BORIS MARIAN De 4000 De Ani Editura Ideea Europeană Noiembrie

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BORIS MARIAN De 4000 De Ani Editura Ideea Europeană Noiembrie - 1 - BORIS MARIAN De 4000 de ani Editura Ideea Europeană noiembrie 2008 - 2 - Scurtă prefaţă a autorului Preocuparea pentru istoria evreilor nu îmi este străină, deşi un eminent istoric şi bun prieten mi-a spus: „Să lăsăm istoria istoricilor“. M-am gândit în sinea mea: „Doamne fereşte“. Nu pot intra în competiţie cu un chirurg, cu o sumedenie de alţi specialişti, dar cred în dreptul fiecăruia de a avea o părere despre istoria pe care a citit-o, a auzit-o, a trăit-o. Iar dacă mai eşti şi iubitor al scrisului, adică, în termeni ostili „grafoman“, calea ţi-e deschisă. Cu o singură condiţie: să nu încerci să minţi ori să scrii despre ceea ce nu ai habar. Gradul de specializare, de cunoaştere este, evident, important, dar nu poate fi o oprelişte. Prudenţa oricum nu strică. După Evreii, istorie, valori (Ed. Hasefer – 2000), Dicţionar sentimental (Ed. Nouă – 2006), File de calendar profan (Ed. Hasefer – 2007), mă încumet să reiau „firul istoriei“, dar cu un imbold sporit de multele controverse legate de criza identitară a lui Sebastian, care m-a afectat profund, deşi nu am apucat acele nefericite vremuri. Nae Ionescu i-a spus (scris) lui Sebastian că „Iuda trebuie să sufere“. Am sentimentul că el s-a adresat cu o trufie de neimaginat tuturor evreilor care s-au născut şi se vor naşte de-a lungul întregii istorii. Suntem cu toţii, metaforic vorbind, copiii lui ADAM şi ai EVEI, ai pământului şi ai vieţii (astfel se traduc numele primilor oameni, în Biblie). Nevoia de suferinţă a inventat-o diavolul. Dar istoria este istorie şi, evreii o au pe a lor, cu bune şi rele. Desigur, cititorul nu se poate aştepta să fiu obiectiv. Eu nu sunt chirurg, nu judec la rece. Scuze. Boris MARIAN - 3 - CUPRINSUL DE 4000 DE ANI PARTEA I – EVREII ÎN LUME Cap. 1. – Originea evreilor. Patriarhii. Exodul Cap. 2. – Judecătorii. Regatul unic. Profeţii Cap. 3. – Diaspora de două mii de ani 3.1. Coexistenţa cu creştinismul şi islamismul 3.2. Cristalizarea culturii iudaice 3.3. Timpurile moderne 3.4. Din istoria Bibliei 3.5. Templul din Ierusalim 3.6. Perioada de aur a Spaniei 3.7. Hasidismul – rolul său istoric 3.8. Literatura de la Mendelssohn la Bialik 3.9. Iudaismul în secolele XVIII-XX 3.10. Evreul rătăcitor între legendă şi realitate 3.11. „Aliatul uitat“ 3.12. Germania şi evreii ei 3.13. Momente tragice premergătoare Holocaustului 3.14. Prologul şi epilogul Holocaustului 3.15. Holocaust 3.16. Evreii s-au opus Holocaustului 3.17. Diaspora evreiască (în cifre) 3.18. Există un antisemitism teologic? 3.19. Când va dispare antisemitismul? 