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AUTHOR Kent, Mary Mederios TITLE : Fundamentals of Growth. Student Chartbook. Third Edition. INSTITUTION Population Reference Bureau, Inc., Washington, D.C. PUB DATE 95 NOTE / 41p.; Some colored charts may not photocopy well. Third edition revised and adapted by Kimberly A. Crews and Jessica Teish. AVAILABLE FROMPopulation Reference Bureau, 1875 Connecticut Avenue, N.W., Suite 520, Washington, DC 20009-5728 ($5). PUB TYPE Guides Classroom Use Instructional Materials (For Learner) (051)

EDRS PRICE MF01/PCO2 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS *; Community Size; Elementary Secondary Education; *Family Size; * Geography; Immigration; *Migration; ; ; *Population Distribution; *; *Population Trends; Relocation; Residential Patterns; Social Studies

ABSTRACT This br.)klet is designed for K-12 students and educators to learn rfoout growth factors., Data are shown through charts and graphs with brief explanations. The booklet contains:(1) "World Population Growth and Regional Distribution through History";(2) "Population Growth through Natural Increase"; (3) "Effect of Migration on Population Growth";(4) "Three Patterns of Population Change"; (5) "The Status of Women";(6) "Patterns of World ";(7) "World ";(8) "Study Questions"; (9) "Largest Urban Areas in the World in 1950, 1995, and 2015"; (10) "1995 World Population Data Sheet";(11) "Data Sheet Definitions"; (12) "Data Sheet Notes"; (13) "Countries, Areas, and Densities"; (14) "Glossary of Population Terms"; and (15) "For Further Reading and Research." The information comes from data gathered by the International Programs Center, Population Division, of the U.S. Bureau of the ; the Population Division and the Statistical Division of the United Nations; and the World Bank. (EH)

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Student Chartbook

a. World Population lundamentals of growth

kVorld Population: Fundamentals of Growth was written by Mary Nlederios Kent. Revisions and adap- tations to the third edition (July 1995) were made by Kimberly A. Crews and Jessica Teisch. Some of the charts and readings in this edition were written expressly for this publication.

Table of Contents World Population Growth and Regional Distribution through History Population Growth through Natural Increase Effect of Migration on Population Growth Three Patterns of Population Change The Status of Women Patterns of World Urbanization World Health Study Questions Largest Urban Areas in the World in 1950, 1995, and 2015 1995 World Population Data Sheet Data Sheet Definitions Data Sheet Notes Countries, Areas, and Densities Glossary of Population Terms For Further Reading and Research

Copyright © 1984, 1990, and 1995 by the Population Reference Bureau, Inc. K-12 educators and stu- dents who wish to reproduce this booklet for use in their classrooms may do so without obtaining permission. Anyone who wishes to reproduce any part of this booklet in another publication must ob- tain written permission from the Population Reference Bureau, Inc., 1875 Connecticut Avenue, N.W., Suite 520, Washington, DC 20009.

Ordering Information: Additional copies of this booklet are available by contacting: PRB, 1875 Connecticut Avenue, N.W., Suite 520, Washington, DC 20009. To order, phone: 1-800-877-9881.

Copeditor: Stefanie Durbin Production Manager: Jacqueline Guenther

July 1995

Cover photo credits (clockwise from top left): World Bank/Ray Witlin (Senegal); Patrick I lerbert (); IDB/Carlos Conde (Ecuador); and Hermine Dreyfuss (Kyrgyzstan). World Population Growth, 1 750-2 1 50 6

Source:itlew Before 1950PRB estimates; 1950-2150adapted from UN,York: World UN, Population 1994). Prospects: The 1994 Revision Population Reference Bureau, Inc. World Population Distribution by Region, 1800-2100 30 - 26.9 64.7 20 21.0 13.0 10 01'01 U.S./ Canada 11115.2 4.7 ri /Former 10USSR0 7.5 10 01Mil2.5 itni.0 8.6 9.6 10 0 2 OceaniaNMI0.4 1 03 1 r-1 0.4 101800 Percent of WorldI/11900 Population 12000 2100 Note:2000Sources: and Numbers 18002100, and United may 1900, not Nations, United total to Long-RangeNations, 100 percent The World Determinants due Population to rounding. and Projections, Consequences 1992. of Population Trends, 19.53: Population Reference Bureau, Inc. World PopulationProjections: Six Scenarios, 1995-2150

30 High (2.50) Medium-High Fertility 25 Growth Rate Doubling Time Medium Fertility (2.17) I% 70 yrs. 20 Medium-Low Fertility Low Fertility 2% 35 yrs. .2c is Instant Replacement (TFR = 2.1) (2.16) 3% 23 yrs. 1 0 4% 17 yrs.

5 (1.70)

0 1995 2000 2025 2050 2075 21002125 2150 Year Source: United Nations. " Average number of children drops to this level and remains constant.

World Population over to the Americas, increasingtheirstarvation. Of course he could not fore- share of the world total. see how modern technology would ex- Growth and Regional World population grew to 2 billionpand production, but his observa- Distribution by 1930. It took only 30 more years to reachtions about how :)opulations increase through History 3 billion, and the 4th billion arrived bywere important. Population grows geo- 1975. Throughout the eachmetrically (1, 2, 4, 8, ...), rather than ar- In 1995, the world had 5.7 billion inhab- additional billion has been achieved in aithmetically (1, 2, 3, 4,...), which is why itants. This number will rise to more than shorter period of time. If the current an- the numbers can increase so quickly. 6 billion by the end of the century. For nual growth rate of 1.5 percent were to con- A story said to have originated in the last 50 years, world population has tinue, the global population would doublePersia offers a classic example of exponen- multiplied more rapidly than ever before, in 45 years. tial It tells of a clever courtier who and more rapidly than it will ever grow in presented a beautiful chess set to his king the . Anthropologists believe the hu- Exponential Growth and in return asked only that the king give man species dates back at least 3million him one grain of for the first square, years. For most of our history, these dis- As long ago as 1789, Thomas Malthus studied the nature of populatiootwo grains, or double the amount, for the tant ancestors lived a precarious existence growth in Europe. He claimed that popu- second square, four grains (or double as hunters and gatherers. This way oflife lation was increasing faster than food pro-again) for the third, and so forth. The kept their total numbers small, probably king, I.Jt being mathematically inclined, less than 10 million. However, as agricul- duction, and he feared eventual global ture was introduced, communities evolved that could support more people. World population expanded to about World Population Growth through History 300 million by 1 A.D. and continued to grow at a moderate rate. But after the start 8 8 of the in the 18th century, living standards rose and wide- 7 7 spread and epidemics diminished in some regions. Population growth accel- 6 New 6 erated. The population climbed to about Stone Age Commences 760 million in 1750 and reached 1 billion 5 5 around 1800 (see chart,"World Population Growth, 1750-2100"). 4 4 In 1800, the vast majority of the 3 world's population (86 percent) resided 3 in Asia and Europe, with 65 percent in 2 Asia alone ( see "World Population Di, t ri- 2 bution by Region, 1800-2100"). By 11)00, Europe's share of world population had 1 risen to 27 percent, fueled by population increase that accompanied the Industrial 2-5 million 7000600050004000 300020001000 1 1000 2025 Revolution. Some of this growth spilled years B.C. B.C. B.C. B.C. B.C. B.C. B.C. A.D. A.D. A.D.

World Population Components of Population Change Births - Deaths .1.(Immigrants -Emigrants)milGrowth (or Natural increase II or Net Migration wow (or Decrease)

agreed and ordered the rice to be brought The 1995 growth rate of 1.5 percent,Projections of World Population from storage. The eighth square requiredwhen applied to the world's 5.7 billion No one really knows how large the 128 grains, the 12th took more than onepopulation, yields an annual increase ofworld's population will be in the future. pound. Long before reaching the 64thabout 88 million people. Because of theBut we can make educated guesses by square, every grain of rice in the kingdomlarge and increasing population size, thelooking at past and present trends in two had been used. Even today, the total worldnumber of people added to the globalof the components of population growth: rice production would not be enough topopulation will remain high for severalbirths and deaths. The third component, meet the amount required for the finaldecades, even with declining growth rates.migration, can be important to the square of the chess board. The secret to Between now and 2030, nearly 100growth of individual countries, but not to understanding the arithmetic is that thepercent of this annual growth will occurworld population. rate of growth (doubling for each square)in the developing countries in Africa, World population is projected to applies to an ever-expanding amount ofAsia, and Latin America, whose popula- increase to 8.3 billion by 2025 and to reach rice, so the number of grains added withtion growth rates are much higher than 11 to 13 billion by 2150. As you can see, each doubling goes up, even though thethose in "developed" regions. Growththis projection does not correspond with rate of growth remains the same. rates of 1.9 percent and higher mean thatthe doubling time of 45 years for today's Similarly, if a human populationpopulations will double in 36 years or less, annual growth rate. It assumes that the begins with 1 million and grows at a steadyif these rates continue.* Also, the popula-growth rate will drop slightly by 2020 and 3 percent annually, it will add 30,000 per-tions in these regions will command acontinue declining as the century sons the first year, 31,000 the second year,larger proportion of the world total. progresses. If the growth rate does fall and and 40,000 by the 10th year. At a 3 per-While Asia's share of world populationthe world population reaches 11 billion cent growth rate, its doubling timeorwill continue to hover around 55 percentby 2100, the population will have doubled the number of years to double in sizeisthrough next century, Europe's portionin about 100 years. 23 years. (The doubling time for a popu-has declined sharply and will drop even Because most of the population lation can be determined by dividing themore during the . Africa andgrowth is likely to continue to be in de- growth rate into the number "69." There-Latin America each will gain part ofveloping countries, Asia will continue to fore, 69/3=23 years.) Europe's share. By 2100, Africa is expected hold the majority of the world's people. to capture the greatest share. (see "WorldAfrica and Latin America will gain larger Population Distribution by Region"). shares. The population of these regions Growth Rates for World The developed regionsEurope,will increase by 100 percent by 2100. Regions, 1960 and 1995 North America, , , NewNearly 90 percent of world population will Zealandhave growth rates under I live in "developing countries" in 2100 percent. in many European Average annual compared with about 80 percent today. countries have negative growth ratesfor growth rate (%) example, (-0.6%), Estonia (-0.5%), Region 1960 1995 Hungary (-0.4%), and Ukraine (-0.4%). While growth rates fluctuate with chang- World 1.9 1.5 ing economic and social conditions, it is Africa 2.5 2.8 possible that some European countries 'Population doubling time is useful to dem- Asia (excl. ) 2.5 I .9 onstrate the long-term effect of a growth rate, (such as those mentioned above) may have but should not be used to project popidation China 1.8 1.1 already reached .size. Many developed countries have very Latin America 2.8 1.9 As the "World Population Growth, 1750-low growth rates and, as a result, the equa- North America 1.6 0.7 2150" chart shows, population increase in tion shows doubling times of hundreds or thousands of years. l3ut these countries are Europe (incl. Russia)1.0 -0.1 developed regions is already low and ex- not expected to ever double again. Most, in 2.2 I .2 pected to stabilize in the middle of the nextfact, likely have population declines in their century. Source: PRB and United Nations data. fitture.

'World Population rwo,,,,h-ibi;,,,/ 9 Population Growth through Natural Increase,Developing Countries 1775-1995 Developed Countries a 1825 1875 1900 1925 1955 1995 1775 1825 1875 1900 1925 1955 1995 Source: United Nations Population Division. Population Reference Bureau, Inc. Annual Rate of Population Growth, 1775-1995

3.0 I 2.5 Developed Countries and 2.0 --- Developing Countries # Great Depression ed. and 1.5 World War II

1.0 0.5 ------______--..___...1

0 I I I I I I I 1775 1825 I 875 1900 1918 1925 1955 1975 1990 1995 Source:Ansley J. Coale, "The History of Human Population: Scientific American, Sept. 1974, p. 47: and United Nations, World Population Prospects:The 1992 Revision, 1993.

