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Scriitori Evrei Din Romania

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Scriitori Evrei Din Romania Orruoru Monan ScnuroRl EVREI DN RouAme CupnrNIs AncurasNr / 5 iNcepuruntlp / 17 RoNsru-RoveN / l7 Pnozeront gt DRAMATuRGI lNrsneeltct / 33 Feltx Aosnce / 33 MtHatl SesesrreN / 55 Mex BlPcHen / 77 l. Pr:rz I 94 Unv BsNnoon / 109 IoN CAlucAnv I 122 H. BoNcru / 136 Porp,u nveNce,noEt / 145 TntsreN TzlrP.t I 145 B. FuxoornNu / 160 II-nRls VoRoNcn' I 176 GHenRstv Lucn / 190 iN coNrrupoReNrrrerP / 208 NonueN MeNrn 1208 incrpuru*,rt RoNErrt-Roiraau Unul dintre cei mai inzestrali dramaturgi romdni, .,unanim stimat" in vremea sa, dupS cum afirmd G. Cdlinescu in celebra lui istorie literardt6, Ronetti-Roman e din pdcate uitat astdzi. Diclionarul esen;ial al scriitorilor romdni, de pildd, il omite cu desdv6rgire, iar capodoperalui, Manasse, care afacut atdta v6lvd in epocf,, nu s-a mai bucurat de vreo montare scenic6 din deceniul al cincilea al secolului trecut (cdnd a fost interzisd de noua cenzurd comunistd, dupi ce in anii rdzboiului fusese interzisd de cea fascistd). In 1938, Felix Aderca punea ignorarea sa pe seama,,curentului rasist" dominant: ,,Cd, e un necunoscut ,sau aproape) in istoria literaturii nu trebuie sd ne mire dacd :inem seaml de curentul rasist care domind azi in mai toate :inuturile culturii romdnegti. Cd e un necunoscut chiar printre :i reii-romAni, care nu i-au ridicat un bust, nu i-au bitut mdcar I placf, de metal pe locuin{a de la fard, nu i-au editat opera, :oate fi lucru de mirare pentru al1ii, nu insi pentru noi, care ;unoa$tem pe ce mdini au fost qi sunt incd destinele unei :,:pulajii dusd pe marginea catastrofei."rT Despre biografia lui Ronetti-Roman existi pu(ine date, -:.rlte dintre ele contradictorii, dat fiind cd scriitorul, fie din ' Ld. ctt., p.))3. r- Felix Aderca, O tradiSie pierdutd, in ,,Adam", Bucuregti, 1 r.-: ..:arie 1938. - Ovroru Monan r8 modestie, fie dintr-o susceptibilitate perfect explicabil[, la urma urmei, a evitat in general confesiunile publice, zdvordndu-se intr-o tdcere misterioasd. Data gi locul naqterii, de pild6, nu se cunosc exact, unele surse indicdnd anul 1852, altele anul 1853, fie in or6qelul Jezlerzany din Galiliar8, fie intr-o comun[ din judelul Dorohoi (dup[ M. Schwartzfel{)re. Numele adevdrat al icriiiorului era, se pare, Aron Blumenfeld2o. Rf,mas de mic orfan de ambiipdrinfi, a fost crescut de o bunicd din Gali!ia, pdstrdnd rnereu in arnintire copildria-i nefericit6, la care va face aluzie ln poemul cu vddit caratter autob iografic Radu (1878), in 1868, e "descoperit la H6rliu de un anunre dr. Celler sub inllligarea unui ,,t6ndi hasid" imbrdcat in ,,costumul evreilor bigo1i"2r qi luat sub proteclia lui (drept urmare, invald limba germ_a11 1119 familiarizeazd cu culiura laicd europeand). Intre 1868-1872 publicd articole despre literatura ebraic[ in presa evreiascd iocal6, semndnd Moise Roman, Romano sau R. Moran' Dup[ ce incearcd pe rdnd mai multe slujbe, in 1869 pleacf, s5 studieze Ia Berlin, inicriindu-se mai intdi la Facultatea de medicinS, apoi (intre 1872- 1874) la Academia de Filologie qi urm0nd in acelaqi ii*p, cu audient, filozofia. in 1874 insd revine in.lar5 frrd nici o diploma gi se angajeazd ca pedagog gi profesor de germanI