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Issues in the Maintenance of Aboriginal Languages and Aboriginal English

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Issues in the Maintenance of Aboriginal Languages and Aboriginal English DOCUMENT RESUME ED 378 829 FL 022 748 AUTHOR Malcolm, Ian G. TITLE Issues in the Maintenance of Aboriginal Languages and Aboriginal English. PUB DATE Oct 94 NOTE 19p.; Paper presented at the Annual National Languages Conference of the Australian Federation of Modern Language Teachers' Associations (10th Perth, Western Australia, Australia, October 1-4, 1994). PUB TYPE Reports Descriptive (141) Viewpoints (Opinion/Position Papers, Essays, etc.)(120) EDRS PRICE MFO1 /PCO1 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS Bilingual Education; *English; Foreign Countries; *Indigenous Populations; *Language Maintenance; *Language Planning; Language Variation; *Native Language Instruction; Program Descriptions; Public Policy; *Regional Dialects; Standard Spoken Usage IDENTIFIERS *Australia; Edith Ccwan University (Australia) ABSTRACT Activities at Edith Cowan University (Australia) in support of the maintenance of Aboriginal languages and Aboriginal English are discussed. Discussion begins withan examination of the concept of language maintenance and the reasons it merits the attention of linguists, language planners, and language teachers. Australian policy concerning maintenance of Aboriginal languages is briefly outlined. Research on language maintenance and langyage shift in relation to endangered languages is also reviewed, and the ambiguous role of education in language maintenance is considered. Two areas in which Edith Cowan University has been activeare then described. The first is a pilot study of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander language development and maintenance needs and activities,a national initiative with its origins in national language and literacy policy. The second is an effort to mobilize teachers for bidialectal education, in both Aboriginal English and stand,Ardspoken English. The project involves the training of 20 volunteer teachers of Aboriginal children. The role of the university in facilitating change and supporting language maintenance is emphasized. Contains 13 references.(MSE) *********************************************************************** * Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best thatcan be made from the original document. *********************************************************************** ISSUES IN THE MAINTENANCEOF ABORIGINAL LANGUAGES AND ABORIGINALENGLISH Ian G. Malcolm Edith Cowan IMF zrsity Paper presented to the 10thNational Languages Conference of the Australian Federationof Modem Language Teachers' Associations, Sheraton Hotel, Perth, 1-4October, 1994. PERMISSION MATERIAL TO REPRODUCE HAS BEEN THIS U.S. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION GRANTED Office of Educational Research and Improvement BY EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC) waTtlia document has been reproduced an received born the person or organization originating it O Minor changes have been made to improve (*production Quality TO THEEDUCATIONAL INFORMATION RESOURCES Points olyiew of opinions stated in this docu. CENTER (ERIC)." merit do not necessarily represent otliciai OERI position or policy BEST COPY AVAILABLE Introduction I want in this paper to discuss work that has been going on at EdithCowan University in support of the maintenance of Aboriginal languages and AboriginalEnglish. Bef-:re saying something about two specific projects which are currently underway, and about theirimplications, I would like to discuss the concept of language maintenance and the reasons why I considerit merits the attention of linguists, language planners and language teachers. Why IS Language Maintenance an Issue? It is not difficult in the company of language teachers to find supportfor the concept of language maintenance. Language teachers may well perceive themselves to be agentsof language maintenance for society. While this may be true, it is not necessarily so, and, since thepredators which endanger languages are, essentially, other stronger languages, it could be argued thatlanguage teachers are agents not of language maintenance, but of its opposite: languageshift. Indeed, the biological analogy is commonly used today to show that languages arenatural phenomena which are just as threatened by extinction as are pandas, elephants andwhales, and for similar reasons. The economic and social conditions which are associated with presentday living have caused an encroachment of introduced linguistic species into the domains which, over untoldcenturies, favoured the development of unique and exquisitely adapted local varieties of linguisticcommunication (see, e.g., Robins and Uhlenbeck, 1991). But, if a language which is no longer used, goes, what does it matter? It might be arguedthat it has served its purpose and that nobody will be likely ever to want to learn it, and it should make wayfor languages that are more useful for modem life. Languages, in this view, are perhaps, able to be compare' to clothes, or cars, or computers, which get superseded. But does thatview do justice to any language? Stephen Wurm has argued that: "Every language reflects a unique world-view and culture complex mirroring the manner in which a speech community has resolved its problems in dealing with the world, and has formulated its thinking, its system of philosophy and understanding of the world around it. With the death of the language.an irreplaceable unit in our knowledge and understanding of human thought and world-view has been lost forever." (1991:17) 3 3 Languages, according to this view, are worth maintaining whether or not,in the context of the priorities imposed by present socio-economic conditions and theories,they are seen as useful, viableor valuable. Every language is, as it were, a research report about life,compiled by a longstanding succession of generations of researchers. Language maintenance is an issue wherever a community which has useda language finds the functions that language used to perform for them being overtakenby another language. What threatens the language usually threatens much more than the language: inparticular the core values and identity- laden associations which thelanguage has carried for its speakers. One of the impediments to language maintenance is migration, so many Australianshave had to face the possibility of loss of their mother tongue. We havetherefore developed, from the community level upwards, asupport infrastructure for community languages, involving special schools,community activities, publications, broadcasting, cultural events and bilingual servicesto enable languages of relatively small numbers of speakers to survive in this overwhelminglyEnglish speaking environment. While we have been relatively successful in maintainingsome of the languages for which our community is not solely responsible, that is, languages which havean overseas base (see Clyne and Kipp, 1994), we have been particularly unsuccessful in maintainingthe languages for which Australiais the sole home, that is, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander languages.According to Professor Bob Dixon of the Australian NationalUniversity, "Most of the original languages of Australia are already extinctand almost all the remainder willsoon follow" (1991:229-230). Of, perhaps 250 languagesspoken here two hundred years ago, we may have left only tenpercent by the end of the next hundred years, even if we do belatedly takesome effective steps towards language maintenance. This, then, is primarily why language maintenance isan issue for Australia. Language Maintenance and Australian Language Policy One of the primary objectives of language policy in Australia over the last ten years has been the maintenance of Aboriginal languages. The 1984 Report on a National Language Policy, produced by the Senate Standing Committee on Education and the Arts, contained 16 recommendations on Australian Aboriginal languages, including recommendations to further the study and description of endangered languages and the documentation and teaching, through bilingual education, of surviving languages. The Australian Language and Literacy Policy (1991:19) laid down as the third of its four overall goals that: Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander languages should be maintained and developed where they are still transmitted. Other languages should be assisted in an appropriate way, for example, through recording. These activities should only occur where the speakers so desire and in consulift'ion with their community, for the benefit of the descendants of their speakers ar..,t for the nation's heritage. More recently, the Department of Employment, Education and Training, in its brochure Getting the Word Out, indicated that To try and ensure that no more Aboriginal languages are lost and that existing languages continue to be used, a series of special projects will work for Aboriginal language maintenance (1992:11). (It is essentially one such project which is to be featured later in this paper.) The national policy statements have their reflection in state policies. In the Western Australian language policy document (Kaldor and Malcolm, 1988) there were 14 recommendations on Aboriginal languages including recommendations for the establishment of bilingual and language maintenance programmes in schools. Language maintenance is, then, recognized as an issue and action on language maintenance has been enshrined in language policy. We are, however, still in the early stages of clarifying what we mean by language maintenance for Aboriginal people, let alone of achieving 5- What Do We Know About LanguageMaintenance and Language Shift in Relationto Endangered Languages? There is
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