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Development of a Learner's Grammar for Paakantyi COPYRIGHT AND USE OF THIS THESIS This thesis must be used in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright Act 1968. Reproduction of material protected by copyright may be an infringement of copyright and copyright owners may be entitled to take legal action against persons who infringe their copyright. Section 51 (2) of the Copyright Act permits an authorized officer of a university library or archives to provide a copy (by communication or otherwise) of an unpublished thesis kept in the library or archives, to a person who satisfies the authorized officer that he or she requires the reproduction for the purposes of research or study. The Copyright Act grants the creator of a work a number of moral rights, specifically the right of attribution, the right against false attribution and the right of integrity. You may infringe the author’s moral rights if you: - fail to acknowledge the author of this thesis if you quote sections from the work - attribute this thesis to another author - subject this thesis to derogatory treatment which may prejudice the author’s reputation For further information contact the University’s Copyright Service. sydney.edu.au/copyright ! Development!of!a!Learner’s! Grammar!for!Paakantyi! ! Elena!Handlos!Andersen! ! A"thesis"submitted"in"fulfilment"of"the"requirements"for"the"degree"of" Master"of"Arts"(Research)" " " " School!of!Linguistics,!Faculty!of!Arts!and!Social!Sciences! The!University!of!Sydney! 2015! ! ! Acknowledgements! " First"and"foremost,"I"would"like"to"thank"the"Paakantyi"community"for"allowing"me"to"compile"the" Paakantyi"learner’s"grammar"and"for"welcoming"me"to"meetings"of"the"Paakantyi"Language"Circle." I"am"indebted"to"Luise"Hercus,"whose"substantial"work"on"Paakantyi"language"provided"the"basis"for" the"learner’s"grammar,"and"who"generously"made"herself"available"to"respond"to"my"various" questions." I"would"also"like"to"sincerely"thank"my"supervisors,"Michael"Walsh"and"Linda"Barwick,"who"diligently" checked"my"work"and"supplied"me"with"useful"feedback"and"resources."" A"heartfelt"thank"you"is"owed"to"John"Hobson,"who"helped"spark"my"interest"in"Indigenous" languages"as"an"undergraduate"student"studying"Gamilaraay,"and"who"has"supported"me"in"my" endeavours"ever"since."John"provided"guidance"in"my"pursuit"of"linguistics"studies"and"then"later" helped"me"to"find"a"topic"for"my"Master"of"Arts"thesis."Throughout"the"duration"of"my"degree"John" patiently"assisted"me"with"many"queries"and"provided"a"wealth"of"invaluable"advice."" Finally,"I"wish"to"thank"Robert"Lindsay,"Susan"Poetsch,"Marjory"Ellsmore,"Mari"Rhydwen"and"Kevin" Lowe"for"their"assistance"with"this"project." ! ! Abstract! " Paakantyi"is"an"Indigenous"language"group"from"western"New"South"Wales."Although"classified"as" critically"endangered,"Paakantyi"is"undergoing"an"active"process"of"renewal,"with"a"number"of" initiatives"underway."There"is,"however,"an"acknowledged"need"for"more"accessible"resources"to" support"teachers"and"learners"in"their"language"renewal"efforts."Community"demand,"combined" with"the"substantial"language"documentation"and"grammatical"analysis"that"has"already"been"done," makes"Paakantyi"an"ideal"target"for"a"learner’s"grammar,"the"creation"of"which"is"the"focus"of"this" project.! The"first"section"of"this"thesis"is"a"dissertation"providing"background"information"relating"to"the" Paakantyi"people"and"their"language;"a"summary"of"Paakantyi"language"documentation"and"renewal" activities;"and"a"description"of"the"processes"undergone"in"creating"the"learner’s"grammar." The"second"and"most"substantial"component"of"this"thesis"is"the"learner’s"grammar"itself,"which"is" based"on"Luise"Hercus’"1982"book"The$Bāgandji$Language."The"framework"of"the"learner’s"grammar" was"created"by"summarising"grammatical"descriptions"in"The$Bāgandji$Language"and"supplementing" these"with"examples"and"additional"information"taken"from"more"recent"resources."Summaries"of" key"concepts"have"been"added"to"the"end"of"each"section"so"that"the"reader"can"easily"refer"to"these" without"reWreading"the"longer"text."The"terminology"used"has"been"simplified"so"that"the"grammar" can"be"read"and"understood"by"nonWspecialists."In"some"cases,"detailed"explanations"have"been" added"to"Hercus’"examples"so"that"complex"grammatical"processes"can"be"more"readily"understood" by"learners."In"addition,"the"orthography"of"all"Paakantyi"lexical"items"used"in"grammatical" descriptions"and"example"sentences"has"been"updated"to"conform"to"that"currently"used"by"the" Paakantyi"community."" ! ! Preface! " Part"1"of"the"thesis"consists"of"a"dissertation,"which"is"entirely"the"author’s"own"work." Part"2"of"the"thesis"consists"of"the"Paakantyi"Learner’s"Grammar."The"framework"of"this"grammar" uses"rephrased"grammatical"descriptions"and"example"sentences"taken"from"The$Bāgandji$Language" (Hercus"1982)."The"work"undertaken"by"the"author"can"be"summarised"as"follows,"with"relevant" sections"from"Part"1"of"the"thesis"shown"in"parentheses:"summarising"and"simplifying"the"grammar" (4.1);"updating"the"orthography"(4.2);"selecting"and"clarifying"examples"(4.3);"and"attempting"to" establish"rules"and"patterns"(4.4)." Human"ethics"approval"for"this"research"has"been"sought"and"granted"(project"number"2013/450)." " Part%1:%Dissertation% TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1: BACKGROUND __________________________________________________________ 2 1.