Albania
POLITICAL AND INFORMATIVE REVIEW todayTIRANA N°l (74) / 1984
Atbania t;ociay
CONTENTS: The 4th Session of the 10th Legisl ature of the People's Assembly 2 Concern for the health of man 12 AJLI ALUSHANI The PLA on the treatment and correct solution
of contradictions in socialist society 17 ISMAIL LLESHI The development of national culture is a vital problem, an imperative for the defence of the freedom and independence of every country 27 SOFOKLI LAZRI Some features of the Albanian novel 30 DRITERO AGOLLI Marx's philosophy and the development of science and the technical-scientific revolution at the present time 34 KRISTAQ ANGJELI Post-modernism - a new expression of decadentism in esthetics and art 42 ALFRED UCI i^v: The problems of Kosova ^ ^ =2 V; , ^ ' can be solved only with wisdom nr^« & is t'^^ v , and dispationately 50 -ZERI i POPULLIT» The Stockholm Conference-another peace ill usion 54 -
Assembly. Comrade Qirjako Mihali, Minister of Finances, delivering his report.
the development of the economy and culture of the People's Socialist Republic of Albania for 1984 and the Law on the state budget for 1984, unanimously in principle and article by article. The floor was given to Comrade Besnik Bekteshi, vice-chairman of the Council of Ministe-rs, who, on behalf of the Council of Ministers, presented the draft on the requests, complaints, suggestions and proposals by the citizens. The importance of this draft-law, he said among other things, is determined by the contents of the problem it treats, which has a marked political, ideological, social and juridicial character. It is closely connected with the continuous strength• ening of the socialist juridical order, the extension and deepening of proletarian democracy, which guarantees the broad participation of the working people in the governing of the country and defends the freedoms and rights of citizens, harmonizing personal interests with the general interests. The right of the citizens to put forward demands, complaints, suggestions and proposals on personal, social and state matters, which stems from our Constitution, said Comrade Besnik Bekteshi further in his speech, is not just a legitimate expression, but above all, it is a real guarantee which finds its realization in our daily life. The deputies unanimously approved the Law on requests, complaints, suggesstions and proposals of the citizens, in principle, article by article and as a whole. Then, the secretary of the Presidium of the People's Assembly, Sihat Tozaj, presented the report on the decrees issued by the Presidium of the People's Assembly, which were endorsed as a whole and one by one by the deputies. The chairman of the presidency of the People's Assembly, Comrade Pali Miska, held the closing speech. With this the 4th session of the 10th legislature of the People's Assembly ended its work with success. ON THE FULFILMEN - AND BUDG] AND ON THE DRAF AND BUDG] From the report QIRJAKO MI HA LI, Minister of Fin
THIS YEAR THAT IS COMING TO ITS END, THE WORKING CLASS, THE COOPERATIVIST PEASANTRY AND THE WORKING PEOPLE OF THE COUNTRY, UNDER THE LEADERSHIP OF THE PARTY WITH COMRADE ENVER HOXHA AT THE HEAD, HAVE CARRIED OUT THE CORRECT MARXIST-LENINIST LINE AND POLICY OF THE PARTY WITH DETERMINATION, FURTHER STEPPED UP THEIR STRUGGLE TO PUT INTO PRACTICE THE TASKS OF THE 8TH CONGRESS OF THE PARTY AND SCORED A SERIES OF NEW SUCCESSES IN ALL FIELDS OF THE POLITICAL, ECONOMIC AND CULTURAL LIFE AND IN THE STRENGTHENING OF THE DEFENCE OF THE COUNTRY, WITH A HIGH REVOLUTIONARY SPIRIT. THE ACHIEVEMENTS OF THE YEAR 1983 IN THE OVERALL ADVANCE OF THE COUNTRY ON THE ROAD OF THE CONSTRUCTION AND DEFENCE OF SOCIALISM WERE REALIZED IN THE CONDITIONS OF THE SAVAGE IMPERIALIST-REVISIONIST ENCIRCLEMENT AND BLOCKADE. AT THE SAME TIME, IN 1983 WE HAVE HAD TO COPE ALSO WITH THE DIFFICULTIES THAT WERE CREATED AS A RESULT OF TWO YEARS OF DROUGHT. The overcoming of these difficulties with success is year 1982. The standard of living of the working masses a great victory which speilcs of and once again confirms was raised still higher and steps were taken towards the correctness of the Marxist-Leninist economic line the further narrowing of distinctions between town and and policy which the Party has always applied, the vi• countryside. tality and stability of our socialist economy in all the Despite the deficits that were created in the produc• grave and difficult situatioTis that have bee.i created for us. tion of electric power by the hydro-power plants and Comrade deputies, allow me to present to this ses• the difficulties resulting therefrom, the total industrial sion of the People's Assembly, on behalf of the Council production of 1983 has shown a growth. Production in of Ministers, the main achievements in the fulfilment of some important branches and products of industry in• the economic plan and the state budget of 19S3, the creased at very rapid rates, e.g., in the coal industry — tasks of the draft of the state plan and budget for 8.4 per cent, copper industry — 7.9 per cent, the produc• 1984, and some directions in which the Council of Mi• tion of steels — 29 per cent, engineering industry — 3 nisters and the state and economic organs will focas per cent, the production of wood and paper — 3.3 per their attention in particular in their work. cent, light industry — 6.4 per cent, food-processing industry — 4 per cent, etc. The achievements in agriculture during this year are much greater than those of any other year of the During 1983 the socialist reproduction of the country five-year plan. Overall agricultural production is expec• assumed still greater proportions. The material-technical ted to be about 9 per cent greater than that of 1982. Per• base of industry, agriculture and of all the other br?-n- ceptible increases were made in wheat, sun-flower, fruits ches of the economy and culture was further strengthen• and olive in which the planned tasks were overfulfilled. ed on the basis of the further increase of the social From all the acreage sown with wheat this year we product, on t'.ic realization of the national income and took in 31 quintals per hectare, which is the highest yield investments on proportions greater than those of the ever taHeu in our country. During this year the production OF THE STATE PLAN T FOR 1983, OF THE STATE PLAN r FOR 1984 livered by Comrade ces, on behalf of the Council of Ministers
o£ sugar-beet, potato, beans, vegetables, milk, eggs, etc. cooperatives. With the setting up of the state farm of was greater than that of last year. Plasa and Grecallia began the process of the transfor• The volume of investments made for the develop• mation of the stronger higher-type cooperatives into state ment of the economy and culture was 4 billion and 875 farms. The concentration and specialization of agricul• million leks, or 4 per cent greater than in 1982. During tural crops has been further improved mainly in the this year constructions were placed better in the service zone with priority intensification. of production and other social activities. A number of On the basis of the tasks set by the Party and the socio-cultural and productive projects have come into teachings of Comrade Enver Hoxha, the state and eco• production. High rates have characierized the work at nomic organs at the base and the centre perfected and the «Enver Hoxha>> hydro-power plant of Roman and revolutionized the method of direction, which was con• on many other projects. This year the state built 10 500 cretized in the implementation of the measures for appartments, which fulfilled the tasks for the last three the strengthening of the savings regime everywhere, as years of the five-year plan taken together. never before. The dynamic development and the stability of our The 8th Plenum of the Central Committee of the economy, the lowering of costs and the increase of ef• Party, assessing the achievements of 1983 in all fields fectiveness, have further strengthened the finances and of life, stressed that the overall balance of the struggle, the currency circulation of the country. Relying on our efforts and achievements of the working people is posi• own financial and valutary sources, the state budget en• tive and encouraging. sured a continuity in financing all the development of the economy, culture, education, health and the defence of the country. * * The living conditions of the working people were The tasks for 1984 envisage high rates of the en• further improved in 1983 on the basis of the develop• larged socialist reproduction and the development of the ment of production and the sectors of socio-cultural ac• various branches of material production, in the first tivities. The real per capita income of the population place, of industry and agriculture. These targets constitute increased over 4 per cent, while the purchasing power an indispensability which stems from the needs of the of the people and the circulation of retail trade goods advancement of the economy relying completely on our nearly 6 per cent. Communal services were further ex• own forces and the existing possibilities. The targets tended, especially in the countryside. Further steps for• that will be achieved in the development of the economy ward were made in the development of education, culture and culture are balanced and completely guaranteed on and health services. the material, financial, valutary base and investments. In the implementation of the directives of the 8th But the creation and utilization of the latter have been Congress of the Party, the measures were adopted to calculated and planned on the basis of the increase, on perfect the relations of production. The agricultural a higher rate, of the effectiveness of production and cooperatives of the zone with priority intensification the implementation of a strong regime of frugality every• have been treated on the same terms as the higher-type where and for everything. The tasks of the develop- 6 • 1 (74), 1984 - 4 ALBANIA TODAY
ment of the economy and culture in 1984 are connected The chemical industry, too, will develop further with the maintaining and further raising of the mate• during 1984. The level of production of chemical fertili• rial and cultural level of the people, while at the zers is envisaged to rise above the tasks of the five- same time, deepening the proce^ of narrowing distinc• year plan; this target is to be achieved mainly through tions between countryside and town. a better exploitation of the existing productive capa• In industry: total industrial production is envisaged cities. to increase 8.5 per cent against the expected fulfilment Along with the strengthening of heavy industry, of 1983. This increase of production, in general, will be special care will be devoted as always, during 1984, expected from the complex development of the power also to the high-rate development of th^ light and food- industry and, in the first place, of the oi> industry, the processing industries. The volume of the production of introduction into economic circulation of still greater quan• consumer goods is envisaged to be increased 6.4 per tities of mineral sources and the further improvement of cent against 1983. Further steps ahead will be taken in the structure of the heavy processing industries. In this order to fulfil the needs of the people regarding the manner the role of industry of the production of means structure of goods, as well as to secure the complete ot production, as the main factor to guarantee and carry industrialization of the agricultural and livestock pro• forward all the other tasks in the field of the economy, ducts. will be further strengthened. In the draft plan proposed here, the Council of In order to attain the targets set to the oil in• Ministers, on the basis of the orientations of the 8th dustry, on the basis of the tasks raised at the 8th Ple• Plenum of the Central Committee of the Party, envisages num of the Central Ck)mmittee of the Party, investments major targets for the development of agriculture. The and valutary expenditure will be greater than those overall agricultural production is envisaged to increase allocated in the forecasts of the five-year plan for over 14 per cent against 1983. This is an arduous duty, the year 1984. With this it is envisaged to step up the if we bear in mind that during 1983 agricultural pro• rates for the intensification of the oil-bearing fields duction achieved a perceptible growth against 1982, but under exploitation and the zones still unprospeoted for, it is completely possible to be attained and based on as well as to raise the degree of guarantee for the at• scientific argument. tainment of the targets of the uninterrupted strengthen• The fundamental task for field crops remains the ing of the industrial reserves of oil and gas, which production of bread grain, which is envisaged to increase are indispensable for the perspective development of about 7.3 per cent against 1983. Thus, wheat yields in the economy. the plains zone will be 42 Quintals per hectare and in On the basis of the orientations and teachings of the hilly-mountainous zone 26 quintals per hectare, the Party for the ceaseless extension and strengthening whereas maize yields will be 58 quintals per hectare in of the energy base of the country the tasks set for the plains and 33 quintals per hectare in the hilly- the extraction of coal are greater than those envisaged mountainous zone. in the five-year plan; thus coal production is to in• But, as the 8th Plenum of the Central Committee
1 (74), 1984 • 9
In view of the main tasks of the draft of the eco• nomic plan and state budget for the year 1983, the Coun• cil of Ministers, in conformity with the orientations of the 8th Plenum of the Central Committee of the Party, has envisaged the measures that will be taken for per• fecting the socialist relations of production, especially for the further improvement of the relations of exchange between town and countryside, for achieving the tasks of the zone of priority intensification, for deepening the measures towards strengthening the cooperatives of a livestock-raising direction, etc. Likewise, great work will be carried out in 1984 especially in order to complete a series of complex socio-economic studies, which will serve as the basis for the leading organs of the Party and state to draft outlines of the 8th Five-year Plan.
• * *
The major tasks envisaged under the draft of the state plan and budget for 1934, the year of the 40th an• niversary of the Liberation of the Homeland and the triumph of the people's revolution, have decisive Im• portance for the entire five-year plan. The management of our socialist system of the eco• nomy with fruitfulness and frugality has been and re• mains one of its unalterable features. In 1984 intensive work will be carried out in order to implement the measures for the frugal utilization of electric energy and fuels. The 8th Plenum of the Central Committee of the Party instructed that the lowering of costs of produc• tion in constructions and everywhere else be conceived in a more comprehensive manner and realized as one of the important pillars of the plan. The carrying out of the tasks of the state plan and budget for 1984 is closely connected with the realization and carrying out of the tasks for the increase of the productivity of labour. Next year the increase of the productivity of labour will account for more than 52 per cent of the increase of the social product. A special target of the draft plan of 1984 is the solution of the problem of finding occupation for the active work force connecting this also with the major tasks that emerge about the increase of the productivity of labour. Next year about 27 thousand work places will
In the first row: Comrades Enver Hoxha, Ramiz Alia and Adil Qarqani
1 (74), 1984 m 11
be created in the state sector of the ecanomy and culture. The state and economic organs must work better to occupy these forces with work. • The Party has continuously instructed that the key to the solution of the problems connected with the inten• sification and increase of the effectiveness of the eco• nomy is the ceaseless development and deepening of the technical-scientific revolution, the application of work and technical discipline. The implementation of the new achievements of science and technology is not just a Question of desire, but a necessity for the fulfilment of our plan:« in quantity, quality, in time and according to forecast expenditure. Today the possibilities for the Implementation of the new achievements of science and technology are greater than ever until now.
The tasks envisaged in this draft plan have been entirely based on our own forces, on the great capacities and possibilities of our economy to increase its propor• tions. Fulfilment of these tasks on all fronts is directly linked with the strengthening of the defence capacity of the Homeland still further, making it an insuperable barrier to any aggressor. Our people are building socialism with confidence at a time when the imperialist-revisionist world is in the grip of a grave economic, political and social crisis. Our gains please the friends of socialist Albania any• where in the world and displease its enemies. The lea• ders of Belgrade, through various slanders and inven• tions which have been further intensified recently, strive to darken our successes and to discredit socialist Alba• nia, in order to cover up the difficult situation that exists in Yugoslavia and especially the political and economic persecution of the Kosovars and all the Albanians who live in Yugoslavia. By presenting the draft of the state plan and budget of the next year for examination and approval, the Council of Ministers is fully confident that the working masses of the whole country, led by the Party with Comrade Enver Hoxha at the head, conscious of the situations in which we build and defend socialism, will multiply their efforts, mobilization and drive at work, in order to go to the 40th anniversary of the Liberation of the Homeland and the triumph of the popular revo• lution proud of their achievements and turn into a reality all the tasks the Party and the plan of the year 1984 have set to them.
Mi': fetif, sv~_??- - -. . • V- '
The deputies approve unarumously the law on the state plan for the development of the economy and culture of the PSRA in 1984. ; CONCERT The setting T7/^TJ T^TTTT up of a unified 17 V^IV A XTH prophylactic treatment and educational system d on a whole series of laws, de constantly improving and
THE PARTY OF LABOUR OF ALBANIA HAS WORKED OUT A COM• PREHENSIVE PROGRAM OF MEDICAL CARE WHICH HAS ITS MAIN DI• RECTIONS, ITS SCIENTIFIC BASES OF ORGANIZATION AND ITS CONCRETE MEASURES FOR THE IMPROVEMENT OF THE CONDITIONS OF LIVING AND THE PROTECTION OF THE HEALTH OF THE PEOPLE. AS IN OTHER FIELDS, IN THAT OF PUBLIC HEALTH, TOO, BEFORE LIBERATION ALBANIA WAS THE MOST BACKWARD COUNTRY OF EUROPE, WITH ONLY A FEW HEALTH INSTITUTIONS IN THE MORE IMPORTANT TOWNS, WITH HALF OF ITS POPULATION SUFFERING FROM MALARIA, WITH INFECTIOUS DISEASES AND ESPECIALLY SYPHILISIS, TUBERCU• LOSIS, TYPHOID, ETC. WORKING HAVOC, WITH ONE DOCTOR PER ABOUT 10 000 INHABITANTS AND WITH VERY EXPENSIVE MEDICINES. Along with the great work for the The measures taken for the equip- healing of the wounds of the war ment of the medical institutions with and the reconstruction of tlie coun• modern treatment means, laboratories, try, urgent measures were taken for etc., as well as for the specialization the elimination of infectious diseases, and further qualification of the medi• for the training of medical cadres cal personnel have enabled our me• and the organization of a network of dical science to rely on its forces for sanitary-epidemiological institutions on the solution of diagnostic and treat• scientific bases. The number of health ment problems and employ modern institutions increased from one five- methods and means such as electronic year plan to the other, the founda• scanning, scin tillographic exploration, tions were laid of mother and child- roentgendiagnostics, roentgentelevi- care, the health service in the coun• sion, etc. tryside was extended and strengthe• In the Capital there are many spe- ned, a considerable number of medi• •cialized medical institutions such as cal cadres were trained and the pro• clinics equipped with the most up-to- phylactic aspect of our health service date apparati and means. Medical ser• deepened. Protecting the health of the vice in the hospitals of the districts people today tihere are medical institu• is being raised to an ever higher level tions, outpatient clinics and hospitals and, with the measures that are being which are found even in the remotest t£iken, they are being turned into im• corners of the country, with 5 294 ca• portant centres for treatment as well dres and specialists (one doctor per as for medical research and qualifi• 743 inhabitants). At present there is cation. Medical institutions in the no unified village without one or se• districts provide today many speciali• veral doctors and stomatologists. zed services which did not exist in AJLl ALUSHANI — Minister of Health the past in such fields as pediatry, HEALTH OF MAN cted by the State and based ons and regulations has resulted in the health of our people ir life expectancy uninterruptedly rising.
