REVIEW OF SANITATION STATUS IN AFRICA FROM THREE PERSPECTIVES
(Joint Monitoring Program, Africa Infrastructure Country Diagnostic, Country Status Reviews)
Wambui Gichuri Water and Sanitation Program-Africa Main Messages
We have good data and strong basis to be more strategic
One size does not fit allÆ different approaches
Focus on national action plans and progress monitoring
2 Delivering Africasan +5.. The partnership
•AMCOW
•AFDB
•UNICEF
•UNSGAB
•WSSCC
•WHO
•The World Bank
•WSP
•Hosts – DWAF, City of Durban 3 A key input….assessing the status of sanitation in Africa
Three Initiatives:
Joint Monitoring Program: UNICEF & WHO
Africa Infrastructure Country Diagnostic: World Bank and AFDB, NEPAD, ADF, DFID, PPIAF, EC
Country Status Reviews: African Development Bank and the Water and Sanitation Program
4 Africa is not on track to meet the MDG sanitation target
In 16 of the 54 countries in Africa, sanitation coverage is less than 25 per cent
Percentage of population using an improved sanitation facility, 2006 100
80 66 0 - 25% 60 26 - 50% 51 - 75% 40 38 41 76 - 100%
No data (%) Coverage 33 20
0 1990 2006 2015 Sanitation trend
Trend required for MDG target
5 Sanitation Challenges Differ Across Countries
Prevalence of open defecation Prevalence of traditional latrines
Benin, Burkina Faso, Chad, Ethiopia, Niger CAR, Cote d’Ivoire, Congo (Brazza), DRC, Guinea, Kenya, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia
100% 10 0 % 80%
80% 60% 60% 40% 40% 20% 20% 0% 0% Flush Toilet Flush T oilet VIP/ San VIP/San Plat/ Chemical Traditional Plat/ Chemical Traditional latrine No facility latrine No facility
Key policy challenge is large scale Key policy challenge is how to behavior change at first rung of the finance upgrading of traditional ladder latrines Source: AICD DHS/MICS Survey Database, 2007 6 Capacity and M&E For Planning and Delivery
7 Scaling Up & Sustaining
•Promising Best Practices, but progress insufficient • Dakar, Senegal: 20 % access increase of sanitation within 3 years
• Southern Region of Ethiopia: access to sanitation increased from 13% (2003) to 88% (2008)
• Burkina Faso: urban sanitation budget increased by 40% in 2008
• Tanzania: funding for sanitation increased to about $10m annually 8 Following on from Africasan +5…
The eThekwini Declaration
•Focus on supporting:
•Development & implementation of national action plans
•Monitoring and tracking progress at country level
•AMCOW to track regional progress
•Partnerships key!
9 CONDOMINIAL SEWERAGE SYSTEMS Key messages from Latin America
Francois Brikke Sanitation in Latin America
3 countries have already reached the MDG (Mexico, Venezuela, Chile) 7 other countries will reach the MDG on time (Argentina, Colombia, Ecuador, Guatemala, Paraguay, República Dominicana y Uruguay) But, still very poor rural coverage, with for ex. : (Bolivia : 22%; Nicaragua: 34%; Peru: 32%; …) Urban sanitation remains a challenge everywhere for the poor (basic sanitation); for the rich (management of wastes) 11 Condominial: an approach in high demand
Widely spread in Brazil, especially in poor areas, but also in higher income areas (Brazilia) Developed in El Alto, Bolivia, Low income areas of Lima Peru Now wide demand at municipal levels in LAC Study tours organized
12 1. The condominial approach has both a technical and a social dimension
Technical dimension: it is basically a network of small diameter pipes laid at shallow depth
population density (min. 200 people / ha): cost – efficiency
piped water supply (sufficient wastewater generation)
consider additional works! (drainage, solid waste)
13 1. The condominial approach has both a technical and a social dimension
Social dimension “Condominiums” are the “neighborhood” units
It implies some community organization
It requires: o close relationships between the service provider and the users o complementary actions (hygiene promotion, sanitary education, participation in construction, O&M)
14 1. The condominial approach has both a technical and a social dimension
Conventional system Condominial system 15
Source: Melo, 2006 2. Condominial systems are an effective way to provide sanitation in urban areas
Facts from Latin America: an estimated 5 million people (rich + poor) in over 200 towns and cities are served with condominial (or simplified) sewerage in Brazil (Melo, 2007)
