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185 January 2011 - No. English edition

Banana prices in Europe in 2010:

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FAO index of food prices Booster shot needed! Food riots do have a good side as they are blessing for the farming sector. This may be cynical but is true nonetheless. The world has not been Index 100 : 2002‐2004 interested in either the quality or the quantity of its food bowl for years or even decades. Obesity is endemic in the North but now in some parts of the 'South' too. Elsewhere, 191 populations, including rural populations, suffer from malnutrition. Meanwhile, arable land is used for petrol stations or theme parks. The regulations refuse the agricultural sector 179 its right to be different. It must become liberalised. At the international level, nutrients are like minutes of phone calls and the only chips around are silicon ones. The agricultural parts of development aid packages have been reduced to a miniature scale. Most of the states themselves do not consider their farming sectors to be strategic. This is shown in 124 152 an article by International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) researchers who point 108 out that Botswana and Nigeria devoted less than one percent of all aid received in 2007 to agriculture. In 2003, Africa adopted the Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Develop- 90 ment Programme (CAADP) and countries undertook to devote 10 percent of their budgets to agriculture but only eight African countries have attained or exceeded this objective. An average of 5 to 7 percent of GDP is devoted to food production in Africa. This is

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 hardly more than the defence budgets of certain North African countries (5 percent of GDP in 2008). Funds are thus needed for the sector but it is also necessary to promise it a future. Farmers must have confidence in prices and be sure of having outlets if they are to invest. Finally, farming should be treated with consideration. It is the only way to attract back to the sector young people who prefer for the moment to be crammed in the southern megalopolises, to live from hand to mouth and to dream only of emigrating to the supposed eldorados of the North.

Denis Loeillet

Publisher ontents Cirad C TA B-26/PS4 Direct from the markets 34398 Montpellier cedex 5, France Tel: 33 (0) 4 67 61 71 41 p. 3 DECEMBER 2010 Fax: 33 (0) 4 67 61 59 28 • Avocado: Strong negative alternative bearing expected for Californian avocado Email: [email protected] http://passionfruit.cirad.fr in 2011 — An even lighter 2010-11 avocado season than expected for Chile. Publishing Director • Exotics: Mango variety of the month: Kent — Deadly fungus hits the Ceara Hubert de Bon export pineapple sector in Brazil — Slight decrease in papaya imports in the Chief Editors United States after a decade of growth. Denis Loeillet and Eric Imbert • Banana: Banana in the United States: difficult to believe — Colombian banana: a Editor Catherine Sanchez small year in 2010 — Casino going for direct purchasing! — A new supplier country for the Ukraine market. Computer graphics Martine Duportal • Citrus (orange, easy peelers and grapefruit): Chinese citrus production in 2010- Iconography 11: a pause in growth — Florida feels the chill and the concentrated orange juice Régis Domergue market hots up — Citrus planting in Spain in 2008-09: from bad to worse ! — Website Variety of easy peeler of the month: Or from Israel — Texan shippers can now Unité multimédia (Cirad) sell their fruits in other US states again — Increasing threat of greening in Advertising Manager California — Exports of Argentinian fruits: a useful yearbook!. Eric Imbert • Sea freight and sector news: Gale warning for the reefer sector — New port Subscriptions Christian Clouet infrastructure in Ecuador devoted to containerised shipping of bananas — The British National Health Service promotes fruit and vegetable consumption. Translator Simon Barnard Printed by The latest on... Impact Imprimerie n°483 ZAC des Vautes p. 21 • Banana prices in Europe in 2010 34980 Saint Gély du Fesc, France Fasten your seat belts! Separate French and English editions Denis Loeillet ISSN French: 1256-544X / English: 1256-5458 CPPAP Close-up by Cécilia Céleyrette Fr.: 0711 E 88281 / Eng.: 0711 R 88282 p. 33 APPLES AND PEARS © Copyright Cirad • World counter-season market: 'diversify!'—the watchword of 2010 Subscription rate • European counter-season market: timid recovery in 2010! EUR 210 / 11 issues per year • Northern hemisphere apples and pears — Prospects for 2010-2011: This document was produced by the Markets News Service of the PERSYST department at CIRAD, for small potential and marked improvement of the market the exclusive use of subscribers. The data pre- sented are from reliable sources, but CIRAD may • Southern hemisphere apples and pears — Prospects for 2010-2011: not be held responsible for any error or omission. tense apple market and better trend for pears Under no circumstances may the published prices be considered to be transaction prices. Their aim is • World statistics panorama to shed light on the medium and long-term market trends and evolutions. This publication is protected • The main varieties of apples by copyright, and all rights of reproduction and distribution are prohibited. • Growing apples

Wholesale market prices in Europe p. 51 DECEMBER 2010

Cover photograph: Régis Domergue

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Avocado December 2010 The market was still very sluggish at the Strong negative alternate beginning of the month and then recov- bearing expected for Califor- © EricImbert ered markedly. However, the supply of nian avocado in 2011. Alternate green varieties was fairly ample and the bearing should have a negative slight deficit in Spanish fruits together with effect on the coming Californian the marked deficit in shipments from Mex- ico were amply compensated by quite avocado season. The first 2011 large deliveries from Israel. However, harvest estimate issued by the supply of 'Hass' was no more than aver- California Avocado Commission is age. Deliveries from Chile, the main sup- for about 125 000 t, a fall to nearly plier of the European market, were normal half of the 2010 volume. In this while the larger than usual shipments context, Mexican exporters should from Israel were counterbalanced by a concentrate more strongly than deficit in Spanish produce and especially ever on the United States market in fruits from Mexico. In addition, demand and may well be very little present perked up a week before Christmas in in the EU during the first half of some countries such as France, with pro- 2011. motion operations. Prices firmed noticeably in this context for both 'Hass' and Sources: CAC, FruiTrop green varieties, reaching above-average levels at the end of the month for high- An even lighter 2010-11 quality produce. avocado season than ex- Volumes ex- AvocatAvocado - France- France - -Prix Import import price pected for Chile. the 2010 southern winter. The fig- ported should total some 85 000 t ure does not reflect the normal 2.8 in 2010-11, half the that of the pre- export potential of the country 2.4 ceding record-setting season. In an where avocado orchards covered 2.0 interview in the journal Estrategia, more than 39 000 ha in 2007 ac- 1.6 the president of the 'Comite de cording to the cadastral department palta' made a reminder that this 1.2 (CIREN).

euro/kg very sharp fall is caused by natural 0.8 alternate bearing and frost during Source: Estrategia 0.4 0.0 ONDJFMAMJ JAS Chile - Avocado - Exports 10/11 09/10 08/09 194 166 Average Comparison monthly 138 P Varieties with the last price 114 R 2 years 108 euro/box I 86 90 85* 000 tonnes 75 C Green 4.50-6.00 + 11% 59 E 48 55 32 Hass 6.00-8.00 - 3% 15

Comparison V 97/98 99/00 01/02 03/04 05/06 07/08 09/10 O Varieties previous last 2 years L month average *estimates / Source: Chilean customs U M Green + 26% E S Hass - 3%

Comparison Cumulated total / Source previous average for Observations cumulated month last 2 years average for V last 2 years O L Chile - 2% Peak season for 'Hass'. Quantities close to average. - 16% U M Large volumes of green varieties (the last 'Ettinger', 'Fuerte' and 'Pinkerton'). Israel + 28% + 21% E Fairly large quantities of 'Hass' after a fast start. S Supply larger than in the last season but slightly smaller than average for both Spain - 5% 0% 'Hass' and 'Fuerte'. Mexico - 60% Larger supply than in November but distinctly smaller than average. - 41%

Mango Litchi December 2010 December 2010 The European mango market was fairly The air litchi marketing season continued arrived at Vlissingen on 22 December. poor at the end of the year. The down- in the first fortnight of December with sup- Christmas was too close and the sale of ward trend observed in November was ply amply covering moderate demand. its cargo was delayed until after the cele- confirmed and accelerated, especially in Increasing volumes from Madagascar and brations. An unexpected feature sent sea the second half of December. Supply from more limited quantities from Mauritius, litchis from Madagascar into a downward Brazil was substantial until the third week Réunion and South Africa caused a dip in price spiral. Several German distributors while shipments from Peru increased in prices at the beginning of the month. As had commissioned analyses of residual parallel. Cumulated arrivals from these the first ship carrying Madagascan litchis sulphur in litchis from Madagascar and sources formed large quantities on a mar- was expected at the end of Week 50, these revealed substantial excesses with ket where demand accelerated in the run- operators limited their orders for the tran- reference to authorised residue limits and up to Christmas but not as strongly as in sition period in order to avoid the accumu- sales were suspended. The closing of the preceding years. The periods of snow and lation of stocks of air litchis when the first German market, accounting for 30 to 40% intense cold that hit Europe in December sea litchis were released on the market. of imports from Madagascar, resulted in also contributed to the degradation of This resulted in a decrease in supply in the transfer of volumes to the other Euro- market conditions as regards both supply Week 50 and an increase in prices. Lack pean markets. These additional volumes and distribution/consumption. The large of enthusiasm for the fruit was felt in the on unprepared markets caused a fall in volumes available also featured a mis- sales volume this year. A degree of con- prices even though the intrinsic quality of matching of supply quality and buyers' sumer reserve was observed, especially the fruits was satisfactory in spite of their expectations. The quality of a proportion for fresh litchis from Réunion whose price rather small size. of the Brazilian produce was fragile, with fell gradually until the end of the month. occasional fungal attacks and short keep- The price has never been as low for The latent problem of residual sulphur in ing life. Most of the Peruvian mangoes goods of satisfactory quality. Madagascan litchi caused an open crisis were small and less sought-after by Euro- this year when exporters had reduced pean distributors. In addition, they were The late docking of the first ship at Zee- volumes in the hope of selling at better often not ripe enough, with numerous brugge on 18 December meant that mar- prices. This important event calls into immature fruits. Prices of 'Kent' from both ket release for the weekend before Christ- question the very viability of the litchi sec- sources fell gradually, slipping below the mas was not possible even though tor in Madagascar. EUR 4.00 per box mark art the end of the unloading was carried out nonstop as period in spite of a marked decrease in soon at the ship was at quay. Appalling arrivals from Brazil. 'Tommy Atkins' from weather (a snowstorm and very low tem- LITCHI — ARRIVAL ESTIMATES Brazil displayed the same trend in France peratures) during unloading further Tonnes Weeks 49 50 51 52 but held up better on the Northern Euro- slowed the delivery of produce to profes- 2010 E pean markets where prices were more sionals. This also slowed transport logis- By air U stable at EUR 4.00-4.50 per box for me- tics and made it more complex to get the South Africa 40-50 40-50 10 - R dium-sized fruits. Peruvian supply be- fruits to their final destination. As there Mauritius 30-40 30-40 20-30 10-15 O came preponderant in Europe at the end was no weekend of sales before Christ- Madagascar 70-80 20-30 3-5 - P of the month as deliveries from Brazil mas, prices were lower than they had Réunion 30-50 80-90 80-90 50-60 E decreased at the end of the winter sea- been during the previous season. They By sea son. then lost ground when the second ship Madagascar - 6 620 5 980 -

The air mango market was generously supplied throughout December. Supply LITCHI — IMPORT PRICE ON THE FRENCH MARKET — euro/kg Weeks Dec. 2010 Dec. 2009 from Brazil dominated supply with fruits 49 50 51 52 2010 average average displaying disparate colour and ripeness, By air even if prices firmed slightly at the end of South Africa s 4.00-4.30 4.00-5.00 - - 4.00-4.65 - the month. The deliveries from Peru were Mauritius s 4.00-4.20 4.75 na - 4.35-4.45 4.30-4.75 fairly disappointing as the fruits were Mauritius br 5.00-6.00 6.00 na - 5.50-6.00 5.60-7.00 small and quality fairly mediocre overall. Madagascar br - 5.00-6.00 - - 5.00-6.00 5.80 Although their prices were higher, they Madagascar s 4.00-4.50 4.00-4.80 4.00-4.50 - 4.00-4.60 4.35-4.80 held with difficulty in the face of competi- Réunion br 7.00-8.00 5.50-7.00 5.00-5.50 4.00-5.50 5.35-6.50 7.60-8.60 tion from Brazil. By sea Madagascar - - 1.90-2.20 1.00-1.50 1.45-1.85 1.95-2.20 br: on the branch / s: sulphur treated

MANGO — ARRIVALS (ESTIMATES) MANGO — IMPORT PRICE ON THE FRENCH MARKET — Euro Tonnes Dec. 2010 Dec. 2009 Weeks 2010 49 50 51 52 Weeks average average 49 50 51 52 2010 E By air (kg) U By air Brazil Haden 3.00-4.00 3.00-3.80 3.00-3.50 3.50-4.00 3.10-3.80 2.90-3.70 R Brazil 100-130 100-130 100-130 60-80 Peru Kent 5.00 4.50-5.00 4.50 4.00-4.50 4.50-4.75 4.00-4.40 O P Peru 30-35 60 60 60 By sea (box) E By sea Brazil Tommy Atkins 4.00-4.50 4.00-4.50 3.80-4.50 3.00-4.00 3.70-4.35 3.00-3.55 Brazil 2 640 3 740 2 770 850 Brazil Keitt 5.00-5.50 - - - 5.00-5.50 - Ecuador 180 220 130 70 Brazil Kent 5.00-6.00 4.50-5.50 4.00-5.00 3.50-5.00 4.25-5.35 3.40-4.25 Peru 1 980 2 530 2 600 1 580 Peru Kent 5.00-6.50 4.50-5.50 4.50-5.00 3.00-4.50 4.25-5.35 3.80-4.60

