The American Jewish Year Book 5689

September 15, 1928, to October 5, 1929

Volume 30

Edited by HARRY SCHNEIDERMAN for the AMERICAN JEWISH COMMITTEE

PHILADELPHIA THE JEWISH PUBLICATION SOCIETY OF AMERICA 1928 COPYRIGHT, 1928 BY THE JEWISH PUBLICATION SOCIETY OF AMERICA

Printed at THE JEWISH PUBLICATION SOCIETY'S PRESS Philadelphia. Penna., U.S.A. PREFACE

The leading special feature in this volume is an article by DR. H. S. LINFIELD on the Jewish population of the United States, based upon information gathered by him as director of the Statistical Department of the American Jewish Committee. DR. LINFIELD'S study shows that there are now in the United States approximately 4,130,000 Jews widely distributed throughout the country in both urban and rural places. There are Jews in all cities of the country having a population of 25,000 or over. But it is interesting to note, that Jews do not live only in the large cities, for they are also to be found in over 80% of the cities of 2,500 to 25,000 population, in over 30% of incorporated villages of less than 2,500 population and in 7% of rural unincorporated areas. In all, there are over 6,000 places throughout the country which have Jewish inhabitants. DR. LINFIELD also made a study of the Jewish congregations in the United States, as Special Agent of the United States Bureau of the Census, in connection with the Census of Religious Bodies undertaken by that Bureau. Unfortunately it was not possible for him to prepare a report on the subject in time for publication in this volume, but a preliminary statement, together with a table by states is given. Although it is not claimed that these statistics are absolutely complete, it is believed they are very nearly so. It was found that there are approximately 3,000 permanent Jewish congregations in the country. Ten years ago, only 1,900 were recorded, and twenty years ago, only 1,700. DR. LIN- FIELD'S study also indicates that the sum invested in synagogue property must be considerable, for the 1,130 congregations which reported the value of their property, possessed buildings worth over $100,000,000. The same remark may be applied also to the annual expenditures of the congregations. Only 1,235 of the 3,000 responded to the inquiry on this particular point, and these reported an annual expenditure of approximately $16,500,000. Although the religious education of Jewish children is not conducted by congregations only, the information gathered regarding the religious schools maintained by the congregations is nevertheless interesting. Only 1,185 congregations reported on this point, 554 stating that they maintained Sabbath schools, having an enrollment of 69,439 pupils, and 631, that they maintained week-day schools in which 70,429 pupils were enrolled. Another point that deserves being mentioned here is, that the two studies revealed the fact that Jews are slowly but steadily settling in rural territory, and that in 93 rural places Jewish congregations have been established. This volume contains one other special feature, and that is a biographical sketch of the great Jewish thinker, essayist, and leader, ASHER GINZBERG, better known as AHAD HA'AM, who died on January 2, 1927, and a collection of whose essays was published some years ago by the Jewish Publication Society. We are fortunate in being able to present IV PREFACE to our readers a biography of this outstanding figure in Jewish life, from the pen of one who has devoted himself to a study of the man and his works, MR. LEON SIMON, of London, England. Only one change has been made in the recurrent features of the year book,—in place of the article consisting of a survey of the year, which has been a feature of this publication for the past six years, there has been substituted a briefer review of the year, presenting only the most important and outstanding matters of Jewish interest which engaged public attention during the period. To this is appended, partly in abstract and partly in extenso, the report of the Joint Palestine Survey Commission appointed last year by DR. CHAIM WEIZMANN on behalf of the World Zionist Organization, in conjunction with MR. LOUIS MAR- SHALL, chairman of a non-partisan conference to discuss Palestine affairs which had several meetings in the United States. There are also appended to the review of the year full lists of the most important anniversaries, appointments and honors, special bequests and gifts, and necrology for the period from April 1, 1927 to June 30, 1928. As in former years, I have had, in the preparation of this volume, the valuable assistance of DR. LINFIELD, and I take this occasion to express my gratitude to him for the fine spirit of co-operation which he has shown. DR. ISAAC HUSIK, the editor of the publications of the Society was again helpful in the revision of the manuscripts and proofs, and Miss ROSE A. HERZOG deserves credit for her work in compiling some of the lists and directories. Finally, I wish to express my thanks to DR. CYRUS ADLER, who was the originator of this publication thirty years ago, and its editor for many years, who has wholeheartedly helped and encouraged me during the past ten years. HARRY SCHNEIDERMAN. July 17, 1928. SPECIAL ARTICLES IN PREVIOUS ISSUES OF THE AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK BIBLIOGRAPHY A LIST OF JEWISH PERIODICALS IN THE UNITED STATES (published up to 1900), 5660, pp. 271-282; current periodicals are listed in subsequent issues. THE HUNDRED BEST AVAILABLE BOOKS IN ENGLISH ON JEWISH SUB- JECTS, 5665, pp. 309-317; 5686, pp. 260-273. ONE HUNDRED AVAILABLE BOOKS IN ENGLISH ON PALESTINE, 5666, pp. 153-162. A LIST OF AVAILABLE STORIES OF JEWISH INTEREST IN ENGLISH, 5667, pp. 130-142. A CLASSIFIED LIST OF STANDARD BOOKS ON JEWISH SUBJECTS, 5684, pp. 204-255. BIOGRAPHY URIAH P. LEVY, 5663, pp. 42-45. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES OF RABBIS AND CANTORS OFFICIATING IN THE UNITED STATES, 5664, pp. 40-108; 5665, pp. 214-225; 5666, pp. 119-125. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES OF JEWS PROMINENT IN THE PROFESSIONS, ETC., IN THE UNITED STATES, 5665, pp. 52-213. GERSHOM MENDEZ SEIXAS, 5665, pp. 40-51. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES OF JEWISH COMMUNAL WORKERS IN THE UNITED STATES, 5666, pp. 32-118. PENINA MOISE, 5666, pp. 17-31. SOLOMON SCHECHTER. A BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH, 5677, pp. 25-67. JOSEPH JACOBS, 5677, pp. 68-75. MOSES JACOB EZEKIEL, 5678, pp. 227-232. % JACOB HENRY SCHIFF. A BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH, 5682, pp. 21-64. ISRAEL FRIEDLAENDER. A BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH, 5682, pp. 65-79. ABRAM S. ISAACS, 5682, pp. 80-83. JEWS OF PROMINENCE IN THE UNITED STATES, 5683, pp. 109-218. JEWS WHO HAVE RECEIVED THE NOBEL PRIZE, 5684, pp. 195-203. MAYER SULZBERGER, 5685, pp. 373-403. SIMON WOLF, 5685, pp. 404-419. v VI AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK

JOSEPH KRAUSKOPF, 5685, pp. 420-447. HENRY BERKOWITZ, 5685, pp. 448-458. BENZION HALPER, 5685, pp. 459-471. EMIL GUSTAVE HIRSCH, 5686, pp. 230-237. JULIUS KAHN, 5686, pp. 238-245. MARTIN ABRAHAM MEYER, 5686, pp. 246-259. ISRAEL ABRAHAMS, 5687, pp. 219-234. KAUFMANN KOHLER, 5687, pp. 235-260. HENRY B. MALTER, 5687, pp. 261-272. EPHRAIM LEDERER, 5687, pp. 273-285. ISRAEL ZANGWILL, 5688, pp. 121-143. OSCAR SOLOMON STRAUS, 5688, pp. 145-155.

COMMUNAL ACTIVITY THE ALLIANCE ISRAELITE UNIVERSELLE, 5661, pp. 45-65. THE JEWISH COMMUNITY OF NEW YORK CITY, 5670, pp. 44-54. THE JEWISH PUBLICATION SOCIETY, 5674, pp. 19-187. JEWISH EDUCATION IN THE UNITED STATES, 5675, pp. 90-127. THE FEDERATION MOVEMENT IN AMERICAN JEWISH PHILANTHROPY, 5676, pp. 159-198. JEWISH WAR RELIEF WORK, 5678, pp. 161-193. FEDERATION FOR THE SUPPORT OF JEWISH PHILANTHROPIC SOCIETIES OF NEW YORK CITY, 5679, pp. 103-146. THE JEWISH WELFARE BOARD, 5679, pp. 88-102. JEWISH SOCIAL RESEARCH IN THE UNITED STATES, 5681, pp. 31-52. DIRECTORIES A LIST OF JEWISH PERIODICALS IN THE UNITED STATES (published up to 1900), 5660, pp. 271-282; current periodicals are listed in subsequent issues. A DIRECTORY OF NATIONAL JEWISH ORGANIZATIONS appears in every issue. DIRECTORIES OF LOCAL JEWISH ORGANIZATIONS, 5660, pp. 105-270; 5661, pp. 185-495; 5668, pp. 123-430 (supplementary lists appear in all (Succeeding issues up to and including 5678); 5680, pp. 330- 583; supplementary lists, 5681, pp. 322-339; 5682, pp. 247-265; 5683, pp. 264-285; 5684, pp. 301-311, 5685, pp. 522-545, 5686, pp. 327-349, 5687, pp. 343-363, and 5688, pp. 191-214. A LIST OF JEWISH FEDERATED CHARITIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 5679, pp. 326-327; and subsequent issues. LIST OF RABBIS AND INSTRUCTORS IN JEWISH COLLEGES IN THE UNITED STATES, 5678, pp. 367-395. SPECIAL ARTICLES VII

HISTORY PRELIMINARY LIST OF JEWISH SOLDIERS AND SAILORS WHO SERVED IN THE SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR, 5661, pp. 525-622. THE AMERICAN PASSPORT IN RUSSIA, 5665, pp. 283-305. A SYLLABUS OF JEWISH HISTORY, 5666, pp. 163-170. FROM KISHINEFF TO BIALYSTOK. A TABLE OF POGROMS FROM 1903 to 1906, 5667, pp. 34-89. THE PASSPORT QUESTION IN CONGRESS, 5670, pp. 21-43. THE PASSPORT QUESTION, 5672, pp. 19-128. THE BEILIS AFFAIR, 5675, pp. 19-89. JEWISH RIGHTS AT INTERNATIONAL CONGRESSES, 5678, pp. 106-160. THE PARTICIPATION OF THE JEWS OF FRANCE IN THE GREAT WAR, 5680, pp. 31-97. THE STORY OF BRITISH JEWRY IN THE WAR, 5680, pp. 98-119. THE JEWS OF ALSACE-LORRAINE (1870-1920) 5681, pp. 53-79. THE JEWISH BATTALIONS AND THE PALESTINE CAMPAIGN, 5680, pp. 120-140. THE PEACE CONFERENCE AND RIGHTS OF MINORITIES, 5680, pp. 156— 168; 5681, pp. 101-130. THE JEWS OF AMERICA (1654-1787), 5687, pp. 193-218.

JEWISH LIFE IN OTHER COUNTRIES THE JEWS OF ROUMANIA (two articles), 5662, pp. 25-87. RECENT JEWISH PROGRESS IN PALESTINE, 5676, pp. 24-558. THE JEWS OF LATIN AMERICA, 5678, pp. 35-105. THE JEWS OF SERBIA, 5679, pp. 75-87. THE FALASHAS, 5681, pp. 80-100. THE JEWS OF CANADA, 5686, pp. 154-229.

STATISTICS STATISTICAL SUMMARY BY STATES (Jewish Organizations in the United States), 5662, pp. 126-156. THE JEWISH POPULATION OF MARYLAND, 5663, pp.. 46-62. JEWISH POPULATION OF THE UNITED STATES, 5675, pp. 339-378. JEWS IN THE UNITED STATES ARMY AND NAVY (1915-1916), 5677, pp. 76-79. TABLE SHOWING ENROLMENT OF JEWISH STUDENTS IN AMERICAN COL- LEGES AND UNIVERSITIES IN 1915-1916, 5687, pp. 407-408. THE JEWISH POPULATION OF THE UNITED STATES, 5679, pp. 31-74. THE COLLECTION OF JEWISH WAR STATISTICS, 5679, pp. 141-155. VIII AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK

AMERICAN JEWS IN THE WORLD WAR, 5680, pp. 141-155. PROFESSIONAL TENDENCIES AMONG JEWISH STUDENTS IN COLLEGES, UNIVERSITIES, AND PROFESSIONAL SCHOOLS, 5681, pp. 383-393.