la institutut lui V. A. Gechia. Demisioneazd insi foarte repede in urma unui conflict cu acesta, caticatutizdndu'l in pamfletul Domnul Kanitferstan, extras diniurnalul unui trdndav (1877), ca gi in poemui Radu. F.recventeazd cenacl ul Junimea Si salonul iui Titu'Maiorescu, unde il cunoagte pe Caragiale, de care se va lega pe tot restul viefii. Colaboreaz6 la,,Adevirul", ,,Almanahul Dicia",,,Convorbiri literare",,,Egalitatea",,,Mdntuirea", t8 Dictionarul literaturii romdne de la origini pdnd la 1900, Editura Aiademiei Republicii Socialiste RomAnia, Bucureqti, 1979, p.749. t' Apud Con stan ti n Mdciuci, P refa\ d laRonetli'Roman,'M a nas s e si alte;crieri, E,ditura Hasefler, Bucureqti, 1996. p'V 2i' Dup- mhrturia lui M. Schwartzfeld, scriitoruf afirma in cercurile de prieteiri cl p[rinfii lui ar fi trlit intr-o comunl din judeful Dorohoi qi i5 numele de faririlie al tat[lui s6u ar fiJost Valah, pe care el l-a iradus prin Roman, cu sensul de Rom6n, ibidem. 2t Ibidem. p.Yl. 19 Scriilori et:rei din Rontdnia .,Opinia", ,,Revista Iiterard qi Etiintifici" (unde debuteazd ca poet in 1876), ,.Rom6nia iibera". .,Timpul'" etc. in 1878 e invitat de 1\,1. Kogalniceanu sd lucreze ca translator de lirnba gerrnand in Ministerul de Externe, insd dernisioneazd, in scurt timp. Preocupat de.,problema evreiascd" din Romdnia22, public6 eseul Doud mdsuri (1 898) Ei drarna Manasse ( i 900), care se va bucura de r.nare sucees. Se retrage Ia o moqie din judetul Neam! arendatE de socrui siu. pe care inse taranii o devasteazd'in timpul r6scoalei riin 1907 gi. marcat de aceie evenirnenre. scrie studiul Dripd t d-t s6ct / s.jscare sustine necesitatea desfi ingri i latifirrrdiilor.'in anul urm6tor moare, rdpus de un arac de cord. postum, ii sunr publicate poemele Muza tragecliei (1912), Ivan (1g13). Satira jctctrliii (l913) 9i povestirea Duhul urgie.i (igl4), Caragiale plinuind qi o edilie a operei corrplete a prietenului defunct, pi'oieet nefi nalizat insd, Ronetti-Rornan a fost definit de G. Cdlinescu drept,.tipul evreului inteligent care incearci si inleleagitragedia rasei sale ir s-o judece rece".2r lntr-adevdr, el e unul dintre primii scriitori r.r'rei din R.omdnia a c6ror operi reflectd in mod dramatic :roblema iudaismului autohton gi, ca atare, poate fi considerat ,,n adev6rat rrodel arhetipai al scriitorului evreu ce-gi asunl6 in :iod tragic un destin potrivnic. iuptind spre a se ridica deasupra-i. -'n alier ego al autorului e, {ird indoial[, protagonistul poemului r.;rirr, proscrisul damnat sortit a ritici pe meleaguii striine, usonit de ai sii: .,Proscris, gonit din tara mea, lplec in .:::rinatate: r $i crirna_mi e ca te_arn iubit. / o, sinta riber-tate. Cu foc in inimd-am lucrat I La-alilii inIlfare, / $i ca risplati, ':i gonesc / Ai mei in depdrtare."2a Acest ampiu poem roman- --. inliliq6nd ritdcirile dureroase ale unui ins depeizat, tr.ldat -; nrieteni, alungat de compatrioli gi sortit sd nroard deparfe de .:-i. poate fi citit in fond ca eposul tragic al unui neam intreg. ---- f t *it t,lf, fusese el insuEi afectat de ea. obtindnd cetltenia .rnd abia in p -.ul urma demersurilor intrc'prinsr' de P- Carp, in vieme , sXu .lean va obtine naturaiizarea datoritf, interventiei iui :.,giaie. ti Etl. cit., p.553" -- Rcnetti-Roni an. Racht,ltt l.,Ianasse Si aite scrieri^ ed. c it.. p.1,7 . Ovrotu Monnn 20 cdruia, in pofida dorinlei sale genuine de a contribui la piopaqi."u naliei, i se contesta iniuqi dreptul.elementar de a !