Content published by the Market News Service of CIRAD − All rights reserved 4 January 2011 No. 185 Content published by the Market News Service of CIRAD − All rights reserved No. 185 January 2011 5 AVOCADO AT ITS BEST

Pineapple December 2010 Snow and cold strongly affected sales Mango variety of the month: Deadly fungus hits the Ceara and the delivery of batches of 'Sweet' in Kent. Bred in 1932 in Florida from export pineapple sector in Bra- December. Demand remained fairly sown 'Brooks', it bears compara- zil. The presence of Fusarium wilt, a mediocre overall. Shipments from Latin tively large fruits, ranging from 440 g fungal disease, seems to have put America and above all Costa Rica in- to more than 1 kg on young trees. the export pineapple sector on its creased in Week 49. Unfortunately, the Much appreciated by both the up- knees in this province in the Norde- produce was fairly unbalanced with stream and downstream ends of the ste. Exports had peaked at more than very few sizes 9 and 10 for which sev- sector, yields are medium but with a 1 600 containers in 2007 before eral promotion operations were run. high proportion of export quality gradually dwindling to 700 in 2009. Release of the other sizes was thus not fruits. Fruit colour is attractive and No container had been loaded at the easy and operators often had to allow the tasty flesh is firm and ripens very end of November 2010. for the carry-over of sales from one gradually. It is grown in most of the week to the next to maintain a certain countries supplying Europe, where it Source: Reefer Trends market balance. The week before is considered to be the yardstick for Christmas was the only period with mango. However, considerable Slight decrease in papaya dynamic sales but prices were not ex- variations in colour and size accord- imports in the United States ceptional. Demand fell rapidly after ing to the production zone can lead after a decade of growth. Avo- Christmas and at the end of the year to sales problems. cado is not the only Mexican fruit to operators were fairly concerned about have benefited from the setting up of Source: CIRAD the evolution of the pineapple market. agreements for the liberalisation of trade with the United States within Supply of 'Smooth Cayenne' increased the framework of NAFTA. The efforts strongly and steadily throughout the made in promotion by Mexican ex- month. Sales were mainly outside porters have made it possible to dou- France on the Eastern European mar- ble papaya consumption in a decade. kets that were still interested in this Nearly 80% of imports are from Mex- variety. A few promotion operations in ico, reaching 156 000 t in 2009. The France also favoured sales. Prices re- quantity is reported to have fallen mained stable and, as for 'Sweet', de- slightly to 150 000 t in 2010. mand slumped just after Christmas.

© Régis Domergue Sources: US Customs, www.propapaya.org Sales on the air pineapple market were fairly slow during the first fortnight of the month. With supplies becoming Papaya — United States — Imports scarce as airports closed because of tonnes 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 bad weather, demand became stronger Total 101 876 126 009 116 068 132 170 138 109 124 355 156 394 and transactions were often concluded Mexico 74 613 94 213 80 182 91 158 92 628 84 901 124 742 at much higher prices. Sales of Belize 15 723 24 217 27 716 33 889 33 489 28 170 23 747 'Sugarloaf' pineapple from Benin also Guatemala 349 415 1 243 1 020 1 540 3 721 2 112 became firmer and more dynamic as Brazil 7 178 4 854 4 597 3 662 4 165 3 793 2 923 soon as supply decreased overall and sold in the range of EUR 1.80 to 2.10 Dom. Rep. 2 481 1 201 1 089 987 5 138 2 142 1 791 per kg over the whole month. Jamaica 1 494 996 1 033 1 319 992 1 096 785 Panama 7 - 22 - 99 507 265 'Victoria' supply increased throughout Others 31 114 187 137 58 24 30 the month. However, although demand Source: US customs was fairly mediocre in the first three weeks it became particularly strong in the last fortnight, confirming once again the festive aspect of this fruit. PINEAPPLE — IMPORT PRICE IN FRANCE — MAIN ORIGINS Weeks 2010 48 49 50 51 52

By air (euro/kg) Smooth Cayenne Benin 1.80-1.85 1.80-1.85 1.80-1.90 1.80-1.90 1.85-1.90 Cameroon 1.70-1.85 1.70-1.85 1.75-1.90 1.80-1.90 1.80-1.90 PINEAPPLE — IMPORT PRICE Ghana 1.70-1.80 1.70-1.80 1.65-1.80 1.75-1.85 1.75-1.85 Côte d’Ivoire - - 1.80-1.90 1.80-1.85 - Weeks Min Max Victoria Réunion 3.00-3.50 3.00-3.50 3.20-3.50 3.60-3.80 3.60-3.80 E 48 to 52 Mauritius 3.00-3.30 3.00-3.30 3.00-3.30 3.30-3.50 3.30-3.50 U South Africa 2.50-2.80 2.40-2.90 2.90-3.40 2.90-3.40 2.90-3.40 R By air (euro/kg) O By sea (euro/box) Smooth Cayenne 1.65 1.90 P Smooth Cayenne Côte d’Ivoire 6.00-8.00 6.00-8.00 6.50-8.50 6.50-8.50 5.00-8.00 Victoria 2.40 3.80 E Sweet Côte d’Ivoire 7.00-9.50 7.00-9.50 7.50-9.00 7.00-9.00 6.00-8.00 By sea (euro/box) Cameroon 7.00-9.50 7.00-9.50 7.50-9.00 7.00-9.00 6.00-8.00 Smooth Cayenne 5.00 8.50 Ghana 7.00-9.50 7.00-9.50 7.50-9.00 7.00-9.00 6.00-8.00 Sweet 6.00 9.50 Costa Rica 7.00-8.50 7.50-8.50 6.50-8.50 7.00-9.00 6.00-8.00

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Banana December 2010 Small supply enabled the market to Banana in the United States: Banana - Unite d State s stand up well to the very marked sea- difficult to believe. United States Supply sonal dip in demand. Cold weather banana imports are breaking records weighed on consumption and disturbed month after month. It took only 10 3 500 logistics throughout Europe, accentuat- months in 2010 to attain total 2009 3 000 ing the slowing of sales resulting from consumption, that is to say a little the change in retail ranges to the bene- more than 3 million tonnes! The 2 500 fit of exotics. However, shipments were growth rate is currently 22% in com- 2 000 light or very light from all source parison with 2009 and 8% in com- groups. In dollar bananas, the volumes parison with the average for 2007-09. 1 500 from Colombia were average. However, It is true that banana is a crisis bust- 000 tonnes 1 000 cold weather continued to limit produc- ing fruit par excellence but suppliers tion in Ecuador and exporters preferred are attracted above all by the market 500 Russia and above all the United States conditions. Indeed, import prices to the European market. In addition, have been at their highest for three 0 Costa Rican professionals also contin- years (see article in this issue). The 05 06 07 08 09 10 ued to prefer the US market to the EU. sources in Central and South Amer- Re-exports Arrivals from Africa were also very ica have clearly opted in favour of the Imports moderate. Above average volumes USA at the expense of the EU. Ex- Net supply from Ghana did not make up for the ports from Costa Rica, Colombia and recurrent deficit in fruits from Cameroon Ecuador are increasing strongly in Years / Source: customs and a marked decrease in shipments the US and holding ground at best in

from Côte d'Ivoire caused by the politi- the EU. The rise of secondary cal crisis there. Finally, West Indian sources is also observed on both the production continued to suffer from the European and American markets: effects of hurricane Tomas. As a result, Brazil, Mexico, Nicaragua, etc. EU prices firmed at the beginning of the imports increased by a tiny 1% in the month on all the European markets. first ten months of 2010. Those from The average monthly price was dis- the MFNs (dollar sources) lost 12% Banana - EU tinctly above average except in Spain and those from ACP countries in- Estimated supply where the market was nevertheless not creased by 9%. The Dominican Re- as difficult as it had been in preceding public, strongly developing projects 500 months. Outside the EU, the Russian (in Ghana and Surinam) and Côte 2010 480 market was very satisfactory even d’Ivoire covered the whole of this 2009 though shipments were larger than increase. The Dominican Republic is 460 average. firmly in the lead along ACP supplier 440 countries with 252 000 t shipped to the EU in 10 months. The 300 000 t 420 level should be reached at the end of 400 December. CIRAD's estimate of total 380 European supply (imports + Euro- 000 tonnes pean production) shows a 3% de- 360 crease in October 2010 in compari- 340 son with 2009 (- 14 000 tonnes). In the first 10 months of the year, supply 320 EUROPE — ALDI IMPORT PRICE is estimated to have totalled 4.3 mil- 300 Comparison lion tonnes, a 2% increase in com- December 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 101112 2010 previous average for parison with the same period in 2009. Months / Sources: Cirad, Eurostat month last 2 years euro/box Source: CIRAD-FruiTrop 13.90 + 9% + 9%

EuropeEurope - PrixAldi import price Aldi (GlobalGap) EUROPE — RETAIL PRICE 14.8 December 2010 Comparison 14.5 15.9 13.3 13.9 average 14.2 13.1 Country December 12.5 13.3 12.8 type euro/kg for last 2009 E 12.1 11.8 3 years U France normal 1.46 + 6% + 8% R special offer 1.17 - 5% - 6%

O euro/box

P euro/colis Germany normal 1.20 + 9% + 6% E discount 1.01 - 1% - 4% UK (£/kg) packed 1.18 + 4% + 7% JFMAMJJASOND loose 0.80 0% - 6% Spain plátano 1.71 + 1% - 14% 2010 2009 2008 banano 1.32 - 1% - 7%

Banana

Etats-UnisUSA - Green - Prix price vert (spot) (spot) is supplied with its own label fruits U by 250 independent Colombian 15.5 16.7 N © Denis Loeillet planters in the Magdalena region. 15.2 15.0 17.2 I 15.6 14.7 14.8 15.3 15.9 Source: Reefer Trends T 15.3 15.6 E D A new supplier country for the Ukraine market. Indian ba-

S USD/box nanas appeared on tables in USD/colis T Ukraine at the beginning of the A T year. According to the importer re- E JFMAMJJASOND sponsible for the trial, the Arkadiya S company, in addition to being 2010 2009 2008 sweeter and having more flavour, Indian bananas are 20% cheaper USA — IMPORT PRICE Colombian banana: a small than those from Ecuador. World year in 2010. Colombian banana leader with a harvest in excess of December Comparison exports are estimated to have to- 23 million tonnes, has a great range 2010 previous average for talled 92 to 93 million boxes in of cultivars (Cavendish and also fig month last 2 years USD/box 2010 according to information from types such as 'Poovan)'. Ukraine 15.60 0% + 6% AUGURA reported in Reefer imported an average of some Trends. This decrease after the 250 000 t of bananas in 2008-09, 95 million boxes recorded in 2009 90% of which were from Ecuador. RussiaRussie - Green- Prix vertprice is thought to be the result of an unfavourable dollar exchange rate Source: Freshplaza 15.3 and the December rains that re- 17.0 16.3 sulted in the loss of about 2000 15.8 11.7 15.8 R 15.3 12.7 hectares of the 44 500 hectares of U 10.8 plantations in the country. 10.4 S USD/box 10.3 USD/colis 8.4 S Source: AUGURA I A Casino going for direct purchasing! Reefer Trends reports JFMAMJJASOND that Casino should increase its 2010 2009 2008 direct purchases of banana from some 450 containers in 2010 to

832 containers in 2011. The group Kahane© Remi RUSSIA — IMPORT PRICE December Comparison Banana — Ukraine — Imports 2010 previous average for tonnes 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 USD/box month last 2 years Ecuador 60 663 221 483 220 037 289 323 269 986 201 932 Costa Rica 2 402 8 836 22 184 1 675 5 267 7 842 12.70 - 20% + 5% Colombia 3 493 14 912 4 736 671 2 291 8 945 Guatemala - - 13 208 5 788 - 5 487 Mexico - - 7 323 46 - 57 EspagneSpain - Green - Prix price vert - platano*Platano* Panama - 1 956 1 775 - - 2 936 Honduras 975 2 136 2 496 - - - Others 45 119 226 225 713 116 14.0 C 15.4 Total 67 578 249 443 271 985 297 728 278 258 227 316 15.2 Source: COMTRADE A 15.4 13.7 12.1 14.5 N 11.1 12.7 14.0 11.6 A 9.5

R euro/box I euro/colis EUROPE — IMPORTED VOLUMES — DECEMBER 2010 E Comparison S Origine cumulated total 2010 November 2010 December 2009 JFMAMJJASOND compared to 2009 2010 2009 2008 French West Indies - 25% + 4% Cameroon/Ghana = - 19% - 12% CANARIES — IMPORT PRICE* Surinam - 36% + 23% Comparison Canaries = + 5% + 13% December 2010 previous average for Dollar: euro/box month last 2 years Ecuador = - 18% + 1% Colombia* - 4% + 2% 13.96 - 1% - 16% Costa Rica na na * 18.5 kg box equivalent * total all destinations Content published by the Market News Service of CIRAD − All rights reserved No. 185 January 2011 11 Content published by the Market News Service of CIRAD − All rights reserved Direct from the markets