Population Growth increased population growth that resultedstage of . A few from the lower death rates and continuedhave gone on to a fourth stage in which Through Natural moderately high birth rates. death rates are higher than birth rates, and Increase Since 1900, both birth and deaththe population declines. Population change affects all our lives inrates in the developed countries have con- In contrast to the developed coun- a much more immediate way today thantinued to fall in tandem, with a few inter-tries, the developing countriesin Asia, it has throughout most of .ruptions. The worldwide influenzaAt: :a, and Latin Americahave both For the first one-half million years of hu-pandemic in 1918 caused a temporaryhigher birth and death rates than Europe man existence, the population growth rate increase in the death rate. A slight increase and North America did in the 1700s, and was abo.ut zero. The population stayedin birth rates occurred after World Wars I these higher rates have continued well into about the same size from year to year. It and II. In the 1980s, birth and death rates this century. In most of these countries, was not until the 1700s that the modernin the developed world fell to historicalthe "mortality revolution" did not begin era of popsalati n growth began. Betweenlows. Some European countries, such asin earnest until after World War II, and it 1850 and 1900, the annual growth rate Sweden, had extremely low birth rates infollowed a different pattern than that of reached 0.5 percent. The rate surged to 2.0 the mid-1980s, which rebounded later inEuropean countries. Death rates fell rap- percent by the mid-1960s, dropped to 1.7the decade. However, the fertility rates inidly in developing countries through the percent by the mid-1980s, and declined many developed countries are well belowintroduction of medical and public health to about 1.5 percent by 1995. replacement levels of two children pertechnology; antibiotics and immunization Why has population grown at suchcouple. In addition, poor economic con-reduced deaths from infectious diseases; different rates throughout history? Popu-ditions in the countries of the formerand insecticides helped control malaria. lation change results from the interactionSoviet Union have led to a serious declineThese changes did not result from eco- of three variables: births, deaths andin birth rates and increase in death rates,nomic development within the countries, migration. For the world, growth occurscontributing to the negative growth inbut were "imported" through interna- only when there are more births thansome of these countries. tional foreign aid. In the second stage of deaths; for individual countries, migra- the demographic transition of these re- tion is also a factor. The Demographic Transition gions, birth rates actually increased as a Demographers have attempted toresult of the better health enjoyed by the The Mortality Revolution explain the experience of these developed population. With declining mortality and Thc population grew rapidly duringcountries as a "demographic transition"increasing fertility rates, the population the Industrial Revolution, not because thefrom the high birth rates and death rates growth of the developing world achieved birth rate increased, but because the death to the current low levels. This processan unparalleled 2.5 percent per year in the rate began to fall. This "mortality revolu- tends to occur in three stages. First, birth1960s. Since 1970 birth ratesh..ave fallen, tion" began in the 1700s in Europe and and death rates are both high so littlebut the death rate is falling faster. The spread to North America by the mid- growth occurs. Second, death rates fall duepopulation growth rate is still high, about 1800s. Death rates fell because new tech- to improved living conditions, while I 1.9percent per year. While the patterns nologies and increasing industrialization rates remain high. This is a period of rapidof fertility decline have varied dramati- improved public health and living stan-population growth. The third stage of thecally throughout the developing world, dards. New farming and transportationtransition is reached when fertility fallsmany countries are well into the transi- technology expanded the food supply and and closes the gap between birth and tion process. Even in sub-Saharan Africa, lessened the danger of fiunine. Late in thedeath rates, resulting again in a ',lowerwhere birth rates remained stubbornly , birth rates also began to fallpace of population growth. All the devel- high through much of the 19'Os,fertility in Europe and North America, easing theoped countries have entered this thirdrates are beginning to decline. World Population _ 12 Regional Origins of Immigrants to the 8,001.),0009,000,000 United States, Selected Years a Africa Latin America 7,338,062 7 ,000,C6,000,000 00 111111101 CanadaAsia Europe 42(.1 5,000,000 .txo E 4,000,000 3,000,000 4.107,209 3,321,677 3,705,436 2,000,0001,000,000 1,035,039 0 1901-1910 1 1 Source:Note: Total Statistical number Yearbook of immigrants of the Immigration includes1 3 data and Naturalizationfor other countries. Service, various 1921-1930 1941-1950 years. 1961-1970 1981-1990 Population Reference Bureau, Inc. 1991-1993 1 4 Percentage of U.S. Population Growth from Migration, 1900-1993 50 43.8% 40 34.0% 34.0% 0c 29.6% '0 30 cz 23.7% 17.9% f-IE 20 15_6% .E 9.0% 10.6% 12 10 a. 1.6% 0 1900-09 1910-19 1920-29 1930-39 1940-49 1950-59 1960-69 1970-79 1980-891990-93 Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census. Current Population Reports..

Effect of Migration on around 1 million in the 1940s. In the 1980shome. The Great Depression (1929-1939) the number of migrants increased to lev-is a good example of a push factor, as hard Population Growth els similar to those at the turn of the cen-times encouraged some residents to leave Population growth of any geographic areatury. But 84 percent of these migrants were the United States. In addition, hundreds occurs through the interaction offrom Latin America and Asia, while just 10 of tt6Usands of Africans were pushed out three demographic variables: fertility,percent were European. The volume ofof their homelands to neighboring coun- mortality, and migration. legal immigration and the prevalence oftries because of and civil war in This relationship is summlrized bymigrants from Asia and Latin Americathe 1980s. a formula known as the "balancing equa- have continued through the first half of the Factors that pull a migrant may be tion?' The difference between births and 1990s. a booming economy, favorable immigra- deaths in a population produces the natu- The origins of immigrants change,tion laws, or free agricultural land in the ral increase (or decrease) of a population. as do their numbers and the impact thatarea to which the migrant is moving. The Net migration is the difference betweenthey have on U.S. population growth.labor shortage in Japan is pulling record the number of persons entering a geo-According to one estimate, about 42 per-numbers of legal and illegal immigrants graphic area (immigrants) and those leav-cent of the U.S. population in 1900 re-to fill the low-status, low-paying, or dan- ing (emigrants). Natural increase usuallysulted from immigration during the pre-gerous jobs that Japanese natives reject. accounts for the greatest amount ofceding century. Immigration was an even Between 1980 and 1990 the number of growth in a population, especially withingreater factor in growth between 1.900 andlegal "foreigners" increased from 783,000 a short period of time. But over time, mi- 1950, when 20 million people entered theto 1,075,000. Estimates of illegal migrants gration contributes more than just thecountry. Natural increase added an aver-in Japan range from 150,000 to 300,000. number of people moving into an areaage of 1 percent of the population increase because the children and grandchildren ofper year during that period. At that rateGovernment Policies imrrkigt4nts add several times thethe population would have doubled in Of the three components of popu- original number to the population base. about 70 years. But it took only 50 yearslation change, migration is the one most Most Americans are immigrants orto double. Migration stepped up theaffected by legal restrictions and govern- descendants of immigrants who arriveddoubling by 20 years. ment policies. Because nations can con- here over the past 200 years. Only a small The volume of legal migration hastrol their borders, they may regulate the fraction of the population is related to the been increasing since the 1930s. It hasflow of legal immigrants. The oil-produc- Native Americans who were here when the accounted for an increasing portion ofing countries in the Middle East offered first European settlers arrived in the 1600s. population growth because the natural in-financial incentives to attract immigrants, Australia and are other countriescrease component of the balancing equa-just as the United States and Australia whcse current populations consist prima- tion started to shrink as American women once offered free land. In 1990, Japan per- rily of descendants of persons who immi-began having fewer children. mitted employment rights and residence grated during the past two centuries. for ethnic Japanese from Latin America. Why People Move In 1993, 880,000 immigrants were admit- Impact on Population Size Most people move for .!conomicted legally to the United States; another The majority of migrants to thereasons, but some migrate to escape po-24,000 aliens were granted legal immigra- United Statesin the past 200 years werelitical or religious persecution or simplytion status under the Immigration Reform European. During the first decade of thisto fulfill a personal dream. and Control Act (IRCA) of 1986. Many century nearly 9 million immigrants en- Some experts divide the many rea-aliens also enter the country illegally each tered this country, and more than 90 per-sons people leave their homes for a newyear. The exact number of persons migrat- cent were from Europe. By mid-century,one into "push" and "pull" factors. Push ing illegally, to the United States is un- just half of the migrants were from Europe. factors might be widespread unemploy- known, but estimates range from 100,000 The total number of immigrants fell to ment, lack of farm land, famine, or war al to 500,000 per year. World Population ml,la.itctit,d, 15 Three Patterns of PopulationRapid Growth Change, 1995Kenya 80+Age Slow GrowthUnited States Year ofBefore Birth 1915 Negative Growth Germany 70-7475-7965-69 1925-19291920-19241915-1919 50-5455-5960-64 Male 1930-19341940-19441935-1939 Male Female 35-3940-4445-49 1955-19591950-19541945-1949 20-2425-2930-34 1965-19691960-19641970-1974 15-1910-14 5-9 1985-19891980-19841975-1979 0-4 6 4 2 0 2 4 6 1 1990-1994 6 1 4I 2 0 2 4I 6I Source: United Nations, The Sex and Age Distribution of the World Population, The 1994 Revision, New York, 1994. 6Percent of Population Percent of Population Percent of PopulationPopulation Reference Bureau, Inc. 17 Transition from "Young" to "Old" Age-Sex Structure

Rap Id Growth Slow Growth Zero Growth Negative Growth

Three Patterns of mid. This shape is common in many de-grow because of net migration. Pyramids veloping countries that have experiencedin which the proportions of the popula- Population Change improvements in but con-tion are fairly evenly distributed among Aside from the total size, the most impor-tinue to have high birth rates. It reflectsall age groups are representative of a tant demographic characteristic of aboth a history of rapid population growth highly industrialized . Germany's population is its age and sex structure, orand the potential for future rapid growth. "old" population reflects an extended pe- the proportion of people at each age, by The age-sex pyramid for the Unitedriod of low birth and death rates. While sex. The age-sex structure determinesStates is typical of a slowly growing popu- fewer children have been born, most of potential for future growth of specific agelation. The United States has had rIzclin-those born survive through middle age to groups, as well as the total population. Foring fertility and mortality rates for mostreach old age. The net effect is "zero these reasons, the age structure has sig-of this century. With lower fertility, fewergrowth" or no natural increase. Germany's nificant government policy implications.people have entered the lowest bars of the pyramid also shows the effect of higher A population of young people needs apyramid, and as life expectancy has in-mortality among males. In an industrial- sufficient number of schools and, later,creased, a greater percentage of theized society, females generally outnumber enough jobs to accommodate them."births" have survived until old age. As amales after age 40. This trend is particu- Countries with a large proportion of olderresult, the population has been aging,larly evident in Germany's oldest age people must develop retirement systemsmeaning that the proportion of older per-group. and medical facilities to serve them. sons in the population has been growing. While birth and death rates usually Therefore, as a population "ages," needsThis trend was interrupted by the post-determine the basic pyramid shape, mi- changefrom child care and schools towar baby boom, 1947-1964, when birthgration also affects it. Typically, most mi- jobs, housing, and medical care. rates climbed again. (The bulge of thegrants are in the working ages, and often baby-boom generation can be seen in themore males than females migrate across Population Pyramids pyramid for those age 30-49 in 1995.)national borders. In some Middle Eastern The age-sex structure of a countryAfter 1964, birth rates continued theircountries a large influx of men migrated can be studied through population pyra- downward trend until the late 1970s. Lifeto work in the oil fields, which caused a mids. The overall shape of the pyramidexpectancy rose above 70 years. As the lastbulge in one side of the pyramid, while it indicates the potential for future growth,members of the baby boom approachedtook a "bite" out of the pyramid of some as is shown in the four examples above.their childbearing years during the 1980s,of the countries from which they came. The horizontal bars show the percentagethe number of births rose again, peaking Short-term fluctuations in birth and (or in some cases the actual numbers) ofin 1990. These children, the youngest gen-death rates that produce unusual bites or males and females in each age group. eration, are represented by the slightlybulges in population pyramids, such as Three representative pyramids arewidening base of the pyramid. Eventhe baby boom, often can be traced to shown on the chart on the reverse side ofthough the number of births per womansuch historical events as wars, epidemics, this sheet. Kenya's pyramid, with its wideis lower than ever before, the populationeconomic booms, or depressions. The de- base and narrow top, is typical of acontinues to grow because of the hugecline in the birth rate during the Great De- population. This shape is the re-baby-boom generation. pression caused a small bite in the U.S. sult of high birth rates that feed more and A few countries have reached "zeropyramid for the group born between 1930 more people into the lowest bars and inpopulation growth" (ZPG) or are experi-and 1934. World Wars I and II caused a turn shrink the relative proportion at theencing "negative growth" because of lowdeficit of older men in Germany. The oldest ages. As the death rate declines, asbirth rates and an old age structureimpact of these events emphasizes the in- it has in Kenya, more people survive tocoupled with minimal net migration.ter rel a tio n sh ips among population the reproductive ages. The births theyWhile Germany's death rate exceeds itschange and economic, social, political, have further widen the base of the pyra-birth rate, its population continues toand health factors.