MISCELLANEOUS SUNDAY LAWS OF THE UNITED STATES AND JUDICIAL DECISIONS HAV- ING REFERENCE TO JEWS, 5669, pp. 152-189. IN DEFENSE OF THE IMMIGRANT, 5671, pp. 19-98. THE JEW AND AGRICULTURE, 5673, pp. 21-115. THE NEW ENGLISH TRANSLATION OF THE BIBLE, 5678, pp. 161-193. JEWISH AMERICANIZATION AGENCIES, 5682, pp. 84-111. PORTRAITS OF EARLY AMERICAN JEWS, 5684, pp. 147-162. JEWISH METHOD OF SLAYING ANIMALS FROM THE POINT OF VIEW OF HUMANITY, 5684, pp. 163-179. KOL NIDRE, 5684, pp. 180-194. THE YIDDISH PRESS, 5685, pp. 165-372. THE ARCHITECTURE OF THE SYNAGOGUE, 5687, pp. 155-192. CONTENTS PAGE PREFACE Ill

SPECIAL ARTICLES IN PREVIOUS ISSUES OF THE AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK V

CALENDARS: Abridged Calendars for 5688-5693 2 Calendar for 5689 by Months 4 Time of Sunrise and Sunset in Six Northern Latitudes 19

SPECIAL ARTICLES: • Review of the Year 5688. By Harry Schneiderman 23 Anniversary Celebrations During 5688 71 Appointments, Honors, and Elections 72 Special Bequests and Gifts 75 Necrology 79 Ahad Ha-am. By Leon Simon 87 The Jewish Population of the United States, 1927. By Harry S. Linfield 101 Jewish Congregations in the United States, 1927. Preliminary Statement 199

LISTS: Jewish National Organization of the United States 203 Jewish Periodicals Appearing in the Linked States 237 Jewish Members of the Congress of the United States 243

STATISTICS OF JEWS: A. Jewish Population of the United States 247 B. Jewish Population of the World 248 C. Jewish Immigration into the United States 257 D. Jewish Immigration into Canada 266 E. Jewish Immigration into Argentina 266 F. Jewish Immigration into Palestine 267

TWENTY-FIRST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE AMERICAN JEWISH COM- MITTEE, 1927 271

REPORT OF THE FORTIETH YEAR OF THE JEWISH PUBLICATION SO- CIETY OF AMERICA 1927-1928 337

CALENDARS ABRIDGED CALENDARS FOR 5688-5690

m»r urn Jewish Festivals, etc. rfS-m—5688 B'Sin—5689 fin—S690 Month and Date 1927-1928 1928-1929 1929-1930

Tishri 1 New Year Sept. 27 T Sept 15 Sa Oct. 5 Sa 3 Fast of Gedaliah Sept. 29 Th Sept. 17 M Oct. 7 M 10 Day of Atonement Oct. 6 Th Sept. 24 M Oct. 14 M 15 Tabernacles Oct. 11 T Sept. 29 Sa Oct. 19 Sa 22 Eighth Day of the Feast Oct. 18 T Oct. 6 Sa Oct. 26 Sa 23 Rejoicing of the Law Oct. 19 W Oct. 7 S Oct. 27 S Hashtan 1 New Moon •Oct. 27 Th •Oct. 15 M •Nov. 4 M Kisler 1 New Moon Nov. 25 F Nov. 13 T Dec. 3 T 25 Hanukkah Dec. 19 M Dec. 8 Sa Dec. 27 F 1930 Tebet 1 New Moon •Dec. 25 S •Dec. 14 F Jan. 1 W 1928 10 Fast of Tebet Jan. 3 T Dec. 23 S Jan. 10 F 1929 Shebat 1 New Moon Jan. 23 M Jan. 12 Sa Jan. 30 Th Adar 1 New Moon •Feb. 22 W •Feb. 11 M •Mar. 1 Sa

Adar Sheni 1 New Moon •Mar. 13 W 13 Fast of Esther Mar. 5 M Mar. 25 M Mar. 13 Th 14 Furim Mar. 6 T Mar. 26 T Mar. 14 F

Nisan 1 New Moon Mar. 22 Th Apr. 11 Th Mar. 30 S 15 Passover Apr. 5 Th Apr. 25 Th Apr. 13 S

Iyar 1 New Moon •Apr. 21 Sa •May 11 Sa •Apr. 29 T 18 Thirty-third Day of 'Omer May 8 T May 28 T May 16 F

Sivan 1 New Moon May 20 S June 9 S May 28 W 6 Feast of Weeks May 25 F June 14 F June 2 M

Tammuz 1 New Moon •June 19 T •July 9 T •June 27 F 17 Fast of Tammuz July 5 Th July 25 Th July 13 S

Ab 1 New Moon July 18 W Aug. 17 Sa July 26 Sa 9 Fast of Ab July 26 Th Aug. 25 S Aug. 3 S

Elul 1 New Moon •Aug. 17 F •Sept. 6 F •Aug. 25 M

•Second day of New Moon. ABRIDGED CALENDARS FOR 5691-5693

H3J Jewish Festivals, etc. N'sin— S691 a'sin—5692 ]"s~in—••693 Month and Date 1930-1931 1931-1932 1932-1933

Tiehri 1 New Year Sept. 23 T Sept. 12 Sa Oct. 1 Sa 3 Fast of Gedaliah Sept. 25 Th Sept. 14 M Oct. 3 M 10 Day of Atonement Oct. 2 Th Sept. 21 M Oct. 10 M 15 Tabernacles Oct. 7 T Sept. 26 Sa Oct. 15 Sa 22 Eighth Day of the Feast Oct. 14 T Oct. 3 Sa Oct. 22 Sa 23 Rejoicing of the Law Oct. 15 W Oct. 4 S Oct. 23 S Heshvan 1 New Moon •Oct. 23 Th •Oct. 12 M •Oct. 31 M Kislev 1 New Moon Nov. 21 F •Nov. 11 W •Nov. 30 W 25 Hanukkah Dec. 15 M Dec. 5 Sa Dec. 24 Sa

Tebet 1 New Moon •Dec. 21 S •Dec. 11 F •Dec. 30 F 1933 10 Fast of Tebet Dec. 30 T Dec. 20 S Jan. 8 S 1931 1932 Shebat 1 New Moon Jan. 19 M Jan. 9 Sa Jan. 28 Sa Adar 1 New Moon •Feb. 18 W •Feb. 8 M •Feb. 27 M

Adar Sheni 1 New Moon •Mar. 9 W 13 Fast of Esther Mar. 2 M Mar. 21 M Mar. 9 Th 14 ' Purim Mar. 3 T Mar. 22 T Mar. 12 S

Nisan 1 New Moon Mar. 19 Th Apr. 7 Th Mar. 28 T 15 Passover Apr. 2 Th Apr. 21 Th Apr. 11 T

Iyar 1 New Moon •Apr. 18 Sa •May 7 Sa •Apr. 27 Th 18 Thirty-third Day of 'Omer May 5 T May 24 T May 14 S

Sivan 1 New Moon May 17 S June 5 S May 26 F 6 Feast of Weeks May 22 F June 10 F May 31 W

Tammuz 1 New Moon •June 16 T •July 5 T •June 25 S 17 Fast of Tammuz July 2 Th July 21 Th July 11 T

*Ab 1 New Moon July 15 W Aug. 3 W July 24 M 9 Fast of Ab July 23 Th Aug. 11 Th Aug. 1 T

Elul ' 1 New Moon •Aug. 14 F •Sept. 2 F •Aug. 23 W

*Second day of New Moon. 5689 is called 689 (tt'Enn) according to the short system (p"S^). It is a complete Leap Year of 13 months, 55 Sabbaths, 384 days, beginning on Saturday, the seventh day of the week, and having the first day of Passover on Thursday, the fifth day of the week; therefore its sign is rwr i. e., r for the seventh, 0 for complete (nnbw) and n for the fifth. It is the eighth year of the 300th lunar cycle of 19 years, and the fifth year of the 204th solar cycle of 28 years, since Creation. 1928, Sept. 15—Oct. 14] TISHRI 30 DAYS [»"ltt?n 5689

Day PENTATEUCHAL PROPHETICAL Civil of the Jewish SABBATHS, FESTI- PORTIONS PORTIONS Month Month VALS, FASTS Week nvtns nntssn Sept. Tishri /Gen. 21 15 s 1 New Year TOPItPNTI' N \Num. 29: 1-6 I Sam. 1: 1-2: 10 New Year TWT\ 0NTI '3 /Gen. 22 16 s 2 \Num. 29: 1-6 (en 31:2-20 rrbii nix Ex. 32:11-14; 34:1-10 Is. 55: 6-56: 8 17 M 3 Seph. none 18 T 4 Fast of Gedaliah 19 W 5 20 Th 6 Hos. 14:2-10; Joel 2: 21 F 7 15-17 or 27; Seph. Hos. 14: 2-10; Micah 22 S 8 raw nat» /irian Deut. 32 7: 18-20 23 S 9 (Lev. 16 fls. 57: 14-58: 14 "11EO DV JNum. 29: 7-11 \ Afternoon: Jonah 24 M 10 Day of Atonement [Afternoon: Lev. 18 ]Seph.add Micah 7: 18 25 T 11 1-20 26 W 12 27 Th 13 28 F 14 /Lev. 22:26-23:44 29 S 15 Tabernacles ITDDT 'N (Num. 29:12-16 Zech. 14 Lev. 22: 26-23: 44 30 s 16 Tabernacles fTODT '3 Num. 29: 12-16 I Kings 8: 2-21 Num. 29: 17-25 Oct. Seph. 29: 17-22 M 17 Num. 29: 20-28 1 Seph. 29: 20-25 T 18 Num. 29: 23-31 2 Seph. 29: 23-28 W 19 Num. 29: 26-34 3 Seph. 29: 26-31 4 Th 20 Num. 29: 26-34 F 21 Seph. 29: 29-34 5 (Deut. 14: 22-16: 17 6 S 22 Eighth Day of the Feast* (Num. 29: 35-30: 1 I Kings 8: 54-66 rnin nriDtp (Deut. 33: 1-34: 12 /Josh. 1 7 s 23 4 Gen. 1: 1-2: 3 \Seph. 1:1-9 8 M 24 Rejoicing of the Law (Num. 29: 35-30: 1 9 T 25 10 W 26 11 Th 27 an TID« 12 F 28 (I Sam. 20: 18-42 \Seph. add Is. 61-10: 13 S 29 Gen. 1: 1-6: 8 (62:5 14 S 30 New Moon BTjn tPNTI 'N Num. 28: 1-15

[ 'n*n Th '3De Boo] .rvtwnk of Ecclesiastea s is read. 1928, Oct. IS—Nov. 13] HESHVANr 30 DAYS [pntP 5689

Day PENTATEUCHAL PROPHETICAL Civil of the Jewish SABBATHS, FESTI- PORTIONS PORTIONS Month Week Month VALS, FASTS nvans nnoen Oct. Heshv. 15 M 1 New Moon W~\f\ 'TJ '3 Num. 28: 1-15 16 T 2 17 W 3 18 Th 4 19 F 5 /Is. 54: 1-55: 5 20 S 6 ra Gen. 6: 9-U-32 \Seph. 54: 1-10 21 S 7 22 M 8 23 T 9 24 W 10 25 Th 11 26 F 12 27 S 13 Gen. 12: 1-17: 27 Is. 40: 27-41: 16 28 s 14 29 M 15 30 T 16 31 W 17 Nov. 1 Th 18 2 F 19 II Kings 4: 1-37 3 S 20 NTT Gen. 18: 1-22: 24 Seph. 4: 1-23 4 S 21 5 M 22 6 T 23 7 W 24 8 Th 25 9 F 26 10 S 27 [ 'nrr 'aoi ,mt2> "n Gen. 23: 1-25: 18 I Kings 1: 1-31 11 s 28 12 M 29 pp "1133 DV 13 T 30 New Moon BHn "11 'N Num. 28: 1-15 1928, Nov. 14—Dec. 13] KISLEV 30 DAYS V\bO2 5689

Day PENTATEUCHAL PROPHETICAL Civil of the Jewish SABBATHS, FESTI- PORTIONS PORTIONS Month Mouth VALS, FASTS week nVBHS mitssn Nov. Kislev 14 w 1 New Moon V~m '"PI '3 Num. 28: 1-15 15 Th 2 16 F 3 17 S 4 rn^in Gen. 25: 19-28: 9 Mai. 1:1-2:7 18 s 5 19 M 6 20 T 7 21 W 8 22 Th 9 Hos. 12: 13-14: 10; or 23 F 10 11:7-12: 12; or 11: 7-14: 10 24 S 11 Gen. 28: 10-32: 3 Seph. 11:7-12: 12 25 s 12 26 M 13 27 T 14 28 W 15 29 Th •16 30 F 17 Hos. 12: 13-14: 10; or 11: 7-12: 12; or Dec. Obad. 1: 1-21 1 S 18 Gen. 33: 4-36: 43 Seph. Obad. 1: 1-21 2 S 19 3 M 20 4 T 21 5 W 22 6 Th 23 7 F 24 [ [ 'nn 'am .roun ,3m (Gen. 37: 1-40: 23 Hanukkah, Feast Zech. 2: 14-4: 7 8 S 25 of Dedication (Num. 7: 1-17 Num. 7: 18-29 9 S 26 Seph. 7: 18-23 Num. 7: 24-35 10 M 27 Seph. 7: 24-29 Num. 7: 30-41 11 T 28 Seph. 7: 30-35 Num. 7: 36-47 12 W 29 Seph. 7: 36-41 Num. 28: 1-15 13 Th 30 New Moon Bnn "11 rK Num. 7: 42-47 1928, Dec. 14—1929, Jan. 11] TEBET 29 DAYS [rQD 5689