CAESB (Brasilia) > 120,000 households connected (Neder, 2007) EMBASA (Salvador) > 130,000 households connected (Lima Machado, 2006)
CS are gaining ground in LAC (Bolivia, Peru, Honduras, Nicaragua, Ecuador, etc)
16 2. Condominial systems are an effective way to provide sanitation in urban areas
Benefits and advantages Cost savings (up to 50% compared to conventional systems) • reduced network length due to system layout • less excavation • savings in materials
Higher ownership, contributions, adequate use • due to community involvement
Higher health benefits • high connection rates + good hygiene practices due to social interventions
High flexibility • Application in structured (“rich”) and unplanned (“poor”) settlements due to various design options, easier construction 17 3. It takes a a good dissemination strategy for a successful start
Some perceptions “hydraulics do not work” (engineers) “It’s a system for the poor” (the population)
Resistance to involve communities existing technical norms and standards constitute a barrier
18 3. It takes a a good dissemination strategy for a successful start
Dissemination strategy Lead promoter & creation of an enabling environment
Where and how to start? • get information on the condominial approach • get convinced: join a study tour • with a vision in mind, seek support from the International Cooperation! Expect resistance to change! (institutional, technical, operational changes) Start with pilot projects, gradually expand Consider a one – message – approach to avoid misperceptions
Adapt technical standards
19 A promising approach, but does not solve it all
Treatment of sewerage needs to be planned as well
20 Ready to start?
21 COMMUNITY LED TOTAL SANITATION
South Asia Ramesh Mukallah 23 THE ECONOMICS OF SANITATION INITIATIVE (ESI)
Contributing to Improved Decision Making
Almud Weitz Water and Sanitation Program East Asia and Pacific Why Economics?
In East Asia, public spending on sanitation is low ¾ Sanitation is not a priority (national or subnational) ¾ Sanitation and hygiene still seen as a private matter ¾ No single institutional home for sanitation
Need to improve effectiveness of public investments Private spending on sanitation limited Consumer demand not stimulated
Limited evidence in Asia to stimulate demand and support evidence-based decision making 25 Economic Impact Study
Aim: to measure the financial and economic impacts of poor sanitation ¾ Results in time for EASAN in 11/2007 ¾ Modeling using available secondary data ¾ Impacts presented at national and sub- national level ¾ Assessment of impacts by age, gender and rural-urban Focus on major impacts or impacts which help make the case for sanitation: health, water, environment, tourism, and other welfare (time loss, intangibles)
26 Key Findings
Sanitation-related economic losses in 4 countries: 9 billion US$ p.a.
US$30 per capita
2% of GDP
27 Cumulative Impact
35 Tourism 30 Other welfare Environment 25 Water Health 20
15
10
5 Economic losses (US$ / capita) 0 Cambodia Indonesia Philippines Vietnam 28 Health Impacts
- Up to a dollar per capita health care costs - Economic costs dominated by premature mortality
14 12.7 12.2 n 12 io 11.0 ill b 10 4.8 $ S 50% of economic 8 t U os cost = indirect disease 6 c al nu 4 An 2.4 2 1.6 1.0 0.8 0.4 0.7 0.6 0.4 0.1 0 Health-related economic cost (US$ per capita) per (US$ cost economic Health-related Cambodia Indonesia Philippines Vietnam
Health care Productivity Premature death 29 Water Impacts ) ita n p o 6.8 lli bi er ca er 5.8 p 2.3 $
US$ US$ 8 S ( t U 7 3.2 s co 6 l 2.3 2.3 ua 5 n 1.4 0.8 n 0.6 0.7 A 0.4 0.3 4 0.1 Water costs dominated 3 by access to clean
2 drinking water
1
0 W ater-related economW ater-related cost ic Cambodia Indonesia Philippines Vietnam
Drinking water costsDomestic use water Fishcosts production losses
30 Dissemination
31 Now moving into ESI Phase 2 The Sanitation ‘Options’ Cost-Benefit Study
Aim: to compare the costs and benefits of improved sanitation options in selected country settings ¾ Data collection from at least 5 field sites per country ¾ Program approaches as well as technical sanitation options ¾ Range of sanitation options and target populations ¾ Human excreta and hygiene measures
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