World Population i. il. ( 18 4) Women's EducationNo education and Family Size in Selected Countries Primary Secondary

Pakistan Thailand Dom. Rep. Colombia Egypt Senegal Kenya TotalSource: fertility Demographic rate is the average and Health number Surveys. of children born per woman1 given 9 current birth rates. 1990-1991 1987 1991 1990 1992 1992-1993 Population Reference Bureau, Inc. 1993 Women's Age at First Marriage (years)and Demographic & Socioeconomic Family Size in Selected Countries, Early1990s Indicators in and the U.S.

Burkina Faso 17 4 6.9 19 6 6.5 Indicator U.S. India Kerala

El Salvador 19 4 3.9 2.0 3.4 2.0 17 7 3.3 rate 8.0 74 24 Life expectancy USA 23 3 2.1 Male 72 60 69 Korea 24.1 1.6 Female 79 60 71 perpany,23.6. Female 99% 43% 83% 65 36 30 28 262422 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 2 4 6 8 Contraceptive prey. 54 Average age at first marriage TFR Source: MB; India Family Health Survey. Note: The total fertility rate (TFR) represents the average family size, or number of children born per woman given current birth rates. Source: World Health Organization; Demographic and Health Surveys.

The Status of Women fertility. The total fertility rate (TFR)oragainst women. Experiences in some coun- The population of the world surged fromaverage births per womanfor German tries have shown that fertility patterns can 2.4 to 5.7 billion over the FANst 50 yearswomen, who marry around age 24, is 1.3.change in as little as a decade and that vol- because birth rates remained high at theConversely, women in Burkina Faso, whountary polices and programs can be highly same time death rates began to fall. Themarry earlier, average 7 children (see charteffective in encouraging the change. number of children that a couple will haveabove). Within countries, rural women is determined by many factors, includingtend to marry earlier than urban womenAn Example from India health, , , and economicand tend to have larger families. Other di- Women in the southern Indian state status. Many of these factors relate to the rect factors, particularly access to contra-of Kerala demonstrate the role of womens' status of womenthe social, economic,ception, are important contributors to thestatus in lowering birth rates and improv- and cultural circumstances of individualdifferences in the fertility rates amonging child and maternal health. Kerala is women in different . Becausecountries, but culture and socioeconomicsprimarily rural and agricultural, as is most these factors help determine the number,weigh heavily on these factors. of India. The residents have low incomes. spacing, and timing of births, women's Women's access to education, health Yet, in the early 1990s, women in Kerala choices (or lack thereof) regarding child-care, , and employment all were bearing about two children, on av- birth directly affect population growth. affect family size. Education is key because erage. That is the same as the average in educated women are more likely to knowthe United States, and less than the aver- Factors Affecting Family Size what social, community, and health ser-age for India (3.4). The infant mortality Biological and socioeconomic con- vices, including family planning, are avail-rate is also low, 24 per thousand. Between ditions, together, determine the numberable and to have the confidence to use1970 and 1992, Kerala's TFR dropped of children that a woman will have as thesethem. In addition, women with more edu-from 4.1 to 2.0 children per woman, the factors affect: 1) her exposure to inter-cation have more opportunities outsidelargest decline of any Indian state. course; 2) her ability to conceive; and 3) the house and can see the benefits of edu- Why are the women in Kerala dif- her ability to carry the baby to term. Fac-cation for their children. Women whoferent? One obvious difference is their tors that affect these determinants includeachieve a relatively high level of educationhigher educational level. While most In- age at marriage, use of , and are also more likely to enter the labor forcedian women cannot read and write, 83 other factors that determine conceptionbefore they marry or begin childbearing,percent of women in Kerala are literate. rates, such as breastfeeding. Many socio-and ultimately to have smaller familiesThe state government has assigned a high economic factors are also important in-than women who marry in their teens.priority to ensuring that all residents have fluences on these direct determinants ofThis trend is evid,mt in almost everyaccess to education. fertility. These "indirect" factors includecountry where data are available; as the But today's high literacy rates and education, urbanization, labor force par-chart on the reverse side of this pagegood maternal health are only a symptom ticipation, and infant mortality. shows, women with a secondary school of the higher status women in Kerala have Generally, the age at which a womaneducation have substantially smaller fami- enjoyed for a long time. In traditional first marries is directly related to the num-lies than women with less education. Keralese culture, women can inherit land ber of children she will bear because it af- Evidence shows that efforts to lowerand wield some political powera sharp fects the length of time she will be"at risk"birth rates may depend on improvementcontrast with other parts of India. And, of becoming pregnant. Of course, unmar- in women's status. Part of the Pro-while in most of India girls are considered ried women may also have children, butgram of Action, developed at the 1994 In-a drain on family finances because their the vast majority of childbearing takes ternational Conference on Population andparents must pay a dowry to marry them place within marriage throughout most ofDevelopment, calls for universal access tooff, Keralese women bring their families the world, which makes the age at marriage education, employment opportunities fora brideprice. In Kerala, girls are consid- a valuable indicator of a woman's lifetimewomen, and an end to discrimination ered an asset. World Population 21 Largest Urban Areas in the World in 1950, 1995, and 2015 4.( _ t*, 4_ 0 As° 7 ; - -; 2 2 o 0 5 million and over since 1950 5 million and over sinceSize 1995 of Urban Population Source: United Nations. ® 5 million and over in 2015 (projected) Population Reference Bureau, Inc. 2 3 Growth of Urban Agglomerations, 1950-2015 30 25 20 r C

11 10 3 8'5 0 czy0:c. 02AO. loc" ocl Aps:s. eslic%2:` 01 c)2,09:0-0 %19 AestIos), 0W-pc°

Source: United Nations.

Patterns of World of their urban population. For example,oped countries. Death rates have fallen many "urban " dwellers in Africa live in faster in urban areas because of greater Urbanization of fewer than 10,000 residents. Inaccess to health services. Because birth Through most of history, the humanArgentina, 87 percent of the 1995 popu- rates are relatively high in most develop- population has lived a rural lifestyle, de-lation was urban, and 41 percent of theseing countries, the rates of natural increase pendent on and hunting for people lived in just one , Buenos Aires. are also quite high in cities. Migration also survival. In 1800, only 3 percent of theIn 1990, 36 percent of the world's urban-fuels urban growth as people leave the world's population lived in urban areas.ites lived in agglomerations of 1 million countryside in search of better jobs. By 1900, almost 14 percent were urban- or more inhabitants, and 15 percent re- The chart above shows population ites, although only 12 cities had 1 million sided in agglomerations of 5 million orgrowth in selected cities. New York and or more inhabitants. In 1959, 25 percentmore. Only 8 percent of Americans liveLondon are typical of large cities n de- of the world's population resided in ur-in cities of 1 million or more. veloped countries that arose in the 1800s ban centers. The number of cities with and early 1900s, reached their current size over 1 million persons had grown to 80. Migration or Natural Increase mid-century and have since experienced The world has experienced unprec- A city grows through natural in-slow growth or decline. Cities in some edented urban growth in recent decades.creasethe excess of births over deathsdeveloping countries, sut h as Mexico City, In 1995, about 43 percent of the world'sand through the in-nligration of peoplegrew very rapidly between 1950 and 1980 population lived in urban areas. Devel-from other cities, rural areas, or countries.and are growing more slowly now. Many oped nations are about 74 percent urban,Developed and developing countries ofAsian and African cities, such as Lagos while just 35 percent of residents of de-the world differ not only in the percent and Bombay, are experiencing very rapid veloping countries live in urban areas. living in cities, but also in the way in which growth now and are projected to continue However, urbanization is occurring rap-urbanization is occurring. at this pace into the next century. idly in many developing countries. It is During the 19th and early 20th cen- expected that 60 percent of the worldturies, urbanization resulted from andMega Cities population will be urban by 2025, and thatcontributed to industrialization. New job As the population increases, more most urban growth will occur in devel-opportunities in the cities spurred the people will live in large cities. Many people oping countries. mass movement of surplus populationwill live in the growing number of cities What is an ? An urbanaway from the countryside. At the samewith over 5 million habitants, know as area may be defined by the number of resi-time, migrants provided cheap, plentiful mega cities." As the map on the reverse dents, the , the percentlabor for the emerging factories. While theof this sheet shows, just eight cities had of persons not dependent upon agricul-proportion increased through rural topopulations of 5 million or more in 1950, ture, or the provision of such public utili-urban migration, high death rates in thetwo of them in developing countries. ties and services as electricity and educa-cities slowed urban growth. Cities were Mega cities numbered 38 in 1995. By 2015, tion. Some countries define any place with unhealthy places because of crowded liv-33 new mega-cities will be added, 31 in a population of 2,500 or more as urban;ing conditions, the prevalence of conta-developing countries. others set a minimum of 20,000. There aregious diseases, and the lack of . By the turn of the century, cities of no universal standards, and generally each Until the mid-1800s, the number of10 million and larger will be more country develops its own set of criteria fordeaths exceeded births in many largecommon. In 1950, only one city had more distinguishing "urban areas." European cities. Migration accol inted for than 10 million inhabitants (see table When comparing countries it is of-as much as 90 percent of city growth dur-"Largest Urban Areas in the World"). By ten helpful to look beyond the proportioning this period. 2015, 27 cities are projected to hold over of populations that are rural or urban and Urbanization in most developing 10 million people; all but three will be in instead consider the size of cities. Coun-countries in the past 40 years contrastsdeveloping countries. tries differ markedly in the distributionsharply with the experience of the devel-

World Population irwit Major Causes of Death in the U.S. and Peru, 410 Selected Years (as a percent of all deaths) I% Homicide 1.3% Liver , .--t I% Suicide2% HIV/AIDS disease 4% Cancer I% Nutritional deficiency .. 2% Diabetes / 4% Pr.emoniaJInfluenza 4% Early ;ref/ 2% Homicide & . - 4% Pulmonary diseases 7% Cerebro- infancy diseases 5% Kidney disease other violence3% Cerebro- ...., ' 3% Tuberculosisivt., . ' - .- -1 ,, vascular diseases yaraskiratimataiik,9% Heart diseases kiiiktious & vascular disease 6% Digestive diseases 5% Accidents 9% Gastrointestinal diseases2 .arasitic7% diseases Infectious & c... I 6% Respiratory 9% Circulatory diseases ,-* 33% Heart disease 25 United States diseases' 1900 12% Respiratory diseases' Peru1988 United States 1992 Source:2 IncludesI National diarrhea Center Primarilyand for inflam,nation Health influenza, Statistics of bronchitis, the and stomach World and and pnue.monia.Health intestines. Organization. Population Reference Bureau, Inc. 26 Deaths to Children Under Age 5 by World Infant Mortality Rates in Selected Main Cause, Developing Countries Countries, 1994 Japan

USA

Russia

Acute Peru 60 :yespWatoryr

's 273' . Ethiopia

Afghanistan 0 50 100 150 200

Source: USAID. Source: Population Reference Bureau.