Orange December 2010 The market remained very difficult. Chinese citrus production in Florida feels the chill and Large volumes of 'Naveline' were still 2010-11: a pause in growth. the concentrated orange juice available at the production stage in The harvest forecast of about 23 market hots up. Will concen- Spain. In parallel, demand was not as million tonnes of citrus (all kinds) trated orange juice futures equal dynamic as that for easy peelers de- marks a dip of nearly 2 million ton- the record of USD 0.20 per lb set at spite the cold weather that was favour- nes in comparison with the last the end of 2006? Be that as it may, able for consumption. Prices were still season—the equivalent of more prices have increased almost con- distinctly lower than average at the than the entire production of Mo- tinuously since mid-December in import stage and hit the bottom at pro- rocco! This decrease resulting from spite of lacklustre consumption in duction. Supply—especially on the adverse weather conditions (cold the United States. The decrease in French market—was completed by a and rain during flowering in some supply from Florida is the cause few batches of 'Salustiana' from Spain. regions) does not call into question once again. In early January, China's position as the largest pro- USDA reduced its harvest forecast ducer in the world. And it is not a for the second time, taking it to 140 break in the growth dynamics of million boxes instead of 143 million. Chinese citrus production. The But the first estimates of losses planted area increased by 90 000 resulting from December frosts to 130 000 ha per year from 2006 mean that another dip will be fore- to 2009 and orange planting is re- cast in the February update (10% ported to have continued. The gov- of early and spring varieties). ernment is still encouraging the development of the sector via di- Source: USDA rect aid for production (subsidised OrangeOrange - France -- ImportPrix import price plants, etc.) and packing (construction of cold stores, etc.). 1.0 Citrus - China - Evolution of As an example, the 5-year plan for 0.9 production and orchard area 0.8 the development of Guanxi prov- 0.7 ince includes a 60 000-ha increase 30 22 0.6 0.5 in orchard area by 2015. But will 25 20 0.4 growth continue to be as brisk in euro/kg 0.3 the coming years? Phytosanitary 20 18 0.2

problems are still a serious con- onnes 0.1 15 16 0.0 straint (greening is endemic) and ONDJFMAMJJAS production costs are increasing 10 Production 14 million t rapidly, reaching USD 6 700 per ha Area 000 hectares 10/11 09/10 08/09 in some provinces: + 20% for agri- 5 12 cultural inputs and + 10 to 20% for 0 10 labour, that is to say USD 12 to 13 Comparison 06/07 08/09 10/11 Average per day. monthly with average P Type Sources: USDA-FAS, Chinese Min. Agric. price for last 2 Source: USDA-FAS R euro/box 15 kg years I Dessert C oranges 8.00-8.50 - 11% Citrus — China — Detail by produce E Production Area Juice Main provinces oranges 9.50-10.00 na (million tonnes) (000 ha) Orange 5.50 735 Jiangxi, Sichuan, Guanxi Comparison V Easy peelers 12.25 800 Guangdong, Hunan, Zhejiang O Type previous average for Shaddock 2.60 na Pinghe county (Fujian) L month last 2 years Lemon 0.25 30* Anyue county (Sichuan) U Dessert *estimates / Sources: USDA - FAS, Chinese Ministry of Agriculture M oranges + 10% E Juice S oranges na

Comparison Cumulated Varieties total / by Observations cumulated V previous average for O source month last 2 years average for L last 2 years U M Naveline E + 10% Peak season for 'Naveline'. Supply larger than average. + 5% S from Spain Salustiana from Spain na Gradual increase in supply. Volumes larger than average. na

Easy peelers December 2010 The market was fairly satisfactory given Citrus planting in Spain in (especially extra late cultivars) the strong supply volumes. Moroccan 2008-09: from bad to worse ! are now available. exports concentrated on Russia and Nursery sales in the Community Source: Consejeria Agricultura Communidad Canada were moderate, as were Corsi- of Valencia fell to an alarming Valenciana can shipments (production shortfall). In level of less than 2.5 million regis- contrast, easy peelers from Spain were tered plants in 2006-07 and 2007- strongly present. The 'Clemenvilla' sea- 08, clearly revealing the crisis in Variety of easy peeler of son started to peak and shipments of the Spanish citrus sector. The the month: Or from Israel. 'Nules' clementines were large. How- figures for 2008-09 confirm the 'Or' is a hybrid of 'Temple' and ever, the cold spell that hit the whole of aggravation of the trend, with 'Dancy' and was bred by the Europe stimulated demand. Still difficult sales of less than 1.9 million Volcani Center in Israel. at the beginning of the month, the mar- plants. In comparison, sales ex- It is a medium-sized ket regained balance. Prices firmed and ceeded 5 million per year at the fruit recognisable by approached average at the end of the beginning of the 2000s and re- fairly marked month for high-quality produce. mained between 4.3 and 4.8 mil- grooves running lion until 2005-06. Plantations of from the base of the easy peelers have remained ex- peduncle and the ceeding small while the dip has occasional presence of accentuated for oranges with late a small fruit embryo. The 'Navel' following after having held skin is fairly pale or- up well in preceding years. Only ange, of medium lemon has done a little better. As thickness and is PetitsEasy agrumes peelers - France- France - Import - Prix importprice for the major trends in 2009-10, easily removed. The the figures have not yet been segments are soft 2.7 and juicy with few © Régis Domergue 2.4 released but data for the first half 2.1 of the year seem to indicate a pips. The flavour is 1.8 reversal. The slump in real estate very pleasant thanks to a 1.5 makes farming more attractive good sugar:acid balance. 1.2 and new easy peeler varieties

euro/kg 0.9 Source: CIRAD 0.6 0.3 0.0 SONDJ FMAM Citrus - Valencian Community - Certified plant sales 10/11 09/10 08/09 4.0

Average Comparison 3.0 M

i monthly with average l P Varieties price for last 2.0 R euro/kg 2 years I C Clementine 0.80 - 4% million plants 1.0 E Hybrids 0.70-0.75 - 10% 0.0 97/98 99/00 01/02 03/04 05/06 07/08 Comparison V Orange Easy peelers Lemon Grapefruit O Varieties previous average for L month last 2 years Source: CAPA U M Clementine + 7% E S Hybrids - 1%

Comparison Cumulated Varieties total / by previous average for Observations cumulated source month last 2 years average for V last 2 years O Clementine L from Spain + 15% Peak season for 'Nules' with large supply. Size mainly medium to small. + 4% U Clementine M - 21% Volumes less than average in the EU. First 'Nour' at the end of the month. - 19% E from Spain S Clementine from Corsica - 16% Volumes smaller than average and focused on the French market. - 16% Clemenvilla Supply only average. Harvest smaller than the preceding season and the - 1% - 3% from Spain average.

Content published by the Market News Service of CIRAD − All rights reserved 14 January 2011 No. 185 Content published by the Market News Service of CIRAD − All rights reserved Content published by the Market News Service of CIRAD − All rights reserved Direct from the markets

Grapefruit December 2010 The market remained difficult but the Texan shippers can now sell pressure eased. Demand was very their fruits in other US states slow with grapefruit sent to the back of again. The quarantine rules forbidding the shelf as happens every December. all citrus shipments from Texas to Cali- However, deliveries of both tropical and fornia, Arizona and Florida were lifted Mediterranean grapefruit were some- at the beginning of January. The what light. Arrivals from Florida were measure was applied in October 2010 limited for most of the month. Likewise, after the discovery of Sweet Orange those from Turkey and Israel were Scab, a fungal disease, near Houston. smaller than average. The volumes The suspension of quarantine is justi- from inter-season sources (Mexico and fied by the demonstration that the dis- Cuba) were sold at the beginning of the ease is not spread by processed nurs- month. In this context, importers suc- ery stock or fruits treated using stan- ceeded in reducing the pressure of their dard procedures in packing lines. This stocks but without succeeding in raising is a great relief for the Texan citrus prices, which remained at an average industry as a large proportion of pro- level. duction—275 000 t of fruits—is shipped fresh to other states.

Source: The Monitor

Increasing threat of greening The Asian citrus psyl- Exports of Argentinian GrapefruitPomelo - -France France -- PrixImport import price in California. lid, the vector of the devastating green- fruits: a useful yearbook! The 1.1 ing disease, is gaining ground in Cali- Topinfo company sells a yearbook 1.0 fornia. Detected in the south of the assembling the main statistics cov- state (San Diego and Imperial coun- 0.9 ering fruit exports from Argentina. It ties) in 2008, it has gradually moved shows movements in volume and 0.8 northwards and was observed 300 km value by destination and even by

euro/kg 0.7 from the frontier in Ventura county at exporting company for most pro- 0.6 the end of 2010. The coastal fringe of duce. A welcome initiative. The the Californian citrus zone now reads 0.5 publication is available from: positive, as does the south of Central OND JFMAMJ JAS Valley. Fortunately, the large orange Topinfo marketing SA, 10/11 09/10 08/09 and easy peeler zones in the centre [email protected] (Fresno, Tulare and Kern counties) are Tel.: 54 1147926419 still free of the insect. Average Comparison Source: FruiTrop monthly with average Source: Central Valley Business Time Type P price for last 2 R euro/box years I 17 kg box eq. Citrus — Argentina — The five leading exporters in 2009 C Tropical 16.00-16.50 + 3% tonnes Easy peelers Orange Lemon Grapefruit Total E 1 San Miguel 1 456 9 059 67 518 1 561 79 594 Mediterranean 10.50-11.00 - 2% 2 Ledesma 516 26 745 13 803 881 41 945 3 Citrusvil 31 641 31 641 Comparison V 4 FGF Trapani 385 814 29 129 30 328 O Type previous average for 5 Fama 19 028 10 809 26 29 863 L month last 2 years U Total 113 384 137 488 250 378 17 234 518 484 M Tropical + 3% Source: Tradinter Yearbook 2010 Topinfo E S Mediterranean - 14%

Comparison Cumulated total / Source previous average for Observations cumulated V month last 2 years average for O last 2 years L Supply distinctly smaller than average until the end of the month, followed by a U Florida = + 9% - 17% M peak in Week 52 (large harvest in Week 50 for fear of frost). E S Israel - 10% Supply stable, moderate and smaller than average. + 32%

Turkey - 22% Supply to the EU very limited with recovery at the end of the month. - 17%

Sea freight December 2010 December was unusual in that chartering Gale warning for the reefer activity, modest though it was, remained sector. Increasing competition constant throughout the month despite the from refrigerated containers is yuletide festivities and high exit price for making reefer professionals very Ecuadorian bananas. The Open List re- pessimistic. Container lines have mained tight and the charter market ended multiplied in recent years, espe- the month on a rising trend. The smaller cially between the northern and segment continued to benefit from additional potato orders and Mauretanian fish southern hemispheres, and hith- requirements – supply and demand were erto untouched sectors such as roughly in balance. The month was char- banana are now hard hit. Quoted acterised by extraordinary climatic events in a recent article in the Financial on either side of the Atlantic: exceptional Times, the managing director of rainfall associated with the La Niña Seatrade affirmed that the overall weather pattern was responsible for the world fleet could shrink by half in temporary closure of the Panama Canal: ten years. The trend seems to be the shutdown of the interoceanic water- operating as 144 of the ships in way had only ever occurred once previ- service of sufficient size to serve ously - during the 1989 US military inva- the international market are more sion of Panama to topple President than 20 years old and hardly any Noriega. The backlog of vessels created replacements are currently led to several units missing their delivery planned. dates. The extreme rainfall also sub-

merged large swathes of banana produc- Sources: Financial Times, Reefer Trends tion in Colombia, also causing damage to The British National Health infrastructure. Uniban/Fyffes Joint Venture Service promotes fruit and Turbana was forced to charter in a vessel New port infrastructure in vegetable consumption. as cover for its weekly US position. How Ecuador devoted to contain- 'Change4Life' is a programme much of a shortage to banana supply the erised shipping of bananas. launched by the NHS to promote damage will cause will become apparent healthy eating. The government as 2011 develops. Meanwhile arctic condi- DAMCO, a subsidiary of has not hesitated to dip into its tions in the Baltic forced the earliest decla- MAERSK, the world specialist in ration of Institute Warranty Limits for St container transport, has recently pocket to offer consumers some Petersburg in living memory – these are constructed new port infrastruc- 5 million vouchers for healthy prod- trading limits imposed by the hull insurers ture dedicated to bananas in the ucts including fruit and vegetables. on the ship restricting the vessel sailing port of Guayaquil. It avoids Qualifying for these reductions just into ice hazards. The icing up of the River breaks in the cold chain. Contain- requires the filling in of a small Neva coincided with a rush by poultry erised Ecuadorean banana ex- questionnaire. The vouchers can charterers to have their cargo duty de- ports increased from 50 000 con- be used for apples, clementines, clared in port before the quota application tainers (40') in 2006 to 112 000 in grapes, root vegetables and Asda date of 31 December. After an early De- 2010. own brand potatoes. cember surge South African grape shipments dipped dramatically causing con- Sources: Reefer Trends, South East Shipping Source: www.nhs.uk/change4life tainer line services to run light and the News cancellation of the second NYKCool/ Seatrade VSA vessel. Of more conse- quence to the specialised reefer business is that Chilean grape exports are forecast to rise 6% to 850K MT. Almost all the Chil- ean grapes exported to the US are shipped in reefer vessels, while the vast majority of South African grape exports are shipped on third party liner services.