surgery, obsitetrics and gynecology, hy• permanent method of work of our cation. By the end of 1985 we will giene and epidemiology, otoiatry, ocu- health institutions and cadres in city have one doctor per every 700 in• listics, neuro-psychiatry, laboratory and country to check up on the state habitants, dentists excluded. The train• analyses, etc. In the larger districts uf. health of the working people and, ing of the medical cadres is done function some specialized services of on this basis, work out the necessary according to the needs of the medical a narrower profile such as cardiology, prophylactic, scientific and organiza• service both in city and country. gastro-enterology, endocrinology, hae- tional measures. About 42 per cent of the students of matology, professional diseases, neona- The measures recently taken by the high medical schools and above 60 talogy-prematurance, anesthetics, rea- Government for the further intensifi• per cent of the students of middle nimation, orthopedics, traumatology, cation of the struggle against cancer medical schools are of country origin, etc. • ... and tuberculosis and their free of which makes it possible for them Good results have been achieved charge treatment and dispensariza• to be distributed according to the especially in the extension and quali• tion, in outpatient clinics and hospi• needs of the town and countryside, tative improvement of outpatient me• tals, will bring it about that in the equally the same. dical aid. Polyclinics of different year 2000 there will be only indivi• At present quahfication and specia• specialities have been set up in cities dual cases of tuberculosis while can• lization of the medical cadres is the and quarters, and sanitary centres or cer cases will be detected and treated main task. During the years 1970- outpatient clinics function in every in their earlier stages. In this man• 1983 1 557 medical cadres of high work and production centre, unified ner, like syphilis, malaria, diphtheria training such as general practitioners, village and in many school or pre• and poliomyelitis, the time will come stomatologists, farmacists and others school institutions. They play an im• for many other diseases to disappear have attended 2-3 year courses of qua• portant role in giving first medical or to become extremely rare, with the lification run at the clinics of the aid to adults and children, in car• consequent great decrease of the de• Faculty of Medicine or the other pro• rying out prophylactic measures gree of invalidity or mortality caused phylactic-medical institutions of the against various diseases, in detecting, by them. The setting up of a unified Capital. Special attention is paid to treating and following up fRe more prophylactic, treatment and educatio• qualification of medical cadres work• common ailments suoh as cardiova• nal system direeted by the State and ing in the countryside; they attend scular, professional, pneumophthisia- based on a whole series of laws, de• courses of different terms and pro• trical, oncological, endocrinous, and in• cisions and regulations has resulted in grams organized once in 3-5 years by fectious diseases. Every citizen of our the health of our people constantly the health institutions of the dis• country pays an average of three vi• improving and their life expectancy tricts. sits a year to these polyclinics, which uninterruptedly raising. With the existing degree of qualifi• give him the necessary medical aid The achievements in the field of cation of our medical cadres there and advice. the protection of people's health are are more and more cases of subtle By Government decision a system of also a result of the great work car• diagnoses and successful treatment of detection and dispensarization has ried out by cadres of the health ser• grave ailments. Our surgeons an Ti• been set up and the state organs vice, of both medium and higher rana perform highly specialized ope• keep in constant touch with its work. training. The State pays great at• rations in the heart, brain and other This system has been turned into a tention to their training and qualifi• organs. . . r - -^v , ; •, 14 • 1 (74), 1984 ALBANIA TODAY
The socialist system of health ser• dren, but also enable women to take of good hygienic and sanitary con• vice has created a new type of health an active part in the economic, social ditions. worker free from all links of mate• and cultural life of the country. There By means of special laws our peo• rial interest with the patient and are also special creches for patholo• ple's power has ensured the working commercial competition in the exer• gical children. people the right to work, rest, free cise of his profession. Our health Our legislation takes mother and of charge medical care, means of workers are characterized by socia• ciiild under special protection. Mo• livelihood in case of illness of loss list humanism. With a high sense of thers have a right to 170 days of paid of the ability for work. Special mea-' duty, they work for the healing of leave before and after childbirth. This sures have been taken for safety people and, in the first place, the creates favourable conditions for the at work, the protection of the envi• prevention of disease and the raising health not only of the child, but also ronment against pollution and appro• of the sanitary education of the mas• of its mother. priate conditions of housing. These ses. With the mainly prophylactic direc• laws and measures reflect the mainly Mother and child care occupies a tion of the medical service for mother prophylactic orientation of our health particular place in the protection of and child as well as for the entire service and create the possibilities for people's health. As early as the First population, demographic indices have its practical realization. The weH-being Congress of the PLA in 1948, Com• greatly improved. Infant morbidity has of the people cannot be separated rade Enver Hoxha said: -"We attach declined greatly and infant mortality from the measures taken by the great importance to the health of in 1982 was 9.3 per cent lower than State which are aimed at ensuring mother and child, because on them :n 1931. As a result of the constant all the necessary conditions for the depends the future of our people.^ To• raising of the well-being of the protection of the health of the peo• day there is a broad network of pro• people and the improvement of their ple. ' •'" ' phylactic and medical ins-titutions for health conditions, Albania today oc- In this context important results mother and child which extend to ciipies first place in Europe in re• have been reached in the hygienization the remotest corners of the Republic gard to the birth-rate and the na• of the country, the immunization of and comprise a great number of pe• tural growth of the population. Be• the population against infectious di• diatric and obstetric hospitals and fore Liberation our country had 1,100 seases, the detection and treatment wards, specialized medical services for thousand inhabitants and the average of diseases, especially those of a more newfborn babies, thousands of consul- life expectancy did not exceed 38 massive character; more care has been toria for mother and child and many years. In the years 1980-1981 the ave• displayed for the protection of the creches and kindergartens. Every vil• rage life expectancy was 69,'5 years environment against pollution and the lage sanitary centre or zonal hospital (67 for males and 72 for females). general level of sanitary culture has has a delivery room of 3-4 beds. Every During the years of the people's been raised. In the centres of work village has its outpatient clinic with power Albania's population has in• and :production, especially in ithe in• a consultorium for mother and child creased more than 2.5 times and in dustrial zones, special medical servi• with one or two obstetrician nurses. the end of this five-year period it ces have been created which, apart Practically all births take place with is envisaged to reach the figure of from their routine work in outpatient medical assistance. A great deal has 3 million. clinics, keep in close contact with the been done to raise the sanitary edu• In the field of the protection of organs working in the fields of pro• cation through consultoria for mother people's health the Party of Labour of phylaxy. Special studies are being car• and child and other means. There are ?Mbania has always considered pro• ried out on the influence of chemical, consultoria for women in every town phylaxy as the main means for the physical and biological agents anu quarter and village. While in 19.38 prevention of diseases. The socialist environmental conditions in general consultoria did not exist, in 1960 they order is in a position to carry out and in particular, according to sec• were 160 and in 1980 2 452. The this important state and social mea• tors or places of work. On the basis number of creches has grown from sure effectively, in a planned man• of the results of these studies new one year to the other, and today there ner and on a large scale with the norms are worked out and measures are more than 2 500 of them. They financial means allotted by the State taken to prevent these agents contribute not only to the proper phy• for the extension of the medical ser• from harming the health of the sical and mental development of chil• vice for everybody and the creation people. • ALBANIA TODAY 1 (74), 1984 • 15
Working conditions are under con-' diseases, the physical and chemical ported medicines, from which the stant control by means of laboratory properties of drinking water, the population profits 17 million leks a analyses so as to ensure the rigorous structure of infectious diseases, the year. Price cuts for a number of implementation of the norms of hy• extension of range and the improve• medicines reach up to 50 per cent, giene and sanitation. According to ment of quality of immunobiological while medicines used for medical jobs, especially in the industrial zo• preparates, the physical development treatment at home against tubercu• nes, periodical controls of workers' of children, the nutrition structure of losis and sitostatics are given free of health are carried out so as to detect the population, etc. On the basis of charge. At the existing prices a com• in time any symptom of professional the results of these studies and the plete riphadin treatment cycle against disease. Those working in jobs or ensuing of a higher degree of know• tubeixulosis costs 657 leks, while a leu- work processes which pose a threat ledge of problems of hygiene and epi• keran treatment cycle costs 420 leks. to their health have a right to sup• demiology, more effective measures of Hence for all these preparates are plementary food, longer leave, re• a prophylactic character are taken. given free of charge to the patients. duced hours of work, antidotes, ear• During this five-year plan (1981- The state farmaceutical service ex• lier pensioning and other facilities. 1985) more research work has been tends to the remotest corners of the A broad prophylactic work has been carried out for the detection and pre• Homeiland so as to be as closely avail• carried out for the protection of the vention of infectious diseases, the able to the working masses as pos• health of mother and child, a number number of prophylactic measures has sible. As against 78 small private of vaccines are used to protect chil• already trebbled, the range of im- farmacies our country had before Li• dren against infectious 'diseases, preg• munobiological preparates has widen• beration, there are today 438 state- nant women are given special ed, a section of lyophilization of run farmacies. As against 35 fanma- vitamins, extensive sanitary pro• vaccinas and serums has been set up, cists in 1945, our country has today paganda is conducted for the food the quality of their production has about 700 farmacists graduated from rearing of children and a number of been improved, the number of spe• the State University of Tirana, measures are taken against rachitis cialized cadres in the field of hygiene without mentioning a still larger and dystrophy. Large-scale campaigns and epidemiology has grown. number of assistant-farmacists. are carried out for the detection of Perceptible improvements have Our farmaceutical industry has been diseases such as those of the car• been made in the hygienic-sanitai-y created from scratch and is constant;- diovascular and digestive apparatus, conditions of workers, cooperativists, ly exipanding, making a valuable skeleton deformities, endocrinous and students, collectives of boarding hou• contribution to meeting the needs of gynecological diseases. Dispensaries ses, creches and kindergartens, and the population for medicines. It is systematically follow up patients and in the external and esternal housing increasing the utilization of the na• their re-habilitation. All the districts conditions of people. tural resources of the country whi• have bacteriological laboratories which, Our citizen sees the great care of le at the same time processing im• along with their routine work, check our state for the health of man also ported primary materials by means up on possible carriers of infectious in such measures as the free of of advanced technologies. diseases. charge hospitalization and treatment Our people have a good tradition Scientific studies and researches are in medical institutions, the constant in the f-edd of medicine which is held carried out ,not only to further perfect improvement of the health service, in high consideration and made the me'.hodsof diagnosis and treatment, but the extension of the work of outpa• most of. The methods of popular a'so to improve hygiene and combat tient clinics and the free of charge m.edicine have enabled our people in infectious diseases. Institutions spe• laboratory analyses, medicines given the past to meet to a certain degree cialized in the field of prophylaxy, at reduced prices outside medical their needs at a time when the health such as the Institute of Hygiene and institutions or free of charge for service was very backward or very Epidemiology in Tirana and the la• children up to 12 months of age. On costly. Popular medicine constitutes boratories of the Centre of Hygiene April 1983 another decision of the a treasury which is being collected, and Epidemiology in the districts, Council of IMinisters of the PSRA studied and propagandized. For this have carried out a number of stu• entered into force, which provided purpose the Popular Medicine Re• dies on the protection of the environ• for another reduction of retail pri• search Institute has been set up. It ment a.gainst pollution, prsfessional ces for 137 locally produced or im• has put many popular treatment me- 16 • 1 (74), 1984 ALBANIA TODAY thods on scientific bases and fol• etc. which have intermittently oc• socialist Albania has the least pol• lows up their practical application curred in many countries of the luted natural environment in Europe. in many health institutions. world. The methods of modern medicine Our medical science has advan• Studies have been carried out and are increasingly being used in the ced, too. The scientific worliers and continue on a number of the more field of diagnostics and treatment of specialists in medicine have carried frequent diseases like those of the diseases. With the specialists and the out a number of studies of theoretical heart, blood circulation and cancer. modern means the Albanian health in• and practical value in the field of Particular attention has been paid stitutions dispose today, new possi• prophylaxy, hygiene, diagnostics and to the constant reduction of infant bilities are created for the rapid and treatment, while always giving prio• mortality, as well as to studies on precise diagnosis of diseases and suc• rity to studies in the field of prophy• the physiology of work. Through a cesses achieved in their treatment, laxy. scientific study oi the work in the including the application of heart sur• The workers gf the Institute of Hy• various sectors of the economy, esipe- gery. The road is open towards a giene and Epidemiology of Tirana cially in the mines, chemical factories, narrower specialization of services in have, in collaboration with specialists etc. and as a result of measures of medical institutions, making it pos• of other health institutions, carried technical safety professional diseases sible also for some suburb hospitals out studies on the incidence of vari• are no more a problem in Albania to perform specialized services such ous diseases throughout the country, and cases of temporary inability for as surgery, etc. on the factors causing them and the work are in constant decline. Albania has a population growth 3.5 ways for their elimination. Studies Interesting are the studies about the times the annual average of the Eu• have been carried out and good re• effective use of mineral, cold or ropean countries, while the death-rate sults achieved in the experimenta• thermal, waters in which Albania is per 1 000 inhabitants is 37 per cent tion and local production of a num• particularly rich. They are finding lower than the average death-rate ber of vaccines like those against ever broader application dn ther• of the countries of Europe. During measles, diphtheria, pertussis, etc. mal stations as well as in the fa• the forty years of the people's power which, being produced on a mass scale mily, 'through their industrialization. the average life expectancy of the and given free of charge, have re• The studies carried out in the field population has risen by about 9.5 sulted in Albania's having for some of hygiene have contributed to the months each year. A new healthy ge• years now no outbreak of these di• protection of the environment against neration full of vitality is growing seases. At the same time preventive pollution and the solving of a num• up to make Albania the country with measures have been taken and applied ber of problems emerging from the the youngest population in Europe, a with scientific rigorosity to protect intensive development of industry. As guarantee for the rapid and constant Albania from the spread of such di• a result of the studies carried out strengthening of its labour force and seases as cholera, plague, typhoid, and the measures talcen in this field, defence potential. -.^..4 g...-. L h u i,i r 1 ^ k -c A. h THE PLA ON THE TREATMENT AND-"' r-"^--^^;:-:::::. CORRECT SOLUTION OF CONTRADICTIONS IN SOCIALIST SOCIETY
by ISMAIM. LM.ESHM
Various fundamental problems of the question of contradictions in socialist society have assumed particular importance in the process of the struggle that is waged between Marxism-Leninism and revisionism, because different : variants of modern revisionism capitalize on the ; question of contradictions in socialism ^ v .