World Health Infant and Child Mortality Causes of Death Declining mortality, not rising In less developed countries, the The chart on the reverse side of this fertility, has been the cause of the acceler-chances of dying are greatest at infancysheet is useful for developing a better un- ating world population growth. By attack-and remain high during the first few yearsderstanding of the changes in mortality ing the causes of death that have keptof childhood. A newborn child is fragilein this century. It shows the major causes population growth low for most of human and has not developed immunities toof death for the United States in 1900 and existence, we have extended life expect-common ailments. When a country has a 1992, and for Peru in 1988. Each column ancies and multiplied our numbers. high rate of infant death, it usually sig-accounts for all causes of death with the Life expectancy has evolved steadilynals high mortality risk from infectious,top causes specified. Some causes are thiough history. During the Roman Em-parasitic, communicable, and other dis-combined because of their similarities. pir,2, average life expectancy at birth waseases that are associated with poor sani-Data on cause of death should be inter- a brief 22 years. By the Middle Ages it hadtary conditions and malnourishment. Aspreted cautiously because some causes are risen to about 33 years in England, in-a result, the infant mortality rate (IMR),more easily identified than others and are creasing to 43 years by the middle of theor annual number of deaths per 1,000 livereported more completely. 19th century. In the early 20th century, lifebirths, is considered one of the most sen- In the United States in 1900, respi- expectancies in developed countriessitive measures of a nation's health. ratory, infectious and parasitic, and gas- ranged from 35 to 55. They have climbed More than 8 million babies die an-trointestinal diseases (including diarrhea) to about 7 4 years today, and continue tonually before their first birthday. As theaccounted for nearly 40 percent of all improve. Meanwhile, life expectancy inchart above shows, two of the primarydeaths. Since then, mortality rates from developing countries has graduallycauses of infant and child deaths are acutethese diseases have declined sharply. For climbed, rising to about 64 years in 1995.respiratory diseasessuch as pneumonia,example, tuberculosis, which accounted Initial declines in mortality can betuberculosis, and influenzaand diar-for 11 percent of deaths in 1900, ac- attributed to improvements in publicrhea. Other infectious diseases, such ascounted for fewer than 1 percent in 1992. health and living standards that accom-measles, are also major causes of deathsHeart diseases, stroke, and cancer, which panied the Industrial Revolution. Greaterto infants and children. Death from theseaccount for more than half of all deaths declines in the early 20th century wereconditions is almost unheard of for infants today, caused only about 15 percent of attributable to improvements in medicalin developed countries. But in less devel-deaths in 1960. technology, which led to the control ofoped countries where malnourishment In Peru today, like the United States such infectious diseases as tuberculosis,weakens small bodies, medical facilitiesin 1990, the causes of death are more , and cholera. Further improve-are scarce, and living areas may be unsani- broadly dispersed. Fifty percent are attrib- ments in life expectancy are anticipatedtary, infant deaths are commonplace. In utable to the top seven causes. Respiratory in most countries. In countries where1995, world IMRs range from 4.3 perdiseases top the list, with circulatory dis- death from infectious diseases is minimal, 1,000 births in Japan to 163 per 1,000 in eases, cancer, and infectious and parasitic the improvements will come from the de- Afghanistan. diseases also contributing a large share. cline in mortality from degenerative dis- As countries develop economically, As Peru and other countries continue eases such as heart diseases and cancer. In infant mortality usually declines. The IMR to develop, their causes of death may more some countries, the spread of AIDS andin the United States w..s probably about closely resemble those of the United States othcr infectious ailments is a potential 100 in 1900around the level of the IMRstoday. As life expectancy improves and the threat to further gains in life expectancy. of some of the poorest countries in therole of infectious, parasitic, and respiratory In Central Africa, where the spread of HIVworld today. The IMR in the United Statesdiseases diminishes, more people will sur- infection is disproportionately high, lifehas now fallen to below 10. Many coun-vive to older ages and chronic degenera- expectancy is projected to stagnate or eventries have even lower rates, with Japan, tive diseases such as stroke, cancer, and decline between 1995 and 2000. Sweden, and Finland heading the list. heart disease will become more common. World Population-.7tilhitioreirtaA World Populationlundamentals of growth Study Questions

World Population Growth and Regional Distribution through History Chart 1. According to the projection shown on "World Population Growth: 1750-2150," about what percentage of growth is projected to occur in less developed countries after 2100? 2. What is the medium fertility population projection for the world in 2000, 2050, 2100, and 2150? 3. If replacement level fertility (2.1 children per woman) were achieved today what would the world population be in 2150? 4. Which region is projected to gain the greatest share of world population between 2000 and 2100? 5. During what "age" of human history did the world's population begin to grow rapidly?

Reading I. What is the world's population in 1995? How many people were added to the world population in 1995? 2. Which regions have the fastest rate of population growth? 3. In which region does the greatest share of the world's population reside? 4. How are population projections made?

Data Sheet Examine the 1995 World Population Data Sheet in the back of this chartbook. 1. Select five countries and find the corresponding population estimates, growth rates (rate of natural increase) and doubling times. Apply the rate of natural increase to the population to find the number of people being added to those countries in 1995. How do the doubling times (for the current rates of natural increase) relate to the projected populations for 2010 and 2025? 2. Find the countries with the highest and lowest growth rates. In which regions are these countries located?

Discussion 1. World population growth was very slow during the stone age. Why was growth so slow during this period? 2. Examine the projections shown in "World Population Projections: Six Scenarios, 1995-2150." Which projection do you think is most likely? Why?

Population Growth through Natural Increase Chart 1. What were the levels of birth and death rates in developing countries and in developed countries in 1775? 2. Describe how the birth and death rates in the developing and developed countric, changed from 1775 to 1995.

Reading 1. What are the components of population change? 2. How does the world population growth rate today compare with the growth rate at other times in history? 3. What were the causes of the "mortality revolution" in Europe and North America? 4. Compare and contrast the demographic transition in developed and developing countries.

Data Sheet The rate of natural increase is the difference between birth and death rates. It measures the degree to which a population is growing. Since birth and death rates are measured as the number of births (or deaths) occurring per 1,000 population, the difference is divided by 10 to convert this rate intn 2 po-centa7,e.

Rate of Natural Increase = Birth RateDeath Rate 10

1. Using the birth and death rates from the 1995 1Vorld Population Data Sheet, calculate the rate of natural increase for five countries or regions. (Due to rounding, answers may differ slightly from the rates of natural increase on the Data Sheet.)

World Population 0,1,th 2. Find five countries that appear to have reached the fourth stage of the demographic transition (in which death rates are higher than birth rates).

Discussion 1. What technological, economic, and social factors might cause levels of mortality and fertility to change? 2. What do you think the prospects are for the changes in birth and death rates in the United States?

Effect of Migration on Population Growth Chart 1. How has the proportion of Asian immigrants changed during the 20th century?

Reading 1. How much does immigration contribute to population growth in the United States? 2. Why do people move? 3. Give examples of other "push" and "pull" factor.

Data 1. Obtain data from a library, your state data center, the U.S. Bureau of the Census, or the Population Reference Bureau on the recent components of change for your state. How much growth in your state is due to net migration?

Discussion 1. Where did your ancestors come from? When did they come to the United States? Why?

Three Patterns of Population Change Chart 1. What percentage of Kenyan, U.S., and German populations are 0-4 years old? 2. Which of the three countries has the greatest proportion of people age 65 and older?

Reading 1. How can the age-sex structure of a population help determine the needs of that population? 2. What does it mean to have a "young" or "old" population? 3. How can migration affect the shape of a pyramid? 4. What is "zero population growth?" Which pyramid represents this concept?

Data Sheet The dependency ratio is a measure used to indicate the ratio of persons in the "dependent" ages (under 15 and age 65 and older) per 100 persons in the "economically productive" ages (15-64 years of age). The formula for the dependency ratio is:

% Population under age 15 + % Population age 65+ x 100 Population age 15-64

The age dependency ratio for the United States is shown below at 54.

22 + 13 x 100= 53.8 65

This means that there were 54 persons in the dependent ages for every 100 persons in the working ages.

1. Calculate the dependency ratios for Kenya, Germany, Brazil, and Japan. Compare the components of each of them.

Discussion 1. Discuss the implications of high or low dependency ratios for economic resources and development.

World Population pr,,; 29 Status of Women Chart 1. Make a statement based on the information shown in "Women's Education and Family Size in Selected Countries." 40Reading 1. What are some of the ways that education can play a role in determining family size? 2. What determines the number of children a women will have? 3. What are some of the factors that "indirectly" affect fertility?

Data Sheet 1. Contraceptive prevalence is a determinant of fertility. Using information from the Data Sheet, prepare a graph to show the relationship between contraceptive use and fertility. 2. What other indicators on. the Data Sheet might provide information on the status of women?

Discussion 1. Consider how the status of women in the United States has affected family size.

Patterns of World Urbanization 1. Where will most of the new 5 million-plus cities spring up in 2015in developed or developing countries?

Reading 1. What is the definition of an urban area? 2. In 1995, do most of the world's people live in rural or urban areas? 3. Describe the differences in the patterns of urbanization in the developed and developing countries.

Data Sheet 1. Find the column on the 1995 World Population Data Sheet showing the percent of population residing in urban areas. Also examine the list of the largest cities found in the back of this chartbook. For the ten largest cities, calculate the proportion of the country's population living in that city in 1995. For example, 15.1 million people reside in Mexico City; this is 16 percent of Mexico's population.

Discussion 1. Why are increasing so rapidly in dev,tloping countries? What are some implications of rapid growth in these cities?

World Health Chart 1. What was the leading cause of death in the United States in 1992? What proportion of deaths were attributable to this cause in the United States in 1900 and in Peru in 1988? 2. What proportion of deaths in Peru in 1988 were caused by infectious and parasitic diseases?

Reading 1. How have life expectancies changed in developed countries since the ? 2. Why are infant mortality rates over .100 in some developing countries? 3. What types of diseases are the most 'common causes of death in the developed regions?

Data Sheet 1. Examine the columns on the 1995 World Population Data Sheet showing infant mortality and life expectancy. Find these variables for 10 countries and examine their relationship. r.xamine the relationshi p. between the IMR, the birth rate, and GNP per capita.

30 World Population Largest Urban Areas in the World in 1950, 1995, and 20I5

1950 Population 9. Dacca I 9.0 City Country (in millions) 10. Mexico City Mexico 18.8 I 1. New York USA 17.6 I. New York USA 12.3 12. Calcutta India 17.6 2. London UK 8.7 I 3. Delhi India 17.6 3. Japan 6.9 14. Tianjin China 17.0 4. Paris France 5.4 15. Manila 14.7 5. Russia 5.4 16. Cairo Egypt 14.5 6. Shanghai China 5.3 17. Los Angeles USA 14.3 7. Essen Germany 5.3 18. Seoul S. Korea 13.1 8. Buenos Aires Argentina 5.0 19. Buenos Aires Argentina 12.4 20. Istanbul Turkey I 2.3 1995 Population 21. Rio de Janeiro Brazil 11.6 City Country (in millions) 22. Lahore 10.8 23. Hyderabad India 10.7 I . Tokyo Japan 26.8 24. Osaka Japan 10.6 2. Sao Paulo Brazil 16.4 25. Bangkok Thailand 10.6 3. New York USA 16.3 26. Lima Peru 10.5 4. Mexico City Mexico 15.6 27. Teheran Iran I 0.2 5. Shanghai China 15.1 28. Kinshasa Zaire 9.9 6. Bombay India 15.1 29. Paris France 9.6 7. Los Ar.geles USA 12.4 30. Madras India 9.5 8. Beijing China 12.4 31. Moscow Russia 9.3 9. Calcutta India 11.7 32. Shenyang China 8.6 10. Seoul S. Korea 11.6 33. Bangalore India 8.3 1 I . Jakarta Indonesia 11.5 34. Bogota Colombia 7.7 12. Buenos Aires Argentina 11.0 35. Chicago USA 7.5 13. Osaka Japan 10.6 36. Yangon Myanmar 7.4 I 4. Lagos Nigeria 10.3 37. London UK 7.3 15. Delhi India 9.9 38. Baghdad Iraq 7.3 16. Rio de Janiero Brazil 9.9 39. Wuhan China 7.2 I 7 Karachi Pakistan 9.9 40. Abidjan C6te d'Ivoire 6.6 18. Cairo Egypt 9.7 41. Guangzhou China 6.6 19. Paris France 9.5 42. Essen Germany 6.5 20. Manilla Philippines 9.3 43. -Ho Chi Minh Viet Nam 6.4 21. Tianjin China 9.2 44. Algiers Algeria 6.3 22. Moscow Russia 9.2 45. Santiago Chile 6.3 23. Dacca Bangladesh 7.8 46. Ahmedabad India 6.1 24. Istanbul Turkey 7.8 47. Tripoli Libya 6.0 25. Lima Peru 7.5 48. Addis Ababa Ethiopia 5.9 26. London UK 7.3 49. Hong Kong 5.8 27. Chicago USA 6.8 50. Chongquing China 5.8 28. Teheran Iran 6.8 51. Khartoum Sudan 5.8 29. Bangkok Thailand 6.6 52. Maputo Mozambique 5.8 30. Essen Germany 6.5 53. Toronto Canada 5.7 31. Madras India 5.9 54. Taipei China 5.7 32. Bogota Colombia 5.6 55. Chengdu China 5.6 33. Hong Kong Hong Kong 5.6 56. Luanda Angola 5.5 34. Hyderabad India 5.3 57. Alexandria Egypt 5.5 35. Shenyang China 5.3 58. Belo Horizonte Brazil 5.5 36. St. Petersburg Russia 5.1 59. Xi'an China 5.5 37. Lahore Pakistan 5.1 60. Harbin China 5.4 38. Santiago Chile 5.1 61. Pune India 5.4 2015 Population 62. Dalian China 5.4 City Country (in millions) 63. Kabul Afghanistan 5.4 64. Nairobi Kenya 5.4 I . Tokyo Japan 28.7 65. Bandung Indonesia 5.3 2. Bombay India 27.4 66. Jinan China 5.3 3. Lagos Nigeria 24.4 67. Chittagong Bangladesh 5.2 4. Shanghai China 23.4 68. Riyadh Saudi Arabia 5.1 5. Jakarta Indonesia 21.2 69. Casablanca Morocco 5.1 6. Sao Paulo Brazil 20.8 70, Saint Petersburg Russia 5.1 7. Karachi Pakistan 20.6 71. Washington D.C. USA 5.0 8. Beijing China 19.4 Source: United Nations, World Urbanization Prospects:The 1994 Revision. World Population 31 0ci. 06 Cla 0 a) 1995 World Za. c, .3 1,, Ti.... c, -ft, cz,0 0.... cb GU . . .._ z. v... git ...... 0 Z.; tyea (c. tt..7. Population ... aa 2 g.,- k ataCV re- .4. -. :2 --- 0 ca. .... ir. Lo ;... c,t le, S (. ;;,- . S. . S. . t Ca. co 0 0 Z 0 ..!? gi Data Sheet 0 g 44.. 0 4/ "..-4... 47C.:0Cil I -1 :::-.t. .0.. -.. 40 0 C ..t.).... ca 0 .4' JP *IL t: `"' .07 .9. ,g, ,. -.4 cis 0 0 a 0 Ce 0 40 as? e o ° il) C2