Day PENTATEUCHAL PROPHETICAL Civil of the Jewish SABBATHS, FESTI- PORTIONS PORTIONS Month Month VALS, FASTS Week rivtns m-iBsn Dec. Tebet Num. 28: 1-15 14 F 1 New Moon t£Hn '"IT '3 Num. 7: 48-53 Gen. 41: 1-44: 17 15 S 2 Eighth Day of Hanukkah Num. 7: 54-8: 4 I Kings 7: 40-50 16 s 3 17 M 4 18 T 5 19 W 6 20 Th 7 21 F 8 22 S 9 Gen. 44:18-47:27 Ezek.37: 15-28 10 razn rrwj? avs Ex.32: 11-14:34:1-10 /Is. 55:6-56:8 23 s {Seph. none 24 M 11 Fast of Tebet 25 T 12 26 W 13 27 Th 14 28 F 15 29 S 16 TH Gen. 47: 28-50: 26 I Kings|2: 1-12 30 s 17 31 M Jan. 18 1929 1 T 19 2 W 20 3 Th 21 4 F 22 (Is. 27: 6-27: 13; 29: \ 22, 23 5 S 23 i 'nn '3D] maty Ex. 1: 1-6: 1 (Seph. Jer. 1: 1-2: 3 6 s 24 7 M 25 8 T 26 9 W 27 10 Th 28 11 F 29 [ mpioi pp "riB3 av 1929, Jan. 12—Feb. 10] SHEBAT 30 DAYS [BStp 5689

Day PENTATEUCHAL PROPHETICAL Civil of the Jewish SABBATHS, FESTI- PORTIONS PORTIONS Month Month VAL, FASTS Week nvms nnoen Jan. Shebat Bnn IPNT ,K"1N1 /Ex. 6: 2-9: 35 12 s 1 New Moon \Num. 28: 9-15 Is. 66 13 s 2 14 M 3 15 T 4 16 W 5 17 Th 6 18 F 7 19 S 8 N3 Ex. 10: 1-13: 16 Jer. 46: 13-28 20 S 9 21 M 10 22 T 11 23 W 12 24 Th 13 25 F 14 ,nTK> rat? .nVcja Judges 4: 4-5: 31 26 S 15 (New Year for Trees Ex. 13: 17-17: 16 Seph. 5: 1-31 27 s 16 28 M 17 29 T 18 30 W 19 31 Th 20 Feb. 1 F 21 Is. 6: 1-7: 6; 9:5, 6 2 S 22 i-in' Ex. 18: 1-20: 23 Seph. 6: 1-13 3 S 23 4 M 24 5 T 25 6 W 26 7 Th 27 [ mpiD] lap 1133 av 8 F 28 9 S 29 [ 'nn '3D] O'CDSPD Ex. 21: 1-24: 18 I Sam. 20: 18-42 10 s 30 New Moon Win "Til 'N Num. 28: 1-15 1929, Fet). 11—Mar. 12] ADAR RISHON 30 DAYS t\WVn in« 5689

Day PENTATEUCHAL PROPHETICAL Civil of the Jewisl SABBATHS, FESTI- PORTIONS PORTIONS Month Month VALS, FASTS Week nvuns nnasn Feb. Adar Rishon 11 M 1 New Moon Pin 'TI '3 Num. 28: 1-15 12 T 2 13 W 3 14 Th 4 15 F 5 • 16 S 6 nnnn Ex. 25: 1-27: 19 I Kings 5: 26-6: 13 17 S 7 18 M 8 19 T 9 20 W 10 21 Th 11 22 F 12 23 S 13 mxn Ex. 27: 20-30: 10 Ezek. 43: 10-27 24 s 14 25 M 15 26 T 16 27 W 17 28 Th 18 Mar. 1 F 19 /I Kings 18:, (or 2O)-39 2 S 20 Ex. 30: 11-34: 35 \Seph. 18: 20-39 3 S 21 4 M 22 5 T 23 6 W 24 7 Th 25 8 F 26 i 'nn '3D] /^np'i /Ex. 35: 1-38: 20 III Kings 12: 1-17 9 S 27 whpw 'D \Ex. 30: 11-16 \Sepk. 11: 17-12: 17 10 s 28 11 M 29 "|tap TIEO DV 12 T 30 New Moon BHjn '"T1 'H Num. 28: 1-15

10 1929, Mar. 13—Apr. 10] ADAR SHENI 29 DAYS [>W TIN 5689

Day PENTATEUCHAL PROPHETICAL Civil of the Jewish SABBATHS, FESTI- PORTIONS PORTIONS Month VALS, FASTS Month Week nVBHS nnt33n Mar. Adar Sheni 13 w 1 New Moon ttnn 'TT '3 Num. 28: 1-15 14 Th 2 15 F 3 /I Kings 7: 51-8: 21 16 S 4 HlpS Ex. 38: 21-40: 38 \Seph. 7: 40-50 17 S 5 18 M 6 19 T 7 20 W 8 21 Th 9 22 F 10 /Lev. 1: 1-5: 26 /I Sam. 15: 2-34 23 S 11 for's ,Nnp'i \Deut. 25: 17-19 \Seph. 15: 1-34 24 S 12 -iriD« rnyn /Ex. 32: 11-14: 34: f Is. 55: 6-56: 8 25 M 13 Fast of Esther 1 1-10 [Seph. none 26 T 14 D'-ns Ex. 17: 8-16 Purim, Feast of Esther* 27 W 15 D'TIB ]EW 28 Th 16 Shushan Purim 29 F 17 i /Lev. 6: 1-8: 36 /Ezek. 36: 16-38 30 S 18 rns '3 ,i3£ INum. 19 \Seph. 36: 16-3(> 31 S 19 Apr. 1 M 20 2 T 21 3 W 22 4 Th 23 5 F 24 /Lev. 9: 1-11: 47 /Ezek. 4-S: 16-46: 18 6 S 25 ttnnn 's [ 'nn 'aai ,'JW \Ex. 12: 1-20 \Seph. 45: 18-46: 15 7 S 26 8 M 27 9 T 28 10 W 29

*The Book of Esther is read. U 192?, Apr 11—May 10] NISAN 30 DAYS []D'3 5689

Day PENTATEUCHAL PROPHETICAL Civil of the Jewish SABBATHS, FESTI- PORTIONS PORTIONS Month Week Month VALS, FASTS miosn Apr. Niaan 11 Th 1 New Moon [PIPI 12>fO Num. 28: 1-15 12 F 2 13 S 3 jrirn Lev. 12: 1-13: 59 II Kings 4:42-5: 19 14 s 4 15 M 5 16 T 6 17 W 7 18 Th 8 19 F 9 [Mai. 3: 4-24; or Jer. 7: 21-8:3;9:22,23 20 S 10 •nun ran? .JTTCSD Lev. 14: 1-15: 33 ISeph. Mai. 3: 4-24 21 s 11 22 M 12 23 T 13 24 W 14 D'Ton rnyn Fast of the Flrst-Born Passover FIDS1 'H /Ex. 12: 21-51 /Josh. 3:5-7;5:2-6:,27 25 Th 15 INum. 28: 16-25 \Sei>k. 5: 2-6: 2 Passover I1DD1 'D /Lev. 22: 26-23: 44 II Kings 23: 1 (or 4)- 26 F 16 Num. 28: 16-25 9: 21-25 ' [Ex. 33: 12-34: 26 Ezek. 36: 37-37: 14 27 S 17 [* (Num. 28: 19-25 Sepk. 37: 1-14 Ex. 13: 1-16 28 S 18 Num. 28: 19-25 r iy \U\ 1 /Ml Ex. 22: 24-23: 19 29 M 19 Num. 28: 19-25 Num. 9: 1-14 30 T 20 Num. 28: 19-25 ?i- H I Ex. 13: 17-15: 26 W 21 Passover nDBl 'T Num. 28: 19-25 II Sam. 22 Deut. 15: 19-16: 17 2 Th 22 Passover PIDSI 'PI Num. 28: 19-25 Is. 10: 32-12: 6 3 F 23 /Ezek. 22: 1-19 (or 16); 4 S 24 i 'nn '3DJ ,mD 'inN Lev. 16: 1-18: 30 \ or Amos 9: 7-15 5 S 25 6 M 26 7 T 27 8 W 28 9 Th 29 10 F 30 New Moon EHn '11 'N Num. 28: 1-15

The Song of Songs is read. 192^», May 11—June 8] IYAR 29 DAYS n"H 5689

Day PENTATEUCHAL PROPHETICAL Civil of the Jewish SABBATHS, FESTI- PORTIONS PORTIONS Month Month VALS, FASTS Week nVKHB nnDsn May Iyar /Lev. 19: 1-20: 27 11 s 1 enn '~n 'a ,wvnp INum. 28: 9-15 Is. 66 New Moon 12 s 2 • 13 M 3 14 T 4 15 W 5 16 Th 6 17 F 7 18 S 8 Lev. 21: 1-24: 23 Ezek. 44: 15-31 19 s 9 20 M 10 21 T 11 22 W 12 23 Th 13 24 F 14 '3!P FIDS 25 S 15 Lev. 25: 1-26: 2 Jer. 32: 6-27 26 S 16 27 M 17 '33d Day "10^3 3""? 28 T 18 1 of lOmer 29 W 19 20 Th 20 31 F 21 June 1 S 22 'npra Lev. 26: 3-27: 34 Jer. 16: 19-17: 14 2 S 23 3 M 24 4 T 25 5 W 26 6 Th 27 [ mpw] pp -IIBJ nv 7 F 28 8 S 29 [ 'nn '20} ,-a-Tca Num. 1: 1-4: 20 I Sam. 20: 18-42

13 1929, June 19—July 8] SIVAN 30 DAYS q-pD 5689

Day PENTATEUCHAL PROPHETICAL Civil of the Jewish SABBATHS, FESTI- PORTIONS PORTIONS Month Month VALS, FASTS Week nvens nncsan June Sivan 9 s 1 New Moon BHn tWl Num. 28: 1-15 10 M 2 11 T 3 12 W 4 13 Th 5 myuEH 'N Ex. 19: 1-20: 23 Ezek. 1: 1-28; 3: 12 14 F 6 Num. 28: 26-31 Feast of Weeks niyQEH '3 Deut. 14: 22-16: 17 (Hab. 3: 1-19 15 S 7 Num. 28: 26-31 \Seph. 2: 20-3: 19 Feast of Weeks* 16 s 8 17 M 9 18 T 10 19 W 11 20 Th 12 21 F 13 22 S 14 Num. 4: 21-7: 89 Judges 13:2-25 23 s 15 24 M 16 25 T 17 26 W 18 27 Th 19 28 F 20 29 S 21 "in^ym Num. 8: 1-12: 16 Zech. 2: 14-4: 7 30 S 22 July 1 M 23 2 T 24 3 W 25 4 Th 26 5 F 27 6 S 28 [ 'nn '3D] ,~p rptp Num. 13: 1-15: 41 Josh. 2 7 S 29 Pp "1133 DV 8 M 30 New Moon tiHI"! BWV7 'X Num. 28: 1-15

*The Book of Ruth is read. 1929 -July 9—Aug. 6] TAMMUZ, 29 DAYS [nan 5689

Day PENTATEUCHAL PROPHETICAL iCivU of the Jewish SABBATHS, FESTI- PORTIONS PORTIONS Month Week Month VALS, FASTS nvtfis nnasn |july Tarn. I 9 T 1 New Moon Win "11 '3 Num. 28: 1-15 10 W 2 11 Th 3 • 12 F 4 13 S 5 rnp Num. 16: 1-18: 32 I Sam. 11: 14-12: 22 14 s 6 15 M 7 16 T 8 17 W 9 18 Th 10 19 F 11 20 S 12 pba ,npn Num. 19: 1-25: 9 Micah 5: 6-6: 8 21 S 13 22 M' 14 23 T 15 24 W 16 Ex.32: 11-14; 34:1-10 /Is. 55: 6-56:8 25 Th 17 norn -it?y nya» ais \Seph. none 26 F 18 Fast of Tammuz 27 S 19 DTO'S Num. 25: 10-30: 1 Jer. 1: 1-2: 3 28 S 20 29 M 21 30 T 22 31 W 23 Aug. 1 Th 24 2 F 25 /Jer. 2: 4-28; 3: 4 3 S 26 [ 'nn 'am .'yrao .mcap Num. 30: 2-36: 13 \SepA. 2: 4-28; 4: 12 4 S 27 5 M 28 6 T 29 ]Bp TIB3 DV 1929- Aug. 7—Sept. 5] AB 30 DAYS PK 5689

Day PENTATEUCHAL PROPHETICAL Civil of the Jewish SABBATHS, FESTI- PORTIONS PORTIONS Month Week Month VALS, FASTS nvtsns m~iBE>n Aug. Ab 7 w 1 New Moon EHI! WH~\ Num. 28: 1-15 8 Th 2 9 F 3 10 S 4 Deut. 1: 1-3: 22 Is. 1: 1-27 11 s 5 12 M 6 13 T 7 I Morning: 14 W 8 •Deut. 4: 25-40 |jer. 8: 13-9: 23 3N2 nyiwi Dis I Afternoon: 1 Afternoon: 15 Th 9 1 lEx. 32: 11-14; Is. 55: 6-56: 8 Fast of Ab 1 34: J-10 \Seph. Hosea 14: 2-10; 16 F 10 I Micah 7: 18-20 17 S 11 inra rat? ,|3nn«i Deut. 3: 23-7: 11 Is. 40: 1-26 18 s 12 19 M 13 20 T 14 • 21 W 15 22 Th 16 23 F 17 24 S 18 spy Deut. 7: 12-11: 25 Is. 49: 14-51: 3 25 s 19 26 M 20 27 T 21 28 W 22 29 Th 23 30 F 24 31 S 25 i 'nn '3D) ,nta Deut. 11: 26-16: 17 Is. 54: 11-55: 5 Sept. 1 s 26 2 M 27 3 T 28 4 W 29 pp TIED DV 5 Th 30 New Moon Wlf\ tWH 'N Num. 28: 1-15