IN ALL ITS REVOLUTIONARY ACTIVITY THE PARTY OF LABOUR cipled political line, in the building of OF ALBANIA HAS CONSISTENTLY UPHELD THE SCIENTIFIC MARX• a scientific strategy and in the de• IST-LENINIST THESIS THAT CONTRADICTIONS EXIST EVERYWHERE finition of correct tactical stands. Like• AND IN EVERY FIELD OF SOCIAL ACTIVITY, IN THE SPHERE OF MA• wise, various fundamental problems TERIAL PRODUCTION AND IN THE SPIRITUAL SPHERE, THAT THE of the question of contradictions in DIALECTICAL LAW OF DEVELOPMENT THROUGH THE STRUGGLE OF socialist society assume particular im• OPPOSITES, AS A UNIVERSAL LAW, OPERATES IN SOCIETY, ALSO THAT portance in the process of the strug• HFJflE, TOO, WITHOUT STRUGGLE FOR THE OVERCOMING OF CONTRA• gle that is waged between Marxism- DICTIONS NO DEVELOPMENT IS POSSIBLE. Leninism and revisionism, because dif• This happens also in socialist society PLA, as Comrade Enver Hoxha says, ferent variants of modern revisionism wihere advance is not realized as some• has always known, as one of the main capitalize on the question of contra• thing ideal and self-understood, but tasks of its ideological work -«...to make dictions in socialism. occurs in a revolutionary way be• perfectly clear the character of con• In the theoretical thinking of the cause it is based on the struggle of tradictions in socialist society and the Party and Comrade Enver Hoxha on opposites, contradictions, whose treat• ways for their correct solution.»1 the problem of contradictions in so• ment and correct solution promotes its The scientific conception and treat• cialism, stands out the determined de• further development. Therefore, the ment of the problem of contradictions fence of the legacy of the classics of in socialist society has great impor• Marxi&m-Lenini&m in this field in con• ISMAIL LLESHI — Candidate of phi• losophical sciences tance in the working out of a prin• sistent struggle to expose all revisionist 18 • 1 (74), 1984 ALBANIA TODAY distortions and falsifications. It is a ploiting classes disappear as such. In peasantry which are closely allied to synthesis of the rich experience of the these new conditions, a number of im• each other will exist for a very long work of the Party in the treatment portant problems of principle emerge time, but there will also be remnants and correct solution of different tra• which have to do with the place an• of the overthrown and expropriated ditions emerging in the process of the tagonistic contradictions occupy in so• classes. During this entire period, the• revolution and socialist construction in cialist society, with the fields and di• se remnants, as well as elements which Albania, a synthesis which makes a rections of their expression, the role degenerate and oppose the construct• valuable contribution to the further they play, etc. ion of socialism, will try to regain their development of the Marxist-Leninist The Marxist-Leninist theoretical lost power. Hence, under socialism, theory on contradictions in such es• thinking of our Party has produced too, stern class struggle will exist.>»2 sential questions as the place of an• many arguments to the effect that in The second conclusion has to do tagonistic contradictions in socialism, socialist society, despite the eliminat• with the importance of recognizing an• the importance of recognizing and cor• ion of private property and exploiting tagonistic contradictions as an object• rectly treating antagonistic and non- classes, there are still factors and ive phenomenon in order to correctly antagonistic contradictions, the methods causes which condition the existence understand the process of develop• of their solution, etc. of antagonistic contradictions along ment of socialist society. This is a with non-antagonistic contradictions. In complex process which comes up the conditions of socialist society, the against various difficulties. These dif• 1. THE PLACE AND ROEE Party and Comrade Enver Hoxha deal ficulties must be recognized, it must OF ANTAGONISTIC with antagonistic contiadictions as be known how they have emerged and CONTRADICTIONS stemming from the existence of the what is their influence on the advance IN SOCIALIST SOCIETY former exploiting classes or their left• of socialist society so as to see how overs; from the possible emergence and why they must be overcome. Part In analysing the history of the de• of new bourgeois elements in social• of these difficulties is the result of velopment of society, the classics of ism, also, as a result of the degeneration the hostile activity of those foi-ces Marxism-Leninism stress that it is the of some people and their going over which have fundamental interests dia• result of the inter-action of innumera• to anti-popular and anti-socialist po• metrically opposed to the interests of ble forces which clash with each other sitions; from the existence of the ex• socialism. We may mention the dif• because of different interests, aims ternal enemy, imperialism, revisionism ficulties that the all-round imperial• and desires. They indicate that whether and the whole reaction (the contradict• ist-revisionist encirclement have caused the interests of people, classes and ion of socialism with them is an ex• the process of socialist construction. social forces are in opposition to each pression of the contradiction between The process of sociahst construction other or not, this does not depend two classes with diametrically opposed has come up against difficulties also on their desires, but on deeper, ob• interests — the working class and the because of the activity of the internal jective, factors, among which the main bourgeoisie); from the existence of enemy, both the old one, the former and decisive place is occupied by the different forms and manifestations of exploiting classes and their leftovers, character of peop'e's relationship to alien, old or new, ideologies. and the new one. Provided their sour• the means of production. So, in the From this scientific thesis on the ce is known, these difficulties are conditions of the private ownership of existence of antagonistic contradictions overcome by proper means and in ap• the means of production, interests, and in socialist society important con• propriate ways. The Khrushchevite re• especially the fundamental interests clusions emerge for the practical ac• visionist claim that antagonistic con• of different classes and social forces, tivity, among which two are the main tradictions exist only in the period of clash with each othei-, because private ones. the construction of the economic base property divides people and classes, The first and the more important of socialism, while after that period counterposes their interests and aims. conclusion is recognition of the class there are no longer contradictions of Hence, antagonistic contradictions are struggle in socialism as an objective this type, an idea which expresses found in all societies built on the ba• phenomenon, and acceptance of the ne• the essence of the Khrushchevite ap• sis of private ownership, characterize cessity of the development of the class proach to the problem of contradictions these societies and are typical of struggle to resolve antagonistic contra• in socialism. The only argument given them. dictions. Linking the process of the by the Khrushchevite revisionists to In socialism, with the elimination class struggle with the existence of show that there are no antagonistic of private ownership and the esta• antagonistic contradictions in social• contradictions in socialist society is blishment of socialist relations of pro• ism, Comrade Enver Hoxha w^rites: tlie disappearance of antagonistic duction, a major qualitative transfor• "...even in this new society, classes, classes. The experience of socialist mation is carried out and the ex• that is, the working class and working construction in Albania has fully ALBANIA TODAY 1 (74), 1984 • 19
proved that with the disappearance cialist transformations in the field of fine their extension, fields and diiect- of the exploiting classes, people who ownership. Mao Zedong claimed that, ions of expression. made up these classes do not disappear for the first time in the history of As is known, non-antagonistic con• but continue to exist as leftovers of the development of Marxism-Ijeninism, tradictions have a broad and varied the former exploiting classes which, he had allegedly discovered that there extension in socialism. As Comrade ar. Comrade Enver Hoxha says, al• would still be contradictions, classes Enver Hoxha points out, «...they exist though «...defeated politically, ideolo• and class struggle even after the com• in great variety, in diverse forms, and gically, militarily and economically, plete socialist transformation of the in different countries and times.»5 never renounce the hope of seizing character of ownership of the means Non-antagonistic contradictions emerge state power again and re-establishing of produclion. because of the existence in the relations between the two the bourgeois state.»^ Their essential of two opposed classes — the bourgeoi• friendly clas.ses, the working class and interests are in complete opposition to sie and the proletariat."' the cooperativist peasantry, within the interests of the people, revolution All this opportunist argumentation each of those classes and within dif• and socialism, so contradictions in this is based on the thesis that even after ferent groups and strata of society. field are profoundly antagonistic. the construction of the economic base However, in this, so to say, quantitative With their negation of antagonistic oE socialism, opposed classes continue aspect, antagonistic contradictions have contradictions in socialism, the Khru- to exist. That after the completion of not the richness and variety which shchevite revisionists pursue particiilar the construction of the economic base characterizes non-antagonistic contra• aims. They use this, in the first place, of socialism there will still be classes, dictions. However, from this the con• as a -"basic argumenl»- to deny the this is a thesis formulated by the clusion cannot be drawn that anta• class struggle in socialism and to co• classics of Marxism-Leninism. For the gonistic contradictions have grown ver up the true reality of the revision• Marxist-Leninist theory, the working narrower in scope and in the direct• ist countries in which a fierce class class and the cooperativist peasantry ions of their expression. In analysing .struggle is waged between the pro• are two classes, but two friendly clas• this problem, the PLA and Comrade letariat and the new bourgeoisie that ses, liberated from oppression and ex• Enver Hoxha say that one must not rules in those countries. Exposing the ploitation. Stalin wrote in 1936 that, be confused by the variety of the revisionists' claims in denying the with the establishment of socialist forms of expression of the two types existence of antagonistic contradictions ownership and the socialist relations oi contradictions, because there are and the class struggle in socialism, of production, the old class structure also differences in the fields and di• the PLA and Comrade Enver Hoxha of society changes radically, the ex• rections of their expression, just as one have consistently adhered to the thesis ploiting classes disappear and society must not mistake the problem of the tliat in socialist society «...in which is made up of two friendly classes, extension of antagonistic contradictions the feudal and bourgeois classes have the worlving class and the cooperativi">t for the problem of the role they play been defeated politically and economi• peasantry, as well as the people's in• in this or that field in the different cally as such and in which a merciless telligentsia as a particular stratum of stages of the development of the re• war is waged on the leftovers of their society. volution and socialist construction. ideology, the antagonistic classes have The Chinese revisionists have dis• Otherwise this may lead to theoretical disappeared (but this must not, of covered nothing new when they claim eirors with negative consequences for course, be interpreted that the class that with the completion of the so• the practical activity, to an erroneous struggle is no longer waged against cialist transformation of the ownership conception ot the character of the elements of the expropriated classes of the means of production classes Con• concrete contradictions and to an ar• and those who degenerate, against tinue to exist. The «new thing» is their tificial narrowing of the circle of an• alien leftovers and manifestations statement that even after the cons• tagonistic contradictions. The view that which stem from the old class society, truction of the economic base of so• antagonistic contradictions are alle• from the capitalist and imperialist cialism there are still opposed classes, gedly concentrated in the ideological states that encircle us and exercise the bourgeoisie and the proletariat. The or, mainly, in the political field lead their pressure on us every day and PLA and Comrade Enver Hoxha have precisely to such conclusions. So the every hour, from the spread of mo• long ago refuted these revisionist the• view" that antagonistic contradictions in dern revisionism which tries to des• ses and exposed their opportunist, an• socialism are concentrated mainly in the troy socialism.»'i ideological field restricts the ratio of ti-Marxist character as a flagrant dis• antagonistic forces to this sphere alone, There are revisionist ti'ends which tortion of the Leninist definition of thereby negating the fierce struggle accept the existence of antagonistic classes. that is waged between the forces of contradictions in socialism, but link The important is not only to accept socialism and its enemies in the po• them with the existence of the bour• the existence of antagonistic contra• litical, economic and other fields. Thtj geoisie as a class also after the so• dictions ifi socialism, but also to de• 20 • 1 (74), 1984 ALBANIA TODAY scientific analysis of the reality of the visionists the time li-mitlessness of the socialism which is not characterized development of the class struggle in existence of class contradictions. So by such factors as give birth to con• socialism has led the PLA and Com• they are presented as eternal in hu• tradictions of this kind. They do not rade Enver Hoxha to the conclusion man society. These views are in com• stem from the essence of socialist re• that «...the enemy wages its struggle plete opposition to the Marxist-Lenin• lations of production, which are re• in all directions. It combats us in the ist conception of the two types of con• lations of collaboration and mutual ideology, in the economy and in po• tradictions. Their existence is linked assistance between two friendly classes, litics",' which shows that antagonistic with the interests of different classes the working class and the cooperativist contradictions cannot be reduced to and social forces, interests which ma• peasantry. Because of their very cha• a particular field, but that they exist nifest themselves in different forms. racter antagonistic contradictions arc in all the main fields. Antagonistic, Hence, it is evident that in the fu• alien to socialism. Socialism has in• just as non-antagonistic contradictions, ture classless communist society there herited these contradictions from the no matter how broad their extension will be no basis for class contradictions old society, as a result of its leftovers in all the main fields, are not per• and class struggle. Contradictions will which live on in socialism and the ex^ manent. They must and can be over• continue to exist, but will no longer ternal pressure of the capitalist and re• be antagonistic or non-antagonistic visionist world. As an order, socialism come, resolved, and in this way so• is characterized by non-antagonistic ciety advances. The class struggle class contradictions. Actually, with contradictions. If this essential distinc• waged by the working masses under their views the Chinese revisionists tion between antagonistic and non-anta• the leadership of the Party to do away cunningly spread the illusion that the gonistic contradictions in socialism is with any leftover of the capitalist so• titanic struggle waged by the pro• not made, then that which characteri• ciety, to carry the socialist revolution letariat for the triumph of the so• zes socialism as a qualitatively new forw^ard to its final victory, achieves cialist revolution and the construction order cannot be understood. However, the constant solution of the different of the socialist society woud be in vain the Party and Comrade Enver Hoxha antagonistic contradictions until, with if socialist society is torn by in prin• have made it clear that from this no the disappearance of classes in com• ciple unsurmountable contradictions. such conclusion should be reached as munism and its complete triumph, Comrade Enver Hoxha has described to overrate one type of contradictions there will be no more contradictions the presentation of the contradictions and underrate the other type, the of a class character. The same will of socialist society as unsurmountable question of the role the two types happen with the non-antagonistic con• to be typical of bourgeois-revisionist of contradictions play must be dealt tradictions of socialist society. New conceptions. with and solved in close connection contradictions will emerge in the so• The correct scientific conception and with the concrete objective conditions lution of these or those concrete pro• explanation of the place of antagonistic of the existence of these contradictions, blems. This is how the progressive de• contradictions in socialist society is with the fundamental objectives the velopment of society is realized towards closel,y linked with another important development of the revolution and the communism which will bring about problem, that of their role. For this socialist construction sets itself and the disappearance of the causes which problem to be resolved, the PLA and with the principal problems that engender these contradictions. Comrade Enver Hoxha point out that emerge in this process. By so concei• Mao Zedong's view that even after the relationship between antagonistic ving this question, the Marxist-Lenin• ten thousand years there will stiJl be and non-antagonistic contradictions in ist theoretical thinking of the Party contradictions and struggle in the socialist society must be taken well and Comrade Enver Hoxha have come account of. Antagonistic contradictions to the conclusion that both non-anta• meaning of class struggle and even gonistic and antagonistic contradictions revolution'") is anti-scientific from top cannot be placed on the same plane have their important place in social• to bottom. Here the question is not as non-antagonislic contradictions when ism. Describing the place of antagonis• about contradictions as a source of the question is about their relationship tic contradictions in socialism. Com• advance, because such contradictions in the socialist order. rade Enver Hoxha says, -"We must al• will always exist in human society, Socialist society, in which private ways bear in mind that we are in the but about class contradictions as long ownership and the exploiting classes period of transition from capitalism as the class struggle is supposed to have been done away with, is not cha• to communism. This means that during exist even after ten thousand years. racterized by the antagonism of fun• this period capitalism and socialism Logically it ensues that the two types damental class interests which cha- are locked in irreconcilable struggle. of contradictions which exist in so• ractei-ize capitalism as a particular And this struggle continues over the cialism will occur permanently. The order and, in this meaning, Lenin whole transitional period whose du• ten-thousand year term is only a con• points out that in socialism this an• ration is unknown, although it is vention to indicate a very distant fu• tagonism disappears. Antagonistic con• known that it will be a long one. No• ture. It expresses for the Chinese re• tradictions are not in the nature of body must think that with us this A L B A N I A TODAY 1 (74), 1984 • 21