213 -1.8:'''L;24:1,060. -- -00 46/ 3 52/51/54 27 15/11 560 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 586 44 14 3.0 23 892 1,290 95 6.2 64/63/65 45 39/35 1,040 NORTHERN AFRICA 162 32 8 2.4 29 219 279 63 4.4 41/ 3 39/ 467/66/68 50 B 47/43 H 1,650 Algeria 28.430 6 2.4 29 38.0 47.2 55 4.4 40/ 464/62/65 44 B 47/45 H 660 Egypt 61.930 8 2.3 31 80.7 97.9 62 3.9 6.448/ 363/62/65 85 Libya 5.242 8 3.4 21 8.9 14.4 68 B -/- S 40/ 469/67/7147 B 42/36 H 1,030 Morocco 29.228 6 2.2 32 38.4 47.4 57 4.0 77 5.946/ 255/54/56 27 B ;/ 6 H Sudan 28.1 4112 3.0 23 41.5 58.4 68/67/69 60 B 50/40 H 1,780 Tunisia 8.925 6 1.9 36 11.2 13.3 43 3.437/ 5 D Western Sahara 0.247 18 2.8 24 0.3 0.4 - -/- - 53/52/5523 8/ 4 370 WESTERN AFRICA 199 45 14 3.1 22 311 467 86 6.4 46/ 3 7.1 47/ 348/46/49 30 B 9/ 1 S 420 Benin 5.449 18 3.1 22 8.3 12.3 86 6.9 45/44/4615 B 8/ 4 H 300 Burkina Faso 10.447 19 2.8 24 14.5 20.9 94 48/ 3 4.3 65/64/66 44 870 Cape Verde 0.436 9 2.8 25 0.6 0.7 50 45/ 6 B -/- H 51/50/52 39 B 3/ 1 S 630 COte d'lvoire 14.350 15 3.5 20 23.1 36.8 92 7.447/ 2 5.945/ 245/43/47 26 B 12/ 7 H 360 Gambia 1.1 48 21 2.7 26 1.5 2.1 90 81 5.545/ 356/54/58 36 B 19/ 9 H 430 Ghana 17.542 12 3.0 23 26.6 38.0 5.844/ 344/42/47 29 510 Guinea 6.54419 2.4 29 9.3 12.9143 C -/- H 44/42/45 22 220 Guinea-Bissau 1.1 43 21 2.1 32 1.5 2.0140 5.843/ 3 C -/- H 55/54/57 44 B 6/ 5 H Liberia 3.04714 3.3 21 4.8 7.2126 6.846/ 4 47/45/4822 B 5/ 1 H 300 Mali 9.451 20 3.2 22 15.0 23.7104 7.346/ 4 52/50/53 39 B 4/ 1 S 510 Mauritania 2.34014 2.5 27 3.3 4.4101 5.445/ 4 49/ 347/45/4815 B 4/ 2 H 270 Niger 9.25319 3.4 21 14.8 22.4123 7.4 56/55/5816 B 6/ 4 H 310 Nigeria 101.24312 3.1 22 162.0 246.0 72 6.345/ 3 6.045/ 349/48/50 39 B 7/ 5 H 730 Senegal 8.34316 2.7 26 12.2 16.9 68 46/44/47 35 140 Sierra Leone 4.54619 2.7 26 6.4 8.7143 6.244/ 3 C -/- H 58/56/60 30 B 34/ 3 S 330 Togo 4.447 11 3.6 19 7.4 11.7 86 6.949/ 2 17/12 210 EASTERN AFRICA 225 46 163.0 23 345- 461 106 6.4 471:3 60j48/52 21 50/48/52 6 B 9/ 1 H 180 Burundi 6.446 16 3.0 23 9.5 13.5102 6.646/ 4 520 Comoros 0.54611 3.6 20 0.9 1.4 79 6.848/ 358/56/60 29C -/- H 48/47/50 77 780 Djibouti 0.63816 2.2 32 0.8 1.1 115 5.841/. 2 C -/- S D H Eritrea 3.54216 2.6 27 5.2 7.0 - -/- -/-/- 15 B 4/ 3 H 100 Ethiopia 56.046 16 3.1 23 90.0 129.7120 7.049/ 350/48/52 56/54/5727 B 33/27 H 270 Kenya 28.345 12 3.3 21 43.6 63.6 69 5.748/ 3 B 17/ 5 H 240 14.84412 3.2 22 23.3 34.4 93 6.146/ 357/55/58 22 45/44/4517 B 13/ 7 H 220 Malawi 9.747 20 2.7 25 14.7 21.3134 6.748/ 3 69/65/73 44 A 75/49 S 2,980 Mauritius 1.1 21 7 1.5 47 1.3 1.5 18.52.430/ 6 46/45/48 33 80 Mozambique 17.44519 2.7 26 26.9 38.3148 6.546/ 2 C -/- H 73/69/7773 B 67/62 Reunion 0.723 6 1.8 40 0.8 0.9 8 2.331/ 6 46/45/48 5 B 21/13 H 200 7.840 17 2.3 30 10.4 12.8117 6.248/ 3 70/68/73 50 6,370 Seychelles 0.1 23 7 1.5 46 0.1 0.1 11.92.732/ 7 A -/- H 47/45/4924 Somalia 9.35019 3.2 22 14.5 21.3122 7.048/ 3 C -/- S 21 B 20/13 H 100 Tanzania 28.54515 3.0 23 42.8 58.6 92 6.347/ 349/47/50 45/44/46 11 B 5/ 3 H 190 Uganda 21.352 19 3.3 21 32.3 48.1 115 7.347/ 3 48/47/49 42 B 15/ 9 H 370 Zambia 9.1 4717 3.1 23 13.0 17.1 107 6.550/ 2 27 B 48/42 H 540 Zimbabwe 11.339 12 2.7 26 15.3 19.6 53 4.444/ 354/52/55 MIDDLE AFRICA Ilk46 162.0 24 127 101 107 1,3 41/349/47151 Angola 11.547 20 2.7 26 17.6 24.7137 6.445/ 346/44/48 37D -/- H 58/56/6041 B 16/ 4 H 770 Cameroon 13.54011 2.9 24 21.2 32.6 65 5.944/ 3 390 Central African Republic 3.242 22 2.0 34 3.9 5.2136 5.343/ 441/40/43 39C -/- H 5.9 48/46/4922 200 Chad 6.44418 2.6 27 9.3 12.9122 41/ 3 C -/- S World Population 32 (-) indicates data unavailable of inapplicable ti 80 ct: a Cb 16 0) ' Infant deaths per 1.000 lwe births 00 0 a3 -.. ch .._-52 'Average number of children born to a ,=:' cti ci, :cc -- A: II3 Q:2 Q:7 417 C) ;I-3.4 woman during her lifetime 1:1 CZ P. CD Q3"...... IP: cv4, tC Is gz.'%) 4" Let 10...t1 ; +If- A=complete data...D=little or no data ..4,. giZ "Estonia, Lativa. and Lithuania are shown 2 cu elEi 1.."'.; ra :-tr. CI 43 Co -, 474 .4;I a2-; / .t. :- Li" .... Z e 0 ft, under Northern Europe -:" 7,;" ...,4,3 co 4: T.; al: Z cu * ...... 43 QD Q.,03 a gi a ..7.. e, a m e 'Former republics of Yugoslavia lif g Al cc-- -..- .7:-,re, c, V R a .4,4... ca 4, t C.3 0 .... 44.. a e 0 0 03 0 .e. --.0 4?-- Z -- 44 '"' 0 C4 0c,A a --, - Z. cl .- CS-, F-: to co a 4.) ... to 11) :-.-- .... gr :::-. .t --*. ric. .s1 -- Region or Country . e e ii,..t. 47 a.,01PI at,* Ct. .Z C. 4/ 0 si ca 0 ae, e a Congo 2.540172.3 31 3.2 4.2109 5.2 44/ 346/44/48 58C -/- I-1 920 Equatorial Guinea 0.4 40142.6 27 0.6 0.9 99 5.343/ 4.53/51/5637 C -/- S 360 Gabon 1.337162.2 32 1.9 2.7 94 4.039/ 654/52/5573 C -/- L 4,050 Sao Tome and Principe 0.1 35 92.6 27 0.2 0.2 61.84.447/ 464/62/66 46A -/- H 330 Zaire 44.1 48163.2 22 69.1 107.6 108 6.648/ 348/46/50 29 B 8/ 3 S

Botswana 1.531 7 2.3 30 2.2 3.0 39 4.243/ 364/60/66 27 B 33/32 H 2,590 Lesotho 2.1 31 121.9 36 3.0 4.2 79 5.241/ 461/58/63 22 B 23/19 H 660 Namibia 1.53710 2.7 26 2.2 3.0 57 5.442/ 4 59/58/60 328 29/26 H 1,660 South Africa 43.531 82.3 30 57.5 70.1 46 4.1 37/ 566/63/68 638 53/52 H 2,900 Swaziland 1.043 11 3.2 22 1.6 2.5 90 6.146/ 257/53/6130 B 20/17 H 1,050