3.20. Aliaua a construit Israelul 3.21. Israelul văzut din afară 3.22. Israelul – Ţara sfântă - 4 - Cap. 4 – Personalităţi exemplare 4.1. Mose Rabeinu în trecut şi în prezent 4.2. Ben Zakai 4.3. Philo din Alexandria 4.4. Spinoza 4.5. Baal Sem Tov 4.6. Leopold Zunz 4.7. Disraeli 4.8. Th. Herzl 4.9. Ben Yehuda 4.10. Herman Cohen 4.11. Henri Bergson 4.12. Elias Canetti 4.13. Simon Dubnov 4.14. Leo Baeck 4.15. Leon Poliakov 4.16. Osip Mandelstam 4.17. Albert Einstein 4.18. Trotzki 4.19. Andre Neher 4.20. Gershom Scholem 4.21. Jakob Wassermann 4.22. Ben Gurion 4.23. Marc Chagall 4.24. Paul Celan 4.25. Iosif Brodski 4.26. Saul Steinberg 4.27. Elie Weisel 4.28. Actualitatea ideilor lui Martin Buber PARTEA A II-A – EVREII DIN ROMÂNIA Cap. 1 – Demografie, evoluţii (secolele I-XIX) Cap. 2 – Viaţa comunitară Cap. 3 – Emanciparea, modernitatea (secolele XIX-XX) Cap. 4 – Holocaustul şi noua dictatură postbelică Cap. 5 – Pastori spirituali ai evreilor (secolele XVI-XIX) Cap. 6 – Atitudinea faţă de evrei în Istoria literaturii române - 5 - Cap. 7 – Antisemitismul combătut de intelectuali români Cap. 8 – Un episod sângeros al Holocaustului Cap. 9 – Rezistenţa liderilor evrei din România anilor 1941-1945 Cap. 10 – Din istoria sionismului în România Cap. 11 – Antisemitism şi falsificarea istoriei. Cap. 12 – Parlamentarii evrei din România Cap. 13 – Un secol de modernism Cap. 14 – Moses Schwarzfeld Cap. 15 – B. Fundoianu Cap. 16 – Despre Sebastian se va mai scrie Cap. 17 – Tristan Tzara Cap. 18 – Norman Manea – Gloria ascendentă a unui exilat Cap. 19 – Norman Manea – Dialog cu Leon Volovici Cap. 20 – Politica mitului ori mitul politicii? (Andrei Oişteanu) - 6 - PARTEA I EVREII ÎN LUME Cap. 1 Originea evreilor – Patriarhii – Exodul Evreii sunt unul dintre popoarele cele mai vechi pe pământ, care au rezistat unei istorii de 4000 de ani. Terah, tatăl lui Abraham, trăia departe de Canaan, în oraşul Ur (lângă Golful Persic) şi se închina unor zei locali. Primii evrei se ocupau de creşterea vitelor şi de agricultură. Numele de evreu provine din „habiru“, denumire dată de localnici pentru „cei de pe celălalt mal al fluviului“ (Eufrat). Abram, care în urma revelaţiei divine, adică a recunoaşterii lui Dumnezeu, îşi schimbă numele în Abraham („tatăl popoarelor“ apare şi în Coran sub numele de Ibrahim) conduce tribul său, care includea şi robi spre Canaan, trecând prin Babilon, Aram (actuala Sirie; arameii erau semiţi, înrudiţi cu evreii). El face o incursiune în Egipt, puterea dominantă în zonă, revenind în Canaan unde duce numeroase războaie cu localnicii. Abraham a avut doi fii: Ismael (părintele ismailiţilor, strămoşii arabilor) cu roaba Hagar şi Isaac cu soţia sa Sarah. Isaac s-a căsătorit cu Rebeca, fiica lui Nahor, unchiul său. Rebeca a avut cu Isaac doi fii: Iacob şi Esau. Există povestea biblică, în care, Esau cedează lui Iacob, pentru „un blid de linte“, dreptul primului născut. Iacob a avut două revelaţii divine: viziunea scării pe care îngerii „coborau şi urcau“ şi „lupta cu Îngerul“, care îl întruchipa pe Domnul de atunci, Iacob s-a numit Israel (adică „cel ce s-a luptat cu Domnul“, „El“ fiind unul din numele Domnului, ca şi Elohim, Adonai, Şabaot, Yhwh (adică Iahve). Abraham, Isaac şi Iacob sunt cei trei patriarhi biblici care au trăit aproximativ între sec. XX-XVIII î.e.n., când în Egipt existau dinastii de faraoni, în Babilon a domnit marele rege antic Hamurabi care a dat primul cod de legi. Abraham a avut revelaţia întâlnirii cu Domnul în faţa oraşului Sodoma, oraş ce a fost apoi distrus, ca şi Gomora, - 7 - pentru păcatul încălcării legii ospeţiei şi pentru păcatul „sodomiei“, al necredinţei etc. Apoi a fost