The Book of Lamentations is read. 1929, Sept. 6—Oct. 4] ELUL 29 DAYS t^N 5689

Day PENTATEUCHAL PROPHETICAL Civil of the Jewish SABBATHS, FESTI- PORTIONS PORTIONS Month Month VALS, FASTS ' Week nVEHB nnDsn Sept. Elul 6 1 Enn £>N-n 'n Num. 28: 1-15 F New Moon* 7 S 2 D'DSC Deut. 16: 18-21: 9 Is. 51: 12-52: 12 8 s 3 9 M 4 10 T 5 11 W 6 12 Th 7 13 F 8 * 14 S 9 Deut. 21: 10-25: 19 Is. 54: 1-10 15 s 10 16 M 11 17 T 12 18 W 13 19 Th 14 20 F 15 21 S 16 «an'3 Deut. 26: 1-29: 8 Is. 60 22 s 17 23 M 18 24 T 19 25 W 20 26 Th 21' 27 F 22 /Is. 61: 10-63: 9; or 28 S 23 Deut. 29: 9-31: 30 { 55:6-56:8 29 S 24 30 M 25 Selihot* Oct. 1 T 26 2 W 27 3 Th 28 4 F 29

The Sephardim say Selihot during the whole month of Elul 17

TIME OF SUNRISE AND SUNSET IN SIX NORTHERN LATITUDES TIME OF SUNRISE AND SUNSET IN SIX NORTHERN LATITUDES*

Lat. 40' North Lat. 44° North Lat. 42° North (For Maine, Nova Scotia, (For Southern New York, (For Massachusetts, New Connecticut, Rhode Island, Northern New York, Michi- Hampshire, Vermont, Cen- gan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, tral New York, Southern Northern Ohio, Indiana, Il- North and South Dakota, Michigan, Wisconsin, North- Montana, Washington, linois, Southern Iowa, Ne- ern Iowa, Wyoming, South- braska, Northern Colorado, Northern Oregon, Northern ern Idaho, Southern Oregon) Day of Idaho) Utah, Nevada, California) Month Portland, Me. Boston, Mass. New York City Chicago, 111.

•Adapted, by permission, from The Jewish Encyclopedia, Vol. XI 3* TIME OF SUNRISE AND SUNSET IN SIX NORTHERN LATITUDES*

Lat. 38°-36° North (For 1District of Columbia, Delaware Maryland, Vir- Lat. 34°-32° North ginia. West Virginia South- (For South Carolina, North- Lat. 3O°-28° North ern Ohio, Southern Indiana, ern Georgia, Mat)ama, Mis- (For Florida, Southern Geor Southern Illinois Northern sissippi, Louisiana. Texas, gia, Mabami Mississippi, Missouri, Kansas, Central Southern Nevi M exico, Ari- Louisiana, Texas Coloradc , Central Utah, zona, California) Po isacc Flo Day of Central ]Nebraska, Central Savannah. Ga. New Orleans. La Month California) Charleston, S. C Washington, D. C. Norfolk, Va.

_H c g S ^ S s I ••3 § 1 is a 3 s 3 '§• sH SB Q ^ ° 3 n Q k c 1 02 '8 1

Jan. 1 5.43 7 19 4 49 6.25 5 35 7 03 5 05 6 33 5 30 6 57 5 11 6.38 10 5.45 7 19 4 57 6.31 5 37 7 03 5 13 6 39 5 33 6 58 5 18 6.42 20 5.43 7.14 5 08 6.39 5 37 7.01 5.20 6 47 5 32 6 56 5 25 6.5-1 Feb. 1 5.36 7.06 5 22 6.52 5 31 6 56 5 32 6 57 5 29 6 51 5.37 6.56 10 5.27 6 57 5 31 7.02 5 25 6 48 5 41 7 04 5 22 6 43 5 45 7.05 20 5.16 6 46 5 42 7.11 5.16 6 38 5 50 7 11 5 15 6 35 5 52 7.12 Mch. 1 5.04 6 33 5 52 7.21 5 07 6 28 5 57 7 19 5 07 6 26 5 59 7.19 10 4.50 6 20 6 01 7.31 4 55 6 19 6 04 7 26 4 56 6 16 6.05 7.25 20 4.35 6 05 6.11 7.41 4 41 6.05 6 11 7 35 4 43 6 05 6.12 7.33 Apl. 1 4.15 5 46 6 22 7.53 4 25 5 49 6 20 7.43 4 29 5 50 6 19 7.39 10 3.58 5 31 6 30 8.05 4 13 5 37 6 26 7 50 4 18 5 39 6 24 7.45 20 3.40 5 17 6 40 8.16 3.57 5 25 6 33 8 00 4 04 5 29 6.30 7.54 May 1 3.22 5 02 6.52 8.32 3 43 5 13 6 41 8 11 3 51 5 17 6 37 8.02 10 3.08 4.53 7.00 8.45 3 32 5.05 6.48 8 20 3 41 5 11 6.44 8.13 20 2.54 4.44 7.09 9.00 3 22 4 59 6 54 8 31 3 33 5 05 6.50 8.22 June 1 2.41 4 36 7.18 9.13 3 13 4 53 7.01 8 41 3 24 5.00 6.55 8.31 10 2.36 4 34 7.23 9.21 3 11 4 52 7 05 8 47 3 22 4.59 6.59 8.37 20 2.35 4 34 7.28 9.26 3 10 4 52 7 10 8 52 3 22 4 59 7.04 8.40 July 1 2.39 4 37 7.19 9.27 3 13 4 55 7.11 8 53 3 25 5 01 7.05 8.41 10 2.47 4 43 7.27 9.22 3 19 5 00 7.10 8 51 3 30 5 05 7.03 8.38 20 2.58 4.51 7.21 9.12 3 27 5 05 7.0/ 8 45 3 38 5 11 7.00 8.33 Aug. 1 3.14 5 00 7.12 8.58 3 39 5.13 6.58 8 33 3 48 5 19 6.53 8.24 10 3.26 5 08 7.02 8.44 3 47 5 19 6.49 8 22 3.56 5 24 6.45 8.13 20 3.40 5 18 6.49 8.28 3.57 5 26 6.39 8 08 4.04 5 29 6.36 8.00 Sept. 1 3.54 5 29 6.31 8.06 4 08 5 35 6.25 7 52 4.14 5 37 6.23 7.4"6 10 4.01 5 37 6.18 7.51 4.15 5 40 6.14 7.39 4 19 5 42 6.12 7.35 20 4.16 5 45 6.02 7.32 4 23 5 47 6.01 7 23 4 27 5 47 6.01 7.22 Oct. 1 4.27 5 56 5.43 7.13 4 32 5 54 5.45 7.08 4 34 5 53 5.46 7.06 10 4.36 6 04 5.31 6.58 4 37 6 00 5.35 6 57 4 39 5.59 5.36 6.55 20 4.46 6 14 5.16 6.45 4.45 6 07 5.23 6.45 4 44 6 06 5.25 6.46 Nov. 1 4.57 6 29 5.01 6.31 4.54 6 16 5.11 6.34 4 53 6 14 5.14 6.35 10 5.05 6 40 4.52 6.23 5 01 6 25 5.03 6.27 5 00 6 21 5.08 6.30 20 5.14 6 53 4.44 6.18 5 09 6 35 4.57 6.23 5 06 6.29 5.01 6.26 Dec. 1 5.25 6 59 4.40 6.13 5 17 6 44 4.55 6.21 5 13 6 38 5.00 6.25 10 5.33 7 08 4.38 6.14 5 23 6 51 4.55 6.24 5 21 6 46 5.01 6.27 20 5.38 7 14 4 .40 6.17 5 29 6 57 4.58 6.28 5 26 6 52 5.04 6.29