GrandsLarge reefers ree fers PetitsSmall reefersreefers

MONTHLY SPOT AVERAGE 175 150 2010 2010 2009 150 2009 125 2008 2008 R US$cents/cubic foot Large Small 125 100 x 30 days reefers reefers 100 E 75 E 75 50 F December 2010 44 81 50 E 25 R 25 December 2009 50 73 0 0 US CentsUS / Cubft x30 jours US Cents / Cubft x 30 days US CentsUS / Cubft x 30 jours US Cents / Cubft x 30 days 1 6 11 16 21 26 31 36 41 46 51 1 6 11 16 21 26 31 36 41 46 51 December 2008 72 85 SemainesWeeks / Source:/ Source Reefer : Reefer Trends Trends SemainesWeeks / Source: / Source Reefer : Reefer Trends Trends

Content published by the Market News Service of CIRAD − All rights reserved 18 January 2011 No. 185 Content published by the Market News Service of CIRAD − All rights reserved No. 185 January 2011 19 We produce, you enjoy

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Banana prices in Europe in 2010

Fasten your seat belts!

nalysis of markets is necessarily a 14.0 to EUR 13.5 per box) in comparison A very relative operation and should with 2009, which had been a compara- always be approached in a measured tively good year. Comparison with the manner. It is rare to be able to show clear 2007-09 three-year average did not show lines, monolithic profiles or major trends. an unfavourable trend either. 2010 prices The banana market is an excep- were thus stable. So the explanation for tion to this rule. This is doubtless the very morose climate in the banana one of the features that make it business should be sought elsewhere. We fascinating for analysts, overflow- have long known that the banana sector is ing with opportunities for com- not exactly peaceful. Shocks are numer- Big dipper mercial operators and terrifying ous and unpredictable in both regulations enthusiasts had a for the banks handling the cash and trades and their effects are incalcula- side. For various reasons, the ble. Switches in trend are also very fast. marvellous time in banana market has surprises for The year 2010 is a condensed version of 2010. With no let us every year. It takes the most all this. We have swung from one extreme up in momentum, hardened forecasters by sur- to the other throughout the year, with no prise, twists econometric models time to breathe. In the end, the average is prices soared and and sends round the bend the like those of previous years but the dy- swooped politicians who would like a year, namics throughout the year has been just one year, without their being closer to madness than to the classic pat- throughout the asked to explain, negotiate, cal- tern—if such a thing exists—of the market. year. In the end culate and take specific meas- the average price ures for one or other member of the sector. was the same as in preceding years. One could warble on for a long time about the specific character But this was no of the banana trade. You first talk comfort for about fresh produce that is very operators whose sensitive to weather (especially when the latter gets out of hand), production costs very political, much purchased, had increased. very internationalised and finally Bananas were interacting very closely, or possibly dependent on, other food saved by chains, especially in the fruit capricious weather sector. In short, banana is a living item that is part of the diet of once again. But hundreds of millions of people until when? and cannot be handled at the international level in the same way as nuts and bolts or banking services. But that is another story...

Having got that out of the way, let's get back to what happened in 2010. The mo- rale of operators was tested to the limit. Surprisingly, this serious depression was not reflected in the movement of average import prices (the reference being the Aldi import price). These fell by 4% (from EUR

Not for nervous people

The graph opposite shows the unreasonable extent of variations. For eight months of the year the Aldi import price was either rock bottom or Banana - Aldi import price in 2010 sky high (with the reference period being the four years from 2007 to 2010). Only the spring (from March to May depending on the country) es- 1.10 caped these sudden variations as the transition 2010 from low to high prices was slow. The market Average 2007-10 woke up early but slowly, especially in Germany. 1.00 Max 2007-10 Indeed, it took three months (from March to May) Min 2007-10 for the market to swing from an extremely low 0.90 price (the lowest of the decade) to a high point (the highest of the decade with the exception of 2005). The improvement was late but much 0.80 sharper in France, which was late starting as the market was stuck in a very unfavourable situation until April before going from one extreme to euro/kg 0.70 the other in just a few weeks.

In France again, the trade situation was very 0.60 poor from August to October whereas Germany seems to have mastered risks during the summer for some years now. Everybody remembers 0.50 summer 2006 as the war games played then have left traces. Supply schedules now seem to 0.40 be better controlled. This is doubtless one of the explanations for the favourable movement of JFMAMJJASOND prices during this period. Another is the structure of the supply of competing fruits—this is radically Source: Cirad-FruiTrop different in the two countries. French summer fruit production is large and France is a hub for the shipment of Spanish produce and so sensi- tivity to supply variations is strong during the summer. Banana - Import price in France in 2010 What is all the more harmful for France is that keeping the banana market in good order during 1.10 the summer makes it possible to get off to a 2010 good start when schools open again in Septem- Average 2007-10 ber after the holidays. In any case, this is what 1.00 Max 2007-10 Min 2007-10 0.90

0.80

euro/kg 0.70

0.60

0.50

0.40 JFMAMJ JASOND

Source: Cirad-FruiTrop © Régis Domergue

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comparative examination of prices indicates. In September, France paid once again (prices fell by 5% from August to September) while in Ger- many prices remained at their highest August and September levels for the last four years. October was more difficult almost everywhere. Finally, the market recovered very violently in November.

The year was thus bad for nerves and cash bal- ances even if the situation differed a little from one country to another. Mention can be made of the disastrous 2010 season in Spain. In spite of the policy of voluntary withdrawal of produce by growers (8 to 10% of the volumes shipped to © Régis Domergue mainland Spain), green prices did not get very far, even at the end of the year when they rock- Banana — Europe — Retail prices eted everywhere in Europe. The average import Variation price of Super Extra category fruits fell to EUR 2009 2010 13.3 per box, 25% lower than in 2009. Such a Euro % level had not been observed since 2001! United Kingdom Loose banana 0.83 0.88 + 0.05 + 6 Prepacked banana 1.21 1.23 + 0.02 + 2 Spain A squeeze on margins Banana from Canaries 1.44 1.38 - 0.06 - 4 Other origins 1.89 1.7 - 0.19 - 10 The situation was dramatic for the first four months of the year in all European countries and Germany this strongly affected annual economic figures. Traditional distribution 1.21 1.17 - 0.04 - 3 During this period, prices fell by 4 to 8% in Ger- Hard discount 1.03 0.99 - 0.04 - 4 many and from 9 to as much as 16% in France (in comparison with the 2007-10 average). The France fact that it was a period of strong banana con- Average price 1.41 1.43 + 0.02 + 1 sumption made it even worse. It is when French Special offer price 1.26 1.21 - 0.05 - 4 banana consumption is 38% (2009 figure) of Sources: TWMC, SNM, national authorities annual total supply. Finally, as regards comparison of neighbouring markets, sudden price movements were a feature of France in 2010. Falls and increase both reached 15%. As said Banana - Aldi import price above, the annual average price is a very poor reflection of this true market depression. Indeed, 16 the transaction price does not incorporate 15.6 changes in cost structure and the prices of some items increased tremendously. Oil was at more than USD 90 per barrel at the end of 2010 (after 15 dipping to USD 40 in early 2009), paper pulp increased by 20% in 2010, taking the rise to 50% 14.0 since the low point observed in March 2009. And 14 there were other clear signs. All the large multi- 13.5 13.5 13.4 nationals announced plans to reduce their supply schedules. They wish to work on improving their 12.7 margins. 13 12.6

euro/box 12.3 12.0 11.9 12 11.3 Banana saved by a deluge 11.0 11 The year 2010 was thus full of ups and downs. Trying to find explanations for these repeated breaks shows that, as often, there is not neces- 10 sarily a single explanation. However, it would 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 seem that a fairly classic examination of supply is necessary to understand the situation. The European market was strongly encumbered in Years / Source: Cirad-FruiTrop February and March. Monthly EU supply in

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t Aquitaine (Bordeaux) +33 (0)5 56 49 99 83 t Ile-de-France (Rungis) +33 (0)1 45 12 82 00 t Britanny-Vendée (Nantes) +33 (0)2 40 12 10 13 t Alsace-Lorraine (Metz) +33 (0)3 87 73 60 50 t Britanny-Vendée (UNAPA) +33 (0)2 40 71 01 70 t Mediterranean (Cavaillon) +33 (0)4 90 76 14 00 t Flandres-Artois (Lomme) +33 (0)3 20 22 65 70 t Rhône-Alpes (Mions) +33 (0)4 72 23 47 20 t Tours (Centre) +33 (0)2 47 44 11 52

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t Aquitaine (Bordeaux) +33 (0)5 56 49 99 83 t Aquitaine (Tonneins) +33 (0)5 53 84 08 32

Content published by the Market News Service of CIRAD − All rights reservedt Flanders-Artois / Britanny-Vendée / Belgium (Erquinghem) +33 (0)3 20 30 41 41 562 089 748 RCS Créteil THE LATEST ON...

March (CIRAD estimates) increased by 8% in comparison with March 2009. A full study will be published in the traditional Focus on Banana to be published in the May issue of FruiTrop devoted to banana. Fortunately, the market was not very generously supply with competing fruits—especially citrus!

But the real turning-point of the season was in the spring when the market was saved by floods and execrable weather conditions that hit red fruit production in Spain and Morocco. Even summer fruits were affected, leaving a clear market for banana, the last fruit that Europeans would dream of eating when the weather turns warm.

Unfortunately, the strong pressure of world banana supply exceeded demand again from Au- gust onwards. Exports from Colombia were an average 17% greater than in 2009 for two months. Everybody thought that this was another period of strong depression—the second in just a few months—even if once again the new 2010- 11 citrus season from October onwards took a while to get going and to be felt on the market.

More than this was needed to turn the market around. And the heavens came to the rescue of the banana sector once again! Good news kept on coming, at least for the green banana market.

© Régis Domergue On the one hand, poor weather conditions reduced the supply of fruits to Europe once Banana - Movement of the difference between the Aldi price for again—pip fruits this time. On the other, floods, EU imports and the spot price in the United States cold weather, hurricanes, storms and quality problems reduced the export potential of almost all the banana production zones. Sighs of relief! The market had been saved again. The price EU: tariff-only system EU: quota system curve finally reversed at the end of October and from 1993 from 2006 absolute records for increases were beaten week after week until the end of the year. Prices even exceeded EUR 14 per box during the week 8.8 before Christmas.

The annual supply balance is not yet available but it can already be said that the relation be- 6.4 tween the movement of green prices and that of the volumes sold is more than enigmatic. It is 5.3 seen below that green prices and retail prices in euro/box 4.9 the United States are peaking and that con- 4.6 4.5 sumption is breaking historical records in spite of it all. In the EU, in spite of the excitement as 3.6 3.4 regards volumes mentioned above, low prices have not favoured a consumption recovery. The volumes sold in the first nine months of 2010 1.9 were stable in comparison with those of 2009 (+ 2%) and a balance should be achieved at the end of the year. Retail prices are not the cause. In contrast, they have fallen almost everywhere. The United Kingdom stands alone with prices 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 that are tending to rise. Here again, the annual average hides periods of ferocious price wars Difference in euro/box Customs dues levied by the EU between retail distributors. But it is also the sign of a British market where there is a great deal of Sources: Cirad-FruiTrop, Sopisco New s contractualisation of import volumes. A kind of US market on a small scale.

