena Marushiakova is Leverhulme Visiting Professor at the University of St Andrews.

Alexander Maxwell teaches history at Victoria University in Wellington, New Zealand. He obtained his doctorate in history from the University of Wisconsin, Madison. He has held research positions at the University of Erfurt and the New Europe College in Bucharest. Publications include Choosing Slovakia: Slavic Hungary, the Czechoslovak Language and Accidental Nationalism (2009), Patriots Against Fashion: Sartorial Nationalism in Europe’s Age of Revolutions (2014), an English of Ján Kollár’s1 Wechselseitigkeit (2009), and, as editor, The East–West Discourse: Symbolic Geography and Its Consequences. He has pub- lished on the interplay between linguistic and national loyalties in Hungary, , Poland, and Slovakia.

Michael Moser is an associate professor at the Institute for Slavic Studies, University of and a full professor at the Ukrainian Free University in Munich and at the Pázmáneum Catholic University of Budapest, Piliscsaba. His numerous publications include eight monographs. He focuses on studying the history of Slavic languages from their beginnings to today in a sociolinguistic and interdisciplinary manner, primarily the history of Ukrainian, Russian, Notes on Contributors xix and Polish, and the question. He is the editor of the series ‘Slavische Sprachgeschichte’ and a member of the editorial boards of several journals, including Studia Slavica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae (Budapest), the Journal of Ukrainian Studies (Toronto), Ukrajina moderna, and Dialektolohični studiji.

Mira Nábelková̌ is Associate Professor in the Department of Central European Studies, University, Prague. After graduating in Slovak and from , , she worked in the L’udovít Štúr Linguistics Institute of the Slovak Academy of Sciences in Bratislava, where she defended her dissertation Relational in Slovak: Functional-Semantic Analysis of Desubstantive Derivates (in Slovak, 1993). Since 1999 she has been teaching at Charles University in Prague. From 1999 to 2004 she also taught at the Institute of Slavic Studies of , Brno. In 2005 she was awarded a Masaryk University Silver Medal for her contribution to the devel- opment of Slovak Studies in the Czech Republic. Her research interests are in linguistic and socio-cultural aspects of Czech– contact, recep- tive bilingualism, and Czech–Slovak communication. Her publications on the topics include numerous articles and the monograph Slovak and Czech in Contact: Continuation of the Story (in Slovak, 2008). She is working on the project ‘Confrontative Description of the Slovak and Czech Lexicon: Systemic Relations and Communicative Coexistence’.

Motoki Nomachi is Associate Professor in the Slavic-Eurasian Research Center at Hokkaido University, Japan. He is also an associate member of the Center for East European and Russian/Eurasian Studies at the University of Chicago. He holds a PhD in Slavic linguistics from the University of Tokyo (Japan). His research interests are in language contact and grammatical change with a special focus on Polish, Kashubian, Slovene and Bosnian/Croatian/Serbian, the history of the Serbian literary language, and the formation and develop- ment of the Slavic microliterary languages. Nomachi has written and edited The Grammar of Possessivity in South Slavic: Synchronic and Diachronic Perspectives (2011), Slavica Islamica: Language, and Identity (2011, with Robert Greenberg), Grammaticalization and Lexicalization in the Slavic Languages (2014, with Andrii Danylenko and Predrag Piper) and Slavic in the Language Map of Europe (forthcoming, with Andrii Danylenko).

Anna Novikov is a research fellow at the German Historical Institute in Warsaw. She received her doctoral degree at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. Her research focuses on social, cultural, and visual transnational East-Central European history and on questions of identity and self-definition. She was Junior Visiting Fellow at Oxford University (2010, 2012) and at the Simon Dubnow Institute for Jewish History and Culture in Leipzig (2010, 2011). xx Notes on Contributors

Her recent publications include ‘Leo Baeck and Leon Ader: A Friendship Reflected in Correspondence’, Leo Baeck Institute Yearbook 2015. Her book Shades of a Nation: The Dynamics of Belonging among the Silesian and the Jewish Population in Eastern Upper Silesia (1922–1934) will be published in 2015. She is researching the process of nationalization of Jewish and Polish societies through fashion and clothing appearance within partitioned Poland in 1848–1918.