•Adapted, by permission, from The Jewish Encyclopedia, Vol. XI

REVIEW OF THE YEAR 5688

BY HARRY SCHNEIDERMAN THE purpose of the present article is to present in brief outline a review of the most significant events of interest to Jews during the period dating from April 1, 1927 to which point Doctor Linfield's article "A Survey of the Year 5687" in the preceding volume of this publication led, up to the middle of July 1928. The period under review was in a general way a fairly normal one, insofar as Jewish life is concerned. With the exception of those of Hungary, Lithuania and Turkey, and for a time Roumania, the governments in power in the various countries with which the Jewish question in an acute form has been associated, were liberal in character and there was no official oppression or discrimination. Unofficial anti- Jewish propaganda and outbreaks of a violent nature against Jews also dwindled in number and in intensity during the period, except for the riot in Oradeamare, Roumania, which aroused the notice and the indignation of the civilized world. Freedom from oppression and relief from the necessity of forestalling and combatting unfavorable agitation, left the Jewish communities of all countries, except those mentioned above, free to turn their attention and to apply their energies to communal problems, religious, cultural, and educational interests, and to such international Jewish questions as emigration, economic reconstruction and the restoration of Palestine. I. THE UNITED STATES In the United States there were but few incidents to divert the Jewish community from attention to internal problems. When the period opened the suit for libel brought by Aaron Sapiro, an attorney for a number of cooperative agricultural 23 24 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK produce organizations, against Henry Ford, automobile manufacturer, was being tried in a United States Court in Detroit. This case attracted nation-wide attention and was of considerable interest to the Jews of the United States as well as of other countries because the charges of libel were based upon articles which had appeared in the Dearborn Independent, a weekly magazine published by Ford, in which for some time there had appeared many articles derogatory to Jews. After the trial had lasted for thirteen weeks, the presiding judge granted the application of counsel for Ford for a mistrial, on the ground that a juror had given an inter- view to a newspaper. Mr. Sapiro thereupon announced the intention to have the case re-tried, and in July a date for the new trial was tentatively set. Shortly thereafter, Louis Marshall, President of the Ameri- can Jewish Committee, announced that following a series of conferences with and at the request of agents of Mr. Ford, the manufacturer had issued a signed statement repudiating the attacks against the Jews individually and collectively which had appeared in the Dearborn Independent, apologiz- ing for them and offering to make amends.1 Following the publication of this statement, counsel for Mr. Sapiro announced that his client's vindication had been achieved and the libel suit would not be continued. Shortly thereafter, this suit as well as that of Herman Bernstein, who had also brought an action against Mr. Ford, were settled out of court. Mr. Ford's retraction and apology attracted intense interest and was regarded by the entire press of the United States with great satisfaction. In November, Mr. Ford wrote a letter to Theodor Fritsch, a notorious anti-Jewish agitator of Leipzig, Germany, who had announced that he would continue to publish the Dearborn Independent articles, the publication rights of which in German and other languages he claimed, revoking these rights and demanding that he cease the use of his (Ford's) name in connection with the further publication, sale, or other distribution of the articles. Ford also suspended the publication of the Dearborn Independent at the end of 1927. In the meantime there had occurred in New York City, an extremely unpleasant incident. Three Jewish physicians 'For full text of this statement, see Vol. 29, pp. 383-389. REVIEW OF THE YEAR 5688 25 serving as internes in a public hospital complained that they had been victims of a hazing episode at the hands of a group of non-Jewish internes. Several of the latter were arrested and, later, they publicly apologized to their Jewish asso- ciates. The charge of the Jewish internes that religious bias was intense at the hospital, led to a number of investigations, one of which was conducted by the City Commissioner of Accounts, who submitted a report containing data to support his conclusions that the charges of anti-Jewish discrimination at the hospital were well founded. There was during the year the usual number of cases of clubs and the like discriminating against Jews. The action of the Board of Governors of a golf club in Milwaukee in adopting a resolution asking eight of the Jewish charter members to resign, aroused some resentment in that city because it was believed that the step aimed at the reduction of the number of Jews in the club. A rather flagrant instance was that of the Metropolitan Masons Country Club in New York, which changed its name when The Jewish Tribune, supported by a number of leading Masons, protested that a club which discriminates as between members of races or creeds has no right to include the word "mason" in its designation. Much excitement in Jewish circles was aroused also during the year by the production of the motion picture "King of Kings" which purported to be a portrayal of the life of Jesus of Nazareth. It was charged by many that parts of the picture, especially those dealing with the crucifixion of Jesus, were inaccurate and so presented as to arouse or intensify anti-Jewish feeling, and demands were made on many sides for the withdrawal of the picture from exhibition. Several Jewish organizations, especially the Independent Order B'nai B'rith, brought these criticisms to the attention of the producers of the picture who declined to withdraw it because of the large investment involved, but agreed to make a number of changes calculated to minimize the harm which it was believed the picture was doing. These changes, however, did not give universal satisfaction and the demand for the complete withdrawal of the picture continued. Owing to the considerable decrease in the number of Jews entering the country, the immigration question which had, 26 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK up to a few years ago, had so much of the attention of Ameri- can Jews, has shrunk considerably in importance. Jews, however, took part in the movement to secure legislation to hasten the reunion of families of immigrants who had entered the country before the coming into force of the Immigration Law of 1924, a movement which led finally to the passage of the Jenkins Bill which provides that one-half of the quota of visas from each country shall be given to the relatives of aliens already here, and also as many of the rest of the quota, reserved for agricultural workers, as shaft1 not be used by the latter. No other of the many immigration bills introduced, including one for the progressive halving of the present quotas during the next five years, was passed. Bills introduced in the Senate and House of Representatives requiring newspapers published in foreign languages to print translations in English of all or part of their contents, also were never brought to a vote. During the past winter, The Hebrew Sheltering and Immi- grant Aid Society (Hias) protested to the Surgeon General of the United States against certain types of questions which were being put to intending Jewish immigrants by United States medical officers attached to the American Consulate at Warsaw. These questions, which, it was explained, were employed to test the sanity of applicants for visas, were also attacked on the floor of the House of Representatives. The Surgeon General ordered an investigation on the spot. Late in June last, much discussion was aroused by the announcement of the Department of Labor that every alien admitted on or after July 1, 1928 will be provided with an identification card, which is to be produced whenever proof of legal entry may be required. The Jewish press saw in this device a means of bringing about by indirection the registration of aliens, a measure which has in the past aroused much opposition. That the measure had any such intent was denied by government officials who insisted that the identification cards were being issued for the benefit of admitted aliens. Aside from legislation in the Congress of the United States, the passage of the so-called "Rosh Ha-Shanah Bill" REVIEW OF THE YEAR 5688 27 by the Massachusetts Legislature is of great interest. This bill provides that foodstuffs may be sold on a Sunday whenever either Rosh Ha-Shanah or Yom Kippur begins on a Monday, the object of the bill being to enable observant Jews to obtain fresh food before the beginning of these holidays. This bill, which was introduced by Isidore H. Fox of Boston, was at first vigorously opposed, but it was finally passed by both Houses of the Legislature by large majorities, and even when it was vetoed by the Governor, passed over his veto by the required two-thirds vote. No serious attempt was made during the year to bring about the passage of legislation providing for the reading of the Bible in public schools or for compulsory Sunday observance. The movement in some European countries for the outlawry of Shehitah, the Jewish method of slaughtering animals for food, had a counterpart in New York State where an organization calling itself the Animal Wel- fare League announced its intention to have a bill introduced in the Legislature with that aim in view. Nothing practical, however, came out of this agitation. During the year, the Court of Appeals of the State of New York handed down a decision that it is legal for boards of education in the State to excuse pupils of the public schools for a short time one day in each week to receive religious instruction outside the school, but the movement in this direction which was somewhat active during the few preceding years did not attain any great headway during 5688. In general, the relations between Jews and non-Jews were very amicable during the period. The movement, begun several years ago, largely upon the initiative of the Federal Council of Churches of Christ in America, continued, and "good will" meetings were held in several cities between rabbis and Christian clergymen. In Philadelphia where a group of ministers of various denominations have organized a Fellowship of Faiths, this tendency was given a setback by the action of the Presbytery which went on record, in March last, as being unalterably opposed to any fellowship that "tends to name Christianity as one of many equally good religions," reaffirming the belief "that Christianity is a revelation, and so is the full and absolute religion," and 28 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK enjoining upon its ministers and elders "the duty of abstain- ing from any participation in such meetings and movements." On the other hand, the movement for the conversion of Jews was condemned at a meeting of the Home Mission Council of the Federal Council of the Churches of Christ in America, held in Cleveland in January, when the Superin- tendent of Jewish Evangelization of the Presbyterian Church, made a plea for greater activity in the direction of convert- ing Jews. Exception to this was taken by the Rev. Dr. Ernest M. Halliday, General Secretary of the Church Exten- tion Board of the Congregational Church, who declared: "When it comes to going to the Jewish people and trying to get them to give up their faith, the background of our own religion, I would have no faith in such a program. ... I would say to a young Jew who has left his synagogue: 'Go back to your rabbi and your synagogue, and the God you and I hold in common.' " The events of the past year having to do with Jewish communal life may be roughly divided into two classes, first those touching upon domestic matters, and second those which have played a part in the life of Jewish communities abroad. Probably the most interesting event of domestic concern was the preparation by the Statistical Department of the American Jewish Committee of an enumeration of the Jewish congregations of the country in connection with the decennial census of religious bodies conducted by the United States Bureau of the Census. A preliminary summary of the results of this enumeration will be found elsewhere in this volume. In connection with this task, the Statistical Department also made a careful and painstaking inquiry into the number of persons of the Jewish faith in the country. The methods employed and the results obtained are discussed in detail in Dr. Linfield's article on the subject. Not only do we know that there are approximately 4,230,000 Jews in the country, but we also know their distribution throughout its various parts and many other interesting facts. Another important effort along statistical lines is the inquiry now being conducted by the Bureau of Jewish Social Research for the Greater New York Survey Committee. REVIEW OF THE YEAR 5688 29 During the year, two reports based on some of the data gathered were published, one dealing with the movement of Jewish population within the City, and the other with the death rate and causes of death among Jews. In connection with Jewish education, the survey of congregations by the American Jewish Committee showed that out of the total 2,948 congregations, 554 reported that they maintained Sabbath Schools with a total enrollment of 69,439, while 604 reported that they maintained week-day schools with a total of 64,863 pupils. The National Council of Jewish Education at its meeting in June, 1927, reported that only 30 per cent of the 800,000 Jewish children of school age are receiving a Jewish education, and that while new school buildings begun or completed during the preceding twelve months were to cost over two million dollars, only seven millions are expended annually for the maintenance of Jewish schools, or less than thirty dollars per pupil. During the year the Yeshivah College of America was granted a charter by the University of the State of New York, authorizing it to grant baccalaureate degrees in Arts and Science. This institution will be the first Jewish denomi- national college in the United States, offering the usual college course with Jewish studies as part of the curriculum. It is expected that one of the group of buildings planned to house the college will be completed this fall. In this connection, it is interesting to note that the Union of Orthodox Jewish Congregations has been considering taking vigorous steps to bring about closer cooperation between Orthodox congregations, especially for providing religious educational facilities for the young. An important event in the congregational field during the past year was the consolidation of Temples Emanu-El and Beth-El in New York City, two of the most famous congregations in the United States; the new organization which has adopted the designation "Congregation Emanu-El," is now building a new synagogue with a community center attached. Although no statistics are available, if we may judge by references in the Jewish press, there was a reces- sion during the past year in the number of new buildings erected by congregations in large cities, as compared with the several preceding years, and an increase in this direction 30 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK in smaller cities. Unusually interesting is the case of the synagogue being erected in Mercedes, Texas, which is to house a congregation whose members are scattered through no less than sixteen towns in the Rio Grande Valley, on both sides of a highway known as a "seventy-five mile Main Street." This has no doubt been made possible by the motor- car and good roads, and may be the forerunner of synagogues to serve the spiritual needs of small and widely scattered Jewish settlements, the number of which, as Dr. Linfield's surveys show, is considerable and growing. In the field of Jewish literature, the year was notable for the issuance by the Jewish Publication Society of a one- volume history of the Jews by Professor Max Margolis and Alexander Marx, and a new volume in the Schiff Library of Jewish Classics Series. The latter comprises the Hebrew text of the treatise Ta'anit of the Babylonian Talmud,— critically edited on the basis of manuscripts and old editions, together with an English translation, both provided with many explanatory notes. This was the work of the late Professor Henry Malter, who died on April 4, 1925, after it had been set in type but before he could revise the proofs. With regard to Jewish periodicals, the most important event of the year was the absorption on June 1, 1928, of the Jewish Daily News, the oldest Yiddish daily in the world (established 1885), by the Jewish Morning Journal. The disappearance of the Tageblatt was generally regarded as a consequence of its close and unvarying adherence, despite changing conditions and new lines of thought in Jewish life, to the ultra-conservative policies established by its founder, Kasriel H. Sarasohn, coupled with the decrease, due to restricted immigration, of the number of Jewish newspaper readers who cannot read English. The Yiddish theatre movement suffered a serious loss during the year in the discontinuance of the Yiddish Art Theatre of New York, after an existence of ten years, during which time it had made a consistent effort to present, what its director, Maurice Schwartz, believed to be the finer plays in a superior manner. An attempt is now being made by Mr. Schwartz and his sympathizers to secure the means for reviving this organization. Other Yiddish theatres, more popular in their appeal, remained in operation and not a REVIEW OF THE YEAR 5688 31 few of them prospered, but they have been showing a growing tendency toward assimilation to the American English theatres, in the content and character of the plays presented, in the type of acting, dancing, and songs, and also in the use of more English in dialogue and lyrics, thus reflecting the trend among the members of their audiences. The exhibition of the paintings of Leopold Pilichowski and of the sculpture of Henryk Glicenstein, both Jewish artists of Polish birth, drew a great deal of public attention and aroused much favorable criticism. In the field of Jewish organizations a significant event was the dissolution of the Order B'rith Abraham, after an existence of sixty-eight years. The New York State Insurance Commissioner ordered this fraternal body to wind up its business because it was no longer in financial condition to meet its obligations to the dependents of members who had recently died or to incur new obligations. This condition resulted from the fact that the Order's insurance benefits were not paid out of a reserve fund built up on an actuarial basis, but by the assessment method. This Order, especially during the many years the late Samuel Dorf was its Presi- dent, was one of the most influential organizations of its type in America. Another interesting community event was the revival, after it had lain dormant for many years, of the idea of organizing Kehilloth in American cities. Efforts in this direction were made in Philadelphia and in Los Angeles, and in both cities such bodies, representing some but not all of the local Jewish organizations, have been established. Another new organization which should be mentioned here is the Jewish Committee on Scouting, established in the spring of 1928, upon the initiative of Mortimer L. Schiff, a vice-president of the Boy Scouts of America, for the purpose of promoting the formation and administration of boy scout troops in connection with synagogues, Jewish Centers, and similar institutions, and generally to stimulate community interest in "scouting" for the benefit of Jewish boys. We come now to a review of those significant events within the Jewish community which were related to the welfare of the Jews of other countries. These fall into three groups: 32 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK (1) those dealing with aid to Jews abroad, especially Russia; (2) those dealing with the reactions in our community to anti-Jewish outbreaks in Roumania, and in general, with the rights of minorities; and (3) those dealing with the interests of American Jewry in Palestine. In October, 1927, a Constructive Relief Conference was held in Chicago under the auspices of the United Jewish Campaign of the Joint Distribution Committee and associated Committees, organized in September, 1925, for the purpose of collecting a fund of $25,000,000 for constructive relief abroad. Reports were presented by the various officers and by Dr. Bernard Kahn, representative of the Joint Dis- tribution Committee in Europe, and by Dr. Joseph A. Rosen, agent in Russia of the American Jewish Joint Agricultural Corporation (Agro-Joint). Mr. Morris D. Waldman also reported the impressions gained by him on a trip to Poland made on behalf of the Joint Distribution Committee. A similar conference was held in New York in May last, at which the fact was brought out that the sum of $3,100,000 was needed immediately to meet commitments already made, and to enable the Joint Distribution Committee to respond to various urgent requests for assistance. On this occasion, Mr. Marshall made the statement that for years to come the work of relief will have to be continued, and that a great part of the financial burden will have to be borne by the Jewish community of the United States. In July last, David A. Brown, National Chairman of the United Jewish Campaign announced that up to the first of that month a total of $12,400,000 had been actually paid into the treasury of the Campaign committee, and that in response to the emergency appeal for the $3,100,000 referred to above, a total of $1,200,000 had been received. Earlier in the year, Mr. Brown had announced that subscriptions to the fund had reached $21,500,000. The work done during the year with the cooperation of the Joint Distribution Committee will be referred to under the various countries in which its activities centered. In March last, announcement was made by James N. Rosenberg of New York City, Chairman of the Agro-Joint, that Julius Rosenwald of Chicago had agreed to subscribe $5,000,000 to a fund of twice that size for the continuance REVIEW OF THE YEAR 5688 33 and further development of Jewish colonization work in Russia, after the program outlined in 1925 by the Joint Distribution Committee and the Agro-Joint shall have been completed. Later, Mr. Rosenberg announced further details of the new plan. The Russian government had agreed to expend for this work $10,000,000 over a period of ten years if an equal amount is contributed by American Jewry, and, in addition, to provide land valued at another $20,000,000. The fund collected in the United States is to be administered by a new organization, viz., The American Society for Jew- ish Farm Settlement in Russia, which is to continue the work in Russia through agents, of whom Dr. Joseph A. Rosen is to be the head. No campaign or drive was to be resorted to to raise the American fund, which according to the terms of agreement with the Russian government must be completed before October 1, 1928. At the time this announcement was made, the amount of $2,100,000 in addition to Mr. Rosenwald's gift had already been subscribed. While helping the Jews of European countries to recon- struct their economic life at home, American Jewry did not lose sight of the fact that emigration could also play a part in the solution of the economic problem. In the spring of 1927, upon the initiative of the Hebrew Sheltering and Immi- grant Aid Society (HIAS), the Jewish Colonization Associa- tion (ICA) and the United Emigration Societies (Emigdirekt) with headquarters in Berlin, joined the American society in forming a new body "HICEM," for the purpose of working as a unit in Jewish emigration matters. Information and help of various kinds was to be extended to intending Euro- pean Jewish emigrants by representatives of Hicem in various centers. With immigration restricted in the United States and Canada, it is the aim of this body to study the immigration possibilities of other countries, particularly some in South America, to learn the prospects for newcomers in them, give information to intending immigrants and prepare them in advance for rapid adaptation to the new conditions. At the annual meeting of HIAS in March last, it was reported by the president that "diligent survey and research has been made into such countries as Argentine, Brazil, Uruguay, where by means of interviews with government authorities and business organizations, every effort was made to see 34 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK what agricultural and industrial opportunities were open to the Jew. This information was then referred back to the HIAS branches in Poland, Roumania, Latvia, Lithuania and other European countries where HIAS, by means of classes taught languages and trades, gave instruction in agriculture and arranged for the passage of hundreds of these people to their new lands." Representatives of HICEM at points of debarkation receive the immigrants, help them to find employment, to acquire familiarity with the language and customs of the country and the like. Since the HICEM had begun to function, a total of 2,735 immigrants to South America had been aided in this manner. The HIAS continued during the year its activities on behalf of Jewish immigrants arriving in the United States. Foreign interests of American Jewry, outside of matters of relief, were concentrated during the year on Roumania where a serious anti-Jewish outbreak occurred in December, 1927, at Oradeamare, in the Transylvanian section of Rou- mania. In view of the fact that this outbreak occurred under the regime of the liberal party, which had arranged a modus vivendi with the Roumanian Jewish leaders, Jewish public opinion in America was divided as to the attitude to be taken toward the Roumanian Government. In the House of Representatives, Dr. William I. Sirovitch, a member of Congress from New York City, had introduced a resolution urging the United States Government to abro- gate existing treaties with Roumania if anti-Jewish persecution does not cease. This action led to a conference between Mr. George Cretziano, the Roumanian Minister to the United States, Dr. Sirovitch and Louis Marshall, president of the American Jewish Committee, who had been in correspondence with Mr. Cretziano. At this conference, the latter gave assurances that his Government was determined to avert such incidents in the future. Mr. Cretziano restated his views in a letter to Dr. Sirovitch, the contents of which had the approval of his Government, and which Dr. Siro- vitch made public. Representatives of the United Roumanian Jews of the United States also held conferences with Mr. Cretziano, with whom they discussed the condition of the REVIEW OF THE YEAR 5688 35 Jews in Roumania, and to whom they submitted suggestions for their amelioration and improvement. In August, 1927, the American Jewish Congress in conjunction with The Committee of Jewish Delegations, held a conference on Jewish rights in Zurich, Switzerland. Be- sides representatives of the Congress, the conference was attended by a number of representative Jews from Poland; no English, French, German, or Roumanian Jewish organizations participated. The conference decided to establish a Council on the Rights of Jewish Minorities, membership on which was to be open to all Jewish Organizations dealing with the defense of Jewish Rights and to Jewish parliamen- tary representatives; biennial conferences of the Council are to be held. Its headquarters were established in Geneva. American Jewish activities on behalf of Palestine were many and varied during the year. Much interest was taken in the Hebrew University. An offer to endow a chair in Yiddish language and literature was made by David Shapiro, the publisher of a Yiddish daily newspaper in New York, and accepted with conditions by the Board of Governors. In April last, at a meeting of the American Advisory Com- mittee of the Hebrew University, announcement was made that a Society to be known as "The Friends of the University" had been formed, the members of which are to pledge $100. per annum for at least five years to be contributed for the maintenance of the University. Interest in Palestine archeological research was stimulated last spring when Dr. John Garstang of the Institute of Archeology of the University of Liverpool, formerly head of the Department of Antiquities of the Palestine Govern- ment, delivered a lecture on Archeological Exploration in the Holy Land, under the auspices of the American branch of the Jewish Palestine Exploration Society, which is the only Jewish agency doing such work in Palestine. The United Palestine Appeal which conducted a campaign to raise funds for the Zionist Organization of America, Hadassah, the Jewish National Fund, and the Keren Hayesod, reported (July 15, 1928) that since the beginning of the then current fiscal year, October 1, 1927, a total of $4,537,514.17 had been pledged, $3,257,881.14 had been paid in cash, and $2,431,522.80 had been transmitted to Palestine. 36 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK A great deal of public attention was attracted during the year by strife within the Zionist Organization of America. That dissatisfaction existed with the administration headed by the president, Louis Lipsky, became apparent at the thirtieth annual convention of the Organization early in the summer of 1927. On April 29, 1928, there was a meeting in Washington, D. C, of a number of Zionists opposed to the administration, at which charges of mismanagement and of unauthorized financial transactions were made by several persons who had previously been officials of the Organization or of affiliated bodies. These charges were promptly denied by the administration and a controversy ensued, leading eventually to a decision on the part of the administration to ask for an inquiry into its acts at the hands of an impartial committee to be selected by Dr. Chaim Weizmann, President of the World Zionist Organization. Dr. Weizmann asked Judges Edward Lazansky, Mitchell May, Grover M. Moscowitz, and Otto A. Rosalsky, all of New York, to investigate the charges of mismanagement, especially those alleging the misuse and diversion of funds, and toward the end of June, this committee made public its report, after holding a number of hearings and examining the books and records of the Organization. After presenting various findings of fact, the report concludes by declaring that while there were instances of "loose management in the financial affairs of the Zionist Organization of America," yet "there is no proof that any person has acted or omitted to act for personal financial gain and there is no proof of any loss to the Zionist Organi- zation of America." The report goes on to recommend that no one responsible for the irregularities pointed out should be continued as an officer or a member of any committee of the Organization and that no officer or member of any committee should be a paid employee of the Organization. At the Convention of the Organization held a few days later in Pittsburgh, Pa., while delegates opposed to the administration showed considerable strength, there were indications that a majority of the delegates present wished to retain Mr. Lipsky in office and he was persuaded to have his name placed in nomination and was elected, despite his announced intention to withdraw and the recommendation REVIEW OF THE YEAR 5688 37 of the judges' committee. The Constitution of the Organi- zation was amended so as to relieve the president of responsibility for the financial affairs of the organization. While this struggle was going on within the ranks of the Zionist Organization of America, important meetings were being held in London, in which American Jewry had a vital interest. In accordance with an agreement reached between Dr. Chaim Weizmann on behalf of the World Zionist Organi- zation, and Louis Marshall on behalf of the Non-Partisan Conference to Consider Palestine Problems (See Vol. 27, p. 130; Vol. 28, p. 127; Vol. 29, p. 102), that a "Commission should be appointed to make a thorough survey and investigation of conditions in Palestine" for the guidance of an enlarged Jewish Agency to include representatives of non- Zionist elements, such a Commission had been appointed jointly by Dr. Weizmann and Mr. Marshall. Its members were Sir Alfred Mond (now Lord Melchett) of England, Oscar Wasserman, a banker, of Berlin; Felix M. Warburg and Lee K. Frankel of the United States. The Commission, in turn, appointed a body of experts to do the actual work of investigation, in accordance with terms laid down by Messrs. Weizmann and Marshall. The reports of the experts were ready late in the spring of 1928, and the Commissioners together with Messrs. Weizmann and Marshall, met in Lon- don in June. After a number of conferences, they unani- mously agreed upon a set of recommendations for future work of the Jewish Agency in Palestine. The report of the Commission is published in abstract, as an appendix to this article.