Banana - Russia - Monthly import price Russia: multiplied by two CIF St Petersburg As in neighbouring Poland, the Russian market is one 25 in which excess is dominant. Prices vary by 100% from one week to the next. The low point was hit this 20 summer with slightly more than USD 8 per box CIF St 17.0 16.3 Petersburg and the high point was in March with USD 15.3 15.3 15.8 15.8 12.7 17. The market seems to have gained a certain bal- 15 10.8 11.7 ance in 2010. Indeed, except for this volatility, annual 10.3 10.4 price movements are markedly out of phase with

USD/box 10 what is observed in the EU. It is true that January 8.4 was particularly difficult but in February prices obeyed 2010 a classic trend that lasted until the end of the year, 5 2009 remaining at a good level but not rocketing as they 2008 did in Western Europe. The annual price was finally 0 stable at USD 13.3 per box. JFMAMJJASOND Source: Cirad-FruiTrop © Régis Domergue Banana - Russia - Annual import price CIF St Petersburg

18 15.1 15 12.9 13.2 13.3 10.9 12 8.9 9.6 9 USD/box 6

0 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Source: Cirad-FruiTrop

Something to think about tures off Ecuador (the El Niño and La Niña phenomena). Liberalisation is thus operating. Reality now closely matches But is everything that I have just described related to or in- the forecasts of the gloom-mongers who were against de- dependent of the deregulation of the banana market that regulation. But at what price? It seems that the United was set in motion in 2006 and that has accelerated since the States is refusing to follow this path. The country of end of 2009? In a previous issue of FruiTrop (183, Novem- 'Deregulation? After you.' can be proud of its excellent ba- ber 2010, pages 15 to 21), we discussed at length the idea nana balance. All the signals are green. Consumption is at a that the European market is becoming increasingly vulner- record level. It took only ten months of supply in 2010 to able and henceforth only weather damage can serve the match the total for the whole of 2009! The target is annual regulation function that used to be partly served by the com- growth of 20%. As regards prices, the market has held at mon organisation of the banana market. The year 2010 is a above USD 15.5 per box for three years (see box). This striking example of this new situation, which has the advan- performance amazes many tage of simplifying forecasters' work. The European banana market is now directly indexed to water surface tempera- Denis Loeillet, CIRAD [email protected]

Banana - United States - Retail price USA 1, EU 0 1.45 In 2010, the average price of banana (not volume- weighted) was USD 15.7 per box, that is to say EUR 1.40 11.8 (using an exchange rate of EUR 1 to USD 1.33). 1.35 Allowing for the customs dues of EUR 2.7 per box to 1.29 1.29 1.29 1.30 1.28 1.27 1.27 1.28 1.28 1.28 be paid for the same produce landed in Europe (not g 1.27 1.26 1.26 counting differences in logistics costs), this price level 1.25 (11.8 + 2.7 = EUR 14.5 per box) means that the US market is much more profitable than Europe. Indeed, USD/k 1.20 the monthly Aldi reference price was EUR 13.5 per 1.15 2010 box in 2010. The USA clearly has the edge. Esti- 2009 mated value-added is around one euro per box! But 1.10 2008 what is the mysterious reason that causes the Ameri- can market to hold its ground while the European 1.05 market plummets? It is very simple. The American JFMAMJJASOND market is not organised by means of regulations but by traders who release produce on the market. With- Source: National authorities out even mentioning agreement, use of annual con- tracts is widespread in the US. This gives the market rigidity that benefits established suppliers and gives them more protection against external events, and Banana - United States - Retail price especially fluctuations in supply. In 2008, all Ameri- can operators succeeded in imposing a substantial 1.5 rise in green prices on retail distributors, arguing that 1.4 this was necessary because intermediate costs had Max Average rocketed. In March 2008, oil was more than USD 100 1.3 per barrel (USD 144 in July 2008) and the interna- 1.2

tional price of paper pulp (NBSK) reached USD 900 g per tonne. The 2008 economic downturn followed, 1.1 easing pressure on the prices of inputs and sea 1.0 USD/k freight. But this did not lead to a fall in prices in the 0.9 US. Quite the opposite. They even reached an aver- Min age of USD 16 in 2009, an all-time record. It will be 0.8 very instructive to see whether the market maintains 0.7 its original position in 2011. There is no reason for a 0.6 change as the same causes have the same effects and the prices of intermediate costs started to increase again in 2010 and this should logically lead to 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 maintaining the same price policies. Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics

In terms of dynamics, the American green price followed the pattern of the European green price very closely but at a higher level. Prices were compara- tively poor at the beginning of the year and then rose Banana - United States - Spot import price strongly in the spring, nudging USD 19 per box in 19 Gulf 2010 July. The East Coast stood out throughout the year. West coast 2010 The Gulf market was particularly sluggish at the be- East coast 2010 18 ginning of the year until the trend changed. Average price 2010

The retail price remained fairly high in 2010 at USD 17 1.3 per kg. The index fell by 5% after two years at a very high USD 1.35 per kg. There is no seasonal 16

variation. Prices fluctuated between USD 1.26 and USD/box 1.28 per kg throughout the year. 15

13 1 5 9 13172125293337414549

Week / Source: Sopisco New s

THE LATEST ON...

France United Kingdom

Banana - France - Monthly retail price Loose banana - UK - Monthly retail price 1.01 1.47 1.60 1.50 1.00 1.321.44 1.46 1.01 1.00 1.00 1.30 1.45 1.57 1.40 0.88 0.92 0.82 0.80 1.301.38 0.77 0.68 0.66

2010 £/kg euro/kg 2010 2009 2009 2008 2008

JFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND Sources: SNM, Cirad-FruiTrop Source: TWMC

Banana - France - Annual retail price Loose banana - UK - Annual retail price 1.61 1.02 0.88 0.84 0.88 1.47 0.83 0.82 0.83 1.41 1.42 1.41 1.43 0.80 0.80 1.40 1.37 1.38 euro/kg £/kg

2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 Sources: SNM, Cirad-Fruitrop Source: TWMC

Banana - France - Special offer retail price Prepacked banana - UK - Monthly retail price 1.50 1.26 1.24 1.27 1.23 1.16 1.31 1.19 1.28 1.25 1.28 1.28 1.25 1.26 1.23 1.24 1.26 1.28 1.28 1.23 1.14

euro/kg 2010 £/kg 2009 2008

2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 JFMAMJ JASOND Sources: SNM, Cirad-FruiTrop Source: TWMC

Banana - France - Estimated monthly Prepacked banana - UK - Annual retail price import price 2010 1.23 1.21 1.23 2009 1.12 1.10 1.13 1.06 1.07 0.76 2008 0.74 0.72 0.73 0.63 0.65 0.67 0.63 0.60 0.62 0.55 0.53 £/kg euro/kg

JFMAMJJASOND 2003 2005 2007 2009 Source: Cirad-FruiTrop Source: TWMC

Banana - France - Annual import price

0.78 0.67 0.66 0.67 0.65 0.59 0.62 0.57 0.54 euro/kg

2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 Source: Cirad-FruiTrop

THE LATEST ON...

Spain Germany

Banana from Canaries - Spain Banana - Germany - Monthly retail price Monthly retail price Hard discount 1.81 1.72 1.66 1.71 1.73 1.67 1.71 1.021.09 1.04 1.68 1.73 1.71 0.95 1.03 1.10 0.96 0.92 1.64 1.70 0.91 0.93 0.91 1.02 2010 2010

euro/kg 2009 2008 euro/kg 2009 2008

JFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJ JASOND Source: national authorities Source: TWMC

Banana from Canaries - Spain Banana - Germany - Annual retail price Annual retail price Hard discount 1.88 1.89 1.86 1.84 1.76 1.12 1.70 1.02 1.03 1.44 1.48 0.98 0.99 0.99 1.33 0.89 0.91 euro/kg euro/kg

2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2003 2005 2007 2009 Source: national authorities Source: TWMC

Banana excluding Canaries - Spain Banana - Germany - Annual retail price Annual retail price excluding hard discount 1.25 1.52 1.50 1.22 1.20 1.21 1.46 1.44 1.44 1.38 1.17 1.14 1.15 1.16 1.07 euro/kg euro/kg

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 Source: national authorities Source: TWMC

Banana from Canaries - Spain - Green price

0.82 0.83 0.76 0.83 0.74 0.75 0.65 0.78 0.60 0.63 0.7 0.51

euro/kg 2010 2009 2008

JFMAMJJASOND Source: national authorities

Banana - Spain - Super extra import price 1.08 0.95 0.95 0.93 0.69 0.76 0.95 0.76 0.65 0.76 0.72 euro/kg

2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 Source: national authorities

terragaïa - Cours d’Alsace - Bât C5 - 94619 Rungis Cedex - France Tél : 01.45.12.62.00 - Fax : 01.49.78.03.02

A report by Cécilia Céleyrette

he market for southern T hemisphere apples and pears is gradually waking up. The timid recovery observed in 2010, mainly in emerging markets (Asia, Russia and the Mid- dle East), should spread to the traditional markets (Europe and the United States), especially as these have a deficit resulting from decreased orchard area and poor weather in spring 2010.

Contents p. 34 World counter-season market: 'diversify!'—the watchword of 2010

p. 36 European counter-season market: timid recovery in 2010!

p. 39 Northern hemisphere apples and pears Prospects for 2010-2011: small potential and marked improvement of the market p. 43 Southern hemisphere apples and pears Prospects for 2010-2011: tense apple market and better trend for pears

p. 46 World statistics panorama p. 48 The main varieties of apples p. 50 Growing apples

Apples and pears World counter-season market

'Diversify!'—the watchword of 2010

Chile still the leader in apples © Régis Domergue Apple growing was dynamic in most southern hemisphere countries until five years ago. Pro- duction increased from less than 1 million tonnes in 1970 to nearly 5 million tonnes in 2010. How- ever, the curve has since flattened with only 3% growth from 2005 to 2010 as the economic downturn halted changes (except for reconversion) in the planted area. Production increased markedly PoirePear - —Principaux Main S. hemispherepays de l'hémisphère countries Sud— Production - Production in Argentina in the early 1970s, then in South Africa in 1975 and finally in Chile, Brazil and then 1 400 New Zealand in the early 1980s. However, the 1 200 New Zealand orchard area decreased in the early 1 000 2000s because of the rise of the South American 800 countries, that were more competitive, and the 600 development of the kiwi crop. Production was 400 then only 450 000 t. In contrast, volumes have 000 tonnes 200 been maintained in Argentina and Brazil with po- 0 tential of some 1.2 million tonnes. It is still increasing in Chile and South Africa where the in- 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 crease in area is moderate but where yields are SourcesSource :: FAOFAO (1970-2000)(1970-2000) and et WAPA WAPA (2005-2010) (2005-2010) growing (planting density, young orchards). Chile is by far the leading producer country with PearPoire — -S. Hémisphère hemisphere Sud — Production- Production by par country pays 1.6 million tonnes and South African coproduction has now reached 800 000 t. 1 000 ArgentinaArgentine Afr. du Sud 800 South Africa ChileChili 600 NewN.-Zélande Zealand 400 Argentina dominates

000 tonnes 200 pear production 0 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 Pear production has also increased very strongly in the southern hemisphere in the last three dec- Source : FAO (1970-2000) et WAPA (2005-2010) Sources : FAO (1970-2000) and WAPA (2005-2010) ades. Indeed, volumes tripled between 1970 et 2010, increasing from a little less than 400 000 t PoirePear - Principaux — Main S.pays hemisphere de l'hémisphère countries* Sud* — - ExportationsExports to 1.2 million tonnes in the four main producer countries in the zone (Argentina, South Africa, 800 Chile and New Zealand), that is to say a growth 600 rate of 20 to 40% per five-year period. However, development stopped in the early 2000s but 400 seems to be resuming, at least in Argentina (770 000 t in 2010 in comparison with 500 000 t

000 tonnes 200 from 1995 to 2005). The increase was more gradual in South Africa (330 000 t in 2010 against 0 200 000 to 300 000 t from 1995 to 2000) and pro- 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 duction now seems to be stable in Chile (200 000 t) and New Zealand (11 000 t) after decreasing Sourc e USDA *South Africa, Argentina, Brazil, Chile, New Zealand / Source: USDA from 1995 to 2000.

Although apple production has stabilised or is still increasing slightly, exports from the main southern hemisphere countries had increased until © Régis Domergue 2004 and have since been very uncertain. Be- cause of the economic downturn, this has resulted in recent years in a decrease in volume (from 1.7 million tonnes in 2007 to 1.6 million tonnes in 2010) and above all in value and returns for producers. Indeed, it is necessary to take into account the unfavourable exchange rate (strong local currency and falling dollar), increased production costs (energy, fertiliser, spraying, plant material) and also the economic evolution of the southern hemisphere countries where labour costs increase continuously.

However, the decrease has been tempered by the steady growth of customer portfolios. Chile is the best example as it has a broad spread of export destinations (about a hundred countries and numerous bilateral agreements) and has succeeded in maintaining export growth, except in 2009. Thus even if shipments to the European market have decreased (200 000 t in the last two years PommeApple —- Principaux Main S. hemisphere pays de l'hémisphère countries —Sud Production - Production against 220 000 to 225 000 t in preceding years), those to Russia have been at a good level 5 000 (37 900 t) and those to the United States very 4 000 good (122 322 t). Presence of the other sources is minor in the USA (Argentina 5 600 t, Brazil 3 000 910 t, South Africa 26 t). Shipments have also 2 000 returned to a good level to destinations in the

000 tonnes 1 000 Middle East (58 500 t to Saudi Arabia and 28 760 t to the United Arab Emirates), Asia 0 (51 300 t to Taiwan) and Latin American countries 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 (58 000 t to Colombia and 40 500 t to Ecuador). SourcesSource : FAO (1970-2000) andet WAPA WAPA (2005-2010) (2005-2010) Likewise, while pear production has continued to ApplePomme — S. - Hémisphère hemisphere Sud — Production - Production by par country pays increase, the development of exports has been more uncertain, with a strong decrease in 2010. 2 000 ArgentinaArgentine SouthAfr. du Africa Sud This is the result in particular of the decrease in BrazilBrésil ChileChili shipments of Argentinian pears to Russia 1 500 NewN.-Zélande Zealand (phytosanitary constraints and the economic downturn) from 116 000 t in 2008 to 95 000 t in 1 000 2010 and to Brazil (94 000 t in 2010 in comparison with 132 000 t in 2009). However, the de- 000 tonnes 500 crease in exports to the European market, espe- 0 cially in 2010 (258 000 t in 2010, that is to say 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 25% less than in 2009) from all production sources results mainly from the development of Source : FAO (1970-2000) et WAPA (2005-2010) Sources : FAO (1970-2000) and WAPA (2005-2010) domestic production in Italy and Northern Europe; this should intensify in the years to come. Ship- PommeApple - Principaux — Main S. pays hemisphere de l'hémisphère countries* Sud* — - ExportsExportations ments to the US market from all sources have also decreased (less than 50 000 t in 2010 in 2 000 comparison with 63 000 t in 2009). Only South 1 500 Africa, with a very broad range of pears, has continued to develop. Except in Europe (106 000 t, 1 000 that is to say 13% less than in 2009), it has displayed significant growth in most markets:

000 tonnes 500 16 900 t to Russia (+ 11%), 8 400 t to UAE (+ 57%), 6 700 t to Malaysia (+ 44%) and 3 800 t 0 to the North American market (+ 14%) 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 *South*Afr. du Africa, Sud, Argentina, Argentine, Brazil, Brésil, Chile, Chili, NewN.-Zél Zealandande / Source / Source: : USDA USDA Cécilia Céleyrette, Consultant [email protected]

Apples and pears European counter-season market

Timid recovery in 2010!

fter a laborious, encumbered 2009 as a A result of the economic downturn and the slowing of demand in Europe, in the United States and in emerging countries, trade recovered in 2010 in particular with Asia and Russia, while the traditional markets were slow in waking up. Combined with a production deficit in some source countries such as New Zealand and Argentina, the situation finally led to a decrease in shipments to the European Union.