struggle has been won once and for the main directions of development of tradiction in the economic field with• all times.»'J the class struggle, the Party has rea• out whose solution one cannot proceed The fierce class struggle that deve• ched the conclusion that the funda• with the solution of other contradic• lops between socialism and capital• mental antagonistic contradiction du• tions. After the working class, under ism represents in itself the consistent ring the whole period of transition the leadership of its party, takes over and determined struggle of the working trom capitalism to communism is the political power, the new state power class and all the other working mas• contradiction between socialism which must rely on its own economic base ses under the leadership of the Party has won and marches forward towards and so the fundamental contradiction to defend and constantly strengthen its complete triumph, and capitalism of this stage is the contradiction in people's power, to develop the pro• which, although defeated, tries to re• the economic field; and following its ductive forces and to perfect the so• gain its lost power. The fundamental solution the contradiction in the ideo• cialist relations of production, to I'aise antagonistic contradiction between so• logical field assumes particular im• the well-being of the working masses, cialism and capitalism, in the different portance. With the solution of each of to steel the defence capacity of the stages of the development of the re• aiese fundamental contradictions in socialist Homeland and make it in• volution and the class struggle, has their different stages, the gradual so• vincible, to educate the new man with its own forms and is resolved by the lution of the fundamental antagonistic a scientific world outlook and a re• means related to it. So the experience contradiction between socialism and volutionary character. AH this is a of the revolution and the class strug• capitalism is realized. fierce struggle against the aims and gle in Albania shows that the funda• The Party has made it clear that the repeated attempts of world reac• mental antagonistic contradiction in with the triumph of the socialist re• tion at overthrowing people's power the political field was that of the volution in this or that field, for exam• and restoring the rule of the bour• people with the occupier and the ex• ple, in the political and economic field, geoisie and revisionism, at bringing ploiting classes which made common me relative fundamental antagonistic the country under the all-round bon• cause with it, and was resolved with contradictions are resolved. They are dage of imperiahsm, revisionism and the liberation of the country and the resolved as such, as fundamental con• reaction, at plundering its great wealth, establishment of the dictatorship of tradictions, but this does not mean Pt oppressing and ruthlessly exploiting the proletariat; in the economic field, that there are no more antagonistic the working masses, at spreading their it was the contradiction of the ne\ c(»ntradictions in those fields. Anta• decadent ideology to poison the cons• socialist relations of production with gonistic contradictions continue to exist. ciousness of people, at occupying the the feudal-bourgeois relations and was Ill all these fields, which, among other country mihtarily and turning it into resolved v/ith the construction of the tilings, also conditions the development a true colony. In essence, the process economic base of socialism both in of the class struggle on a broad front oC socialist construction is closely city and countryside; in the ideological and in all its main directions; political, linked with the struggle of the forces field, it is the contradiction between economic and ideological. of sociahsm with these reactionary for• the proletarian ideology and the bour• The fundamental contradictions of ces over questions of cardinal impor• geois ideology whose solution marks Itie different stages have not only tance, hence, antagonistic contradict• the complete triumph of the commu• their organic order, but also their, in• ions cannot be underrated. nist ideology and morality over the ter-action, as clearly seen in the con• The documents of the Party and the bourgeois ideology and morality, and. clusion of the PLA to the effect that, Works of Comrade Enver Hoxha not the all-round communist education of as long as the fundamental contrad'ic- only provide scientific arguments about the working masses. tion has not been resolved also in the the place of antagonistic contradict• Among the various forms in which ideological field, the fundamental con- ions in socialism, but also emphasize the contradiction between socialism tvadictions in the political and eco• the importance of the definition of and capitalism expresses itself in the nomic fields cannot be considered, the fundamental antagonistic contra• different fields there is an inner or• fully and definitively resolved, either. dictions in the period of the transition ganic connection and order which is Only by considering the fundamental from capitalism to communism, or in the reflection of the laws of develop• contradictions in the concrete forms its different stages, as an indispensable ment of the revolution and socialist of their expression and in their inter• condition for working out a correct construction and which must always action can the tasks of each stage of political line and applying it con• be taken into consideration to single the revolution and socialist construc• sistently. out the concrete fundamental anta• tion be defined, as well as the main Proceeding from a concrete analysis gonistic contradiction in this or that enemy against which the struggle of the objective conditions of the de• stage. So the laws of development of should be spearheaded, and the mo• velopment of the revolution and so• the revolution itself bring out first as tor forces and the aUies in this pro- cialist construction and bearing in mind the fundamental contradiction the con• 22 • 1 (74), 1984 ALBANIA TODAY
A correct conception of the funda• course of history in the different coun• Front as their main enemy and tried mental contradiction in the period of tries of the world results that the to destroy them by means of armed transition to communism, as a con• drawing of a clear-cut demarcation war, uniting in one front with the oc• tradiction between socialism and ca• line between the people and the enemy cupiers. They themselves transformed pitalism, has great importance. It ma• is a complex and difficult, though their contradictions with the Commu• nifests itself in the work and efforts necessary, task which calls lor pro• nist Party and the National Liberation of the working' masses under the lea• found maturity. Likewise, at some mo• Front, in which the broad masses of dership of the Party for the triumph ments of the history of this or that the Albanian people were united, into of socialism and in the struggle against country, such as in the conditions of the main antagonistic contradictions. the possibility of this revolutionary a war for national liberation, when Hence, the Party and the National Li• process being interrupted by diverse the democratic and anti-imperialist beration Front fought and destroyed hostile factors, or degenerating in the tasks assume particular importance in these traitor organizations of the ex• restoration of capitalism, as has hap• the development of the revolution the ploiting classes as tools of the foreign pened in the Soviet Union and in the proletariat may ally itself with that occupiers and, with their victory, not other revisionist countries. Hence, the part of the bourgeoisie which is not only liberated the country from the struggle between socialism and capital• a blind weapon of foreign capital foreign occupiers, but also overthrew ism is in essence the struggle of so• and which is interested in the inde• the main exploiting classes of the coun• cialism to preclude this possibility pendent development of the country, try and divested them of political which all the internal and external but always placing it under its leader• power. enemies wish and try to bring about: ship. Even in those socio-historical With the triumph of the revolution, This possibility exists in all fields — condition;;, the contradiction between the proletariat topples the bourgeoisie political, economic, ideological and mi• the proletariat and the other working from power and expropriates it. In the litary, hence, regardless of the solution masses, on one hand, and that pr.rt conditions of socialism in all situations of this or that fundamental contradic• of the bourgeoisie, on the other, con• and circumstances, the interests of the tion in this or that stage of the re• tinues to be a contradiction of an an• bourgeoisie as a class come nowhere volution and socialist construction, an• tagonistic character, but in the con• near to the interests of the people. tagonistic contradictions interlaced with crete circumstances and conditions, it These are henceforth the aspects of each other continue of exist in all may not be the main antagonistic the relations between them, two for• fields during the whole transitional contradiction. However, this depends ces diametrically oppossed to each period. As a consequence, the class also on the stand that this part of other, and the contradiction between struggle does not develop only in one the bourgeoisie itself maintains. Sum• them is a fundamental antagonistic field, but in several fields at the same ming up the experience of the Anti• contradiction. time. fascist National Liberation War, Com• rade Enver Hoxha points out that in With such a Marxist-Leninist con• the conditions of that time -"...the in• ception of these important questions, ternal class contradictions had passed the Party and Comrade Enver Hoxha 2. ON THE CORRECT to a second plane and the external have exposed the «theorizingS" of Mao TREATMENT OF THE TWO contradiction, that between the Al• Zedong Thought which were intended TYPES OF CONTRADICTIONS banian people who were fighting for to deny the absolute necessity of a IN SOCIALISM their freedom, independence and so• clear-cut definition of the character vereignty, and the Italian and German of contradictions in socialism. Accord• Because of the place they occupy occupiers who had occupied their ing to Mao Zedong Thought, in so• and the role they play, antagonistic country, had become the main one.»>if' cialism exists the possibility for the and non-antagonistic contradictions Therefore the Party aimed at winning proletariat to enter into alliance, call for particular attention and care• iigreement and collaboration with the as many forces as possible over to bourgeoisie so as to make it a parti• ful treatment. The correct treatment the side of the Anti-fascist War. -"It... cipant in its work and a fellow travel• of contradictions in socialist society tried and did everything so as not to ler on its cour.se of socialist construc• implies, in the first place, the defi• allow the transformation of its con• tion, because the bourgeoisie itself is nition of their character, whether tradictions with the Balli Kombetar supposed to be interested in this, be• they are antagonistic or non-antagonis• and Legaliteti into the main antagonis• cause it is supposed to have a dual tic, and hence the drawing of a clear- tic contradictions.>>11 Nevertheless, the character — being an exploiter and cut demarcation line between the war• exploiting classes and the traitor or• worker at the same time. Hence, ac• ring forces. ganizations that were created under cording to Mao Zedong Thought, the From Marxist-Leninist sciences as their aegis considered the Communist contradictions with the bourgeoisie are well as from the experience of the Party and the National Liberation not the main antagonistic contradic- socialist revolution in Albania and the ALBANIA TODAY 1 (74). 1984 • 23 tions, but an interlacing of antagonis• propriate as possible methods for have not the same degree of maturity tic contradictions with non-antagonis• waging the class struggle and many or exacerbation not only compared tic contradictions which cannot be dif• other factors theoretically analysed by with each other, but also in them• ferentiated and cannot exist without the classics of Marxism-Leninism and selves. Hence, it is important to know each other. By means of this eclectic proved in the experience of the revolu• the degree of development of contra• treatment of contradictions Mao Zedong tion and the construction of socialism dictions, because this influences the de• Thought, in essence, intends to treat in Albania. finition of the measures to be taken the contradictions between the working However, the correct and consistent and the ways to be followed for their class and the bourgeoisie as a non- development of the class struggle calls solution, "...with us,» says Comrade antagonistic contradiction, which the for a principled stand, without sliding Enver Hoxha, "as is known, there are also Chinese revisionists have used and con• either into opportunism or sectaria• cases when those who have committed tinue to use as a theoretical disguise nism. Both of them are different slight crimes are not thrown instantly of their opportunist line of class col• forms of opportunism, one weakening into prison, indeed they are not even laboration with the bourgeoisie and of or altogether ceasing the Class struggle, expelled from their jobs. First, these the development of capitalism in Chi• and the other stirring it up or exa• people are only admonished, then they na. The Marxist-Leninist theory and cerbating it artificially. They represent are sternly criticized and taught how the experience of the construction of an erroneous conception and develop• to behave themselves, and so on. Only scientific socialism prove that there is ment of the class struggle, which is when they do not mend their ways no such thing as the dual character fraught with very dangerous conse• are sterner measures taken towards of the bourgeoisie, which is always quences for the revolution and the so• them. So, a whole education work and only a reactionary force which, al• cialist construction. The Party of La• i.3 done to save these people. Only though defeated, never for a moment bour of Albania has waged a constant when after all this work they renounces the hope of re-assuming struggle against them throughout its make light of all admonishments and power. As a consequence, also the con• existence. Comrade Enver Hoxha ex• continue to abuse the generosity tradiction with the bourgeoisie or its plains the waverings of an opportunis• ol the working class, this is obliged leftovers is profoundly and only anta• tic and sectarian character in the da- to take the measures envisaged by gonistic. velopment of the class struggle with the law, by dismissing them from The Party and Comrade Enver "...failure to correctly understand the work or even putting them in jail Hoxha have described any confusion so that the criminals are amended character of the two types of con- by coercive measures.»1' However, such of the two types of contradictions as tiadictions that exist in our society. not only inconsistent theoretically, but a differentiated stand is also built on and emphasizes that - 1 E. Hoxha, Report to the 5th Con• 10 E. Hoxha, "Reports and Speeches 20 E. Hoxha, "Reports and Speeches gress 0/ the PLA, p. 129, 2nd 1967-1968'^, p. 160, Alb. ed. 197S-1980>y, p. 183, Alb. ed. Alb. ed. 11 Ibidem, p. 154. 21 E. Hoxha, "Reports and Speeches 2 E. Hoxha, ^'Imperialism and the Re- 12 E. Hoxha, "Reports and Speeches 1964-1968>^, p. 182, Alb. ed. volution>^, p. 255, Alb. ed. 1967-1968^^, p. 182, Alb. ed. 22 V. I. Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 3 E. Hoxha, ''Reports and Speeches 13 E. Hoxha, Report to the 7th Con• 29, p. 430, Alb. ed. 1978-1979^^, p. 59, Alb. ed. gress of the PLA, p. 138, Alb. ed. 23 E. Hoxha, "Reflections on China,» 4 E. Hoxha, Works, vol. 27, pp. 137- 14 E. Hoxha, Report to the 5th Con• vol. 1, p. 325, Alb. ed. •138, Alb. ed. gress of the PLA, p. 138, 3rd 24 Ibidem, p. 331. " ~ 5 See "Peking Review>^ no. 18/1977, p. Alb. ed. 25 E. Hoxha, "Reports and Speeches 26; no. 19/1977, p. 18. 15 E. Hoxha, "Reports and Speeches 1978-1979^^, p. 59, Alb. ed. 6 E. Hoxha, "Reports and Speeches 1974-1975'> p. 135, Alb. ed. 1976-1977^, p. 372, Alb. ed. 2f, Ibidem p. 60. 7 E. Hoxha, Report to the 7th Con• 10 Ibidem p. 186. 27 E. Hoxha, Works, vol. 27, p. 49, gress of the PLA, p. 136, Alb. ed. 17 E. Hoxha. "Reports and Speeches Alh. ed. 8 See "Peking Review>^, no. 17/1977, mQ-1971», p. 42, Alb. ed. 28 E. Hoxha, "Reports and Speeches p. 26. 18 E. Hoxha, "Reports and Speeches 1967-1968^, pp. 78-79, Alb. ed. 9 E. Hoxha, "Reports and Speeches 1969-1970^>, p. 341, Alb. ed. 29 E. Hoxha, "Reports and Speeches I974-I975», pp. 201-202, Alb. ed. 10 Ibidem, p. 341'. c-^'^ siitj^Kw. . 1972-1973'y, p. 382, Alb. ed. THE DEVELOPMENT OF NATIONAL CULTURE IS A VITAL PROBLEM, AN IMPERATIVE FOR THE DEFENCE OF THE FREEDOM AND INDEPENDENCE OF EVERY COUNTRY Speech of the head of the delegation of the People's Socialist Republic of Albania, Prof. SOFOKLI LAZRI, at the 22nd General Conference of the UNESCO MISTER PRESIDENT, ALLOW ME TO EXPRESS, ON BEHALF OF THE DELEGATION OF THE People's Socialist Republic of Alba• PEOPLE'S SOCIALIST REPUBLIC OF ALBANIA, MY WISHES FOR YOUR nia will speak openly about the afore• ELECTION TO THE HIGH FUNCTION OF THE PRESIDENT OF THIS CON• mentioned problems and give its in• FERENCE. I TAKE ADVANTAGE OF THE OCCASION TO GREET THE dependent Judgement. GENERAL DIRECTOR OF UNESCO, MISTER AMADU MBOU, AND EX• The present session is convened in PRESS MY WISHES FOR HIS ACTIVITY FOR THE BENEFIT OF THE a grave, complex and very explosive ADVANCE OF EDUCATION, CULTURE AND SCIENCE. international situation. There is a The inclusion in the agenda of this problems, it must be sincere, princi- constant threat not only to the free• session of the Assembly of the pled and open. Otherwise, it may dom and independence of this coun• UNESCO of the problems of colonial• create the illusion that something is try or that, but also to peace and ism and racism, the arms race, the being done when nothing is done, may security, in general. In many regions world economic order, the need for arouse vain hopes virhen the situation cultural and scientific collaboration of the world tension has risen, con• on the basis of equality and mutual continues to remain unchanged, or flicts have increased, and between interest, is opportune and their dis• even has deteriorated. some countries they have deteriorated cussion may result valuable. But for Therefore, proceeding from this prin• into armed clashes. the discussion to be truly fruitful and ciple and from the sincere wish to The responsibility for this situation help in some way in the solution of really serve the cause of strengthening talis on the superpowers, on their expansionist and hegemony-seeking Speech held at the fitting of Novem• peace, friendship and harmony among ber 3, 1983. th^ peoples, th^ delegation of th^ gtrategy, on their policy of dictate to 28 • 1 (74), 1984 ALBANIA TODAY and interference in the internal af• pressure and threats, blackmail and sent. In a special manner this ag• fairs of the others, on the effort to different provocations of the most gression, which is expressed through plunder the wealth of different coun• scabrous kind, is the best expression the efforts to impose cosmopolitan tries, on the great ambitions to im• of the aggressive and exploitative es- philosophies, through the commercia• pose their own way of life on the .sence and nature of the imperialist lization of literary-artistic activities, other peoples. system. etc., is aimed against the historical, The result of this aggressive course The peoples have never reconciled national cultures, the specific and ori• is the Middle East, is the tragedy of themselves to this situation created ginal psychical formation of the peo• the Palestinian people and the ravages by imperialism and big international ples, in a word, against all those in Lebanon, is Afghanistan and Nica• capital and will never do so. The powerful spiritual barriers which im• ragua, is the barbarous aggression of fact is that the struggle of the peo• pede the superpowers from securing the USA against Grenada which should ples to defend freedom and sovereign• their economic expansion and political be stopped at once, is that barbarous ty, to develop their economy and cul• hegemonization. oppression which various dictatorial ture normally and unhampered, avoid Big capitalist business produces an cliques, subsidized and propped up war and secure peace, the struggle to extraordinary large amount of films, by this superpower or that, exert on defend their rights and riches is mout- books, TV broadcasts, exhibitions, etc., their peoples. The result of this course ing. The Albanian people greet and which preach violence and robbery, is the poverty, the oppression and the support this resistance with firm con• alcoholism and the use of drugs, ni• suffocating atmosiphere which exists in viction in its victory. hilism and dissipation, the moral de• many countries, is that stagnation or Much is said and debated at present privation of man and decline of vir• slow development which characterizes about the need for the establishment tues, and which have flooded many many states, is that jungle of laws, of a new economic order, in which countries. This is not culture, but is norms and practices in the interna• many people see an opportunity to anti-culture. It is a kind of drug tional economic, financial and mone• establish order and justice in the inter• which brings back dirty money and tary relations which have been crea• national economic relations, a key nothing else. ted by imperialism in order to secure to the solution of the problems of We in Albania have not accepted its exploitation and domination of the nourishment and industrialization of and will never accept this kind of peoples. the developing countries, the moder• culture which imperialism exports. The economic crisis, with i'ts des• nization of the productive structures, Our country is for cultural and tructive effect and grave consequen• education, etc. scientific exchanges with the other ces, not only for the present but also The changing of the nature of the countries, especially with its neigh• for the future, is continuing almost existing international economic rela• bours, on the basis of mutual ad• everywhere at present. The causes of tions, just as the elimination of the vantage and non-interference, with• the crisis are many, but the funda• privileged positions of the imx)erialists out discrimination and without pre• mental one is also the continued co• and neo-colonialists in many coun• judice. These exchanges, which we lonialist and neo-colonialist plunder tries, is an imperative need. But how practice and are continuously enlarg• by the big capitalist powers, is the can this change be brought about? We ing with many states, serve the peo• economic system of international re• think that propaganda, moralizing, ple to acquaint themselves with the lations created by these powers. The prayers and preaching will change best values created by them