II. OTHER COUNTRIES We proceed now to a brief review of the most significant events of Jewish interest in other countries than the United States. Based on the general tenor of Jewish life in these lands, a division of them into Western and Eastern countries appears logical; Palestine, of course, deserves separate consideration. 38 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK

A. WESTERN COUNTRIES

The appeal of a Jewish Committee in the famous Quebec School Case (See Vol. 27, pp. 223-9) which was taken to the British Privy Council, was lost early in February last. The Supreme Court of Canada had ruled that the Board of Protestant School Commissioners, which administers the schools in the Province of Quebec, which are attended by Jewish as well as Protestant children, is not obliged to give Jews representation on the Board or to appoint Jews as teachers. In sustaining this decision, the Privy Council expressed agreement with the Dominion Supreme Court which had handed down the opinion that legislation for the establishment of schools for non-Christians, not infringing upon the rights of the Catholic and Protestant communities, in their schools, would be valid. This decision was greeted with satisfaction by that part of Quebec Jewry which favors a separate Jewish school system, although steps in that direction are not likely in the near future. Toward the end of January last, Col. Leopold H. Amery, British Secretary for the Colonies, came on a visit to Canada. The Zionist Federation took advantage of the occasion by appointing a delegation to wait upon him. The delegation was joined by Louis Lipsky, president of the Zionist Organi- zation of America, who also acted as spokesman and submitted a petition praying for various reforms in the internal administration of Palestine to which the Secretary responded sympathetically. Canadian Jewry continued, as in years past, its active work for Jewish immigrants, who, during the year ending March 31, 1927, numbered 4,471, and its cooperation with other Jewish communities on behalf of Palestine. In ENGLAND, the crisis over the question of Shehitah was passed in June last when the House of Commons passed a Slaughter of Animals Bill, providing that animals be stunned before being slaughtered, except in the case of animals slaughtered according to Jewish ritual by an authorized Shohet. A committee headed by the Marquis of Reading was set up for the purpose of establishing a fund of $50,000 in honor REVIEW OF THE YEAR 5688 39 of the late Israel Zangwill, the income to be used for giving assistance to Jewish scholars and writers. An American committee is cooperating with the English body. Following the anti-Jewish excesses at Oradea Mare, Rou- mania, the Joint Foreign Committee, which represents the Board of Deputies of British Jews and the Anglo-Jewish Association, took up the matter with the Roumanian authorities, especially M. Nicholas Titelescu, Roumanian Foreign Minister, and received assurances similar to those given in the United States by the Roumanian Minister to Washington. In FRANCE, the chief Jewish event of the year was one which took place on French soil, but is more closely connected with Russian Jewry. It was the trial of Sholom Schwartzbard for the assassination in May, 1926, of Semion Petlura, head of the short-lived Ukranian Republic. The trial was characterized by heated disputes between attor- neys. The Ukranian side while admitting that pogroms took place, contended that Petlura was not, except officially, responsible, and that Schwartzbard, in killing Petlura had acted as an agent of the Bolsheviks. The efforts on the part of Schwarzbard's counsel to prove Petlura personally con- doned the pogroms, on the other hand, were bitterly resented by the Ukranians. Contrary to expectations, the trial lasted only a little over three weeks. Schwartzbard was acquitted. The Ukranian press, both in the Ukraine and abroad, expressed profound dissatisfaction with the conduct and out- come of the case. Insofar as anti-Semitism is concerned the situation of the Jews of GERMANY has not changed during the year under review. The desecration of Jewish cemeteries which began in 1923 continued. The number desecrated since then approached close on to sixty during the year. After vandalism had been perpetrated in the cemetery at Cologne, the orthodox community issued a public appeal to the population asking its aid in apprehending the vandals. In many cases, rewards were offered for information leading to their arrest. Early in the year the Central Union of German Citizens of the Jewish Faith submitted to the Minister of Justice a memorandum calling attention to the numerous incidents of this nature and urging that special measures be taken to protect Jewish cemeteries. There were also two cases of attacks 40 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK

upon synagogues, one at Luneberg and the other at Koenigs- berg. Several anti-Jewish riots, led by Hakenkreuzler, also took place, during the year; none of these, however, had serious results. The German authorities were very energetic in suppressing all outbreaks of this nature. In a number of cases, in which the police succeeded in running down cemetery vandals, these were severely punished. The governments of Prussia, Bavaria and several other states issued special ordinances against the practice and threatening those found guilty with exemplary punishment. Anti-Jewish demonstrations were suppressed whenever their proceedings went beyond legal bounds. In May, 1927, a meeting in Berlin of 3,000 followers of Hitler, a notorious agitator, was dispersed by three hundred policemen. Similar action was taken when members of the National Socialist Party, really a reactionary group masquerading as Socialists, during a parade in Berlin, became abusive while passing through the Jewish quarter. Severe sentences were imposed upon six members of this party, convicted of terrorizing the Jewish population of Chemnitz. A professor lecturing at the law school of the University of Berlin who preached the desirability of expelling the Jews from the country was suspended by the Prussian Minister of Education. The latter created a sensation when he declined to legalize a student organization, which proposed to limit its membership to "Aryans." When the students persisted in their course, the Prussian government dissolved the organization. An unusually interesting event in connection with the attitude of one government toward the Jews, was one circular issued last April by the then Federal Minister of Labor, Braun, ordering government employment offices not to ex- clude from the range of their activity Sabbath-observing Jews, but to attempt to find for them such work as would permit compliance with their religious tenets. The anti-Shehitah movement was not absent in Germany. A bill to make stunning compulsory was introduced in the Diet of Bavaria. In the Prussian Diet a bill was passed limiting the number of animals to be slaughtered according to the Jewish method, proportionately to the consumption of meat by the Jewish population. REVIEW OF THE YEAR 5688 41 Among the outstanding events within the German Jewish community were the inauguration by the Union of Jewish War Veterans of a movement to settle Jews on farm lands; the decision of the Hilfsverein der Deutschen Juden to cooperate with the American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee in land settlement work in Russia, and to create for that purpose a fund to bear the name of Paul Nathan, late community leader; the formation of a committee for the protection of Jewish minority rights in eastern and southern Europe; the decision of the Berlin Kehillah to establish a central office for counteracting the tendency to boycott Jewish applicants for employment; and the publication of the first volume of the German edition of the Encyclopedia Judaica.