Good potential in apples, small deficit in pears

Apple production was moderate overall in the southern hemisphere in 2010 as a result of the stabilisation of the orchard area, but the main producer countries nonetheless harvested 4.89 million tonnes, a 2% increase in comparison with 2009. Indeed, production was very good in Brazil, Chile © Régis Domergue and South Africa but markedly short in Ar- gentina and to a lesser extent in New Zea- PommeApples et and poire pears - Principaux — Main S.pays hemisphere de l'hémisphère countries* Sud* land. ProductionProduction

In contrast, the pear market was lighter with 4.77 4.84 4.81 4.81 4.89 a harvest of only 1.29 million tonnes in the 4.47 main southern hemisphere producer coun- Apples tries. This is an 11% decrease in comparison with the large 2009 harvest but in line

onnes with performance from 2006 to 2008 (2% greater than the average of the last 5 years). million tonnes

millions det 1.45 1.28 1.30 1.27 1.29 1.06 The apple season Pears started late

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Apple shipments from the main southern hemisphere supplier countries decreased *South*Afr. du Africa, Sud, Argentina,Argentine, Brazil, Brésil, Chile, Chili, N.-ZélNew Zealandande / Source / Source: : WAPA WAPA slightly in 2010 with some 1.45 to 1.60 mil-

up for the late start of the season. EU import volumes finally lost 8% in comparison with 2009, reaching only 574 000 t. This is © Régis Domergue 21% less than the 5-year average, with a volume equivalent to that of the early 2000s whereas the total had oscillated around 700 000 to 800 000 t until 2008. In fact, a proportion of the produce was shipped to other destinations like Russia and, above all, Asia.

Pear sales very slow

The beginning of the season was even slower for pears because of very large European stocks totalling 488 000 t in Feb- ruary. This is 65% more than in 2009 and 27% more than in 2008. The very first batches of 'Williams'/'Bon Chrétien' from South Africa arrived only at the end of January (Week 4) and the first 'Williams' lion tonnes depending on the source. This from Argentina reached destination at the is 1 to 2% less than in 2009 and can be end of February. However, the market compared with totals of more than 1.75 continued to be very sluggish until mid- million tonnes in 2007 and 2008. All supply March, especially as more of the fruits sources lost ground, except for Chile. The were too small. The first 'Comice' from export season for southern hemisphere South Africa appeared in mid-March but apples started particularly late, especially sales were very laborious for all operators. for the European market, as stocks of lo- The season for Northern European cally grown apples were still large. A total 'Comice' ended very late and the produce 2.83 million tonnes had been landed in was concentrated on the French market as Europe at the end of January (+ 3% on Italian operators, holding substantial 2009) while US stocks were 10% smaller stocks of 'Abate Fetel', had not purchased than those of the previous year. Requests much 'Comice' from overseas in 2010. The for EU certificates were 69% down on season therefore continued until early July those of 2009 in February and still 34% with very low prices, especially for small down in March. This lateness nonetheless fruits. The market for 'Williams' from Ar- enhanced the release of local apples. gentina settled down in May when the Shipments therefore speeded up from number of operators decreased but sales April onwards and the market then bene- continued until the end of June. The situa- fited from the very late start of summer tion was the same for sales of 'Beurré fruits (running three weeks behind). Never- Hardy'. The 'Packhams' market was also theless, it was not possible to fully make fairly chaotic with a difficult start to releases in May and then accelerating sales in June.

Pear exports were therefore reduced con- siderably, reaching only about 672 000 t according to USDA. This was 13% les than in 2009. A marked decrease in shipments from Argentina (- 19%) was noted but decreases were observed from all sources with the exception of South Africa whose export potential was normal. The decrease was marked above all in shipments to traditional destinations like Europe (225 000 t, 30% less than in 2009) and even the North American markets (49 800 t, - 21%)

Cécilia Céleyrette, Consultant

Stand GF Group Hall 2.2-Stand B-09 FruitLogistica Berlin

Du 9 au 11 Février 2011

AZ MED - CAVAILLON AZ FRANCEAZ -FRANCE RUNGIS - RUNGIS AZ TOURAINE AZ TOURAINEMIA - ROUEN MIA AZ - GRANDROUEN EST Content published by the Market News Service of CIRAD − All rights reserved Tel : 04 90 06 66 00 Tel : 01 41 80 33 33 Tel : 02 47 49 30 30 Tel : 02 32 10 52 52 Tel : 03 87 57 56 50 Fax : 04 90 96 66 16 Fax : 01 46 86 23 16 Fax : 02 47 29 01 84 Fax : 02 35 70 96 03 Fax : 03 87 57 56 51 E-mail : [email protected] E-mail : [email protected] E-mail : [email protected] E-mail : [email protected] E-mail : [email protected] CLOSE-UP

Northern hemisphere apples and pears Prospects for 2010-2011 Small potential and marked improvement of the market

Growing deficit of southern hemisphere apples in Northern Europe

With the smallest tonnage since 2007, the Euro- pean apple harvest fell to 9.36 million tonnes, a further decrease of 15% in comparison with 2009. The decrease results from structural factors following the financial difficulties experi- enced by producers after two very bad seasons (with a decrease in orchard area, especially in Southern Europe) aggravated by conjunctural factors (bad weather conditions before and after flowering in Northern Europe and above all in Eastern Europe).

Thus production has been slightly lower in the two main supplier countries in Southern Europe: Italy (2.07 million tonnes, 7% down on 2009-10) and France (1.54 million tonnes, 7% down) as a result of decreases in orchard areas. However, in Spain (505 000 t, up by 7%), the decrease is masked by last year's substantial deficit. Produc- tion there has probably decreased by 5% in comparison with the average for the last 3 years. © Régis Domergue Production in Northern Europe was seriously ApplesPomme and etpears Poire — - EU-27UE-27 - —Production Production affected by bad weather in the spring. In comparison with 2009-10, crops decreased by 17% in Germany (886 000 t), 15% in the Netherlands 11.53 (340 000 t), 27% in Belgium (251 000 t) and 3% 10.69 11.00 in the United Kingdom (205 000 t). The deficit is 10.27 9.36 large above all in Eastern Europe with the Polish 9.13 crop 33% down in comparison with 2009 (1.7 million tonnes, 25% less than the 3-year onnes average) but after two substantial years. At 1.86 Apples million tonnes, the Russian harvest was 17% down on that of 2009, a generous year, but only million tonnes 9% down on the 3-year average. The figure for

millions de t Belarus is 40% down on 2009, with a harvest 2.57 2.69 2.54 2.64 2.18 2.16 totalling 150 000 t. However, the harvest was very good in Ukraine (896 000 t), gaining 5% on Pears 2009 and 15% on the 3-year average. The market was also lighter internationally with only small 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 pressure from China (30 million tonnes), with the figure being 9% down on the large 2009 harvest SourceSource: : WAPA, octobreOctober 2010 but at a good level nonetheless (+ 1% on the 3- year average) and a reasonably proportioned US

and 12% down on the 3-year average, because ApplePomme — EU —- UE Stock - Stock in desthe mainprincipaux countries pays by au the1 décembre 1st December of the decrease in orchard area (especially in Southern Europe) and bad weather. In contrast 4.24 with apple, the deficit is also very marked in 3.95 Southern Europe and particularly in Italy as the 3.73 main autumn/winter pear production zone (Emilia-Romagna) was seriously affected by hail 2.93 2.99 in the spring. As a result, the Italian harvest did Apples not exceed 655 000 t (24% down on 2009 and 23% down on the 3-year average), making it by

onnes far the smallest harvest of the decade as the figure was 966 000 t in 2006 and 759 000 t in 2008. The decrease in Portugal was smaller than initially forecast at 13% less than in 2009 accord- million tonnes

millions det ing to ANP while the potential gained ground in 0.76 0.69 0.78 0.54 0.68 Spain (+ 3%) after last year's deficit. However, the decrease in France is considerable with a Pears harvest of 174 000 t (at 14% less than in 2009 it is the second smallest of the decade) because of 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 the decrease in orchard area.

SourceSource: : WAPA WAPA The deficit is also large in Northern Europe as a result of bad weather and in spite of an increase harvest (4.3 million tonnes, that is to say 2% in the planted area. Harvest tonnages were down on 2009 and 2% up on the 3-year aver- 228 000 t in Belgium (- 26%) and 267 000 t in age). the Netherlands (- 11%) but 2009 production was large in both countries. The 'Abate Fetel' The harvest shortfall was less marked for early crop was small at 199 000 t (- 35%) as was that varieties such as 'Gala' (1 million tonnes, 7% of 'Comice' at 91 000 t (- 22%). 'Rocha' produc- down on 2009), 'Granny Smith' (316 000 t, a 7% tion was down by some 13%. The deficit should decrease) and red varieties (663 000 t, an 8% be less marked for winter pears although the decrease). However, the fall was very marked for 'Conference' harvest is down by 15% to 766 000 most of the other later bicolour varieties and t after the large 2009 harvest in Northern Europe especially those grown in Northern Europe such and allowing for the return of Spanish production as 'Jonagold' (515 000 t, a 30% decrease) and (total only 2% smaller than the 3-year average). 'Jonagored' (157 000 t, a 23% decrease), although this followed a large harvest, and also for 'Idared' (597 000 t, a 25% decrease), 'Elstar' (a 24% decrease) and even Very good start 'Braeburn' (291 000 t, a 14% decrease). In addi- to the season for tion, production of 'Golden Delicious' fell further to 2.4 million tonnes, 8% down on 2009 and 4% both apples and pears smaller than the 3-year average. The 2010-11 season has started very well, given the small potential expected (no storage problems), especially as remaining stocks of southern hemisphere apples were small, even if the European pear shortage last shipments (late varieties, 'Pink Lady') were aggravated by losses slightly larger than those of last year (+ 8 to in Italy + 11% in June and July). Trade in early apples was therefore particularly fluid in Southern This year's European pear production is very Europe in spite of a shortage of larger fruits (few small at 2.16 million tonnes, 18% down on 2009 calibre 75 mm or more), with prices nearly 40%

higher than those of 2009-10 (75-80 mm)—for example for 'Gala' right at the beginning of the season.

However the market then became a little sluggish as it always does when the harvest has started in all production zones. But the very rapid setting up of exports to Northern European countries and Russia ('Granny Smith' and bicolour fruits as well) together with overseas exports (with the euro losing ground) made it possible to limit the fall in prices in all European countries. Furthermore, the excellent trend in the industrial market—especially juice—also helped to keep trade busy. In fact prices on this market continued to rise in all the European markets, including Poland, reaching nearly EUR 230 per tonne in France at the end of 2010.

The pear season also got off to a good start. The 'Guyot' season went particularly well but that of 'Williams' was a little disturbed in September by the very late end of the summer fruit season. However, the autumn pear season started under good conditions. The small crop in the Benelux countries and Italy limited the pressure of supply at the beginning of the season and the volume held in normal cold storage. Producers were thus soon able to master their stocks and sell their produce. Prices soon rose, in particular for 'Abate' from Italy and 'Conference' from the Benelux countries and this also enhanced the sale of other pears such as 'Rocha'. Only 'Comice' sales were lacklustre partly because of uneven quality (colour, skin defects, woodiness, shelf life, etc.).

A small market in 2011, with the possible exception of a few varieties

The second part of the season will be very light as regards apples as European stocks are small at 3.73 million tonnes (12% less than in 2009), especially in Northern Europe. Indeed, on 1 December 2010 stocks were 25% down in the Netherlands (202 000 t) and Germany (312 000 t), the lowest level of the last five years, and 28% down in Belgium (122 500 t) with a shortfall in

photos © Régis Domergue

'Elstar' (135 737 t in Europe 'Cripps Pink' were nevertheless 15% higher than as a whole, that is to say - in 2009 on 1 December, given the potential. 38%) and 'Jonagold'- 'Jonagored' (352 180 t, - 32%). Main export sales of 'Granny Smith' have been steady, with end of years stocks similar to those of 2009 at 161 000 t on 1 December (- 3% in Substantial volumes of comparison with 2009). 'Gala' (349 868 t, + 3%) remained in Europe in early December and this should decrease rapidly if extra- However, some varieties such as 'Golden Deli- European demand remains as strong as it cious' do not benefit fully from this good market was at the end of the year. Prices had already trend as production was hit hard both in France increased noticeably at the end of November for and in the other European countries by russet- the largest fruits (EUR 0.95-1.10 per kg for 75- ting and also poor keeping quality caused by a 80 mm single layer tray ex-store in France) and high sugar content after hot summer weather. should continue to rise at the beginning of this The market was therefore particularly sluggish at year, even if the shortage of large fruits is a little the end of the year, especially as certain outlets less marked in the northern production zones such as Algeria or Spain were cruelly lacking. (Val de Loire, Northern Europe). The prices of European stocks on 1 December were nonethe- smaller fruits also seemed to be firming at the less 4% smaller than in 2009, with decreases in end of the year. most countries except for Spain and Austria.