[rrff' 9.1 -71/50' -20+340 Canada 29.614 70.7 102 33.6 36.6 7.0 1.721/12 78114%81 77 -A-73/69S 20,670 United States 263.215 9 0.7 105 300.4 338.3 8.02.022/1376/72/7975 A 71/C5 S 24,750 LAM AIMNEFIRCA L *HI "0 0:4.3 .,..311r :41,3 ,-35-__37/41,471/611a4- Belize 0.238 53.3 21 0.3 0.4 34 4.544/ 468/6117148 B 47/42 H 2,440 Costa Rica 3.326 42.2 32 4.4 5.5 13.73.1 35/ 5 76/74/79 49A 75/65 H 2,160 El Salvador 5.932 62,6 27 7.6 9.4 41 3.840/ 468/65/70 46 B 53/48 H 1,320 Guatemala 10.639 83.1 22 15.8 21.7 48 5.445/ 365/62/67 38 C 23/19 H 1,110 Honduras 5.534 62.8 25 7.6 9.7 50 5.247/ 468/66/71468 47/34 H 580 Mexico 93.727 52.2 34 117.7 136.6 34 3.1 36/ 472/70/7671 B 65/56 H 3,750 Nicaragua 4.433 62.7 26 6.7 9.1 49 4.646/ 365/62/68 62 C 49/45 H 360 74/e4F.AN 2.629 82.1 33 3.3 3.8 28 3.034/ 572/69/75 54 B 58/54S 2,580 36 23 81.5 46 43 50 39.,2,93IFFW;n2 so . =- Antigua and Barbuda 0.1 18 61.2 58 0.1 0.1 18 1.725/ 6 73/71/7531 A 53/51 S 6,390 Bahamas 0.320 5 1.5 47 0.3 0.4 23.82.029/ 573/69/78 84 A 62/60 S 11,500 Barbados 0.316 90.7 98 0.3 0.3 9.1 1.824/1276/73/78 38 A 55/53 S 6,240 Cuba 11.214 70.7 102 12.2 12.9 9.4 1.822/ 975/72/78 74A -/- S Dominica 0.1 20 71.3 55 0.1 0.1 18.42.529/ 877/74/80 A 50/48 H 2,680 Dominican Republic 7.827 62.1 32 9.7 11.2 42 3.335/ 470/68/7261 B 56/52 H 1,080 Grenada 0.129 62.4 29 0.1 0.2 12 3.843/ 571/68/73 - B54/49 H 2,410 Guadeloupe 0.418 61.2 56 0.5 0.5 10.32.026/ 875/71/78 48A -/- 7.235122.3 30 9.8 13.1 74 4.840/ 457/55/5831 B 18/14 H Jamaica 2.425 62.0 35 2.8 3.3 13.22.433/ 874/71/76 53A 67/63 H 1,390 Martinique 0.417 6 1.1 62 0.4 0.5 8 2.023/1076/73/7981 B -/- - Antilles 0.219 61.3 55 0.2 0.2 6.3 2.026/ 776/74/79 92A -/- Puerto Rico 3.718 8 1.0 67 4.1 4.6 12.72.227/1074/70/79 73 A 70/62 7,020 St. Kitts-Nevis 0.0423 91.4 50 0.1 0.1 19 2.532/ 969/66/7142A 41/37 H 4,470 Saint Lucia 0.127 62.0 34 0.2 0.2 18.53.1 37/ 772/68/75 48 A 47/46 H 3,040 St. Vincent & the Grenadines 0.125 71.8 3e 0.1 0.2 16 3.1 37/ 673111/74 25 A 58/55 H 2,130 Trinidad and Toba o 1.317 71.1 64 1.6 1.8 10.52.731/ 671/68/73 65 A 53/44 H 3,730 319 25 .71i 3$ 395 460 47 AlCr.AIJI)6/71_ 73 601 J,020 Argentina 34.621 8 1.3 55 40.8 46.1 23.62.830/ 971/68/75 87A -/- S 7,290 Bolivia 7.436102.6 27 10.2 13.1 71 4.841/ 460/59/62 58 B 45/18 S 770 Brazil 157.825 81.7 41 194.4 224.6 58 2.932/ 566/64/69 77 B 66/56S 3,020 Chile 14.322 6 1.7 41 17.3 20.1 14.62.531/ 672/69/76 85A -/-- S 3,070 Colombia 37.724 61.8 39 46.1 53.0 37 2.733/ 569/66/72 50 B 66/55 S 1,400 Ecuador 11.528 62.2 31 14.9 17.8 50 3.538/ 469/66/7158 B 57/46 H 1,170 Guyana 0.825 71.8 39 1.0 1.1 48 2.632/ 465/62/68 33B -/- S 350 Paraguay 5.033 62.8 25 7.0 9.0 38 4.340/ 470/68/7251 B 48/35 S 1,500 Peru 24.029 72.1 33 30.3 35.9 60 3.536/ 466/64/68 70 B 59/33 H 1,490 Suriname 0.425 62.0 36 0.5 0.6 28 2.735/ 570/68/73 49B -/- S 1,210 U rug uay 3.217100.7 102 3.5 3.7 18.62.326/1273/69/76 90A -/- L 3,910 Venezuela 21.830 52.6 27 28.7 34.8 20.23.638/ 472/69/75 84A -/- S 2,840 ASIA 3,461 24 81.7 42 4,242 4,930 62 2.11 35/ 5 65/64/0 33 62155 1,980

World Population -rum/amt./flak oopolt fi: ea C ib ....5it 1995 World .3. ce lb 717k en CC cp Q cv s r 4: 4.. 43.- tit Population Apea.,c:2 1'3.'45 t. is 01 tie gle Data Sheet .... , , As g1 g a). Z, C.) _ ...... 0 .-.? ....co to V r: _t WAZ S' 1174 tt.,7* r .../as 0 4 Region or Country ....r 1... e 0 CT'WA.? WESTERWASIA 168 31 7 2.4 29 242 329 51 4.3 39/ 4 67/65169 58 B -I- S Armenia 3.7 16 7 0.8 83 4.2 4.3 17 2.031/ 771/68/74 68 B -/12 S 660 Azerbaijan 7.3 23 7 1.6 43 9.0 10.3 26 2.533/ 571/66/75 54B -/ 7 S 730 Bahrain 0.6 29 4 2.5 28 0.8 1.1 25 3.732/ 274/71/76 88 C 54/30 L 7,870 Cyprus 0.7 17 8 0.9 76 0.8 0.9 9 2.325/1177/75/79 68C -/- 10,380 Gaza 0.9 52 6 4.6 15 1.8 2.8 34 8.150/ 469/68/69 94B -/- S Georgia 5.41210 0.2 462 5.7 6.0 18 1.525/1073/69/76 56C -/ 8 L 560 I rad 20.6 43 7 3.7 19 34.5 52.6 62 6.647/ 3 66/65/67 70A 18/10 L 5.521 6 1.5 47 6.9 8.0 7.02.830/ 977/75/79 90B -/- H 13,760 Jordan 4.138 4 3.3 21 6.2 8.3 32 5.643/ 372/70/74 68 C 35/27 S 1,190 Kuwait 1.525 2 2.2 31 2.5 3.6 12 4.034/ 2 75/73/77 D 35/32 S 23,350 3.725 5 2.0 34 5.0 6.1 28 2.933/ 575/73/78 86 C 65/39 S Oman 2.253 4 4.9 14 3.7 6.0 24 6.936/ 371/70/7212 B 9/ 8 S 5,600 Qatar 0.519 2 1.8 39 0.6 0.7 13 3.830/ 173/70/75 91 C 26/24 S 15,140 Saudi Arabia 18.5 36 4 3.2 22 30.0 48.2 24 5.543/ 270/69/72 79C -/- S 7,780 Syria 14.7 41 6 3.5 20 23.6 33.5 39 5.949/ 466/65/67 51 B --/- H Turkey 61.4 23 7 1.6 44 79.2 95.6 53 2.733/ 467/64/7051 C 63/35 S 2,120 United Arab Emirates 1.923 4 1.9 36 2.5 3.0 23 4.132/ 172/70/74 82C -/- 22,470 West Bank 1.541 7 3.4 20 2.7 3.8 38 5.7 46/ 4 68/68/68 - B -/- H Yemen 13.2 50 14 3.6 19 21.9 34.5109 7.752/ 352/52/53 25 10/ 6 SOUTH CENTRAL ASIA 1.355 31 102.1 33 1,772 2.138 79 3.8 38/ 4 60160161 27 D 39130H 420 Afghanistan 18.4 50 22 2.8 24 31.1 41.4163 6.9 41/ 3 43/43/44 18B -/- H Bangladesh 119.2 36 12 2.4 29 160.8 194.1108 4.342/ 355/56/55 17 D 45/36 S 220 Bhutan 0.8 39 15 2.3 30 1.1 1.5138 6.239/ 451/51/50 13B -/- H 170 India 930.6 29 9 1.9 36 1,182.71,384.6 74 3.436/ 4 60/60/60 26 B 41/37 H 290 Iran 61.3 36 7 2.9 24 83.7 106.1 56 5.044/ 367/66/68 57 B 65/45 S 2,230 Kazakhstan 16.919 9 0.9 74 18.4 20.5 28 2.331/ 6 69/64/73 57 B -/22 S 1,540 Kyrgyzstan 4.4 26 8 1.8 38 5.6 7.0 33 3.338/ 568/64/72 36 B -/25 S 830 Maldives 0.3 43 7 3.6 19 0.4 0.6 52 6.247/ 365/64/67 26B -/- H 820 Nepal 22.6 3814 2.4 29 32.2 43.3 102 5.842/ 354/56/5310 C 23/22 H 160 Pakistan 129.7 39 10 2.9 24 187.7 251.8 91 5.641/ 361/61/6132 A 12/ 9 H 430 18.221 6 1.5 46 21.0 24.0 19.42.335/ 473/70/75 22 B 66/44 H 600 Tajikistan 5.8 33 92.4 29 9.2 13.1 47 4.343/ 470/68/73 31B -/15 S 470 Turkmenistan 4.5 33 8 2.5 28 5.9 7.9 44 4.041/ 466/63/70 45 B -/12 S 1,380 Uzbekistan 22.731 7 2.5 28 31.9 42.3 37 3.841/ 469/66/72 41 -/19 960 SOUTHEAST ASIA 455 25 $1.9 37 601 704 53 32 37/ 4 64162/66 31 A 51/44 S 1.070 Brunei 0.327 3 2.4 29 0.4 0.4 7.03.1 36/ 374/73/76 67D -/- H Cambodia 10.6 44 16 2.8 25 15.7 22.8 108 5.846/ 350/48/5113B -/- H Indonesia 198.4 24 8 1.6 43 240.6 276.5 64 2.8 37/ 4 63/61/65 31 B 50/47 S 730 Laos 4.8 42 14 2.8 25 7.2 9.8 98 6.045/ 352/51/54 19B -/- 11 290 Malaysia 19.9 29 5 2.4 29 27.5 34.5 12 3.336/ 471/69/7451 C 56/37 H 3,160 Myanmar (Burma) 44.828 9 1.9 36 57.3 69.3 48 3.636/ 4 60/58/63 25B -/- H Philippines 68.4 30 9 2.1 33 87.2 102.7 49 4.1 40/ 365/63/66 49 A40/25 L 830 3.017 5 1.2 56 3.6 4.0 4.7 1.823/ 774/72/77 100 B 65/- H 19,310 Thailand 60.220 6 1.4 48 68.7 75.4 35 2.231/ 470/68/7219 B 66/64 H 2,040 Viet Nam 75.0 30 7 2.3 30 92.5 108.1 42 3.739/ 5 65/63/67 21 49/37 170 EAST ASIA 1442 17 61,0 66 1.628 1,768 40 1,8 26/ 7 70168/12 35 B 87114 $ 3.570 China 1.218.818 6 1.1 621,385.51,522.8 44 1.927/ 6 69/67/70 28 A90/89 490 Hong Kong 6.012 5 0.7 99 6.4 6.3 4.81.220/ 978/75/81 A 81/75 L 17,860 Japan 125.2 10 7 0.3 277 130.4 125.8 4.31.516/14 79/76/83 77 D 64/47 S 31,450 Korea, North 23.5 23 6 1.8 40 28.5 32.1 26 2.430/ 470/67/73 61B -/- S Korea, South 44.915 6 1.0 72 49.7 50.8 11 1.624/ 572/68/76 74 B 79/69 7,670 Macao 0.416 4 1.2 57 0 5 0.6 9 1.624/ 7 -/-/- 97C -/- S Mongolia 2.322 8 1.4 51 3.0 3.6 61 3.840/ 464/62/65 55A -/- 400 21.216 5 1.0 67 24.0 25.5 5.61.825/ 7 74/72/77 75 75/68 EUROPE 729 11 12 -0.1 - 743 743 11 1.5 20/13 73168177 72 -q45 11,870 4mants-- 1613 1102 443 17 99 7 1i 20/15 75173/79 $5 73165 11.02Q Denmark 5.213 12 0.1 770 5.3 5.3 5.71.817/1575/73/78 85 A 78/71 S 26,5103