and most brutal, but at the same time nothing. What the imperialists and strengthen friendship among them. We the simplest and most classical ex• the big monopoly owners heed least have always highly appreciated the pression of this policy is that colossal of all is words. The right road, in achievements of the progressive cul• debt which the poor countries have our opinion, goes through the strug• ture of the other countries from an• incurred to the monopolies and go• gle of the peoples to defend their po• cient times until today, con.sidering vernments of the big capitalist coun• litical and economic rights to the them as the property and treasury of tries, is that terrible plunder in the letter, to oppose neo-colonialist plun• all mankind. form of interest rates, annuities, etc. der with determination, to take con• There is much talk, and many which drain the economy of the receiv• trol and govern, in a sovereign man• speakers rightly pointed out, that the ing countries and go to fill the safes ner, their national wealth, to ban cultural and scientific collaboration on in the banks of the United States of the operation of foreign capital of the basis of equality and mutual inte• America and Western Europe. any form on the national territory rest constitutes an important factor Not less barbarous and inhuman is of each country. Only the really in• for the strengthening of peace, friend• the plunder conducted through the dependent countries are capable of ship and harmony among the peoples. arms trade, the great business of the compelling the big powers into equal But, if this is possible among states, superpowers and some big industrial• exchanges of mutual benefit. so much more it should be possible ized countries. The arms race, which A real aggression is undertaken by and done among various nations which these powers encourage by fanning the imperialist powers against the history has brought to live within the up feuds, animosities and conflicts peoples and nations in the field of borders of the one state. Their com• between different countries, exerting culture, education, science, etc. at pre• mon interests demand that the values ALBANIA TODAY 1 (74), 1984 • 2Q - k- - . _ . .... „ of their national culture, the wealth of pie more capable at work and pro• in the field of science and art and their spiritual creativeness, should be duction, and this culture and educat• in all other sectors. exchanged and mutually respected. ion must be made the property of In countries like Albania the pro• Besides this, exchanges in this field the broad working masses.» blems of education and culture create a suitable atmosphere for nor• On this basis and guided by these assume special acuteness in the country• mal coexistence, directly help esta• principles, our new culture has de• side, in particular, where the bulk of blish relations of equality among the veloped as a culture which helps safe• the population lives. The raising of citizens, regarding both their rights guard the freedom won and the inde• the educational and cultural level of and their duties. pendent development, a culture which the countryside is a fundamental con• Unfortunately, however, we observe enables the man and helps him be• dition for the advancement of the that there are countries in which edu• come a citizen who loves his own whole country. cation in the mother tongue and the people and country, who loves and In the field of education, our coun• cultural development of the relatively respects other peoples, who admires tryside is in complete equality with small nationalities is not permitted, everything progressive, democratic and the city. In the countryside today not they are discriminated again.st or even human in the world. only all children are included in the persecuted. Such a policy, which a A deeip-going revolution has been 8-year schools, but a very large part greater nation pursues towards the carried out in the field of culture of the peasant youth attends directly smaller nations in the field of edu• and education in the People's Social• the secondary schools. Meanwhile, the cation and culture, the efforts for the ist Republic of Albania. The results existence of a special system of part- cultural assimilation of the latter by in all fields are great, but allow me time schools helps large contingents means of violence, are in opposition to point out one of its aspects, which of peasant youths attend this category to the rights of the peoples and the exipresses in a synthetized manner of school. international law, therefore, they must that transformation which has been The emancipation of the woman has be condemned. carried out and which shows the road been considered in our country as an• As our centuries-old experience followed by a small country, which, other essential condition for the crea• shows our small people faced up with because of foreign occupation, had a tion of a free and cultured social life. success the storms of times not only low level of education, development We have proceeded from the princi• because of their fighting and insur• of technique, spread of culture among, ple that culture cannot develop and gent spirit, but also the strength of the masses. At the end of 1944 in spread if women are not included their culture. By preserving their cul• Albania 85 per cent of the population in its activities. Without liquidating ture they have preserved their own was illiterate, those who had middle the social and cultural backwardness identity as a people and a nation. schooling could be counted in the fing• of the women, without freeing them Therefore, the problem of the deve• ers of one hand, whereas higher school• from household slavery, there can be lopment of culture in our country ing was out of question. Today, in no advance either in the field of eco• has been considered as a vital pro• a population of about 2 800 000 inha• nomy and society, or in the field of blem, an imperative for the defence bitants there are 55 thousand cadres culture. The Albanian woman today of freedom and independence and a with higher training and 230 thousand has become emancipated from every condition for the construction of so• working people with medium train• point of view. I shall not mention cialism. No fundamental iproblem, as ing. Hundreds of cultural and scien• here the fact that women participate was the organization and consolida• tific institutions carry out their ac• equally with men in production and tion of the new state, the industriali• tivity in various fields of education, that they are paid equally with them, zation of the country and moderni• science and artistic creativeness. but only the fact that our legislation zation of agriculture, the problems of About 1 700 people finish their higher not only makes no distinctions for education for the masses and the studies each year, whereas the agri• them, but on the contrary, defends emancipation of the woman, could cultural faculties train 1 200 cadres them and has created many facili• have been tackled with success with• a year. tating conditions for child caring, out raising the educational and cul• The creation of a large army of health services, pensions, etc. The edu• tural level of the masses. Right in the people's intelligentsia, equipped with cational and cultural level of the Al• first days after Liberation the leader the advanced knowledge of the time, banian woman, her emancipation, is of our people, Comrade Enver Hoxha, is one of the major successes of our seen also in the fact that more than said: ^The country needs more bread, people. It is known that no country half of the students who attend our but it also needs more culture and that wants its economic development higher schools today are girls. education. This culture and this edu• to be independent of foreigners, can The Albanian delegation will not cation should not become only a va• achieve anything without training its desist from making its modest contri• lueless ornament, but must serve the own cadres. It is these cadres trained bution to the work of this session of general interest, in order to produce at home who design and execute the the General Conference of the UNES• more and better, to raise the stan• construction of factories, power plants, CO and to join its efforts to those dard of living of our country. We ports, railways, who manage industrial of the delegations of peace- and free• need a culture which makes the peo- and agricultural production, who work dom-loving countries. SOME FEATURE OF THE ALBANI Albanian writers THE NOVEL EMERGED RATHER LATE ON THE HORIZON OF THE ALBANIAN LITERATURE. WHEN THE ALBANIAN WRITERS BEGAN have always asked TO WRITE NOVELS IN THEIR MOTHER TONGUE, THIS GENRE OF LI• themselves: TERATURE HAD EMERGED AND REACHED ITS COMPLETE MATURITY CENTURIES AGO IN EUROPE. THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE EUROPEAN does the content NOVEL, WITH ITS PEAKS IN FRANCE, BRITAIN, RUSSIA AND OTHER of their works respond COUNTRIES, COULD NOT GO UNNOTICED BY THE ALBANIAN WRITERS OF OUR NATIONAL RENAISSANCE, BECAUSE THEY WERE CULTURED to the tasks the PEOPLE WITH BROAjt INTERESTS. BUT AT THAT TIME, IN THE 19th country is solving, CENTURY, THE NOVEL COULD NOT BE WRITTEN IN ALBANIA, BE• CAUSE THE ALBANIAN LANGUAGE STILL HAD NOT ITS OWN AL• the economic, social, PHABET; THE ILLITERATE PEOPLE WERE LANGUISHING UNDER THE ideological YOKE OF THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE, THE MEN OF LETTERS HAD TO and political tasks SOLVE MORE IMMEDIATE PROBLEMS CONCERNING THE AWAKENING OF THE NATIONAL AWARENESS BY MEANS OF POLITICAL AND TEACH• _ our socialist ING PAMPHLETS, POEMS AND ARTICLES, ASSEMBLIES AND OPEN AGI• state has to cope TATION, ORGANIZATION AND DIRECTION OF THE PATRIOTIC MOVE• MENT, WITH PLEASANT READERS FOR THE PUPILS, AND SO ON. with? That is why they It is true that, at that time, the gap has some specific phenomena which have not allowed left by the lack of the novel was filled it would be of interest to mark out. themselves to some extent by the poems and poetry The theme of our history was treated to be attracted which were composed in the form of a by European novelists even before long narrative with a fable and charac• Albanian writers took it up. In the by petty ordinary 16th century the Italian Antonio Po- i^. themes, but ters. The poet De Rada, for exam• senti was attracted by the figure of ple, published the long poem, <«The Skanderbeg and wrote his novel -"Ter- by the great theme Songs of Milosao» in 1863, which may ror of the Turks* in 1548. Later, in of the revolution and be called the first novel in verse of 1644, the French writers Y. Chevreau the Albanian literature. Nevertheless, wrote < IT f''->'.'}''-ni. The influence of the technical-scientific revolution in capitalist society has been to raise the level of the social character of production and its antagonism " i with the capitalist form of appropriation. It has exacerbated - - and deepened the general crisis of imperialism, added to the unemployment, raised the level of capitalist exploitation, in this way influencing the preparation of the objective and subjective factors for the proletarian revolution, but it can never replace the proletarian revolution. - KARL MARX WAS A GREAT SCIENTIST. HE MADE ORIGINAL DISCO• plete emancipation of society. By dis• VERIES IN ALL FIELDS OF SCIENCE HE STUDIED, BUT THE GREATEST covering these laws Karl Marx arrived CHANGE AND THE MOST PROFOUND REVOLUTION WHICH HE BROUGHT at the conclusion that «the head of ABOUT WITH THE CREATION OF THE NEW PHILOSOPHY OF THE PRO• this emancipation is philosophy, the LETARIAT IS BEYOND COMPARISON WITH ANY OTHER DISCOVERY IN proletariat its heart*. THE WHOLE HISTORY OF HUMAN THOUGHT AND SCIENCE. MARX VALUED SCIENCE HIGHLY AS A REVOLUTIONARY FORCE, BECAUSE IT HAS ALWAYS SERVED MANKIND TO INCREASE ITS POWER 1 KARL MARX OVER NATURE AND HAS SERVED AS A KEEN WEAPON IN THE STRUG• ON THE DIALECTICAL GLE WITH THE IDEOLOGY OF THE REACTIONARY CLASSES OF SOCIETY INTERACTION OF SCIENCE IN STERN BATTLES WITH THE MYSTICISM AND IDEALISM WHICH THEY AND PHILOSOPHY HAVE PROPAGATED. THE TRUTH REVEALED BY SCIENCE HAS SERVED AS A POWERFUL SUPPORT FOR THE BIRTH AND CONSOLIDATION OF Marx and Engels proved that in the MATERIALISM. THE STRUGGLE WHICH SCIENCE HAS WAGED SINCE process of their development the indi• ITS INFANCY WITH THE RELIGIOUS MYSTICISM OF THE MIDDLE AGES, vidual sciences are based on a given THE STERN CLASHES OF THE MATERIALIST CONCLUSIONS WHICH ideological outlook. "'Let the scientists DERIVE FROM MODERN SCIENTIFIC DISCOVERIES, WITH THE PHILO say what they like, philosophy domi• SOPHICAL IDEALISM, WHICH IS THE WORLD OUTLOOK OF THE REAC• nates them,"' wrote Engels. From this TIONARY CLASSES AND GROWS LIKE A PARASITE ON THE HEALTHY stand-point Marx and Engels criticized BODY OF THE HUMAN KNOWLEDGE, ARE RECOGNIZED HISTORICAL the absurd pretensions of positivdst phi• FACTS. SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE HAS ALWAYS SERVED THE EMAN• losophy about the alleged ^absolute CIPATION OF THE ENERGIES OF THE MASSES AND THE REVOLUTIONARY independence- of individual sciences FORCES OF SOCIETY, HAS OPENED THE PERSPECTIVE TO THEM AND from philosophy, and that allegedly AROUSED THEIR FAITH IN THE FUTURE. «every science it.self is philosophy*. The historical conditions in the mid- that the world as a whole must be They advanced beyond positivism just die of the last century placed before conceived according to its real con• as they had earlier advanced beyond the other extreme — the so-called scientific theoretical thinking the task tent and the adequate image of it «philosophy of nature,* which con• must inspire the proletariat, the most KRISTAQ ANGJELI - Docent, head sidered philosophy as < It was not idle curiosity which ins• and Engels dealt with matter, mo• in their own scientific activity. Pro• pired IVTarx to follow the successes tion, space, time and many other pro• ceeding from the universal princi• in the field of natural sciences care• blems from the dialectical materialist ples of dialectical materialism, they fully and steip by step. This interest stand-point and were able to rise above' made a philosophical synthesis of the on his part was linked with a very the inevitable limitations of natural achievements of natural sciences with important question — with the trans• scientific knowledge of that time. It the aim of eflaborating the dialectical formation of philosophy into a true is an undeniable fact that not only at materialist picture of the world and science. For this the limitations of the the time when our Classics Jived, but disclosing the dialectics of nature. In existing philosophy had to be over• also later, to this very day, the de- his works, Engels devoted great at• come and, in the first place, idealism veiopmemt of natural sciences is fur• tention to the philosoiphical synthesis had to be criticized because, in ther Mvang evidence which is bril- of the achievements of physics, che• Marx's words, it reduces the world to lianBly conliiTning the dialectical ma• mistry, biology and other natural abstract logical categories, seeks the terialist views of Mai-x and Engels sciences. While Marx displayed Sipe- essence of nature outside nature and about the world. Such conclusions of cial interest in the philosophical pro• the essence of man outside man, and tne Marxist philosophy as those about blems of mathematics, not to men• seeks the object of philosophy where the inexhaustability of the atom in tion that concern they both displayed it does not lie — outside the real depth and breadth and matter in ge• to sum up, synthesize and draw scien• world. It was necessary to go beyond neral, the concept of infiniity as a pro• tific conclusions from the develop• the idealist dialectical methods of He• cess which contains qualitative leaps, ment of poJiitical, economic and social gel and criticize the metaphysics and and of movement as the mode of life. For this reason, points out Com• mechanicism of the early materialism,. existence of matter, find confinnation rade Enver Hoxha, «...the work of «Hitherto,» writes Marx in the Ger• today in the development of modern Marx is the summation of science, the man-French annual in 1844, «the phi• natural sciences. The natural sciences quintessence of science, it is the pro• losophers had the solution to all mys• today confirm once again the uni• found elaboration of human thinking teries on their desk and the versal character of the law of oppo- and activity through the centuries..."'' foolish and uninitiated had only to sites, of the law of the reciprocal Marx and Engels analysed the de• open their mouths to imbibe the transition of quantitative changes into velopment of natural sciences up to tasly morsels of absolute science ready qualitative changes, of the law of the that ;time in the light of materialist cooked. Genuine philosophy,^ said negation of the negation, of catego• dialectics and summed up and cor• Marx, -"Cannot and must not be an ries of materialist dialectics, of the rectly interpreted the results which absolute science which claims to fundamental iprinciiples of the theory they brought. Thus, the classification solve ail the mysteries, but must be of cognii'tion, etc. worked out by Marx which they made of the main forms a science in the series of other scien- and Engels. This development of the of movement, and in conformity with sciences has shown that they are this, their cla-ssification of natural sciences and their definition in broad Marx and Engels appreciated the consistently following a ^ddalectical outline on the basis of the Marxist deveilopment of sciences and the great materialist course. That is why ^...we clarify materialism and dialectics methodology of the correct road of de• discoveries in science as one of these through the development and progress of velopment of these sciences, are well- motive forces which advance material• sciences,says Comrade Enver Hoxha. known. No less important is the treat• ist philosophical thinking and which ment and solution by Marx and Engels impel this thinking to rise towards The great merit of the founders of of a series of specific problems in a higher and more consistent; form, our philosophy is that they proved the field of these sciences which the towards dialectical materialism. with theoretical argument the unity limitations of the prevailing world Basing himself on the new discove• of this philosophy with the natural outlook had led into an impasse as, ries of the natural sciences, Marx sciences and realized it in practice 36 • 1 (74), . 