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 2 1.2 Indigenous Languages in Australia .............................................................................................. 2 1.3 Paakantyi Language/Wiimpatya Parlku ....................................................................................... 4 1.4 History ........................................................................................................................................ 11 1.5 Recent Linguistic and Cultural Documentation ......................................................................... 22 CHAPTER 2: LANGUAGE RENEWAL ___________________________________________________ 29 2.1 Recent and Current Work .......................................................................................................... 29 2.2 Language Revival Issues ............................................................................................................. 30 CHAPTER 3: PLANNING THE PAAKANTYI LEARNER’S GRAMMAR ____________________________ 36 3.1 Community Consultation ........................................................................................................... 36 3.2 Reviewing Learner’s Guides ....................................................................................................... 36 3.3 Deciding on the Model............................................................................................................... 41 CHAPTER 4: CREATING THE PAAKANTYI LEARNER’S GRAMMAR ____________________________ 43 4.1 Summarising and Simplifying the Grammar .............................................................................. 43 4.2 Updating the Orthography......................................................................................................... 51 4.3 Selecting and clarifying examples .............................................................................................. 55 4.4 Attempting to Establish Rules and Patterns .............................................................................. 56 CHAPTER 5: CONCLUDING REMARKS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS ____________________________ 58 APPENDIX A _____________________________________________________________________ 59 REFERENCE LIST _________________________________________________________________ 60 1 CHAPTER 1: BACKGROUND 1.1 Introduction The Darling River language (often referred to as ‘Paakantyi’) is an Indigenous language group from western New South Wales. Although classified as critically endangered, Paakantyi is undergoing an active process of renewal, with a number of initiatives underway. There is, however, an acknowledged need for more accessible resources to support teachers and learners in their language renewal efforts, the available language materials at the time that this project was undertaken being either too technical or not adequately comprehensive to be used for teaching and learning purposes (Butcher, M & Lindsay, R 2011, pers. comm., 14 June). In addition, the orthographical conventions used for Paakantyi have been revised since the publication of Luise Hercus’ 1982 grammar The Bāgandji language and a text using the new system of orthography is therefore required. Community demand, combined with the substantial language documentation and grammatical analysis that has been done, makes Paakantyi an ideal target for a learner’s grammar, the creation of which is the focus of this project. This essay will give an overview of the linguistic situation in Australia and more specifically, of the historical and current situation for Paakantyi. Following this, the planning stages and creation process of the Paakantyi learner’s grammar will be discussed and finally, concluding remarks made. Note that all the examples in this essay taken from Hercus’ 1982 grammar and the 2002 CD-ROM (Wiimpatya Palku = Paakantyi language) have been adapted to the orthography used in the learner’s grammar. 1.2 Indigenous LAnguages in Australia The colonisation of Australia has had a devastating impact on Indigenous languages. Of the estimated 250 languages spoken in
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