World Population tit 34 (-) indicates data unavailable or inapplicable ei al tv, sea rzi r* ro c c 'Infant deaths per 1,000 live births co ez At, al rei c* at ... (0 C c,, cc 'Average number of children born to a .... a. aa :- cc ...1 Cli 4., .... . 41: cz ri. 03 r CI c woman during her lifetime 63 0 z. * CV F,'. . :::o - `A=COmplete data...04We or no data F .E q, ca °Estonia, Lativa, and Lithuania are shown c .0 ..... ii cicc, i, ,taf/e; under Northern Europe ilk' ..k 'Former republics of Yugoslavia V P ...... ka....EF P.,i4: .ta t" ;r2 ,,,, at c,-. e V 8 riQ:el 4,a) a.e .Z 4-4 Region or Country co.- 1::, f 0 .1.. a s 0 -4 iii 0 44 ox.57.4) cz Estonia 1.5 914-0.5 1.4 1.4 16 1.321/1370/64/75 71 B -/26 3,040 Finland 5.1 1310 0.3 227 5.2 5.2 4.41.819/1476/72/79 64 A S 18,970 Iceland 0.317 7 1.1 64 0.3 0.3 4.82.225/1179/77/81 91 A -/- S 23,620 Ireland 3.614 9 0.5 139 3.5 3.5 6.02.026/11 75/73R8 57A -/- S 12,580 Latvia 2.51015-0.5 2.4 2.4 16 1.521/1368/62/74 69 B -/19 L 2,030 Lithuania 3.71312 0.06,931 3.8 3.9 16 1.722/1271/65R6 68 B -/12 S 1,310 Norway 4.314 11 0.3 224 4.7 5.0 5.81.919/1677174/80 73A 76/65 S 26,340 Sweden 8.91312 0.1 990 9.2 9.6 4.81.919/1878/76/8183 A 78/71 S 24,830 58.613 11 0.2 385 61.0 62.1 6.61.819/1676/74/79 92 A 72/71 S 17,970 WESTERN EUROPE 161 -1110--0.1 .741 187 1.5..1W15 _77/73/110 81 ma.; zuui Austria 8.1 1210 0.1 533 8.3 8.3 6.21.418/1577/73/80 54 A 71156 S 23,120 Belgium 10.212 11 0.1 578 10.4 10.5 7.61.618/1677/73/80 97 A 79/75 S 21,210 France 58.1 12 9 0.3 217 61.7 63.6 6.1 1.720/1578/74/82 74 A 81/66 L 22,360 Germany 81.710 11 -0.1 - 81.2 76.1 5.81.316/1576/73119 85 A 75/72 L 23,560 Liechtenstein 0.0312 6 0.6 108 0.03 0.04 10.71.419/10 -/-/- - A -/- S Luxembourg 0.41310 0.4 193 0.4 0.4 6.01.718/1476/73/79 86A -/- L 35,850 Netherlands 15.513 9 0.4 182 16.9 17.6 5.91.618/1377/74/80 89A 76/72 S 20,710 Switzerland 7.012 9 0.3 224 7.6 7.5 5.61.516/1578/75/8168 A 71/65 L 36,410 EASTERN EUROPE 310. 1014.,412.' -315 320''.:17 1.5 22/12 40/62/73' Belarus 10.3 11 13-0.2 10.9 11.3 13 1.522/12 69/64R4 68 B -/13 S 2,840 Bulgaria 8.51013-0.3 7.9 7.5 15.51.419/1471/68174 67A -/- L 1,160 Czech Republic 10.41211 0.02,310 10.5 10.7 8.51.721/1073/69117 75 A 69/45 S 2,730 Hungary 10.21214-0.3 9.9 9.3 11.61.719/1469/65/74 63 A 73/62 L 3,330 Moldova 4.315 12 0.4 193 4.8 5.1 22 2.128/ 968/64/72 47 B -/15 S 1,180 Poland 38.61210 0.2 301 40.2 41.7 13.71.824/1172/67/76 62A -/- S 2,270 Romania 22.7 11 12-0.1 22.2 21.6 23.31.422/1170/66/73 55 A 57/15 L 1,120 Russia 147.5 916-0.6 149.5 153.1 19 1.422/1165/59/72 73 B -/22 L 2,350 Slovakia 5.41410 0.4 178 5.7 6.0 15.61.925/1171/67/75 57 A 74/42 S 1,900 Ukraine 52.0 11 14-0.4 53.0 54.0 15 1.621/1369/64/74 68 B -/15 L 1,910 SOUTHERN EUROPE 144 11 9 0.1 516 144 139 11 111/14 WWI Os 14,720 Albania 3.523 5 1.8 39 4.1 4.7 32.92.933/ 572/69/75 37A -/- S 340 Bosnia-Herzegovina 3.514 7 0.7 95 4.4 4.5 15.31.623/ 772/70/75 34 - -/- S Croatia 4.510 11 -0.1 4.4 4.2 11.61.419/1370/66175 54A -/- L Greece 10.510 9 0.01,733 10.2 10.0 8.31.419/1477/75/80 63A -/- L 7,390 Italy 57.7 910-0.0 56.5 52.8 7.41.216/1677/74/80 68A -/- S 19,620 Macedonia 2.1 16 8 0.8 85 2.3 2.5 24.42.226/ 772/70/74 58A -/- H 780 Malta 0.414 7 0.7 102 0.4 0.4 9.32.023/1175/73/78 85A -/- S Portugal 9.912 11 0.1 866 9.9 9.8 8.61.518/1475/71/78 34A -/- L 7,890 San Marino 0.0310 6 0.4 169 0.03 0.03 9.31.1 15/1476/73/79 90A -/- S Slovenia 2.01010 0.1 1,386 2.0 1.9 6.6 1.319/1273/69117 50A -/- L 6,310 Spain 39.1 10 9 0.1 578 39.0 37.1 7.61.217/1577/73/8164 A 59/38 S 13,650 Yugoslavia' 10.81310 0.3 204 11.1 11.5 18.42.023/1072/69/75 47A -/- S OCEANIA 2$ 19 12 60 24 U 24 24' ,261111 401116 71 13,540

Australia 18.015 7 0.8 91 20.8 23.1 6.1 1.922/1278/75/8185 A 76/72 S 17,510 Federated States of Micronesia 0.1-'38 8 3.0 23 0.1 0.1 52 5.646/ 468/66/70 26C -/- H Fiji 0.825 5 2.0 35 0.9 1.1 19 3.038/ 363/61/65 39B -/- H 2,140 French Polynesia 0.226 5 2.1 34 0.3 0.4 12 3.1 36/ 370/68/7257 B -/- Guam 0.230 4 2.6 27 0.2 0.2 9.83.330/ 474/72R6 38A -/- Marshall Islands 0.149 9 4.0 17 0.1 0.2 63 7.251/ 363/62/65 65B -/- H New Caledonia 0.226 6 2.0 34 0.2 0.3 21 3.333/ 574/71/7770 B -/- New Zealand 3.516 8 0.9 81 4.1 4.5 6.92.023/1276/73/79 85A -/- S 12,900 Palau 0.0222 8 1.4 50 0.03 0.03 25 3.1 30/ 6 671-/- 60C -/- - Papua-New Guinea 4.1 3310 2.3 30 5.7 7.3 63 4.740/ 457/56/5815 B 18/- H 1,120 Solomon Islands 0.444 7 3.7 19 0.6 0.8 43 5.847/ 3 61/-/- 13B -/- H 750 Vanuatu 0.238 9 2.9 24 0.2 0.3 45 5.346/ 3 63/-/- 18B -/- S 1,230 Western Samoa 0.234 8 2.6 27 0.2 0.3 21 4.241/ 4 65/-/- 21B -/- H 980 35 World Population -T1ohhow,i;,1/, Data Sheet Definitions

Mid-1995 Population: Estimates areUN, the U.S. Census Bureau, Worldyears or a continuous population regis- based on a recent census, official na-Bank, or PRB projections. ter. Countries rated "B" have one of tional data, or UN, U.S. Census Bureau, those two sources plus either a census or World Bank projections. The effectsInfant Mortality Rate: The annualwithin 15 years or a usable national sur- of refugee movements, large numbers ofnumber of deaths of infants under agevey or sample registration system within foreign workers, and population shifts 1 per 1,000 live births. Rates shown with 10 years, or both. "C" indicates that at due to contemporary political events aredecimals are completely registered na-least a census, a survey, or sample regis- taken into account when possible. Suchtional statistics, while those without aretration system is available."D" indicates events can introduce a high degree ofestimates from the sources cited above.that little or no reliable demographic uncertainty into the estimates. Rates shown in italics are based on lessinformation is available and that esti- than 50 annual infant deaths and, as amates are based on fragmentary data or Birth and Death Rate: The annual num-result, are subject to considerable yearlydemographic models. There can be con- ber of births and deaths per 1,000 totalvariability. Rates for tl-e republics of thesiderable variation in the quality of data population. These rates are often re-former USSR omit several categories ofeven within the same category. ferred to as "crude rates" because theyinfant deaths and may understate mor- do not take into account a population'stality by 20-50 percent. Contraceptive Use: The percentage of age structure. Thus, crude death rates currently married or "in-union" women in more developed countries, with aTotal Fertility Rate (TER): The averageof reproductive age who use any form relatively large proportion of oldernumber of children a woman will haveof contraception. "Modern" methods population, are often higher than thoseassuming that current age-specific birthinclude clinic and supply methods such in less developed countries. rates will remain constant throughoutas the pill, IUD, condom, and steriliza- her childbearing years (usually consid-tion. Data are the most recent available 0Rate of Natural Increase ( RN1): Birthered to be ages 15-49). national-level surveys, such as the De- rate minus the death rate, implying the mographic and Health Survey programs annual rate of population growth with-Population Under Age 15/Age 65 orand UN Population Division, World out regard for migration. Expressed asOver: The percentage of the total popu-Conraceptive Use 1994. Data refer to a percentage. lation in those age groups, which aresome point from 1986 to 1994, except often considered the "dependent ages." those shown in italics, which are for Populati,.:n "Doubling Time": The some point from 1980 to 1985. number of years it will take for the popu- Life Expectancy at Birth: The average lation to double, assuming a constantnumber of years a newborn infant canGovernment View of Current Birth rate of natural increase. Based on theexpect to live under current mortalityRate: This population policy indicator unrounded RNI, this column provides levels. presents the officially stated position of an indication of potential growth asso- country governments on the level of the ciated with a given RNI. It is not in- Urban Population: Percentage of the to-national birth rate. Most indicators are tended to forecast the actual doublingtal population living in areas termedfrom the United Nations Population of any population. Projections for 2010"urban" by that country. Typically, theDivision, Global Population Policy Data and 2025 should be consulted for a morepopulation living in towns of 2,000 orBase, 1993, (forthcoming). plausible expectation of future growth.more or in national and provincial capi- tals are classified "urban." Per Capita GNP: Gross National Prod- Populat ion in 2010 and 2025: Projected uct includes the value of all domestic populations based on reasonable as-Data Code: Provides a general indica-and foreign output. Estimates are from sumptions about the future course oftion of data availability. An "A" indicates The World Bank Atlas, 1995. Figures in fertility, mortality, and migration. Pro-a country with both complete vital sta-italics refer to 1992. Data on Ethiopia .jections are based on official countrytistics (birth and death data) and a pub-include Eritrea. projections, or on series issued by thelished national-level census within 10

36 Viorld Population Data Sheet Notes

Acknowledgments The authors gratefully acknowledge the assistance and cooperation of staff members of the International Programs Center, Population Division, of the U.S. Bureau of the Census, the Population Division and the Statistical Division of the United Nations (UN), and the World Bank in the preparation of this year's Data Sheet. Sharon Hershey directed the produc- tion work.

Notes The World Population Data Sheet lists all geopolitical entities with populations of 150,000 or more and all members of the UN. These include sovereign states, dependencies, overseas departments, and some territories whose status or bound- aries may be undetermined or in dispute. More developed regions, following the UN classification, comprise all of Europe and North America, plus Australia, Japan, and New Zealand. All other regions and countries are classified as less developed. This year one country, Palau, was added because it attained a population size of 150,000. World and Regional Totals: Regional population totals are independently rounded and include small countries or areas not shown. Regional and world rates and percentages are weighted averages of countries for which data are available; regional averages are shown when data or estimates are available for at least three-quarters of the region's population. World Population Data Sheets from different years should not be used as a time series. Fluctuations in values from year to year often reflect revisions based on new data or estimates rather than actual changes in levels. Additional information on likely trends and consistent time series can be obtained from PRB, and are available in UN, World Bank, and U.S. Census Bureau publications.

Sources The rates and figures are primarily compiled from the following sources: official statistiril yearbooks and bulletins from the countries, United Nations (UN) Demographic Yearbook, 1993 (forthcoming) and Population and Vital Statistics Report, Data Available as of 1 April 1995 (forthcoming) of the UN Statistical Division; World Population Prospects: The 1994 Revision of the UN Population Division; the UN Statistical Library; Demographic and Health Surveys; the data files and library resources of the International Programs Center, U.S. Bureau of the Census; data from the publicath ns of the Council of Europe and the European Communities; and long term population projections of the World Bank. Other sources include recent demographic surveys, special studies, and direct fax and telephone communication with demographers and statistical bureaus in the United States and abroad. Specific data sources may be obtained by contacting the authors of the Data Sheet. For countries with complete registration of births and deaths, rates are those most recently reported. For developed countries, nearly all vital rates refer to 1993 or 1994, and for less developed countries, for some point ; n the early 1990s. Completeness of vital statistics registration is indicated by the data code column on the Data Sheet.