B. EASTERN COUNTRIES

In AUSTRIA, anti-Jewish propaganda appears to be more prevalent than in Germany; in any case, if we may judge by press reports, the Austrian authorities do not display the same vigor in suppressing this agitation as do those of Ger- many. For a whole month before the Passover holidays in 5687, the Vienna Volkskampf published numerous articles accusing the Jews of the practice of "ritual" murder. Despite the protests of the Kehillah the police did not at first take any action. No such agitation took place before the Pass- over of 5688, its absence being ascribed to the decline of the Hakenkreuz movement, following Henry Ford's retraction of the anti-Jewish charges published in his Dearborn Inde- pendent. In June, 1927, the administration of the Vienna University gave permission for an anti-Semitic lecture, at the University, on the alleged necessity of a numerus clausus for Jewish students, under the auspices of the Hakenkreuz. Later in the same month, a two-day riot took place in the University, when one of the students in the midst of a lecture suddenly shouted:' 'Out with the Jews!" Students ran amuck through the streets, raiding cafes and restaurants, molesting their patrons and passersby on the streets. The University was closed for a week, after a group of the students submitted a demand to the Senate of the institution for a numerus clausus for foreign Jewish students. There appear to have 42 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK been no occurrences of this nature during the scholastic year 1927-1928. There was a movement against Shehitah also in Austria. A decision to petition the government to enact legislation against Shehitah was taken by the Vienna Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. When a similar society in the Austrian Tyrol demanded that proceedings be taken against ritual slaughters in the Bregenz district, the local government declared that, in its opinion, Shehitah does not involve cruelty. Only two communal events appear to be worth recording here: (1) the failure of an attempt preceding the elections in 1927, to form a Jewish party; (2) the creation of a committee to gather funds for the support of the cultural and welfare institutions which were established under the late chief rabbi, Zevi Perez Chajes. In an article in the Vienna Arbeiter Zeitung, last winter, a writer declared that the Jews of Hungary are the most perse- cuted minority in Europe. Not only do they suffer from the numerus clausus in the matter of education, but also from general economic persecution; the government exercises a censorship which prevents these facts from becoming known. The brief review which follows appears to bear out this assertion. The most important event of Jewish interest in HUNGARY during the past year was the modification of the numerus clausus law. In the summer of 1927, Count Bethlen, the premier, announced at a conference of his party that the government intends in the near future to abolish the numerus clausus. This announcement was followed by loud protests from the chauvinist-nationalist elements, and when, in November, a bill on the subject was introduced in Parlia- ment, demonstrations occurred in many places, sometimes accompanied by anti-Jewish excesses. There were riots in some of the universities. The anti-Jewish demonstrations and rioting practically ceased when the true nature of the government's -measure became known to the public. The bill substituted for enrollment along racial lines a system of preferences. Children of government officials receive first preference in being admitted to universities; the next category includes children of war REVIEW OF THE YEAR 5688 43 veterans and army officers; the third category comprises the children of peasants and of small artisans; the fourth category includes the children of persons engaged in industry; and the fifth of children of merchants. Inasmuch as an over- whelming number of the Jews of Hungary are engaged in commerce, the new law was expected to be as effective as, if not more than, the old in limiting the admission of Jews to institutions of higher learning. This information mollified the anti-Jewish elements, but aroused keen disappointment among Jews and the liberal part of the Hungarian population. After a series of protracted debates in both Houses of Parliament, the bill was passed in February, 1928, thus making it possible for the Hungarian representatives to the League of Nations to report that Hungary had kept the promise made to the Council in 1926 that the numerus clausus would be speedily abolished. During the discussion of this bill, the government ordered a series of raids in the northeastern part of the country aimed at the expulsion of aliens not possessing the legal right of residence. In previous raids of this kind, the expulsion of Jews born in Hungary and whose forebears had been born in the country for generations back were seized and expelled. The order of the Ministry of the Interior aroused such a storm of protest that, shortly after it was promulgated, the Council of Ministers ordered its withdrawal. The abolition of Shehitah was threatened in Hungary as in other lands. When a bill regulating the slaughter of animals was introduced in Parliament last spring, the demand was made by the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals that stunning be made obligatory, or if an»exemption were made for the Jewish method the number of animals to be so slaughtered be limited in proportion to the consumption of meat by Jews. At this writing (July 15) no word is at hand as to the fate of this measure. The only communal item of any importance refers to Zionism. Since the inception of the present Hungarian State, the government had declined to legalize Zionist work. But late in October, 1927, the Minister of the Interior approved the statutes of the Zionist Organization of Hungary on the ground that Zionism had been given international recognition by the League of Nation in the Palestine Mandate. The 44 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK first national convention of the new body took place in April last. In ROUMANIA, up to the middle of June, 1927, the situation of the Jews was most humiliating and insecure. Anti- Jewish outbreaks were frequent and widespread. They were, in most cases, instigated and perpetrated by university students, members of the League of Christian Students, founded and inspired by the notorious Professor Cuza. Complaints and petitions were repeatedly submitted to the government, but without result. In March, 1927, a delegation of Jews called on Octavian Goga, Minister of the Interior, and presented to him a memorandum citing cases of attacks upon Jewish passengers on railway trains by students. Goga's answer was decidedly hostile. He declared that "Jews also perpetrated excesses," and that "it is impossible for me (him) to apply force against the Roumanian students." Goga's statement as to excesses by Jews referred to several cases in which Jews had tried to defend themselves against attack. In his report to the Joint Foreign Committee, in May, Lucien Wolf, its secretary, declared that the Roumanian Government does not desire to restrain the anti-Jewish propaganda. A change in the situation came with the fall of the Averescu Cabinet in June, 1927, when a temporary coalition cabinet was formed by Prince Barbu Stirbey, pending general elections on July 7. The new premier issued a statement pledg- ing his government to various reforms and the maintenance of law and order. When the cabinet was completed it also issued a manifesto promising protection for the life and property of all citizens without discrimination as to race, religion, or nationality. Before the elections, there was some discussion in Jewish circles regarding the advisability of creating a Jewish political party. A group of Jewish leaders, headed by Dr. William Filderrrian, opposed this suggestion, and engaged in negotiations with the leaders of the Liberal Party which, it was believed, would win the elections, concerning an understanding with the Jewish voters. An agreement along such lines; was reached, and the bulk of the Jews of Roumania voted! for the Liberal Party, although in Transylvania, the Jewish National Party supported the National Peasant Party. In REVIEW OF THE YEAR 5688 45 conformity with the agreement five seats in the Chamber of Deputies and two Senate Mandates were given to Jews. With the advent of the new government, the anti-Jewish agitation practically ceased. But early in December, a Con- gress of Christian Students held at Oradea Mare in Tran- sylvania became the occasion for anti-Hungarian and anti- Jewish riot on a large scale. Many persons were injured, stores were ransacked, houses pillaged, synagogues raided and Scrolls of the Law profaned and other ritual articles pilfered. The train bearing the students to their homes stopped in various cities en route, and smaller riots along the same lines were perpetrated. In Cluj (formerly Klausen- burg) a group of the students were arrested and held for trial. Several hundred more were arrested upon their return to Bucharest. These incidents aroused heated discussion in Parliament. Dr. Filderman accused the government of having neglected to take adequate preventive measures in spite of the fact that it had been warned that an outbreak was likely. Mem- bers of the Opposition charged the Government with inten- tional negligence. In reply to an interpellation in the Senate, M. Duca, Minister of the Interior, declared that the government profoundly deplores the riots, and will, at public cost, rebuild the synagogues which were destroyed and repair other damage. Later, the government removed the prefects of police in both Oradea Mare and Cluj, and forbade all student meetings. The University of Bucharest decided to expel all students convicted of plundering and profaning Jewish religious objects and synagogues, and to suspend for a year those convicted of minor offenses. In May, 1928, the Government dissolved the Christian Student's League. A survey made in June last by the correspondent of The Jewish Telegraphic Agency in Bucharest showed that of the Bucharest students accused of complicity in the Oradea- mare excesses, 30 had been sentenced to from ten days to six months' imprisonment and permanently expelled from the University, while 380 were suspended from the Univer- sity for a year. In Jassy, 15 students, and in Cluj, 8 students were imprisoned and expelled. In addition, three prefects, a director, an inspector, a commissioner and two sub-commissioners of police were removed from office. The press also 46 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK reported that the Roumanian Government had appropriated a total of 24,000,000 lei (about $150,000) as compensation to persons whose property was damaged during the excesses and for the restoration of synagogues. The reports of anti-Jewish disturbances and their results and consequences overshadowed other news from Roumania. Just before the Oradeamare outbreak, the American Jewish Committee announced that the Government had decided to reopen all the Jewish schools which had been closed under the Averescu regime, to annul a regulation of that Govern- ment forbidding Jewish schools to close on Saturday, and to excuse Jewish pupils in public schools from writing on Saturday. In all municipal councils elected since the advent of the new Government Jews had been included, and a number of the Councils had made provisions for contributing to schools maintained by the Jewish communities. Communal events centered around organization. A conference at Cernauti (Czernowitz), Bukowina, in May last, decided to form a Jewish National Federation for Bukowina, preliminary to the creation of a general federation for the entire country. Later a conference of Jewish leaders from various parts of the country decided to form a nation-wide union for communal cooperation. Probably the outstanding event of Jewish interest io POLAND during the past year was the change in the political attitude of the Jewish population. Whereas, in former years most of the Jewish voters supported the candidates of the ticket placed in the field by the minorities bloc, this was not the case in the elections for the Sejm held last March. The Jews were split up into no less than eight factions. In addition several of the National parties placed Jewish candidates on their lists. The Agudath Israel, orthodox organization, gave its support to the Government party; the Zionists of East Galicia put up their own ticket. As a result, the number of Jewish representatives returned to the Sejm at the recent elections was half of the number in the preceding Parliament, and not all the Jewish deputies support the same policy. At the present time, even those deputies who have joined in forming a Jewish bloc are in disagreement as to their attitude toward the Government, some favoring union with the opposition Darties and others favoring an independent attitude REVIEW OF THE YEAR 5688 47