1984 ALBANIA TODAY for examiple, the problem of two cal materialism. In this connection to ensure that new discoveries are masses in mechanical motion, the es• Karl Marx writes, -"The absolute in• interpreted in the spirit of idealism, sence of electricity, the essence of terest of the ruling classes requires regardless of whether it presents it• hfe, the concept about labour, etc. the perpetuation of absurdity. After all, self in < the development of the technical-scien• creation of large-scale modern produc• industry and the developed socialist tific revolution the numbers of the tion and the development of technical- agriculture, in the ceaseless rise of intelligentsia have increased, but the scientific revolution are the work of the well-being of tlie working mas• numbers of the working class and the the Party and socialism. ses the perfection of the socialist re• level of exploitation of that class by In the conditions of the existence lations of production and the rise of the capitalists have increased to even of our socialist society and in the the productivity of labour, in the nar• greater proportions. Therefore, this conditions of the existence of the ca• rowing of the main social distinctions, intelligentsia cannot replace the his• pitalist-bourgeois society, the techni• as well as in the scientific and tech• toric mission of the proletariat; or play cal-scientific revolution today is tak• nical and professional uplift of the any new historical role. There are ing place simultaneously in two dia• working masses. In our country scien• bourgeois ideologists who claim that metrical opposite socio-economic for• ce and technique belong to the the main motive force of society lies mations and in this way, manifests working mas.ses and have been placed in a group of ^-humanitarian^ scient• in each of them completely op^posite completely in their service. ists' who will -"direct^ the technical- sooial class content. In regard to this, scientific revolution to <4he benefit of Comrade Enver Hoxha, defending and * manl 1 F. Engels, ^'The Bialectics of No- Economy", Tirana 1977, p. 58, Alb. ed. 10 K. Marx-F. Engels, Selected ture», Tirana 1973, Alb. ed. 6 Karl Marx, ^'Capital", vol. 1, book. Works, vol. 1, Tirana 1975, pp. 371-372, 2 Enver Hoxha, ^ 3 Enver Hoxha, < A gloomy atmosphere of crisis and decadence pervades all bourgeois rj'w«? RECENTLY THE BOURGEOIS AND REVISIONIST ESTHETICIANS ARE post-modernism, both as theoretical MORE AND MORE TALKING ABOUT THE CRYSTALLIZATION OF A NEW esthetic thinking and artistic practice, PHASE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF MODERNIST THEORETICAL THINKING marks a further deepening of the crisis AND ARTISTIC PRACTICE. THEY HAVE EVEN FOUND A NEW NAME — and decadent phenomena in conte• POST-MODERNISM. FOR THIS PHASE WHICH IS BEING ADVERTISED AS mporary bourgeois-revisionist esthetic AN EXPRESSION OF VITALITY AND INNOVATION WHICH ALLEGEDLY culture. CARRIES FORWARD CONTEMPORARY ARTISTIC CULTURE. A gloomy atmosphere of crisis and POST-MODERNISM IS AMONG THE MANY NEW "ISMS>- WHICH HAVE decadence pervades all bourgeois-revi• BEEN PUT IN CIRCULATION IN THE CAPITALIST AND REVISIONIST sionist esthetic thought and post-mo• COUNTRIES IN THE RECENT 20-30 YEARS, TOGETHER WITH POP ART, dernist practices. Nothing original KINETIC ART, CONCRETE POETRY, ALITERATURE, KIBERNETIC ART, THE emerges on the horizon of bourgeois- THEATRE OF THE ABSURD, ELECTRONIC ART, BODY-ART, KITSCH ART, revisionist esthetic thought of our time. HYPER-REALISM, BOUNDLESS ART, THE ART OF THE GREAT NEGA• It comes out with less and less theo• TION, ETC. retical conceptions which would un• Among the many arguments that are towards the future, with prospects as dertake a global examination of the being proposed to camouflage the great as those of the time when art key problems of esthetics. There is a symptoms of the crisis of the bour• was discovered for the first time. In prevalence of fragmentarism, one-si- geois-revisionist artistic culture one is order not to lag behind the Western dedness, shallowness and essayistic des• that of the rapidity with which the modernist estheticians, in their enthu• criptions and a marked lack of inner new schools of modernism exercised siasm the Soviet revisionist estheticians coherence and logical consistency. The their influence for two to three deca• are hastening to show the ^-achieve- poverty of thought is covered up with des, their post-modernist variants do ments^> of post-modernism. This is paradoxal and equivocal expressions, not live more than two to three years. what the Soviet esthetician, O. E Tu- vulgar empiricism and pseudo-theore• However, the rapidity of their repla• ganova, writes in an article published tical speculations. cement is no sign of their «vitality» in «Voprosy filosofii" this year: «The- Contemporary bourgeois-revisionist but, on the contrary, a sign of their re are many interesting and fruitful esthetic thought is less and less ca• creative sterility because they are una• things in the principles and artistic pable of building itself in the forms ble to create genuine, significant and means of post-modernism, things which of a consist theoretical and metodolo- permanent values. They are unable stimulate thought and feeling»; «Post- gical monism. The pluralism of con• to attract attention for long, go quickly modernism has stimulated the discus• cepts of bourgeois-revisionist esthetics bankrupt and leave the place to new sion about problems of art and cul• is being used as a disguise to create fashions. Thus, the permanent meta• ture, of the stand towards life and the impress that it investigates art and morphosis of modernism and post-mo• contributed in many directions to a esthetic phenomena in all their aspects dernism is one of the major expression more acute perception of the every• and from all possible angles of view. of the crisis which has bourgeois-revi• day reality." Distortions of the truth are the main sionist art in its grip. In order not to be misled by these theoretical source of the motley doc• The bourgeois estheticians try to clamorous advertisements it is impor• trines of bourgeois-revisionist esthetics. show that with the variants of post• tant to give a clear answer to these Pluralism indicates, among other things, modernism a broad road has been questions: What does post-modernism that bourgeois-revisionist esthetics lacks found for the development of art represent? Is it an expression of «vi• a fundamental scientific criterion for its study of esthetic phenomena, of .ALFRED Vgi — Teacher of philoso• tality" and "progress" in contemporary art and its development. •". ; ,• phy and esthetics esthetic culture? As a mutter of fact, >ECADENTISM ALFRED ITfl 'sionist esthetic thought and post-modernist practices ,H Contemporary bourgeois-revisionist REALISM OR ANTI-REALISM? tional world outlook, which conside• esthetics is involved in an all-out red the torbV-i impulses of the sub• struggle against realism and revolutio• In the recent decades the process conscious and instincts the source of nary art; it has risen in defence of of crystallization of post-modernism is dreativeness. Indeed, to defend abstra• the ugliest variants of post-modernism. being accompanied with clamorous ctionism, an ultra-formalist trend in Its new post-modernist practices do calls for a transition to a «new rea- painting, they came out with the not represent a manifestion of true lism»! These calls may surprise anyone theory of the «new reality- revealed vitality and innovation. They are all who knows that the history of moder• by surrealism. In the name of «total built on: nism is the history of its uninterrupted realism- the road was paved for the first, the exhumation of a number and irreconcilable struggle against rea• emergence of one of the most disgra• nf decadent concepts and practices lism. Every esthetic ideas and artistic ceful variants of naturalist modernism long ago forgotten and short-lived in practice of modernism was advertised — ".pop art-. their time. Thus, for example, many as an overcoming of the "limitations- In favour of most-modernism are of the artistic variants of post-moder• of realism, as a «victory» over it. This also the "theoretical- manipulations of nism rely on the decadent anarchic being so, in front of the calls of the the revisionist estheticians of our ti• ideas and practices of Dadaism which post-modernists for a «new realism-, me who are advertising "boundless- in the twenties, due to its ultra-scan• one cannot help asking: Are we wit• or "Open realism-. Their intention dalous character, could not have broad nessing a true change in the anti-rea• is to expand the concept of realism extension. Ncverthele.ss, many suppor• list course of contemporary decadent to such a degree as to include within bourgeois-revisionist esthetics and ai-t? it all the variants of modernism and ters of modernism cover up the In fact both the theoretical esthetic post-modernism. Despite their zeal, impotence and creative sterility of its platform and artistic practices show the revisionist estheticians are not at representatives by exhumating and that we are confronted with new all original, because prior to them imitating the decadent ideas and expe• attempts to deepen the struggle against there were bourgeois estheticians whft rience of Dadaism; realism, although under a pseudo- attempted to level out the contrast second, carrying the former variants i-ealist disguise. and irreconcilability between realism of modernism to their extreme mani• and modernism and put together all festations. Here post-modernism pre• This deceptive tactic is not new, it schools, trends and currents of mo• sents itself as an as.sembly of ultra-de• was formerly u.sed by the supporters dern art under the label of a "new cadent artistic concepts and practices of modernism, too. Although cubism was the most flagrant departure from realism-. which carry the old variants of for• the traditions of realist painting in In our time the supporters of post• malism and naturalism to their extre• the beginning of this century, many modernism, with their call for a "new me consequences; of its supporters tried to peddle it realism-, try only to deepen the anti- third, the abandonment of the objec• with talk about "a modern variant of realist spirit in art. The only thing tive laws of the esthetic assimilation realism-. In the twenties and thirties, that distinguishes post-modernism from of the reality, oscillating from a one• in order to prop up somewhat the its modernist precursors is that it sided interpretation to the other or shaky fortunes of modernism, its sup• comprises and mixes up the mani• relying on the eclectic conciliation of porters came out again with a pseu• festations of formalism and naturalism. extreme concepts. All this shows that do-realist label, that of surrealism, The history of modernism shows that post-modernism is only an expression the representation of a world of hor• its variants have, in general, oscilla• of the profound crisis of bourgeois art rible hallucionations and delirious ted from the one extreme to the other and esthetics. sati.- Jv-i u dreams built on the basis of an irra• and presented themselves either as 44 • 1 (74), 1984 ALBANIA TODAY variants of formalism or as variants fulness»! They consider the realistic whole, a normal figurative look. Ho• of naturalism. In the modernism of interpretation and assessment of the wever, it is known that the figura• the past these two extremes were mo• material from life as a «limitation»- tiveness of things is one thing, and re or less apparent, whereas post• and ^subjectivism^ of realism. To the figurativeness of painting is quite modernism, unable to bring out new avoid these pitfalls, realism must re• another thing. In pop art figurative• original ideas, despite all its manipu• produce the reality without any com• ness is not artistic and is used only lating of the old anti-realist arguments ment or interpretation, avoiding any as an optical illusion to pave the road of formalism and naturalism, produ• ideological involvement, merging itself for the objectivization of art. The ces only eclectic and arbitrary com• with things. Art must be not only esthetics of post-modernism insist that binations, considering precisely the creation of -"pure forms"- but also crea• «originality» is achieved by denying formalist-naturalist symbiosis a new tion of real things, and only in this the figurative arts their figurativeness step forward, indeed a liind of «su- way can il reach the so-called «hyper- and imposing figurativeness on non- per-reaiism» or «total realism». realism>>. So by identifying art with tigurative arts. The theoreticians of post-modernism the creation of -"pure forms» and ±ience, post-modernism has nothing leave no way open to their being mi• things, post-modernism combines the in common wim realism, because ii sunderstood and identified with true sins of ultra-formalism with those represents a concentrate of all anti- realism. Kvery historical variant of of ultra-naturalism in an eclectic reaiist trends of modernism in all realism (the realism of the epoch and unprincipled manner. lueir formalist and naturalist variants. of the Renaissance or Critical Kea- One of the clearest expressions of iism of the 19in century, Neo-realism this anti-esthetic -"synthesis^ is pop of ine 2uin century or Socialist Rea• art whose creations do not claim to i^t^W HORIZONS lism) is, according to the theoreti• have any connection to or to be the UK OBJECTIVIZATION OF ART? cians 01 post-modernism, fraught with reflection of the real world — they irremediable short-comings. Part of are < has looked for beauty and esthetic that, under the slogan of ^expanding ciple to other spheres of art, too. values in a very limited range Of the esthetic horizort», they level out This has prompted the emergence of things and phenomena of the reality. the distinctions between esthetic values the so-called «aleatoric music» (from It is l 48 • 1 (74), 1984 ALBANIA TODAY called on to cover up the true causes and anti-esthetic things are the main under its protection an anarchist ex• of decadent art in general, and, espe• content of anti-esthetics. Now it proc• plosion of capricious tastes in the cially, of its technicist wing, present• laims cynically that all innovation is sphere of art, justifies all the mons• ing them as direct results of technical the result of the negation of art and trosities of post-modernism, encourages and scientific progress and of the its artistic laws. Anti-esthetics is in- arbitrariness and extravagance in ar• utilization of the modern means of dended to make art disgusting for the tistic creativeness. communication. public so as to bring it round to Modern bourgeois esthetics tries to accept all anti-esthetic manifestations. blur the boundaries between art and What does modern bourgeois esthe• non-art. This is presented as a great THE ANTI-ESTHETIC ESSENCE tics ask for one thing, action or situa• step forward towards the «democrati- OF POST-MODERNISM tion, to be proclaimed art? Only the zation>> of art, its drawing closer and capacity of arousing the curiosity with even blending into the reality. But The struggle against beauty, the its absurd, spectacular or scandalous how is this blending achieved? What cult of the ugly, the objectivization properties, only the possibility to asto• is the price paid for it? It is preci• of art, the «technicist» forms, etc. re• nish and surprise the public. Provo• sely the loss and destruction of art. affirm the anti-esthetic platform of cative esthetics, this is tne «last word"- Mental derangements, misunderstand• post-modernism. of bourgeois-revisionist esthetics which ings, absurdities and oddities are what Anti-esthetics has been put in cir• reduces art to a means of incompre- count most in «anti-art». Anti-esthetics culation long ago. The first manifesta• nensible attractions. It encourages all justifies the penetration into the field tions of anii-eslhelic practices cropped sons of experiments with words, of artistic creativeness of not only up as early as tne beginning of the sounds, colours, etc. to concoct new people with little or no talent, but Zyilh ceniuiy. At inut lime, however, ausurd things, regardless that tnere is also of charlatans and crooks. It has liieir anli-esmelic essence was not re• no esuietic or artistic eiement in them: long ago considered madmen and vealed openly. As a platform of mo• i'rom tnem oniy one thing is requi• even animals as creators of art. dernism, anti-esthelics was relatively red: to be surprising, provocative, ab• In the field of literature, anti-esthe• restrained and timid in its first steps. surd! tics has come out with the anti-novel, It continued to capitalize on the abso- ine estheticians of post-modernism the concrete poetry, the theatre of lutization of this aspect or moment try to establish a theoretical basis the absurd, etc. The anti-novel is ui esiiiecic-artislic assimilation, wne- lor ineir uLtempts to replace art with built on the negation of all the main leas now post-modernist estneticians tne most scandalous things. They have esthetic achievements of classical li• come out openly in deience of a ten• lound inis basis in the so-called «insti- terature, and especially realistic litera• dentious ami-eslhetics, tnat is, in de• tutional theory", according to which ture. Characters are eliminated and ience of tne attemjjLs to build tne anytning created may be called art, their place is taken up by descriptions so-called <'modern art" as a complete u the puDlic accepts it as such. Accord• of things, lines, colours, volumes, re• and open negation of the estnetic ing to the institutional theory, it is liefs, geometrical forms and scents. experience of art, the laws of esthe• not objective esthetic values that raise Anti-novels have no story or subject, tic assimilation and artistic creati- a woiR to the level of art, but only which are replaced with fragments, veness. At the 9th International Con• social conventions. -"The merits or dialogues and monologues of uncertain gress of Esthetics (1980) the idea pre• component parts of a work of art,»- appertenance. They render the opsy- vailed that an energetic and definitive says the American esthetician T. Mon• chical flovv»- through alogical fragments transition must be made from estiietics, roe, «do not consist in the object of stories, landscapes, descriptions of which is the summing up of classical (that is, in the painting) as a physical things, movements, mimicry. Under in• art, to anti-eslhelics, which would be object, but mostly in the stand of tricate forms of absurd words and mo• the summing up of the experience people towards it.'> The work of art, nologues against a background of of modernism and a support for the according to this theory, must have dreams and hallucinations, events practices of post-modernism. only the capacity to surprise, which are blurred and conflicts, taken out Anti-esthetics lakes under its wing makes it a source of equivocations of their concrete socio-historical con• and theoretically justifies things which and suppositions. Competitions, criti• text, concealed or camouflaged. have nothing do with art or esthetic cism, advertisements, academies, thea• Concrete poetry, being the culmina• values. Anti-esthetics is built outside tres, publishing houses, exhibitions and tion point of all modernist tendencies, the limits within which the criteria other social institutions decide whether marked the complete negation of poe• of art and esthetic values have a this or that creation is to be called tic art. It no longer employs language meaning. The discrediting of art, of a «work of art»- or not. The institu• in its normal and esthetic functions, its beauty, of its esthetic principles, tional theory, by proclaiming the works as a means for the expressions of the esthetization of banal anti-artistic of art to social institutions, takes thoughts and feelings; it Kliberates* ALBANIA TODAY 1 (74), 1984 • 49 language from syntax and grammar the process of destruction of art. Con• harmful to it. It is not by chance that and, under the slogan of the struggle crete music replaces musical language the American bourgeois sociologist, Ro- against -"verbal tyranny» gives up with ordinary noises. Body-art negates zak, speaking about the different forms words and their meanings, uses simple sculpture and its artistic figurativeness of •'-'anti-art", says that <-'they do not articulated sounds to create -"formal and replaces it with -«live specimens", threaten the existing order and are or acustic structures^ and -«new people who take the most absurd and tolerated because they are not linked things"! dirtiest poses in exhibition halls or with forms of real protest." The theatre of the absurd cynically in nature. Lyrical erotic poetry is Post-modernism is becoming ever proclaims the absurd, the negation of replaced with -"live sex" or strip-tease. more scandalous. There are no bounds the laws of logic as the fundamental Instead of painting, pop art, which to the degeneration of bourgeois-re• principle of its existence. Alogicity comprises all sorts of methods, creates visionist art. Its crisis situation is cha• pervades not only the -«content» of physical-optical effects, optical illusions racterized by Comrade Enver Hoxha the play, but also its form and gives and irritating psycho-physiological or• with these profound words: «The de• the theatrical performance an absurd naments. -i-iElectronic" painting is ma• cadence and degeneration of bourgeois character, leading the spectator to the de up of photos produced by means art and literature are terrible. They conclusion that the world is absurd, of electromagnetic illumination (ma• try to raise this degeneration to a meaningless, irrational and that for gnified photos of structures of chemi• model and symbol for the building art to be worthy of it, it must be cal elements, cells, etc.) and various of a new way of life which is nothing absurd, too. The theatre of the absurd rhythmical diagrams. The art of the other but the offspring and faithful is the complete destruction of the play. impossible advertises such -<- The Yugoslav leadership does not want to admit on the road of violence, national oppression ar THE PLENUM OF THE CENTRAL COMMITTEE OF THE LCY DEVOTED TO THE ANALYSIS OF THE PRESENT SITUATION IN KOSOVA AND THE NEW MEASURES FOR THE ^STABILIZATION OF THE SITUATION IN THE REGION-- WAS CONVENED IN BELGRADE IN DECEMBER LAST YEAR. AS DECLARED, THE PLENUM WAS TO BE CONVENED EARLIER, BUT PREPARATIONS FOR IT TOOK MORE THAN A YEAR, IF NOT MORE. THERE WERE MANY CAUSES FOR THIS DELAY, BUT THE MAIN ONE WAS THE SITUATION IN KOSOVA WHICH THE YUGOSLAV LEADERS WANTED TO PRESENT AS --STABILIZED-^, --CALM- AND EVEN -BRI• LLIANT". THEY WERE ANXIOUS TO SHOW THE YUGOSLAV AND WORLD OPINION THAT THEIR PUNITIVE, COERCIVE AND OPPRESSIVE MEA• SURES HAD BROUGHT ABOUT THE SUBMISSION OF KOSOVA. However, the situation in Kosova Great-Serb chauvinism are in force. remained unchanged, indeed it grew Nevertheless the Great-Sarb chauvi• worse. As a result of the implemen• nists never for a moment succeeded in tation of the program of measures suppressing the patriotic spirit of the adopted by the Central Committee of Albanian population, their feeling of the LCY for Kosova in 1981, many national dignity and their democratic other elements were added to the cau• spirit. ses which led to the tragic events in Judging by these results it can be Kosova three years ago. Not only was said that the policy of strength in nothing done to attenuate the econo• Kosova has failed and that the pro• mic inequality, to recognize the de• ceedings of the recent Plenum of the mocratic rights and the national cha• CO of the LCY are a confirmation of racter of the Albanians, but, on the this failure. The fact that the Yugos• contrary, the autonomy of Kosova was lav leaders convened at the Plenum, further curtailed in all fields, Alba• despite the evident failure of their nian culture and education were su• policy, decided that -the existing plat• bject to constant attaclts, and Kosova form should in the future, too, re• was practically turned into a province main, an obligatory basis for the ac• in which the segregationist laws of tivities of all the forces in Kosova,» shows that they are led not by ob- -ZERZ 1 POPVLhlT>> — Organ of the CC Qf th? Party of Lahour of Alliania Jectiveness, but hy passion, and that OF KOSOVA ONLY WITH SPASSIONATELY'i gravity of the situation and continues insistently , ;)o-«> v ^ r - discrimination in Kosova • ••• - • - - ,. . , >•:. ... >n:: • national hatred prevents them from it been from the beginning. We see campaign and the diplomatic activities looking realistically into the problems that some Yugoslav leaders have re• against our country. and find the correct ways for the nor• cognized this reality. For example, Of course, nobody expects from the malization of the situation in Kosova. when events in Kosova were at their present Yugoslav leaders to change The Plenum was transformed into a most acute stage, Dolanc was the first their policy towards Albania. The fai• tribune of attacks against Kosova and to declare that «the Albanian govern• lures their policy in Kosova has suf• of accusations against the People's So• ment does not stand behind them». fered, the discredit Yugoslavia has cialist Republic of Albania. However, Later the former president of the Pre• fallen into in the international arena such attacks and accusations do not sidency of the CC of the LCY, Mitja as a result of the intensification of its go down with Yugoslav opinion, or, Ribicic, said that -"the main source of links with the superpowers and the even less, with world opinion. Now as nationalism was ithe alienation of the services it renders them, make the Yu• in the past tthe situation in Kosova regional leadership from the working goslav leaders talk wildly and act irres• ponsibly. cannot be blamed on the Kosova peo• masses, not Enver Hoxha.