Legământul, prin care Domnul cerea credinţă absolută oferind totodată protecţie în faţa duşmanilor şi o patrie, Canaanul. Ca dovadă a credinţei a fost impusă circumcizia rituală (brit-mila) pentru toţi bărbaţii. Abraham şi-a dovedit fidelitatea faţă de Domnul, când a fost gata să-şi jertfească fiul, pe Isaac, iar Domnul l-a înlocuit, pe jertfelnic cu un berbec. Evreii au adus astfel două elemente noi în civilizaţia lumii: credinţa într-un singur Dumnezeu şi renunţarea la jertfa umană. Dar ei nu erau încă un popor. Patriarhul Iacob a avut 12 fii cu soţiile Lea, Rahela şi o slujnică, toţi fiii fiind egali în drepturi. Iosif a fost vândut de fraţii săi unor tâlhari ce mergeau în Egipt. După multe peripeţii, fraţii săi ajung şi ei în Egipt. Istoricii afirmă că în acea perioadă (sec. XVIII î.e.n.) Egiptul a fost cucerit de hicsoşi. Aceştia au agreat venirea evreilor în Egipt, fiindu-le mai fideli decât băştinaşii. În Egipt, evreii au devenit o populaţie numeroasă, au ajuns dregători, dar revenirea faraonilor locali i-a adus în starea de robie. El care i-a scos din Egipt. „Casa robiei“ a fost Dumnezeu, prin alesul său, Moise. Moise, conform Bibliei, era un copil evreu, salvat de la masacrul ordonat de faraon, de fiica acestuia. El a ajuns, dându-se drept egiptean (numele este egiptean, Moses) mare dregător la curtea faraonului, dar, văzând starea în care se aflau evreii, s-a revoltat, a ucis un slujitor care-l bătea pe un rob evreu şi a pornit o campanie de ieşire a evreilor din Egipt. El a avut revelaţia divină a misiunii sale, de a aduce poporul evreu înapoi, în Canaan. Este Exodul, care a durat 40 de ani, până când generaţia de robi s-a schimbat cu aceea de oameni liberi. Pe Muntele Sinai, Moise a primit Tablele Legii, Tora, dar evreii rămaşi fără conducător, au început să se închine „viţelului de aur“ un idol păgân. Moise a spart Tablele, dar Dumnezeu, după ce l-a îndemnat să-i pedepsească pe necredincioşi, i-a dat a doua oară Tora. În Biblie, Tora înseamnă şi Cele Cinci Cărţi ale lui Moise, dar, iniţial, Tora este echivalentă cu decalogul cunoscut în egală măsură de evrei şi de creştini. Prin Lege (cele zece porunci), Dumnezeu cerea recunoaşterea sa ca Unic, Cel ce l-a scos pe Israel din Egipt, Casa Robiei, interzicea omorul, adulter, jurământul fals, furtul unui bun al altuia, cerea respectarea Şabatului, a părinţilor. Era forma cea mai concisă şi limpede a drepturilor şi îndatoririlor omului, din acea vreme (sec. aprox. XV-XIII î.e.n.). Pentru că a lovit o stâncă, în pustiu, spre a obţine apa pentru poporul său, Moise nu a mai ajuns în Canaan, el a murit, fără a avea după el un mormânt. Cap. 2 Judecătorii. Regatul unic. Profeţii - 8 - Moise este părintele poporului evreu. El i-a dat demnitate şi a fost intermediarul care a adus Legea. Josua, un general iscusit a început cucerirea Canaanului, începând cu cetatea Ierihon. În final, a împărţit ţara între cele 12 triburi. Au urmat nesfârşite lupte, în special cu filistinii, un „popor al mării“, de origine ionică. În cele mai grele perioade era ales un judecător care conducea poporul, era şef militar, administra treburile interne, judeca pricini.
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