Anita Peti-Stantic ́is Professor of South Slavic Studies and at the , Croatia. She is the author of Jezik naš i/ili njihov: Vježbe iz poredbene povijesti južnoslavenskih standardizacijskih procesa [Language, Ours and/or Theirs: Essays on the Comparative History of South Slavic Standardization Processes] (2008) and co-author, together with Keith Langston, of Hrvatsko jezicnǒ pitanje danas: Identiteti i ideologije [The Croatian Language Question Today: Identities and Ideologies] (2013), and Language Planning and National Identity in Croatia (2014). She has also published numerous articles on the and sociolinguistics of South Slavic languages, primarily in Croatian and in Slovene.

Irina Sedakova is Leading Research Fellow in the Institute for Slavic Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, and Director of the Center for Linguo- cultural Studies ‘BALCANICA’. She is the author of Balkan Motifs in the and Culture (Moscow, 2007; Sofia, 2013) and has published over 300 articles. She has edited and co-edited 25 books in Russian, Bulgarian, and English, and contributed to the ethnolinguistic dictionary Slavic Antiquities (1995–2012, 5 vols). She is interested in Slavic and Balkan linguistics, cultural anthropology and folklore, linguistic unions, ethnolinguistics, popular reli- gion, myths and folklore in contemporary narratives and commercials, verbal etiquette, and the comparative analysis of Soviet and post-Soviet Russian.

Sarah Smyth is Principal Investigator of a large project funded by the Irish Research Council for the Humanities and Social Sciences (IRCHSS), investigat- ing Russian speakers in Ireland, a sociolinguistic study of hybrid identities. Her research interests include the study of Russian language and culture in Ireland. She has also been actively involved in public bodies and national committees. These responsibilities have brought her into close contact with the realities of in the immigrant communities from the post-Soviet and Eastern bloc states. Using a large-scale quantitative methodology to map speakers’ linguistic identities and practices, and subsequently focus groups, interviews and life-story elicitations, her plan is to draw together a unique picture of the processes being acted out in contemporary migrant communities throughout Ireland.

Klaus Steinke is Professor Emeritus of Slavonic Languages and Literatures at the University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany. He graduated from the Universities Notes on Contributors xxi of Berlin and Munich, and received his Habilitation from the University of Heidelberg. From 1969 to 1977, he worked as a German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD) lecturer at the Universities of Ias¸i and Bucharest in . Later he was a researcher at the Institute of , Mannheim, Assistant Professor at the University of Heidelberg, Professor at the University of Trier, and from 1991–2007 Head of the Department of Slavonic Philology at the University of Erlangen-Nürnberg. At present he works as Professor of German Linguistics at the Pedagogical University, Cracow, Poland. His research interests include minority languages, the sociolinguistics of Slavonic languages, and historical linguistics.

Dieter Stern is Professor of Slavic Historical Linguistics in the Department of Slavic and East European Studies at Ghent University, Belgium. His primary interest is in cultural and language contacts. Recently, he has taken up research on informal retail markets on the Chinese–Russian border. In the past he had dedicated himself to the study of Russian lexifier pidgins. He completed a mon- ograph on Taimyr Pidgin Russian based on field research carried out between 2000 and 2005. He further specializes in Russian language politics and ideology as well as in Church Slavonic and premodern varieties of Ukrainian. He teaches historical and sociolinguistics for all Slavic languages.

Paul Wexler is Professor Emeritus in the Department of Linguistics, Tel-Aviv University. He has published 14 monographs and edited volumes, including Purism and Language: A Study in Modern Ukrainian and Belorussian Nationalism (1840–1967) (1974), A Historical Phonology of the Belorussian Language (1977), The Balkan Substratum of Yiddish (1992), The Ashkenazic Jews: A Slavo-Turkic People in Search of a Jewish Identity (1993), The Non-Jewish Origins of the Sephardic Jews (1996), Two-tiered Relexification in Yiddish (Jews, , and the Kiev- Polessian Dialect) (2002), and Jewish and Non-Jewish Creators of ‘Jewish’ Languages (2006).

Note

1. Kollár was originally Slovak and in Slovak language his first name is written as ‘Ján’. However, Kollár was fiercely opposed to the creation of a Slovak and wrote in Czech only (or in German or , but never in Slovak), and thus he himself always spelt his name as ‘Jan’ in the Czech form. The authors in this volume use both versions.