>> Also, the ple or on the -"interference of Alba- president of the Assembly of the SFRY, The attacks against Albania and, in nia» which allegedly instigated them Raif Dizdarevic, in his speech to the general, the anti-Albanian spirit that to demand recognition of their ri^ts. Assembly of Kosova said that apoli• prevails in Yugoslavia today ds in• They were aroused by the Great-Serb tical awareness shows that what hap• tended precisely at covering up this rea• chauvinist policy followed towards pened in Kosova was the result of lity and the chauvinist policy followed them for a long time, they were in• mistakes made in the past.» Recently, towards the Albanian population in censed by inequality and economic Markovic, the new president of the Kosova and other region. poverty, they were indignant at the leadership of the CC of the LCY, al• At the Plenum it was often re• negation of their legitimate rights, the though still insisting on «external, Al• peated that allegedly the Peoples suppression of their nationality and banian, influence'^ also says that -"the Socialist Republic of Albania does anti-democratic violence. decisive cause of the events in Koso- not want to have cultural relat• Albania has never interfered in the ya lies in our internal weaknesses and ions with Yugoslavia. This is not true, just as it is not true that internal affairs of Yugoslavia, it has concessions^. Albania's relations with Yugoslavia not meddled in them in any form and Nevertheless, there were many con• were limited only to Kosova. In rea• cannot be blamed in the least for the tributors to the discussion in the Ple• lity, and this is well known, such re• events in Kosova. Everybody, and es• num, with Dobrivoje Vidic, the re• lations existed also with Montenegro, pecially the Kosova people and the presentative of Serbia, at the head, Macedonia and, in some fields (exhi• leadership of Kosova, know that our who tried to turn the attacks against bitions, participation in film festivals collaboration with Kosova has been ex• Albania into the fundamental party and various scientific activities), with tremely correct. This is a truth which and slate policy of Yugoslavia. They 15 borne out by the facts and so has Belgrade, Zagreb, etc. And these rela• called for escalating the propaganda tions were not broken by us, but by 52 • 1 (74), 1984 ALBANIA TODAY Belgrade. So, as a consequence, Bel• ticized the leadership of Kosova, just result of the grave atmosphere, of grade is the only one to blame for the as he did not fail to criticize, in those those tensions and conflicts which the situation created. As far as Albania years, the Croatian and Serb national• policy of violence and national oppres• is concerned, even now it is ready to ists. sion pursued by the Yugoslav leader• re-establish cultural relations not only The Serb leadership, which at that ship has created in Kosova. with Kosova but also with all the time did not have the courage to op• At a time when so much noise is other republics of Yugoslavia without pose Tito, now seems to try to take made about the departure of Serbs exception on the basis of equality and the revenge. But since Tito has died from Kosova, we cannot fail to point with the agreement and approval of it clamps down on the Kosova leader• out the fact that much larger masses both sides. ship. Time will show whether this at• of Albanians have been leaving Ko• The former leadership of Kosova tack of the Serb leadership against sova, Macedonia and Montenegro and was the special target of the attacks I'ito has to do only with the rights emigrating to Turkey, to West-Eu• of the recent Plenum of the CC of which the latter recognized to the Ko- ropean countries, to Australia, and the LCY. Everything that occurred in sovars, or with the beginning of the even to Alasca, and elsewhere. Why Kosova was blamed on it. We do not revision of the whole of Tito's policy does no one speak about them? Why intend to defend the leadership of on which the Yugoslav Federative sys• is it not said that they, too, must Kosova, either the old or the new tem is built. One thing, however, is be helped to return to Kosova? Are one. Let the people of Kosova and clear right now: the apprehension of there Albanians in Slovenia, in Croa• Uie peoples of Yugoslavia judge its the Great-Serb centralist and unita• tia, in Serbia? There are, and tens actions. However, for the sake of truth rian tendencies, which have been of thousands of them. But no one ever it must be said that, what is well transformed into an open policy of asks why they are forced to depart known and borne out by documents, oppression and denationalization in Ko- from Kosova, no one ever says that for everything it did the leadership Bova, has begun to affect many people they, too, must be helped to return of Kosova had the approval and en• in the other Republics. to their native place. couragement of Tito. Then why the A very large-scale campaign has As far as we know, when the Serbs leadership of Kosova is the only ac- been raised in Yugoslavia today in and the Montenegrins emigrate from cussed, and not Tito as well? the press and at all the state and Kosova, they, unlike the Albanians, re• In Markovic's report to the Plenum party forums about the so-called pro• main in Yugoslavia and they are not as well as in some contributions to blem of the departure of the Serb discriminated against politically, eco• the discussion self-criticism was made and Montenegrin element from Koso• nomically and culturally as the Alba• •xfor remaining silent in 1968». The va. Does the problem exist as such? nians are. It must also be said that mentioning of this year, although in• It may exist, but the causes are not the migration of population within Yu• directly, was a direct attack on Tito those about which Belgrade is so vo• goslavia is a farily widespread pheno• and his policy towards Kosova. It was ciferous. >"••-•• •' menon, which has been and is con• precisely in 1968, after Rankovic's po• The Albanians have always been for sidered to be something positive. It is licy of genocide towards the Albanians, peace and friendship with their neigh• obvious that all this noise about the that Tito received a delegation from bours, Serbs and Montenegrins. Even departure of the Serbs and Monte• Kosova and accepted their demands in the most difficult times they have negrins is the result of an «anti-Alba- for the extension of the autonomy of not been guided by chauvinist and na• nian predisposition*, as the Yugoslav Kosova, the opening of the University tionalist feelings. They have never leaders like to sugar-coat the wave of of Prishtina, the official acknowled• harrassed anyone, and just as they Great-Serb chauvinism which is dash• gement of the use of two languages, have shown self-respect so have they ing against Kosova at present. the use of the Albanian flag, the ex• proved to be respecting the others. No one can deny the right of the tension of Albanian schools and pu• The departure of Serbs and Montene• leaders of Serbia and Montenegro to blications and many other requests. It grins from Kosova is not the result worry about the migration of their was precisely at that time that he of the pressure on the pert of the fellow-countrymen from Kosova. But agreed on and allowed the cultural co• Albanians there, but the result of the why are the leaders of Kosova ac• llaboration with Albania. Had Tito difficult economic situation in Koso• cused of paternalism when they show seen nationalistic tendencies in these va, the gloomy prospects of its de• an interest in and want to know Why actions, he would certainly have cri• velopment. And above all it is the the Albanians migrate from Macedonia ALBANIA TODAYS 1 (74), 1984 • 53 and Montenegro and why they are year period 1981-1985 the economic de• «men>> as Sinan Hasani and Hysen mistreated? In this case, too, it is ob• velopment rate in Kosova would be Kamadani, they are sadly mistaken. vious that the Great-Serbs do not have 60 per cent higher than the average Their over-zealousness to sing hymns a clear conscience, because they mea• rate of Yugoslavia, that the problem to Great-Serb chauvinism and to paint sure different people with different of unemployment would be softened their own people black is so crying yardsticks. In these conditions, what up, that the Republics and the region that it is difficult to believe in their do the Yugoslav leaders imply with of Voyvodina would comply with and "dignity-. the words that the PSR of Albania fulfil all their obligations towards Ko• The time that has elapsed from the has a right to interest itself in the Al• sova, that the Federation would in• events of the year 1981 in Kosova is banians who live in Yugoslavia? crease the amount of ai'd to it, etc. sufficient to reflect objectively on their The chiefs of Belgrade connect the These promises were not kept. As the true causes. Likewise, the present si• migration of the Serbs and Montene• plenum said, and as the Yugoslav tuation in Kosova is a clear reflection grins allegedly with a strategy of pres• press puts it, the economic develop• of the fact that the measures adopted sure on the part of the Albanians in ment rate in Kosova is not 60 per lor the «normalization» of the situation order to achieve an ^ethnically pure cent above the average rate of Yugos• have proved to be a complete failure. Kosova»-. The slogan of an «ethnically lavia, but 40 per cent lower than the Nevertheless, the Yugoslav leader• pure Kosova'> is not concocted by the average rate; unemployment increased ship does not want to admit the gra• Albanians. It was invented by the from 60 000 at the end of 1981 to vity of the situation and continues in• Great-Serbs and expresses their colo• 100 000 at the end of 1983. As for the sistently on the road of violence, na• nialist mentality, their desires and stra• projects that were to be built with tional oppression and discrimination in tegy to secure their physical presence the help of the community, they re• Kosova. The decisions of the last ple• as guards of the Serbian empire in mained projects on paper. On top of num show that the Yugoslav leader• all the regions of Yugoslavia. Like the all this, Kosova is deep in debts. Only ship disillusioned the peoples of Yu• Slovenes, the Croatians, Bosnian and in the first six months of the last year goslavia who want the situation in others, the Albanians, too, want that Kosova paid 3 billion dinars in arrears Kosova to return to normal and the coexistence and true friendship exist of credits, at a time when all the an• vengeful chauvinist actions that are among the peoples of Yugoslavia, but nual accumulation of its economy is taken there to cease. On the other on terms of equality and understanding, 2 billion 600 million dinars. hand, these decisions constitute a cha• not with one being the ruler and the No one was taken to account for all llenge to the broad public opinion in other the ruled, one having privileges this. No word was breathed about the the world, which does not reconcile it• and the other being discriminated «solidarity» which had been given so self to the nationalist crimes that are against, one living in affluence and the much publicity. Instead, the plenum committed against an innocent populat• other dying in starvation. recommended that Kosova should de• ion, the trampling of the national and The last plenum of the Yugoslavs velop <'on its own forces"-. In short, democratic rights of that population. has just glided over the economic si• tliey abandoned it «to its own fate>>. Life has shown that injustices are tuation of Kosova, which is very grave, Seen as a whole, the decisions of the not defended by force, jiist as people and the problems of its development. last plenum of the CC of the League cannot be convinced with words to And this seems a little strange at a of Communists of Yugoslavia were a say that black is white. The problem time when, as a result of the grave dictate and a new cohersion exercised of Kosova can be solved only with crisis, the economic problems occupy on Kosova. It is true that the plenum wisdom and cool-headedness, in com• the first place in the political life spoke about Kosova, but Kosova it• plete conformity with the interests of of Yugoslavia. But the fault of «omis- self, its own voice, its own wishes and Kosova and all Yugoslavia, without sion» is not accidental. When the «Plat- thoughts were not heard. If people in seeking to gain superiority and privi• form for Kosova»- was approved in Belgrade think that the Albanians of leges, and above all, without a natio• 1981, it was said that during the five- Yugoslavia are represented by such nalist and chauvinist predisposition. THE STOCKHOLM CONFI ANOTHER PEACE ILLUSIC The Albanian people have fought and continues to fight with all their forces to avert war and defend peace. And this they have done with deeds and not with words, as those who accuse us of the opposite do ^ " THERE IS MUCH TALK ABOUT DISARMAMENT, EUROPEAN AND INTER• conditions, the anxiety of the popular NATIONAL SECURITY TODAY, ESPECIALLY AFTER THE OPENING OF THE masses of Europe was very great. STOCKHOLM CONFERENCE. THE TALKING IS DONE BY BOTH THOSE They are seeing that their countries WHO SINCERELY WANT PEACE AND THOSE WHO PREPARE AND have been turned into hostages of the STIR UP WAR. THERE IS GREAT CONFUSION AND DISORIENTATION. superpowers and that the American ON THIS ARE CAPITALIZING THE BIG AND PETTY ARMS MERCHANTS and Soviet missiles in Western and BUT MORE SO THE MILITARY AND POLITICAL STAFFS OF IMPERIALISM, Eastern Europe are destined to the THAT WANT TO CREATE A GENERAL ATMOSPHERE OF FATALISM AND extermination of the Europeans. This SUBMISSIVENESS AMONG ALL THE COMMON PEOPLE IN THE WORLD. has made their anger irresistible and Big and small, international and fe- as it turned out, could bring no good tens of millions of people in all the gional, bipartite and pluripartite, scien• to peace. : ^ • r . : ^t; ^--.f-i European countries have risen in re• tific and pedagogical meetings are Then, the Madrid Conference was volt and protest against the policy held about peace and disarmament. convened to draw the balance of the and strategy of the superpowers. In order not to go too far back in results of the implementation of the This was the situation in which the the post-war history of such meetings, decisions of the Helsinki Conference. Stockholm Conference was convened. let us take up that of Helsinki. This And as the balance could be only ne• It was called together at the moment meeting took place under the great gative, it turned into a noisy propa• when the United States of America slogan of peace and security in Europe ganda debate between the blocs of and the Soviet Union are in need of and was supposed to bring our conti• NATO and the Warsaw Treaty which assistance in order to calm the mas• nent back to «the golden times», to blamed each other for the deteriora• ses of the European countries. The con• eliminate tensions and threats, to draw tion of the situation in Europe and ference is intended to last two years, the states nearer to each other and in the world. The culprit was not precisely the time Washington and make men brothers. After Helsinki, found, but the situation did not im• Moscow need to complete the station• however, Europe was bristling with prove either. The blackmail of either ing of their new missiles in Europe. atomic weapons, the rivalry between the blocs increased, the Soviets inva• side on Europe increased. The military At the same time the sessions of ded Afghanistan and the Americans and political chains superpowers have the Conference constitute a very con• intervened in the Middle East. put on most European states were re• venient and favourable place for se• cret talks and bargainings between the Socialist Albania harboured no illu• doubled, their sovereignty curtailed and their freedom of action limited superpowers and their allies, while sions and did not go to Helsinki. It even more. American and Soviet mis• nobody listens to the countries which could not go to a conference which, siles have made Europe completely in• are not members of their alliances. ZfiRI I POPULLIT organ of the CC of the PLA secure. As was but natural in these This is a fact. Just as it is a fact RENCE - that all this bargaining is done at the both towards the lofty interests of the People's Socialist Republic of Al• cost of the peoples of Europe. our Homeland and the interests of bania has exposed and continues to The first phase of the Stockholm peace and security in the world. We expose the bellicose plans and activi• Conference, that of the foreign minis• do not go to Stockholm because we ties of the American imperialists and ters, as the press called it, was re• do not want to become accomplices in Soviet social-imperialists, and of the volved around the tete-a-tete talks bet• the dangerous game that is being military blocs they lead. ween S;hultz and Gromyko. The many played with the destinies of the peo• We understand very well the good correspondents who followed the pro• ples at a meeting which the superpow• intentions of truly neutral states such ceedings of this phase pointed out that ers are using to throw dust into peo• as Sweden, Switzerland, Austria and the other participants in the Confe• ples' eyes so as to prevent them from Finland that are against imperialist rence were only present at the pro• seeing the reality, to avert them from war at a time when others indulge in ceedings and their voices were hardly the road of resistance and opposition demagogy or are in cahoots with their heard. The general opinion is that the to the bellicose plans of the impe• patrons. opening proceedings of the Conference rialist powers. We Albanians are with the peoples were intended only to pass off the Albania has not called for border of the world that are against the ar• new bargaining between the two su- changes either before or after the maments race and the stationing of peppowers as «normal» and «necessary>->- Helsinki Conference and the innuen• missiles, we are with those who come talks for the easing of tension. does of the Yugoslavs to the effect out in the streets and voice their pro• In his speech at the Conference, that we did not take part in this Con• test and indignation against the war• Gromyko made a harsh attack on Ame• ference because we are allegedly for mongers, we are with those who strug• rican policy. Schultz did the same on border changes do not hold water. gle resolutely to defend peace and Soviet policy. However, after the tor• Also the claims of certain Yugoslav international security. We join our rent of mutual accusations and abuse or Bulgarian newspapermen that our voice to the voice of the peoples and which poured in the great hall of country did not take part in the not to the voice of those who hold the modern palace of the Cultural Cen• Stockholm Conference because alleged• fruitless speeches at meetings manipu• tre of Stockholm, the representatives ly it is not for peace are as baseless lated by the United States of Ame• of Moscow and Washington continued as they are ridiculous. rica and the Soviet Union, NATO and their talks behind the scenes. The The Albanian people have fought the Warsaw Treaty. The important for naive were pleased that at the end and continues to fight with all their us is that our stand and activities of these secret talks Gromyko and forces to avert war and defend peace. comply with the desires and interests Schultz smiled and shook hands with And ithis they have done with deeds of the peoples. «They who trust the each other. They even considered this and not with words, as those who tragic illusionists,» says Comrade gesture a good omen for the future accuse us of the opposite do. Enver Hoxha, «are free to go to the of peace. The policy of socialist Albania is conferences of Vienna, Helsinki or any As it did not go to Helsinki or Ma• against imperialist war, against atomic other place. Let them palaver with drid, Albania did not go to Stockolm, weapons and the stationing of missiles each other. For our part we are just either. Our non-participation in this in Europe, against the armaments race as free not to go to those meetings Conference seems anachronistic or an of the superpowers or anybody else. and we do not go there. In those attempt at originality to some who ri• This policy of principle it has followed meetings and conferences we are not dicule us with evil aims. Our position with persistence and implemented with the only absent, but the peoples as is not a pose, but a responsible stand determination. Consistent in its stand, well.» : , ^, THE STATIONING OF NUCLEAR MEDIUM-RANGE MISSILES — THE Only resolute oppositi• AMERICAN CRUISE AND PERSHING 2 AND THE SOVIET SS-20. IN A on to American imperi• NUMBER OF EUROPEAN COUNTRIES HAS FURTHER EXACERBATED THE alism and