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Globalization and Infectious Diseases: a Review of the Linkages

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Globalization and Infectious Diseases: a Review of the Linkages TDR/STR/SEB/ST/04.2 SPECIAL TOPICS NO.3 Globalization and infectious diseases: A review of the linkages Social, Economic and Behavioural (SEB) Research UNICEF/UNDP/World Bank/WHO Special Programme for Research & Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR) The "Special Topics in Social, Economic and Behavioural (SEB) Research" series are peer-reviewed publications commissioned by the TDR Steering Committee for Social, Economic and Behavioural Research. For further information please contact: Dr Johannes Sommerfeld Manager Steering Committee for Social, Economic and Behavioural Research (SEB) UNDP/World Bank/WHO Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR) World Health Organization 20, Avenue Appia CH-1211 Geneva 27 Switzerland E-mail: [email protected] TDR/STR/SEB/ST/04.2 Globalization and infectious diseases: A review of the linkages Lance Saker,1 MSc MRCP Kelley Lee,1 MPA, MA, D.Phil. Barbara Cannito,1 MSc Anna Gilmore,2 MBBS, DTM&H, MSc, MFPHM Diarmid Campbell-Lendrum,1 D.Phil. 1 Centre on Global Change and Health London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK 2 European Centre on Health of Societies in Transition (ECOHOST) London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK TDR/STR/SEB/ST/04.2 Copyright © World Health Organization on behalf of the Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases 2004 All rights reserved. The use of content from this health information product for all non-commercial education, training and information purposes is encouraged, including translation, quotation and reproduction, in any medium, but the content must not be changed and full acknowledgement of the source must be clearly stated. A copy of any resulting product with such content should be sent to TDR, World Health Organization, Avenue Appia, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland. TDR is a World Health Organization (WHO) execut- ed UNICEF/UNDP/World Bank/World Health Organization Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases. This information product is not for sale. The use of any information or content whatsoever from it for publicity or advertising, or for any commercial or income-generating purpose, is strictly prohibited. No elements of this information product, in part or in whole, may be used to promote any specific individual, entity or product, in any manner whatsoever. The designations employed and the presentation of material in this health information product, including maps and other illus- trative materials, do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of WHO, including TDR, the authors or any parties cooperating in the production, concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authori- ties, or concerning the delineation of frontiers and borders. Mention or depiction of any specific product or commercial enterprise does not imply endorsement or recommendation by WHO, including TDR, the authors or any parties cooperating in the production, in preference to others of a similar nature not men- tioned or depicted. The views expressed in this health information product are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of WHO, including TDR. WHO, including TDR, and the authors of this health information product make no warranties or representations regard- ing the content, presentation, appearance, completeness or accuracy in any medium and shall not be held liable for any dam- ages whatsoever as a result of its use or application. WHO, including TDR, reserves the right to make updates and changes with- out notice and accepts no liability for any errors or omissions in this regard. Any alteration to the original content brought about by display or access through different media is not the responsibility of WHO, including TDR, or the authors. WHO, including TDR, and the authors accept no responsibility whatsoever for any inaccurate advice or information that is pro- vided by sources reached via linkages or references to this health information product. Acknowledgement The authors wish to thank colleagues at the Centre on Global Change and Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, for their helpful advice in the writing of this paper. We are particularly grateful to Professor David Bradley for his detailed comments and expertise in reviewing the final draft.. Design and layout: Lisa Schwarb TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES, FIGURES AND BOXES . v ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS . vi EXECUTIVE SUMMARY . 1 1. INTRODUCTION . 3 2. BACKGROUND 2.1 What is globalization? . 5 2.2 Global burden of infectious disease . 6 3. GLOBALIZATION AND THE CHANGING NATURE OF INFECTIOUS DISEASE . 9 4. ECONOMIC GLOBALIZATION AND INFECTIOUS DISEASE . 13 4.1 World Trade Organization and multilateral trade agreements . 13 4.2 The global trade in food . 14 4.3 The global trade in pharmaceuticals . 15 5 GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE AND INFECTIOUS DISEASE . 17 5.1 Global climate change . 18 5.1.1 Global warming . 18 5.1.2 Global weather change . 25 5.1.3 Vulnerability to global climate changes . 26 5.2 Water supply . 26 5.2.1 Large dams . 26 5.2.2 Small water projects . 28 5.2.3 Displacements, disruptions, distant effects and migrations . 29 5.3 Deforestation and land clearance . 30 5.3.1 Deforestation, land clearance and “new” or “emerging” infections . 31 5.3.2 Vector-borne infections . 31 5.3.3 Pharmacological implications of loss of biodiversity . 34 6 GLOBAL DEMOGRAPHIC CHANGE AND INFECTIOUS DISEASE 6.1 Globalization and population mobility 6.1.1 Trends in population mobility . 35 6.1.2 The causes of population mobility . 35 6.1.3 Population mobility and infectious disease . 36 6.2 Refugees and displaced persons . 37 6.3 Long-term migration . 37 6.3.1 Migration to low-income countries . 38 6.3.2 Migration to high-income countries . 39 6.4 Urbanization 6.4.1 The growth in urban populations and the influence of globalization . 39 6.4.2 Urbanization and infectious disease . 40 iii 7 GLOBAL TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE AND INFECTIOUS DISEASE . 45 7.1 Information and communication technologies . 45 7.2 Transportation technologies: the growth in short-term travel . 46 7.2.1 The growth in short-term travel . 47 7.2.2 Short-term travel and infectious diseases . 49 7.2.3 Transport of goods and infectious diseases . 49 7.3 Medical technologies . 49 8CONCLUSIONS . 51 REFERENCES . 55 iv LIST OF TABLES, BOXES AND FIGURES BOXES Box 1: Transmission of infectious diseases . 9 Box 2: Infectious diseases and the natural environment . 10 Box 3: Preventing and treating human infections . 11 Box 4: Projections of the health impacts of global environmental change . 17 Box 5: The scientific evidence for global environmental change . 21 Box 6: Global climate change and vector-borne diseases . .22 Box 7: Climate effects on vectorial capacity, basic reproductive number, vector abundance and distribution . 24 Box 8: El Niño and infectious diseases . 25 Box 9: Infection and water projects along the Nile river . 28 Box 10: Malaria . 32 Box 11: Dengue . 42 Box 12: Infectious disease and the Haj . ..
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