In contrast, stocks of 'Braeburn' were distinctly Likewise, the European market should be fairly smaller at the end of last year (181 200 t on light in pear even though the high prices of cer- 1 December in Europe as a whole, that is to say tain varieties such as 'Abate' and 'Conference' to - 10%), with volumes decreasing in most coun- a lesser extent have slowed releases considera- tries. bly. European stocks totalled only 683 000 t on 1 December (- 13% in comparison with 2009). Sales of club varieties have been good since the beginning of the season. French stocks of However, Italian stocks were still 27% lower on that date as although release of 'Abate' were very slow (- 38%), sales switched to other varieties and especially 'Conference' (+ 25%) which displayed a marked deficit in the second part of the season (44 500 t of 'Conference' on 1 De- cember in Italy, that is to say - 30% already).

Stocks were fairly substantial in Northern Europe and especially in Belgium were 144 300 t still remained in 1 December (+ 1%), with 138 000 t of this being 'Conference' (+ 4%, making it the largest stock of the last five years). However, stocks were down by 12% in the Neth- erlands where 150 000 t of pears nevertheless remained in stock, the second highest level of the decade.

Portuguese stocks are not decreasing very fast. The total was still 122 100 t on 1 December with sales distinctly smaller in November than they had been in 2009. Prices are still fairly firm at shipment from Portugal as there are numerous outlets (South Africa and Europe) and may well increase from the beginning of 2011.

Likewise, Spanish stocks are large given the large harvest after the 2009 deficit. At 123 036 t on 1 December (+ 40%), including 81 000 t of Conference (+ 59%), stocks were the largest for the last five years

Cécilia Céleyrette, Consultant [email protected] © EricImbert

Southern hemisphere apples and pears Prospects for 2010-2011 Tense apple market and better trend for pears

fter two years of crisis and very slow sales, A the market could become tense in 2011 with the economic recovery and requirements on certain markets following the production shortage in Europe, Russia, Asia and the United States and limited southern hemisphere production resulting from the stagnation of production areas in recent years.

Chile still on course

The Chilean apple and pear sector should con- serve in 2011 the progress made in previous years or even intensify its expansion policy. It succeeded in staying on course in 2010 in spite of weather problems (the El Niño phenomenon) and the earthquake in February. Production thus reached 1.36 million tonnes of apple (+ 7% on 2009) according to USDA while exports of this fruit approached 800 000 t according to ASOEX (+ 15%) in spite of a very late start to the season as a result of economic difficulties and late stock disposal, especially in Europe. The pear harvest was a little short at 262 000 t (- 6% according to USDA), while exports decreased by 12% according to ASOEX (111 700 t).

The Chilean strategy should not be very different in 2011. Potential in apple is currently forecast to be 1.3 million tonnes (USDA estimate), only 4% less than the large 2009 harvest following the stagnation of orchard area (37 300 ha) and frosts that severely affected certain production zones. The pear harvest could be 4% down (251 000 t). Promotion operations for Chilean fruits run by the CFFA will mainly target emerging countries in Central and Eastern Europe (Poland, Ukraine, Russia and Turkey) with the aim of developing both the range and consumption. Like last year, those aimed at Western Europe—essentially Germany, the United King- dom, France, Italy and Spain—where price is still the driving force in trade negotiations, will be focused on major clients with the objective of © Régis Domergue

making Chile a special partner for fresh fruits and to highlight quality aspects, especially from the environmental point of view (cultural practices, carbon footprint, etc.).

Brazil going for nearby markets

Brazilian apple production was fairly good last year at 1.257 million tonnes (+ 3% on 2009), even if part of the crop was sold for processing as hot weather in the spring and at the beginning of the summer affected fruit quality and especially size. However, exports were probably close to the 2009 figure (98 000 t) as Brazil benefited from smaller exports from the other southern hemisphere sources to its main market, Europe, to which it shipped over 95 000 t (+ 22%). Nevertheless, operators are focusing increasingly on other outlets such as nearby © Régis Domergue markets and the domestic market where the financial risks are smaller and where there is PommeApple —- Hémisphère S. hemisphere Sud —- Exportations Exports by countrypar pays scope for the growth of consumption. Thus, the shipment pattern could benefit these destina- 1 000 ArgentinaArgentine SouthAfr. du Africa Sud tions even more markedly this year, given the 900 BrazilBrésil ChileChili expected decrease in potential (5% less than in NewN.-Zélande Zealand 2010). The El Niño phenomenon affected pro- 800 duction lastingly, with rainfall causing serious 700 flooding in some places—as in the Santa Ca- 600 tarina region—that even damaged infrastruc- 500 ture. In contrast, fruit size should be better this year. 400 000 tonnes 300 200 100 Government help for 0 the Argentinian sector 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 Sourc e : USDA Argentinian presence on export markets should be stronger in 2011 after last year's small apple and pear harvest resulting from bad weather (late frosts and gales) that affected flowering: PoirePear -— Hémisphère S. hemisphere Sud -— Exportations Exports by parcountry pays 830 000 t of apples (11% down on 2009), the smallest harvest of the decade, and 650 000 t of pears (- 14%) according to USDA. Apple 500 ArgentinaArgentine exports are reported to have decreased by 13% 450 SouthAfr. du Africa Sud ChileChili (180 000 t) and pear shipments by 20%, with 400 NewN.-Zélande Zealand shipment decreases of 34% to the EU, 27% to 350 Brazil, 31% to the USA and 4% to Russia. 300 As the Argentinian apple and pear sector has 250 been severely hit by the economic downturn, 200 000 tonnes the number of growers should decrease further. 150 Indeed, returns have been very seriously hit in 100 recent years by economic conditions (unfavourable exchange rate, strikes), espe- 50 cially as labour and power costs have risen by 0 25% since 2009. Planted areas are therefore 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 tending to shrink, with small growers abandon- ing in particular. As a result, the government Sourc e : USDA has awarded aid worth USD 5.5 million for

farms of less than 20 ha. In the main production zones, a quarter of farms are smaller than

10 ha. However, exports should recover after © Denis Loeillet last year's decrease, supported by the government that in June 2010 set up the 'National Fruit Table' to improve fruit quality and the competitiveness of the sector. Today, production potential is estimated to be 990 000 t of apples (9% more than in 2009) and 790 000 t of pears (+ 22%).

South Africa turning to the East

The South African apple and pear sector was also much affected by the effects of the economic downturn, with the exchange rate (strong rand) continuing to be unfavourable. As a result weak sterling strongly limited exports to the United Kingdom (- 21% in com- - 16% 'Gala' and - 27% 'Braeburn') and a 9% parison with 2009 at the end of August), the decrease in those to the United States. The main destination for South African apples. financial returns were catastrophic, especially However, apple production has been at an for 'Braeburn' which fetched only NZD 9 average level at 750 000 t and, in spite of ex- against around NZD 17 in recent years. In porters' efforts, shipments were 13% down at contrast, the potential for pear was less af- 300 000 t as a result of the points mentioned fected (14 100 t) but exports fell by 18% to above and the late presence of the European only 4 700 t and shipments to the European crops. Pear production has been normal at market fell by 20% to 1 600 t. 348 000 t and export volumes have been maintained with 181 000 t shipped, although The sector therefore decided to take new sales have been very laborious. measures for the better management of exports, especially of 'Braeburn'. An agreement Apple exports to Russia have decreased dis- was thus made under the direction of Pipfruit tinctly, totalling 3 000 t in 2010 (- 53% on New Zealand that will collect information from 2009) and still 14 000 t in 2008. In contrast, exporters for the better matching of produce shipments to Malaysia continued (30 109 t, and markets, especially as regards size. The + 2%) and also to the United Arab Emirates organisation has already received the support (14 000 t, - 2%). Potential for 2011 is reported of about 95% of exporters and should also to be normal. Exporters should nonetheless manage the quantities sold to the juice indus- concentrate on the more profitable emerging try (large fruits) that form about 25% of total markets this year and possibly the domestic volumes. Exporters will also favour markets market, even if Europe remains the main desti- that are an alternative to Europe and espe- nation in terms of volumes. cially Asia where prices are distinctly more profitable and where exporters are now negoti- ating fixed prices. However, scope for action is still limited as these markets take above all New Zealand takes varieties such as 'Fuji', 'Rose' and 'Beauty'. measures Exporters are nonetheless counting on the variety 'Envy' for increasing shipments to the 2010 was a particularly bad year for New Zea- zone in the future. In Europe, they should work land apple producers. The potential was 6 to more with the more profitable British market 7% smaller than that of 2009 (between than with continental countries, especially at 420 000 and 440 000 t depending on the sterling has stabilised and the euro is still fal- source) because of bad weather and alternate ling. Production potential in 2011 should be bearing of 'Braeburn'. Sales were also very fairly good with, in particular, a positive alter- difficult, especially on the European market as nate bearing year for 'Braeburn' with 4.5 mil- 'Elstar' and 'Jonagold'/'Jonagored' from North- lion boxes expected in comparison with ern Europe were still available very late. Ex- 3.6 million last year ports therefore dipped by 14% (261 000 t), with a very marked 24% decrease in ship- Cécilia Céleyrette, Consultant [email protected] ments to the European market (124 000 t, with

DOSSIER DU MOIS CLOSE-UP

Apple — United States — Imports tonnes 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Total 164 167 163 894 157 120 170 354 186 622 207 378 122 773 156 689 206 562 165 282 155 775 Chile 42 971 43 706 57 685 62 540 90 288 113 259 54 415 82 619 123 521 93 667 87 497 New Zealand 61 285 71 474 48 442 60 367 51 166 57 708 32 353 37 417 47 210 32 801 44 518 Canada 42 668 38 358 38 740 43 366 37 268 30 336 33 789 34 893 31 062 36 035 21 098 Argentina 2 660 2 071 3 262 1 659 4 713 2 295 1 510 1 512 4 424 2 243 1 885 China 0 0 0 78 0 20 117 172 0 0 0 Japan 35 43 46 46 58 61 407 61 61 144 249 Thailand 5 0 0 0 0 0 6 14 27 4 0 India 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 2 0 0 Brazil 345 473 0 0 239 2 248 0 0 226 359 465 S. Africa 13 972 6 772 8 771 2 226 2 851 1 434 157 0 11 22 30 Others 226 998 174 72 38 19 19 0 18 7 33 Source: US customs (code 080810)

Apple — Japan — Imports tonnes 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Total 221 308 594 2 339 120 108 18 124 0 0 37 63 Korea 108 39 251 1 411 1 0 2 0 - - 1 - Australia - 110 247 650 120 108 16 124 - - 16 63 United States 0 159 96 278 ------New Zealand 112 0 0 0 ------20 - France ------Nepal ------Source: Japanese customs (code 080810000)

DOSSIER DU MOIS CLOSE-UP CLOSE-UP

Apple Apple Apple

World production World exports World imports 2009 tonnes 2009 tonnes 2009 tonnes World 72 067 000 World 7 965 000 World 7 965 000 China 31 204 163 China 1 171 805 Russia 1 108 205 United States 4 514 880 United States 808 265 Germany 677 928 Turkey 31 204 163 Poland 777 071 United Kingdom 455 671 Iran* 2 718 775 Italy 734 298 Netherlands 360 250 Poland 2 050 000 Chile 698 026 Spain 251 410 Italy 2 626 273 France 616 835 Ukraine 251 394 France 2 626 273 Netherlands 406 676 Mexico 222 209 India* 1 985 000 South Africa 332 470 Canada 182 119 Chile 1 560 000 New Zealand 303 016 China 172 279 Russia 853 400 Belgium 286 306 Belgium 172 279 Argentina 1 300 000 Argentina 208 000 France 163 591 Brazil 1 220 499 Moldavia 151 628 United States 155 775 Germany 965 100 Azerbaijan 122 448 Indonesia 153 512 Ukraine 853 400 Brazil 98 264 Kazakhstan 145 714 Japan 840 100 Germany 96 210 Thailand 121 058 *2008 figures / Source: FAO

Pomme - CalendrierApple — Supply d'approvisionnement calendar 30%

25% USA

EUUE 20%

15%

10%

0% JFMAMJ JASOND

Sources:Sources :US douanes and EU US customs et UE

Apple — EU-27 imports — Extra-EU main supplier countries excluding Eastern Europe

tonnes 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

Total extra-EU, incl. 783 249 671 425 729 943 801 780 872 671 902 685 926 815 784 860 969 827 813 695 704 012

Total S. hemisphere 655 926 484 326 598 099 648 530 734 675 795 054 820 344 711 735 761 014 705 649 636 645 Chile 179 905 91 159 143 362 158 094 177 697 179 157 225 158 224 289 204 405 211 199 186 318