soviet social- ALREADY TENSE SITUATION ON THIS CONTINENT, AS A RESULT OF THE POLICY OF WAR AND DICTATE OF THE TWO SUPERPOWERS AND imperialism, liquidation THEIR MILITARY BLOCS. THE STATIONING OF THOSE MISSILES IN of military blocs and EUROPE REPRESENTS A FURTHER ESCALATION OF THE MILITARY, PO• LITICAL AND ECONOMIC BLACKMAIL EXERCISED BY WASHINGTON removal of atomic wea• AND MOSCOW FOR MANY YEARS NOW ON THE EUROPEAN COUNTRIES pons and foreign tro• THAT ARE CAUGHT IN THE GRIP OF NATO AND THE WARSAW TREATY ops can ensure peace AND THEIR ECONOMIC AND FINANCIAL ORGANISM. It is some years now that the word progress, indeed after the 105th ses- in Europe < nuclear missiles.» So the heads of hand in the foreign policy, a stra• ween the two superpowers. One • of American imperialism and Soviet tegy of direct military intervention the best-known personalities of Ame• social-imperialism swear their great is being carried out as a means to rican imperialism, the former US Se• gods that they think only about disar• ensure the political and economic ex• cretary of Defence Robert Macna- mament and security in Europe and pansion and hegemony in the world. mara, writes in the autumn 198.3 issue in the world, at a time when their In this context the stationing in Eu• of the journal "Foreign Affairs" that policy of war and hegemony poses rope of the new nuclear missiles is "European security^ has always been a grave threat to peace and security a component part of this venturesome in the centre of attention of the foreign in the world. militarist course, which is fraught policy of the United States of Ame• The stationing in Europe of the Ame• with very dangerous consequences for rica and so will it apparently remain rican and Soviet nuclear missiles is peace on the European continent and in the time to come. In no other among the more concrete expressions in the world. region of the world, he writes, have of the stepping up of the aggressive The stationing of new nuclear mis-, the two superpowers stationed so many policy and activities of the imperial• siles (recently also Cruise missiles nuclear weapons. In no other region ist superpowers, as well as of the without nuclear warheads "which can of the world have the military doc• revival of the various reactionary, be used also with nuclear warheads) trines which envisage the employment fascist and war-mongering forces. is more and more transforming Eu• of nuclear weapons such a broad field It is not by chance that in Europe rope into a big arsenal of American of application." Macnamara also ad• new missiles are being stationed at and Soviet nuclear missiles, into a mits the fact that since the setting a time when American imperialism battlefield for the hegemonic interests up of NATO the use of nuclear wea• occupies Grenada and is poised for of the two superpowers. pons was at the foundation of its aggression against Nicaragua, when In this sinister tragedy which, with military strategv. the American warships and planes the complicity of the countries which The < creasing their troops and strengthen• ples and states, but to have weapons, Greenham Common, where the Ame• ing their basis in Europe. to have dollars or rubles does not rican Cruise missiles are stationed, The sharpening of the rivalry bet• mean that you have invincible power. would be fired upon. The British ween the superpowers and their blocs The imperialist superpowers must be statesmen throw off all disguise of is more and more exposing these appraised as they really are, neither "democracy^ and want to stem with demagogical conferences. After the underestimating nor overestimating bullets the mounting tide of demons• stationing of the Pershing-2 and Cruise them. They are powerful and fero• trations against the stationing of Ame• missiles IVtoscow declared that it had cious, but they are also in decay, they rican missiles on British soil. As the decided to break the Geneva talks are worm-eaten and degenerate, and Party of Labour of Albania says, on the limitation of missiles and the their foundations are shaky.»' only resolute opposition to American imperialism and Soviet social-imperial• START talks on the limitation of stra• Any withdrawal before American ism, liquidation of military blocs and tegic weapons. Later the Soviets also imperialism or Soviet social-imperial• removal of atomic weapons and fo• walked out the Vienna conference on ism, before the myth of their invin• reign troops can ensure peace in Eu• the reduction of troops in Central Eu• cibility, any illusion about the use• rope. rope. This break of talks represents fulness or profitability of the Ame• The Albanian people love peace and the real situation in the relations rican or Soviet umbrella is fraught want security. So they are always between the two superpowers, a further with great dangers for freedom, and ready to defend their socialist gains, exacerbation of the contradictions bet• the independence and sovereignty of their freedom and the independence ween them. Despite the suspension of the peoples and peace. The peoples of their country. Socialist Albania these talks, the superpowers keep still of Europe have a bitter experience has it sanctioned in its Constitution open the bridges of their counter• of the «security'> guaranteed by the that no foreign troops can be sta• revolutionary collaboration. Their se• two superpowers, so they are raising tioned and no foreign bases can be cret diplomacy does not cease plotting their vigilance and fighting with ever allowed on Albanian soil, that Alba• against the peoples. It is not acciden• greater determination to get rid of nia accepts no imperialist or social- tal that there is talk again about the stifling military, political, econo• imperialist loans or credits. an eventual Soviet-American encoun• mic and financial presence of the Our Party publicly declared that ter, and at high level to that. Accord• United States and the Soviet Union there will be no rapprochement or ing to their hegemonic logic, the on their continent. The stationing of reconciliation either with American world should pin its hopes on the American mi.ssiles at Greenham Com• imperialism or Soviet social-imperial• meetings of the superpowers. mon in Britain, at Comiso in Sicily ism which are the greatest enemies "American imperialism and Soviet or in West Germany was met with of the AllDanian people and all the social-imperialism make great efforts powerful demonstrations and fierce peoples of the world. The Albanian to appear as two invincible superpo- clashes with the forces of the police people resolutely oppose their hege• wers,» said Comrade Enver Hoxha at and the army. The British Minister monic aims and ceaselessly expose the 8th Congress of the PLA. «True, of Defence Hesseltime, supported by their aggressive plans. they have great military and econo• Premier IVIargaret Thatcher, threatened mic potential, influence and interfere in the House of Commons that all the 1 Enver Hoxha, Report to the 8th in the internal affairs of other peo• protesters who entered the base of Congress of the PLA, p. 194, Eng. ed. •.•.V>U5fl;. Cii. , v> ^^SPECIALIZATION AND COOPERATION>v AT THE EXPENSE OF OTHERS «ZER1 I POPVLLlT» — organ of the CC of the PLA At the last meeting of the these schemes, they say, will the products turned out pre• prime ministers of the Co- create, in the perspective, the cisely in those factories in mecon member countries, the preliminary conditions for the which the Poles, East-Germans, Soviet prime minister, Tikho- formation of the international .Bulgarians and others pour nov, declared that, at the pre• structure in the sphere of ttieir sweat. The facts show sent stage of complex inte• production and later in that that during recent years the gration the all-round intensi• of the unified structures of Soviet supplies of the mem• fication of specialization and branches and industries, ber countries of the Com- cooperation on new bases transport, etc., or on the basis mecon with oil, gas, coal, should result in the more oi: agricultural territories, un• timber, iron mineral ores, etc., rapid "internationalization of til they finally reach the have fallen by 10-20 per cent production^'-. The Soviet ma• stage of the creation of the annually, whereas the Soviet gazine «MEMO» admits that international industrial-agra• trade of these same commo• the "internationalization of rian complexes. dities with the main capital• social production is a law» The Soviet revisionist insist ist countries has increased. which must be accompanied that co-operation and specia• Whereas the trend of prices with the "internationalization lization should be placed on is the opposite. The Euro• of socialist reproduction^. new bases. Through this they pean countries of this com• While the chiefs of Moscow aim at achieving two aims. munity now can have the preach that the creation of On the one hand, they want same amount of Soviet oil an international productive to withdraw themselves from for about 10 times more com• system inside the Comecon the obligations deriving from modities which they send has an objective character, contract on the supplies of to the Soviet market. they want this system in order the Comecon member coun• On the other hand, the «to exercise a decisive in• tries with primary materials aim of the Soviet Union in fluence on the national eco• and fuels of Soviet produc• its program of deepening the nomic machanisms», in short, tion, so as to sell them not specialization and co-opera• to give it a suprastate cha• on the basis of contracts, as tion is to achieve complete racter. Another Soviet ma• they have done so far, but control of the socio-economic gazine, «Mezhdunarodnaja for hard currency. It is known development and further zhiznj» advocates that the that the member countries of strengthen political control of ownership of the means of the Comecon have made co• the other countries of the production in individual coun• lossal investments in the de• Comecon. Over 3,000 techni• tries should not be "restricted velopment of the extracting cal scientific organizations of within national state bor- industry of the Soviet Union, the Comecon work on the ders». The Soviets want to have participated with finan• basis of Soviet programs. ensure that the "General cial and material means and Their number during the last Scheme of the Specialization human forces in the building ten years has increased three• and Co-bperation», which has of the large industrial com• fold, and have conducted been drafted with the other bines, oil and gas pipelines, 16,000 different studies pro• countries on the basis of a in the mining industry, etc., posed by the Soviet side. The bilateral agreement, according in return for commodities Soviet Union has established to the model of the Soviet- and other products they need, its control of [hose economic Bulgarian scheme, which has on the basis of contracts. Now branches of the other coun• been drafted before, is put the Soviets disregard their tries of the Comecon in which into effect as soon as possi• obligations and are actually it has special interests, in ble. The joint realization of looking for new clients to sell the first place, in the new branches, such as elecrotech- tion, the Soviet Union's aim German Democratic Repu• nics, nuclear power, etc. The is to make sure that the blic, Poland, etc. actually volume of supplies of special projects built are not of a work for the car factories on items on the basis of con• complete cycle of production, the Kama River, or for the tracts increased from 330 mil• that these projects depend building of the gas pipelines lion rubles in the year 1970, partly or fully on the Soviet and nuclear polwer plants in to 25 billion rubles in 1980, Union for fuels, primary ma• the Soviet territory. or about 76 times as much. terials, spare parts, or tech• The consequences of this During this five-year period nical assistance. The oil re• policy are obvious. The pre• alone, the Soviet Union will fineries, for example, or the sent crisis in the revisionist receive from the East-Euro• whole of the industry of the countries, apart from other pean countries equipment in countries of the Comecon factors, is also due to the terms of 60 billion rubles, cannot work without Soviet dictate and plunder by the consisting mainly of the tech• oil, the steel industry without Soviet Union, its policy of nology of computational ins• Soviet iron ores and coals. «co-ordination" of plans, of truments with a value of 15 Many enterprises in the abo- co-operation and specializa• billion rubles. vementioned countries are, in tion drafted in JMoscow and In any case, whenever it fact, filials of their Soviet imposed on the other coun• invests capital in the other counterparts. Scores of indus• tries through various mecha• countries in the context of trial combines and plants in nisms operating inside the co-operation and specializa• Czechoslovakia, Hungary, the organization of the Comecon. IMPERIALIST-ZIONIST ANTI-ARAB CO-ORDINATION "BASHKIMh> The aggressive military acti• first degree alert. There are talks with the head of the vity of the imperialist-Zion• all the signs of a further American administration, Pre• ist alliance in Lebanon is escalation of the aggression sident Reagan, and other Ame• becoming increasingly more of the American imperialists rican high officials, new stra• feverish, which shows that in Lebanon. US vice-president tegic agreements were signed this reactionary alliance is Bush declared openly that the between the United States determined to achieve its pre.sence of American troops and Israel. The fact that the anti-Arab objectives. Ameri• in Lebanon «is absolutely ne• aggressive military activities can and Israeli warships are cessary and their withdrawal of the United States and bombarding Lebanese towns is not envisaged.» Israel are being stepped up and villages. The commander Meantime the American im• in Lebanon clearly reveals of the American naval fleet perialists continue to coordi• the content of these new anti- -sailing off the shores of Le• nate their political and mi• Arab and anti-Palestinian banon has been ordered by litary activities with those agreements, as well as the the Department of Defence of the Israeli Zionists. As is arrogant determination of the •"to act as he sees it fit* already known, this reactio• imperialist-Zionist alliance to against all those who hamper nary anti-Arab alliance was carry through to the end the American forces in the given a fresh impulse by their black work in Lebanon carrying out of their mission the recent visit of Israeli — to maintain the Israeli in Lebanon. The American Premier Shamir to the United occupation in South Lebanon piarines h^ve been put qn States,. As a result of his and put do,wn all P^lestinis^i^ Off; 62 • 1 (74), 1984 ALBANIA TODAY itress resistance, to stamp down not allow it to be threatened ments and exposing their anti- review with sword and fire the just militarily."- Arab and anti-Palestinian cause of the Palestinian peo• essence. In many Arab coun• More and more Arab coun• ple and their national aspi• tries demonstrations were held rations. In the same declara• tries are seeing the great- to condemn these sinister tion Bush said it openly: «The threat of the new American- agreements which are the United States of America, Israeli alliance. They are prelude to new agressions of which have strategical agree• resolutely condemning the the American imperialists and ments signed with Israel, will recent American-Israeli agree• the Israeli Zionists. FRONT OF IMPERIALIST RIVALRIES Northeastern Pacific, this is the Japanese, but does not For its part, the Soviet one of the regions in which contradict them openly, either. Union wants to dominate the the Soviet-American rivalry Sometimes it even encourages Pacific. Hence it strives to for military superiority is Tokyo in its ambitions, while break the encirclement, to growing sharper. This is a carefully working to steer split the military bloc that region in which the two big them against the Soviet Union, has been created in Asia rivals have set up their mi• so that the American hege• alongside that which exists litary bases and installations mony-seeking interests there in Europe. To this end it has and round which their war remain unprejudiced. When it built up its arsenal of war in plans develop. eggs Japan on against the big that region, while, on the This region, which the two Soviet rival, Washington cal• other hand, it is trying to superpowers are working from culates that in this manner -«mend"- things with Japan either side to gag with naval it will have it to establish and to add fuel to fire and air bases, is considered American domination in this off contradictions between as a very hot spot in their region. In the context of America and Japan, to outdo plans for hegemony and ex• this diabolical policy it the American supremacy pansion. Each for its own strengthens not only its bases there, and even to secure aims is working to make it there, but also its alliances dominating strategic positions one of the most important with Japan and South Ko• for itself in case of an even• strategic points that serves rea, where, Reagan went on a tual war. their imperialist interests. tour of visits last year for In these conditions, the re• American imperialism has a definite puppo,se. His de• gion of the Pacific has become long ago considered the ex- claration that this zone is another front of collusion of pan.ses of the Pacific as in• vital to the future of the their hegemonic interests. This disputable zones of its own United States, his demand for is evident also in the ^doc- sphere of influence, which a more active participation trine of horizontal escalation* the Soviet Union, of course, of Tokyo in the strategy of of war adopted in Washing• has contested against, because, the USA in the region of ton by the Reagan adminis• the latter too, wants its share Asia and the Pacific, the tration, which the American there. But at the present time expression of the American secretary of defence, Wein• Japan too has come out with determination to send fresh berger, proclaimed in May its claiims, Washington, how• troops to this new front of 1981, saying that if the So• ever, cannot accept partners the world, as the head of the viets attack the USA at one in the domination of this re• White House declared, are of its weakest points, the gion, even if they are its testimony to the great store latter must be prepared to own allies. It cannot recon• which Washington sets to retaliate at similar points, cile itself to the claims of this region. exploiting the weaknesses of ALBANIA TODAY 1 (74), 1984 • 63 the Russian rival. This decla• diture for the expansion and American arms race in the modernization of its military northwestern part of the Pa• press ration is detailed concretely in the plans of the Pentagon bases, for the further conso• cific is becoming ever more in this manner: if the So• lidation of its presence in serious and the situation is viets attaclv a sensitive spot this region. This region is growing very tense. Here, as of the interests of America, under the constant surveil• in many other regions of e.g., the oil-fields of the lance of the American radar the world, a nuclear war has IVIiddle East, America will hit aircraft AVAKS, while the become a very real threat. them back in another region, navy has been further streng• The Soviet-American rivalry just as sensitive for the So• thened with new units. The for hegemony in this region viets, which now, in the Soviet Union, too, for its part, constitutes a separate chapter opinion of the strategists of has strengthened the mili• in the efforts of the two the Pentagon, is the north• tary potential there with superpowers for world domi• western Pacific region. about 2,000 aircraft, 85 war• nation, a source of imperialist The American administra• ships and 125 submarines. wars, the victims of which tion has increased its expen• In this manm>r, the Soviet- will be the peoples. THE TORN GARMENT OF THE SUPPRESSORS OF FREEDOM «BASHKlMh> The American mass media the monopolies' freedom of ple and all the other peoples malte a great fuss about -"the plunder in Grenada Reagan's of this region which seethes defence of freedom« in order soldiers killed, plundered, with antidictatorial and anti- to justify the violently ag• burned and dug mass graves American revolts. gressive and venturesome line in Grenada which resisted for Reagan pretends to be de• of Reagan's foreign policy. almost two weeks to the fending -"freedom^^ and "The days of our weakness invaders armed with the «peace» in Lebanon, too. That are gone,»- the president of most sophisticated weapons. is why the greatest number the USA boasted. <- press The «freedom» the heads is why the Americans are and «freedom-defending>> tu• review of American imperialism seek quickly stationing their me• telage of Washington or Mos• to defend in the world is dium-range nuclear missiles in cow. Life has proved the their freedom of plundering Europe. It is the freedom to correctness of the conclusion make everywhere the law in Arab oil in the future, too. of the PLA that the interests So much so that they have rivalry (but also in counter• of the superpowers and the threatened that they will revolutionary partnership) occupy with force of arms with Soviet social-imperial• peoples in no case coincide the nevralgic Persian Gulf ism. or converge. For imperialism region. «Freedom»- a la Rea• The peoples of the world to exist, the peoples must be gan is the freedom to exercise despise this American «de- slaves, for the peoples to be the American dictate on the fence of freedom". They are liberated, imperialism must other NATO members. That against the «peace-loving« be destro\'ed. 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