3 7

World Population Countries, Areas, Densities

Area Pop. per Area Pop. per Area Pop. per sq. mile Country (sq. miles) sq. mile Country (sq. miles) sq. mile Country (sq. miles) 190 90 Afghanistan 251,770 73 Greece 50,520 207 Palau 29,340 90 Albania 10,580 326 Grenada 130 716 Panama 23 Aigeria 919,590 31 Guadeloupe 650 667 Papua-New Guinea 174,850 153,400 32 Angola 481,350 24 Guam 210 720 Paraguay 494,210 49 Antigua Guatemala 41,860 254 Peru 594 and Barbuda 170 383 Guinea 94,930 69 Philippines 115,120 117,550 328 Argentina 1,056,640 33 Guinea-Bissau lot' 0 99 Poland 35,500 279 Armenia 11,500 326 Guyana 76,000 11 Portugal 1074 Australia 2,941,290 6 Haiti 10,640 675 Puerto Rico 3,420 124 Austria 31,940 253 Honduras 43,200 126 Qatar 4,250 970 677 Azerbaijan 33,400 218 Hong Kong 380 15671 Reunion 88,930 255 Bahamas 3,860 71 Hungary 35,650 287 Romania 22 Bahrain 260 2297 celand 38,710 7 Russia 6,592,800 818 Bangladesh 50,260 2371 ndia 1,147,950 811 Rwanda 9,530 140 295 Barbados I 70 1578 ndonesia 705,190 281 St. Kitts-Nevis 240 611 Belarus 80,200 129 ran 631,660 97 Saint Lucia Belgium 11,750 864 raq 168,870 122 St.Vincent and 770 Belize 8,800 24 reiand 26,600 135 the Grenadines 150 1079 Benin 42,710 127 srael 7,850 705 San Marino 20 Bhutan 18,150 45 taly 113,540 508 Sio Tome and 378 Bolivia 418,680 18 Jamaica 4,180 585 Principe 370 22 Bosnia-Herz. 19,740 175 Japan 145,370 861 Saudi Arabia 830,000 74,340 112 Botswana 218,810 7 Jordan 34,340 119 Senegal 697 Brazil 3,265,060 48 Kazakhstan 1,049,200 16 Seychelles 100 Brunei 2,030 145 Kenya 219,960 128 Sierra Leone 27,650 163 12687 Bulgaria 42,680 198 Korea, North 46,490 505 Singapore 240 286 Burkina Faso 105,710 99 Korea, South 38,120 1177 Slovakia 18,790 Burundi 9,900 646 Kuwait 6,880 219 Slovenia 7,820 254 Solomon Islands 10,810 37 Cambodia 68,150 , 155 Kyrgyzstan 76,600 58 54 Somalia 242,220 38 Cameroon 179,690 _75 Laos . 89,110 92 Canada 3,560,220 8 Latvia 24,900 101 South Africa 471,440 203 Cape Verde 1,560 252 Lebanon 3,950 936 Spain 192,830 Central African Lesotho 11,720 175 Sri Lanka 24,950 728 31 Republic 240,530 13 Liberia 37,190 82 Sudan 917,370 7 Chad 486,180 13 Libya 679,360 8 Suriname 60,230 Chile 289,110 49 Liechtenstein 60 502 Swaziland 6,640 146 China 3,600,930 338 Lithuania 25,210 147 Sweden 158,930 56 Colombia 401,040 94 Luxembourg 990 413 Switzerland 15,360 459 Comoros 860 638 Macao 10 54286 Syria 71,070 206 1528 Congo 131,850 19 Macedonia 9,930 214 Taiwan 13,900 Costa Rica 19,710 170 Madagascar 224,530 66 Tajikistan 55,300 106 Côte d'Ivoire 122,780 116 Malawi 36,320 268 Tanzania 342,100 83 Croatia 21,830 206 Malaysia 126,850 157 Thailand 197,250 305 Cuba 42,400 263 Maldives 120 2253 Togo 21,000 210 Cyprus 3,570 208 Mali 471,120 20 Trinidad and -obago 1,980 659 Czech Republic 30,590 339 Malta 120 3011 Tunisia 59,980 148 Denmark 16,360 318 Marshall Islands 70 801 Turkey 297,150 207 Djibouti 8,950 64 Martinique 410 927 Turkmenistan 188,500 24 Dominica 290 2.45 Mauritania 395,840 6 Uganda 77,050 276 Dominican Rep. 18,680 419 Mauritius 710 1564 Ukraine 233,100 223 Ecuador 106,890 107 Mexico 736,950 127 United Arab 59 Egypt 384,340 161 Moldova 14,170 307 Emirates 32,280 El Salvador 8,000 734 Mongolia 604,830 4 United Kingdom 93,280 628 Equatorial Guinea 10,830 39 Morocco 172,320 169 United States 3,539,230 74 Eritrea 48,260 73 Mozambique 302,740 58 Uruguay 67,490 47 Estonia 7,410 85 Myanmar 253,880 176 Uzbekistan 172,700 131 Ethiopia 376,830 149 Namibia 317,870 5 Vanuatu 4,710 37 Federated States Nepal 52,820 427 Venezuela 340,560 64 of Micronesia 270 454 Netherlands 13,100 1180 Viet Nam 125,670 597 Fiji 7,050 110 Netherlands Antilles 380 521 Western Sahara 103,000 2 Finland 117,610 43 New Caledonia 7,060 26 Western Samoa 1,090 164 France 212,390 274 New Zealand 103,470 34 Yemen 203,850 65 French Polynesia 1,410 156 Nicaragua 45,850 97 Yugoslavia 26,940 403 50 Gabon 99,490 13 Niger 489,070 19 Zaire 875,520 Gambia 3,860 282 Nigeria 351,650 288 Zambia 287,020 32 Georgia 26,900 202 Norway 118,470 37 Zimbabwe 149,290 75 Germany 134,930 606 Oman 82,030 26 Ghana 88,810 197 Pakistan 297,640 436

World Population I I Glossary of Population Terms

Age-sex Structure. The composition of aExponential Growth. A Constant rate offall into one of the three general types of population as determined by the number orgrowth applied to a continually growingpyramids: (1) Expansivea broad base, in proportion of males and females in each age base; for example, a snowball gatheringdicating a high proportion of children and category. Age-sex structure of a populatinn mass, an account increasing at compounded a rapid rate of population growth; (2) Con- is a cumulative result of past trends in fer- interest, a population growing at 3 percentstrictivea base that is narrower than the tility, mortality, and migration. Information annually. middle of the pyramid, usually the result of on age-sex composition is an essential pre- recent rapid decline in fertility; (3) Station- requisite for the description and analysis ofFertility. The actual reproductive perfor- arya narrow base and roughly equal num- many other types of demographic data. Seemance of an individual; a couple. a group,bers in each age group, tapering off at the also "." or a population. older ages, indicating a moderate propor- tion of children and a slow or zero rate of Baby Boom. The period following WorldGrowth Rate (compi:re Rate of Natural In- growth. War II from 1946-1964, marked by a dra-crease). The rate at which a population is matic increase in fertility rates and in theincreasing (or decreasing) in a given yearRate of Natural Increase (compare Growth absolute number of births in the U.S.,due to natural increase and net migration Rate). The rate at which a population is in- Canada, Australia, and New Zealand. (immigration minus emigration), expressed creasing (or decreasing) in a given year due as a percentage of the base population. to a surplus or deficit of births over deaths, Birth Rate (or Crude Birth Rate). The an- expressed as a percentage of the base popu- nual number of births per 1,000 population. Immigrant. A person who enters one coun- lation. try to take up permanent residence. Death Rate (or Crude Death Rate). The Replacement Fertility. The level of fertility annual number of deaths per 1,000 popu- Immigration Reform and Control Actat which a cohort of women on the averagee lation. (IRCA) of 1986. This act granted aliens per- are having only enough daughters to "re- manent residence if they had lived in theplace" themselves in the population. By defi- Demographic Transition. Historical shift ofU.S. continuously since 1982. nition, replacement level is equal to a net birth and death rates from high to low lev- reproduction rate of 1.0. The total fertility els in a population. The decline in mortal- Infant Mortality Rate (I M R). The numberrate is also used to indicate replacement leve ity usually precedes the decline in fertility, of deaths of infants under age one in a given fertility; in developed countries today a TFR thus resulting in rapid population growthyear per 1,000 live births that year. of 2.1 is considered to be replacement level. during the transition period. Life Expectancy. The average number ofStabilization. When a population has an Developed (also Industrialized or Moreadditional years a person would live if cur-unchanging rate of growth and unchang- Developed) Countries. Those countries that rent mortality trends were to continue. ing age composition. have higher levels of per capita income, in-Commonly called "life expectancy at birth." dustrialization, and modernization. The Total Fertility Rrte (TER). The average developed" region, according to theMortality. Deaths as a component of popu- number of children that would be born alive United Nations, includes all of Europe (in-lation change. to a woman during her lifetime if she were cluding Russia) Canada, the United States, to pass through her childbearing years con- Australia, New Zealand, and Japan. Net Migration. The balance between in-forming to age-specific fertility rates of a migration and out-migration. The number given year. Developing (or Less Devdoped Countries.of people entering an area minus the num- Those countries which have lower levels ofber of people leaving. Urbanite. A person residing in an urban per capita income, industrialization, and area. modernization. Population Proiecat ion. A computation of future changes in poplulation numbers,Urbanizatimi. Growth in the proportion of Doubling .1.ime. The number of years re- given certain assumptions about futurea population that lives in urban areas. quired for a population of an area to doubletrends in the rates of fertility, mortality, and its present size, given the current rate ofmigration. Demographers often issue low, Zero Population Growth ( Z PG 1. A popu- population growth. The estimate for "dou- medium, and high projections of the samelation equilibrium with a growth rate of bling time" is not intended to forecast thepopulation, based on different assumptionszero, achieved when births plus immigra- actual doubling of any population, but is aof how these rates will change in the future, tion equals deaths plus emigration. useful device I% ith which to demonstrate the long-term effect of a growth rate. l'opulat ion P!, ramid. A special type of bar chart that shows the distribution of the Emigrant. A person who moves out of onepopulation by age and sex. Most countries country to live in another. 39 World Population Two, ci A For Further Reading and Research

rom the Population Reference Bureau

41110FWorld Population Data Sheet, $3.00. The annual two-color wall chart with population estimates and projections as well as other key indicators for 197 coumries.

Other Data Sheets. $3.00 each U.S. Population Data Sheet (1994) U.S. Metro Data Sheet (1993) The World's Women Data Sheet (1995) The World's Youth 1994: Special Focus on Reproductive Health

World Pmulation: Facts in Focus. $4.00. World Population Data Sheet Workbook wit h current World Population Data Sheet in 8.5" x 11"

World Population: Toward the Next Century (1994). $5.00. Detailed answers to 16 popular questions on global population size, distribution, and change.

Population Bulletins, $7.00 each. Concise paperback reports on population topics. Of particular interest: Older Americans in the 1990s and Beyond (1995) New Perspectives on Population: Lessons from Cairo (1995) Population Change in the Former Soviet Republics (1994) Population and Health: An Introduction to Epidemiology (1994) Immigration to the United States: Journey to an Uncertain Destination (1994) The Future of World Population (1994)

4100 Americans on the Move (1993) China's Demographic Dilemmas (1992) Population: A Lively Introduction (1991)

Population Handbook. (1991) $7.00. A 71-page guide to demographic basics with definitions and examples of all major population rates and ratios.

Send orders for PRB publications to: PRB, 1875 Connecticut Avenue, NW, Suite 520, Washington, DC 20009-5728. Add $1.50 or 6% of total order (whichever is greater) for postage and handling. Orders of $50.00 or less must be prepaid. Call 1-800-877-9881 for bulk discount rates.

Other Resources Atlas of World Population History, by Colin McEvedy & Richard Jones. Penguin Books, 1978. 368 pages. The Atlas is a refer- ence tool for historical population data. It reviews population trends for all major world regions and highlights specific countries within each region.

The Peopling of the Planet: Human Population Growth through the Ages, by Roy A. Gallant. New York: MacMillan Publishing Company, 1990. 163 pages. $19.95. An exploration of the history of population growth beginning with the first .

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