^iitu'in acel spaiiu. Eqecul de a-qi dovedi loialitatea derermin6 i, ,""a naturai dezabuzarea qi chiar pesimismul (corolare ale dupd refuzului recunoasteril, motorul insuqi al .existenfei,- Hegel), poemul incheindu-se cu meditalii amare despre ri"fif itui"l qi neputin[a poporulu i rornan de a se aftrma in istorie, g.' ,,Ur rifoi auca-at trece gtergAndu-ne din fire, / $i tot ce ". povesti chiar mdne de-a t"-?ni-n lard ar mdtura in zbor' I Ce-ar neamului'pei re I Ce-ar fi putut s6 fie 9i el neperitor? ll Ce faptit strdlucitd sacrati nemuriiei, / Ar merge-n omenire, vestind ca sincer sol? I Ce operd de geniu s-ar oferi gdndirei, I Ca sd ne ptanga moartea, cici am ldiat un gol? /i.Nimic! Ne-am stinge-n 'puo"".u tt"ura Iir de nume / Ce-n noplile tdcute din ceruri cade ast6 lume I O razd de iorC i but n-am l6sa ca d6nsa mdcar in irtnina pe drumu-ntunecos."25 Dincolo de imp.erfecliunile i"i."f., inerente v6rstei inceputurilor, a tatondrilor, poemul transmi[e o decepfie amard a autorului vizavi de realitatea so- cial-politicd a vremii sale'26 25 lbidem, P.66. incepea " in p.iiou'Oa redactdrii acestui poem, ,,chestia evreiascd" sa aeviia intr-adevir o problemd in Romd.nia, dupd c.um o ;;;;;;G;a inie."sut special acordat ei de cdtre scriitorii icnrezentarivi ai momentulii: Eminescu. de pildA. coleg de redaclie cu Ronetti-Roman la ,,Timpul". se pronunld asupra aceslel chesllunl il;;;;G urii"ot. publicate in perioida 18.76-1877 in ziarele .fi-rri" si ..Curierul de Ia5i", in termeni dc o violcnldrar intdlnitd' ldrd sacrlllcrl e. s., iruteii sunt.,o seminlie care cdgtigd toale drepturile ;i il;;;tt,"-;.u*rr ..t'mai abjecti...cea mai mizerabild 9i mai Iirg.i"i.a iuia o..n.u*d": -.evreul s-ar asocia cu origicine impotriva pop"orului rominesc", va s6 zicl acest,,trSd[tor" ,,nu merttd drepturl grtopu" ani inainte, inrr-un Studiu asupra ^iriiiiin,IiJaiiiin 9. u. m. d. Cu zece (isoo), uutoe, vedea in evrei ,,o hidoasa cununie a trei caiitati nesaiive: tendinta de a cdStiga lird munci' lipsa simlutui de popoarelor"'^ceva mai tdrziu' aliii"iiri.l ria i magia contra tutuiol iiioroiui vuriie Cbnta, intr-un studiu-intitula{ Chestia evreiascd ; 18;9i. i;cerca sd fundamenteze,,gtiinlific" antisemitismul' z,i"rnai,O"" c[ evreii constituie o rasf, aparte al cdrei unic scop e dominalia qi anularea identitAlii celorlalte popoare' 2t Scriitori evrei din Romdnia Decepfia nagte in mod firesc revolta, sentiment ce-l determind pe scriitor sA redacteze in 1897 esetl politic Doud mdsuri, ca protest impotrivatensiunilor antisemite din societatea romdneascd, alimentate oficial prin legi discriminatorii. in vrem^ea conceperii textului avuseserd loc in Bucureqti manifestalii violente (soldate chiar cu un mic pogrom) prilejuite de int-enfia guvernului de a adopta doul misuri antievreieqti. oficiale, gi anume excluderea evreilor din armatd qi neacceptarea lor in gcolile secundare. Pornind de la premisa ci aceste misuri ar constitui ,,un neajuns pentru fararom6neascd,,27, autorul recu-rge la o veritabild deconstruc(ie a antisemitismului, str[duindu-se s[-l explice logic pentru a-l combate.
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