New Zealand 183 851 167 070 175 819 206 039 198 628 213 746 219 958 178 238 177 243 140 862 165 156 South Africa 158 341 121 631 152 725 148 085 181 893 180 147 156 821 151 852 158 598 171 154 144 870 Argentina 77 051 41 329 87 427 73 372 97 682 91 722 121 292 97 378 107 918 79 726 57 629 Brazil 49 679 57 052 31 662 57 487 69 010 122 947 88 320 53 442 104 767 97 453 80 199 Uruguay 4 406 2 595 3 534 3 142 5 219 5 326 6 661 3 596 6 789 4 653 2 190

Australia 2 693 3 489 3 571 2 312 4 546 2 010 2 136 2 940 1 294 603 284

Total N. hemisphere 64 895 43 870 48 412 49 901 60 102 105 122 95 703 68 573 76 884 68 017 46 031

China 1 900 4 010 7 949 14 922 28 409 62 658 50 289 33 513 43 535 38 172 18 448

United States 55 454 32 384 33 957 28 769 28 258 37 242 39 857 30 600 30 996 27 313 26 427

Canada 7 540 7 477 6 506 6 209 3 436 5 222 5 558 4 460 2 352 2 532 1 156

Others* 62 428 143 229 83 432 103 350 77 894 2 509 10 768 4 552 131 930 40 030 21 336 Intra-EU 1 900 193 1 876 630 1 779 872 1 887 024 2 050 049 2 192 439 2 271 427 2 459 219 2 567 254 2 348 400 2 162 992

* mainly Eastern Europe until 2004 / Source: Eurostat (code 080810)

Golden Varieties

Numerous breeding programmes are running and new varieties or mutants of existing varieties are released com- mercially each year. A number of crite- ria are sought during the varietal crea- tion and breeding: suitability to the cultivation environment, to harvesting and packing, taste and technical characteristics (productivity, flowering period, susceptibility to diseases, keeping potential, etc.), appropriateness for market demand (colour, shape, size, firmness, sugar content, acidity, texture, flavour, etc.). The main varieties grown are in five groups according to their appearance: yellow, red, green, bicolour and russet. Granny Smith Braeburn

Apple —

Acidity Sugar Firmness Variety Type g/l malic Texture and flavour ° Brix kg/cm2 acid

Granny Smith Firm texture, very crisp and very juicy, acidulous Green 10-12.5 6.5-8 6-8 and mutants flavour.

Golden Delicious Yellow 12-15 4-6 Crisp and juicy texture, acidulous, sweet flavour. 5-7 and mutants

Braeburn Crisp and very juicy texture, aromatic flavour, Bicolour 11.5-14 5-7 6.5-8 and mutants good sugar:acid balance.

Pink Lady® Crisp texture, firm and juicy, sweet, acidulous Bicolour 13-15 6-7 5-6.5 Cripps Pink and aromatic flavour.

Gala Bicolour 12-14 3-5 Crisp, very juicy, sweet flavour. 5-7 and mutants

Red Delicious Red 10-13 2-4 Crisp and juicy texture but neutral flavour. 5-6.5 and mutants

Source : CTIFL

Apple — Classification of the main varieties grown by type Green Granny Smith and mutants Golden Delicious and mutants — Golden Extrême® Gradigold — Primgold® Yellow Deljéni — Tentation® Delblush — Earlygold® Snygold, Ozark Gold — Newgold® Newaphough Akane — Belle de Boskoop and mutants — Braeburn and mutants — Cameo® Caudle — Corail® Pinova — Cox’s Pink Lady ® Red Chief ® Orange Pippin and mutants — Delbard Jubilé® Delgollune — Bicolour Delbarestivale® Delcorf — Elstar and mutants — Fuji and mutants — Gala and mutants — Honey Crunch® Honeycrisp — Idared — Jonagold and mutants — Melrose and mutants — Pink Lady® Cripps Pink Delicious Rouges and Red mutants — Redwinter® Redaphough INRA® Belchard® Chantecler — Reinette du Canada and mutants — Reine des Russed Reinettes and mutants — Reinette Clochard — Gala Russet Reinette de Brive Source : CTIFL

The characteristics of some varieties Normal cold Controlled atmosphere Ultra Low Oxygen (ULO) Some mutants Duration Duration % Duration % T (°C) % O2 % O2 (months) (months) CO2 (months) CO2

Challenger® Dalivair, Early Smith® Jim Brian 5 0-1 6-7 2-3 1.5-2 7-8 1.5-1.8 1-1.5

Golden X 972, Smoothee® CG10 Yellow Delicious, Golden Reinders®, Lysgolden® Goldenir, Belgolden® Goldensheen, Calgolden® Elbee, 6 0-1 8 2-3 3-5 9-10 1.5-1.8 2-3 Pink Gold® Leratess, Rosagold® Quemoni, Bertanne

Hillwell® Hidala, Braesun® Braecest, Jobrun® Aurora, Mariri® Eve, 5 0-1 7 2-3 1-1.5 8-9 1.5-1.8 0.8-1 Mahanared® Redfield

4-5 1-2 6 2-3 2-2.5 6-7 1.5-1.8 1

Royal Gala® Obrogala, Gala Must® Régal Prince, Buckeye Gala 4 0-1 5-6 2-3 2-3 6-7 1.5-1.8 1.5

Standard types: Topred Delicious, Early Red One® Erovan Types spur: Starkrimson, Redchief® Campsur, Stark Spur Ultra Red®, 4-5 0-1 6 2-3 3-4 7 1.5-1.8 1.8-2.2 Flatar, Scarlet Spr® Evasni, Super Chief® Sandige

Growing Agronomy

apples Apple (Malus domestica) is a member of the Rosaceae family. It grows in temperate zones and it is After Le pommier, CTIFL, 2002 cultivated in a very extended area. It is one of the fruit species that best withstands cold and adapts to a broad range of soils, preferring well-drained, slightly acid, clayey- silty, deep soil with a high organic matter content. Annual water requirements vary between 700 and 900 mm. Apple requires a long resting period and much cold weather. Spring frost and hail are the greatest weather risks.

Harvesting

Apple is a climacteric fruit and its suitability for keeping and its qual-

early picking: inadequate size and colour, poor taste quality, susceptibility to post-harvest diseases; Pests and Post-harvest late picking: better taste quality diseases (sweetness and aroma) but decreased suitability for keeping The stage of ripeness, the (loss of crispness and acidity), weather conditions of the year, The main diseases of apple occurrence of water core and the sanitary condition of the or- are scab, powdery mildew, increase in fungal and senes- chard, cultural practices, etc. af- cankers, brown rot, Botrytis cence diseases. fect the keeping potential of ap- and other aerial fungal dis- ples. Post-harvest antifungal and eases, fire blight, Phy- The optimum picking date is when antioxidant treatments are some- tophthora, soil diseases, viral the fruit has formed its reserve times applied to prevent physio- diseases and phytoplasms. potential and started to produce logical problems or fungal dis- ethylene. The basic epidermis eases. Speed of chilling is par- Pests of apple are numerous colour, decreased starch, firm- ticularly important. The fruits must and include red and yellow ness, sugar content and acidity reach a temperature lower than mites. Insects are the most and pip colour are the main indi- 5°C between 24 and a maximum numerous: beetles, dipterans, cators for starting picking. of 48 hours after picking. The cold dermapterans, aphids, lepidop- susceptibility threshold varies terans (codling moth, leaf according to the variety, with miner, etc.) and Thysanoptera many keeping at between 0°C (thrips). and 1°C. A minimum threshold of 92% relative humidity must be The main storage diseases of maintained throughout cold stor- apple are Penicillium mould, age. Some varieties susceptible Alternaria rots, spots and scald to dehydration even require 95%. (pre-ripening and senescence). The effect of cold is enhanced by reducing the oxygen level and increasing that of carbon dioxide.

Wholesale market prices in Europe December 2010

EUROPEAN UNION — IN EUROS Belgium France Holland UK AVOCADO Air TROPICAL DOMINICAN REP. Box 12.00 Sea ETTINGER ISRAEL Box 5.50 5.00 6.55 FUERTE ISRAEL Box 6.50 KENYA Box 5.54 SPAIN Box 6.85 HASS CHILE Box 7.75 6.85 7.50 DOMINICAN REP. Box 5.01 ISRAEL Box 7.00 8.25 7.08 MEXICO Box 7.75 5.63 MOROCCO Box 6.00 PINKERTON ISRAEL Box 6.00 6.58 ZUTANO MOROCCO Box 5.96 Truck BACON SPAIN Box 5.00 4.42 FUERTE SPAIN Box 5.50 5.63 5.50 6.78 HASS SPAIN Box 7.08

BANANA Air RED ECUADOR kg 4.88 SMALL COLOMBIA kg 6.25 ECUADOR kg 5.17 Sea SMALL ECUADOR kg 3.30 1.68

CARAMBOLA Air MALAYSIA kg 4.14 4.86 4.07 Sea MALAYSIA kg 2.96

CHAYOTE Sea COSTA RICA kg 1.53 1.25

COCONUT Sea COTE D'IVOIRE Bag 14.50 8.00 10.69 DOMINICAN REP. Bag 18.00 SRI LANKA Bag 18.00

DATE Sea DEGLET TUNISIA kg 3.40 MEDJOOL ISRAEL kg 7.85 7.75 5.21 NOT DETERMINED TUNISIA kg 1.77

EDDOE Sea BRAZIL kg 1.80 1.50 COSTA RICA kg 2.08

GINGER Sea BRAZIL kg 2.80 2.50 CHINA kg 2.32

GUAVA Air BRAZIL kg 5.83 THAILAND kg 6.75

KUMQUAT Air BRAZIL kg 4.22 ISRAEL kg 4.25 3.94

LIME Air MEXICO kg 4.20 Sea BRAZIL kg 1.45 1.25 1.41 MEXICO kg 1.44 1.54

LITCHI Air NOT DETERMINED MADAGASCAR kg 5.01 5.00 MAURITIUS kg 5.00 SOUTH AFRICA kg 5.00 5.00 ON VINE MADAGASCAR kg 6.75 MAURITIUS kg 6.25 REUNION kg 9.25

MANGO Air KENT BRAZIL kg 4.70 4.25 NAM DOK MAI THAILAND kg 7.90 PALMER BRAZIL kg 3.51 Sea ATKINS BRAZIL kg 1.38 1.44 KENT BRAZIL kg 1.22 1.95 1.75 PERU kg 2.00 PALMER BRAZIL kg 1.33

EUROPEAN UNION — IN EUROS Belgium France Holland UK MANGOSTEEN Air INDONESIA kg 7.63 THAILAND kg 7.50

MANIOC Sea COSTA RICA kg 1.32 1.13 1.01

MELON Air CHARENTAIS SENEGAL kg 4.00 Sea CANTALOUP BRAZIL kg 1.70 1.25 CHARENTAIS BRAZIL kg 1.75 MOROCCO kg 1.35 GALIA BRAZIL kg 1.45 1.55 ISRAEL kg 1.25 HONEY DEW BRAZIL kg 1.00 COSTA RICA kg 0.86 SEEDLESS WATER BRAZIL kg 0.96 WATERMELON BRAZIL kg 0.80

PAPAYA Air FORMOSA BRAZIL kg 3.28 NOT DETERMINED BRAZIL kg 3.60 3.38 Sea BRAZIL kg 1.88 ECUADOR kg 2.05 2.02 MALAYSIA kg 2.36

PASSION FRUIT Air NOT DETERMINED COLOMBIA kg 6.75 5.50 PURPLE KENYA kg 4.65 4.50 3.85 REUNION kg 14.00 SOUTH AFRICA kg 5.00 ZIMBABWE kg 4.65 6.20 4.88 YELLOW COLOMBIA kg 8.00 8.03

PERSIMMON Sea ISRAEL kg 1.85 1.33

PHYSALIS Air PREPACKED COLOMBIA kg 9.50 7.91 Sea COLOMBIA kg 5.42 5.63

PINEAPPLE Air SMOOTH CAYENNE GHANA kg 2.05 VICTORIA MAURITIUS Box 11.00 12.50 MAURITIUS kg 3.65 REUNION kg 3.70 SOUTH AFRICA Box 11.00 10.75 Sea MD-2 COSTA RICA Box 8.87 9.25 8.68 COSTA RICA kg 0.95 ECUADOR Box 6.20

PITAHAYA Air RED VIET NAM kg 5.73 6.38 YELLOW COLOMBIA kg 9.20 ECUADOR kg 9.00 Sea RED VIET NAM kg 2.67

PLANTAIN Sea COLOMBIA kg 0.97 0.97 ECUADOR kg 0.93

RAMBUTAN Air THAILAND kg 7.38 VIET NAM kg 6.75 7.38

SWEET POTATO Sea EGYPT kg 0.90 0.84 HONDURAS kg 1.50 ISRAEL kg 1.72 1.47

TAMARILLO Air COLOMBIA kg 6.32 5.90 ECUADOR kg 6.32

YAM Air BRAZIL kg 2.65 Sea COTE D'IVOIRE kg 1.00 GHANA kg 1.25 1.15

Note: according to grade

These prices are based on monthly information from the Market News Service, International Trade Centre UNCTAD/WTO (ITC), Geneva. MNS - International Trade Centre, UNCTAD/WTO (ITC), Palais des Nations, 1211 Geneva 10, Switzerland T. 41 (22) 730 01 11 / F. 41 (22) 730 09 06

Growing and delivering fresh produce

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