The former group point out that the Government has not realized the hopes which the Jewish population had placed in it. In a speech in the Sejm, last April, Senator David Schreiber expressed this view. "Unfortunately," he said, "we have been disillusioned. The Tsarist restrictions against Jews still apply in Poland. The compulsory Sunday closing law and other injustices against the Jews have not been removed, and no account has been taken either of the economic or the national demands of the Jews. We ask for the realization of the just Jewish demands and then we Jews will from all points of view take up our stand in support of the Government." The political condition of the Jews of Poland has nevertheless improved during the year. Incomplete figures covering about half the country show that, at the municipal elections in August, 1927, of the 1597 municipal councillors elected in 68 towns, 540 were Jews. Before the opening of the scholastic year 1927-1928, the Government issued a circular against the continuance of the illegal numerus clausus which was still in force in some of the Universities. In Octo- ber, 1927, announcement was made that a Department of Jewish Studies is to be created at the College of Philosophy of the University of Warsaw for the purpose of training teachers for the religious instruction of Jewish pupils in the state high schools. In January last, the Yiddish schools in Warsaw were given the status of public schools, and the Education Commission of that city voted to increase considerably the public allotment for the support of these schools. The threatened withdrawal from Jewish hands of monopoly concessions which was scheduled to go into effect on January 1, 1928, was put off to July 1. At the present writing there are no reports as to whether it will actually go into effect on that date. In regard to Shehitah, an agitation against this practice was begun at the beginning of 1928 by a newspaper which was supported by a number of Polish organizations. The Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals submitted a memorandum on the subject to the Minister of the Interior. The National Organization of Polish Women decided to call a conference on the subject. The belief was prevalent among the Jewish population that the agitation was instigated by 48 AMERICAN JEWISH-YEAR BOOK elements which desired to oust Jewish merchants and workers from the meat industry. This view was partially borne out by the fact that a memorandum asking the Government to prohibit Shehitah was presented by the Guild of Polish Butchers. It is said that the suggestion is supported by the Ministry of Agriculture, but opposed by the Ministries of the Interior and of Public Worship and Education. In the city of Warsaw, notwithstanding the vigorous opposition of Jewish municipal councillors, an inquiry into the advisability of compulsory stunning of animals before slaughtering was decided upon. Except for a few incidents, Poland was practically free from anti-Jewish disturbances during the past year. Polish students of the University of Lemborg staged a demonstration in March after the results of the elections became known, and it was found that two of the four deputies sent to Parlia- ment from Eastern Galicia were Jews. The police, however, took drastic measures and arrested many of the rioters. In the preceding summer, there had been anti-Jew riots in Lemborg, apparently an echo of similar incidents then taking place in Roumania. Jewish leaders, however, expressed satisfaction with the attitude of the police during the disorders. In December, the Warsaw Technical Institute was forced to suspend lectures for a time because a group of the students declared a one-day strike after the Minister of Education had refused to approve an amendment to the by-laws of the student organization, providing for the exclusion of Jews from membership. When the students rejected the Minis- ter's ruling, he ordered the organization dissolved; a strike followed and was answered by the closing of the school. While there were no cases of desecration of Jewish cemeteries, the Jews of Stargard, Pomerania, were thrown into a panic in August, 1927, when a Protestant cemetery in that city was damaged and a rumor was started that the act of vandalism had been perpetrated by Jews in revenge for the desecration of Jewish cemeteries in Germany. Fortunately, however, the police succeeded in apprehending the culprit who proved to be a Christian. The economic situation of the Jewish in Poland continued to be unfavorable during the past year. There was a sensa- REVIEW OF THE YEAR 5688 49 tional report in the spring of 1927 that in Bialystok a number parents had advertised that they were prepared to sell some of their children in order to provide food for the others. It was also reported that in order to provide their children with the necessaries of life some parents were sending their children to missionary homes. A new trade law, which went into effect early in the present year, complicated the situation of Jewish artisans. The law requires that artisans who wish to establish their own shops pass an examination, eligibility for which requires a three- year apprenticeship, which, in turn, is not open to those who have not completed a three years' course in a trade school. The Government, it is true, established a number of trade schools, but their limited capacity and the fact that they employ Polish as the language of instruction, have been keeping many Jews away. The Joint Distribution Com- mittee at the request of the Polish ORT, is at present making a study of the subject with a view to determining the advisability of supplementing the Government schools with Jewish schools. Some relief from the hardships imposed by the compulsory Sunday Rest Law was granted to some sections of Polish Jewry, and the Government in the spring of 1927 decided to permit small traders and artisans who employ no help to engage in their business for several hours on Sundays. During July last, the Joint Distribution Committee reported that during the year 1927, over a milllion Polish Jews had benefitted by the credit institutions which had been established with the support of the committee. A total of 874 of such institutions were then in existence. These loan Kassas are situated in cities and towns having together 80% of the Jewish population of the country. In communal affairs the year was made noteworthy by the failure of the Warsaw Kehillah to agree on a budget for the Jewish schools. The Board was split into three factions, some opposing any allotment to the Hedarim, some being against supporting the Tarbuth schools in which Hebrew is the language of instruction, and the third faction being opposed to the Yiddish schools maintained principally by the labor elements. The Government was appealed to to settle the dispute. 50 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK In March, 1928, the President of Poland issued a decree in connection with the communal organization of the Jews of Poland. According to this decree the Supreme Council of this organization is to consist of 63 members, 34 of whom are to be laymen, and 17 rabbis, to be elected by the communities; the remainder, 8 laymen and 4 rabbis, are to be appointed by the Government. In May last, the Jews in Polish Silesia organized a Union of Democratic Jews to protect Jewish interests in the religious, cultural, economical and political fields, and to combat anti-Semitism. In RUSSIA, three important questions engaged the attention of the Jewish population, viz., (1) agricultural colonization, (2) urban industrialization and (3) the growth of anti- Semitism. Insofar as agricultural colonization is concerned, it may be noted that August 30, 1928 will mark the completion of four years of activity in this direction by the Government. According to a report rendered to the Constructive Relief Conference, held in Chicago last October, by Dr. Joseph Rosen, agent of the American Jewish Joint Agricultural Corporation, up to that time there had been settled on the land a total of 35,000 Jewish families; the total area occupied by these colonists being approximately 800,000 acres. During the past year this work has been continued and, as was mentioned above under United States, an endeavor is being made to raise sufficient funds to continue it for the next ten years. During the year, the Government decided to utilize a part of Siberia for agricultural colonization by Jews. This region is known as Bureya. After it had been made ready, a group of Jewish colonists were transported to the region. The American Agro-Joint as has been announced, will not participate in this enterprise. Reports which were received in May indicate that much damage was caused to crops in some of the Jewish colonies by storms; the Crimea colonies were, however, not seriously affected. Demands that the Government help in the industrialization of Jews who were without work, were made by representatives of Jewish Organizations during the year. The wretched condition of thousands of Jewish artisans gave rise to this demand. In August, 1927, Central Executive Com- REVIEW OF THE YEAR 5688 51 mittee decided that the Comzet, the Government department originally charged with the supervision of the work of settling Jews on the land, include in its activities steps to further the industrialization of the Jewish masses. In the spring of 1928 the Ukranian Soviet ordered the local Soviets in a number of places to take vigorous measures to combat the unemployment in those districts, mainly among the Jew- ish population, by providing the unemployed with implements and tools and undertaking public works on which they may be employed. These Soviets were directed also to increase the subsidies being given to Jewish technical and trade schools. The Russian press gave a great deal of attention during the past year to indications that anti-Semitism was spreading among the workers and even members of the Communist Party. The newspapers gave full publicity to numerous instances of persecution of Jewish workers by their comrades and warned readers that anti-Semitism would hurt the cause of the revolution. The Government encouraged the publication of books and leaflets condemning anti-Semitism, and a number of persons charged with molesting Jews were brought to trial. The anti-Semitic epidemic spread even to the children in schools and several cases are on record of the cruel maltreatment of Jewish pupils by their non-Jewish school- mates. Indications are that the Government looks on this phenomenon as one of its most serious problems. The anti-religious activities of the Jewish section of the Communist party continued during the year, but on a much smaller scale than heretofore. The rabbis vigorously com- batted this propaganda, especially the anti-Passover campaign during the past spring, when it was reported that matzoth was sold in great quantities in the Ukraine. Travel- ing rabbis and preachers openly protested against the attempt to suppress the celebration of the Passover. The traditional collections to aid poor Jewish families in celebrating the festival were carried on openly in White Russian and Uk- rainian towns. In Moscow, the synagogues were crowded during the Passover services and half a million pounds of matzoth were sold. The Jewish communists were also very much disturbed by the wide distribution of Jewish religious books in Russia. 52 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK

In an editorial published recently, the Yiddish Communist Daily, Ernes, asks why the Government printing plant has published 85,000 copies of religious books, including prayer books, Pentateuchs, and manuals for women and children, for a single Jewish bookseller in Bobruisk, and demands that an investigation be made as to why a Jewish publisher in Berdichev was permitted by the Ukranian Government to print similar books of which he sold 100,000 during 1927.

C. PALESTINE The following is a summary of the most important facts regarding Palestine contained in the report of Dr. Weitz- mann, President of the World Zionist Organization, submitted in June last to Lord Plumer, British High Commissioner of Palestine, for transmittal to the permanent Mandates Com- mission of the League of Nations. Only 2,713 immigrants entered Palestine during 1927. The decline was a direct result of the economic depression during that year. At the same time there was considerable emigration of Jews from Palestine. This totalled 5,073 in 1927 as compared with 7,365 in 1926, when the economic depression began; the net Jewish immigration during 1927 was therefore, 2,360. Sixty-three percent of the immigrants had resided in Palestine for less than two years, and another twenty-four percent had resided in the country for three years or less. As for unemployment, this continued to present a serious problem during 1927. The average number of unemployed was 7,150. At the end of the year there were 6,361 unemployed on the register of the Jewish Labor Federation. By March, 1928, however, the unemployment had decreased to such an extent that direct relief was being paid to only 2,750 persons (as compared to 5,000 in 1927), and early in April it was found possible to absorb the remaining unemployed workmen and to suspend entirely the payment of doles, in spite of the fact that during the first three months of 1928 immigration again began to exceed emigration. The Zionist Organization spent during 1927, a total £150,000 on unemployment relief; the Labor Federation imposed on those of its members who had employment a tax which brought in REVIEW OF THE YEAR 5688 53 over £30,000, which were used also for unemployment relief. It is to be noted that the Zionist Organization bore the entire burden of Jewish unemployment and that no Jew became a charge upon the public funds of Palestine. The economic depression did not vitally affect agricultural colonization. The older Keren Hayesod settlements covered eighty-five percent of their requirements from the proceeds of their own work, and only £8,000 had to be contributed for the support of these settlements as compared with £27,000 needed in 1926. An increase in the land devoted to citrus cultivation is marked in the settlements not under control of the Keren Hayesod. According to a census of the agricultural settlements made in April, 1927, by the Pales- tine Zionist Executive, there were at the time, 104 such settlements supporting a population of 30,500 souls on 1,000,000 dunams (about 250,000 acres) of land, with 11,521 head of cattle in addition to 4,567 draft animals. Urban development naturally was retarded by the economic depression, but towards the end of 1927 there were indications that change was about to take place; a fair amount of new building was begun. Industrial development was also retarded during the year, but in industry there are also signs of approaching revival. Several firms which were obliged to close down during 1926 reopened during 1927, and progress was reported in the textile, tanning, woodworking, metal working and printing industries. The year 1927 was marked by an appreciable increase in the export of manufactures to Syria, and three companies were formed for exporting Palestine manufactures to various Jewish communities in other countries. The government gave a stimulus to industry by exempting various raw materials from import duty. The Palestine Electric Company operating the so-called Rutenberg concession considerably extended the scope of its operations during 1927. Statistics of the workings of the company's power stations at Jaffa, Haifa, and Tiberias, show that during 1926-27 the company sold a total of over 2,000,000 kilowatt hours of current for power, residential and street lighting, and other purposes. There was not during 1927, as in 1926, any outbreak of typhoid fever; malaria however, was more frequent during 1927 and severely hit many of the agricultural settlements. 54 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK

During the year, 10,332 patrons were admitted to four Hadassah hospitals, in Jerusalem, Tel-Aviv, Haifa and Safed. More than 115,000 new patrons of all creeds were treated in the Hadassah clinics throughout the country. An important event in connection with public health, was the dedication of the Nathan and Lina Straus Health Center in Jerusalem on March 31, 1927, the gift of Nathan and Lina Straus of New York City, who have devoted the sum of $250,000 for this purpose. They have also offered to establish another health center in Tel-Aviv at the cost of $75,000. In the matter of education it is worth noting that at the beginning of the school year 1927-28, the total number of Jewish schools in Palestine was 275, having an enrollment of 26,537 pupils; 222 of these schools serving 18,611 pupils, are under the supervision of the Palestine Zionist Executive. In addition other Jewish schools are gradually accepting the supervision of that organization. Of the 222 schools under the supervision of the Educational Committee of the Zionist Organization, 111 are kindergartens, 97 are elementary schools, 4 are secondary schools, 3 are technical schools, 4 are teachers' seminaries and 3 are miscellaneous institutions. It is interesting in this connection to note that, for the year 1926-27, the government grant-in-aid for the Jewish schools maintained by the Zionist Organization was £14,870, almost double the grant in 1925-26, and almost seven times as much as was granted in 1924-25; for the year 1927-28 the sum of £19,603 has been allocated by the government for this purpose. During 1927 the work of the existing departments of the Hebrew University has been continued and preparations were undertaken for the establishment of new institutes, and for the erection of several new buildings. It should be noted here that early in 1928, the Board of Governors of the university decided to introduce under-graduate studies leading to the baccalaureate degree. The Jewish National and University Library had, on the first of December, 1927, a total of 173,111 volumes (137,000 works). Of this number 57,700 books were Hebraica and Judaica. The increase in the library during the year was approximately 36,000 volumes. The promulgation of the Religious Communities Organi- zation Ordinance in 1926 was followed in 1927 by the publi1 REVIEW OF THE YEAR 5688 55 cation of draft regulations for the organization of the Jewish community. These regulations provide for three bodies representative of the Jewish community: (1) Rabbinical Council, (2) the Elected Assembly, and (3) the General Council; these are empowered in their several spheres to conduct the internal affairs of the community and to levy taxes on its members for education, poor relief, care of the sick, and other communal services. Steps are now being taken by the existing National Council for the election of the first Elective Assembly in accordance with the regulations. Contributions to the Palestine Foundation Fund during the year ending September, 1927, reached the total of £883,616. The Jewish National Fund receipts during 1926- 27 totaled £289,000.

APPENDIX THE REPORT OF THE JOINT PALESTINE SURVEY COMMISSION

NOTE: At the time of going to press, there was not at hand a complete official copy of the report of the Joint Palestine Survey Commission. This was presented in two parts,—the first containing the findings of fact; the second, containing the recommendations of the Commission based upon these findings and the reports of the experts. Below are given (1) a brief abstract of the first part of the report and (2) the full text of the second part and the conclusion. Both the abstract and the text are reprinted from the New Judaea, London, of June 29, 1928.

1. ABSTRACT OF PART ONE Jews constitute not more than 18 per cent of the population of Pales- tine. They occupy a comparatively small fraction of its territory. Moslems and Christians occupy the greater part of the land and constitute the preponderating majority of the people. A considerable part of the country has not been developed to the extent that its economic welfare and the health and comfort of its inhabitants require. Large tracts of land consist of swamps and marshes which should be drained in order to assure safe sanitary conditions. The highway system which is necessary for effective transportation is still in its incipient stages. Little is known as to the subterranean water supply. The land is practically without forests, and it is evident that in many other respects the absence of necessary Public Works constitute an obstacle to the attain- ment of that degree of progress which is essential to the growth of the country. To a substantial extent the Palestine Zionist Executive has employed its funds in carrying out projects with which in fact it is not equitably chargeable. They benefit the entire country and in a sense have con- 56 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK stituted the performance of what are State functions and obligations as distinguished from those not pertaining to the administration of public affairs. In most countries the protection of the public health, the promotion of education, the construction of highways and the drainage of large areas, are regarded as Governmental functions. The expense incident to the reasonable exercise of these functions should be borne not by a part but by all the people of the country to be met by means of a just system of taxation—and not merely by a portion of the people. So far as the public health is concerned, the establishment and maintenance of effective methods of sanitation are clearly not the business of a comparatively small fraction of the population. The prevention of disease and of epidemics benefits all. The elimination of malaria, for instance, regarded even from an economic standpoint, adds to the efficiency of every single individual. The enforcement of vaccination, the prevention of trachoma, tuberculosis and other similar ailments, safe- guards every dweller in the land. The ascertainment by a proper hydrographic survey of the surface and subterranean water resources of the country, their protection from defilement and waste, and the planting and protection of forests, of necessity benefit all because they tend to add to the public wealth and eventually would add to the revenues of the country. The advantages of education are incapable of exaggeration, yet thus far the Government of Palestine has contributed comparatively little to the Jewish schools. It cannot be expected that the Government should defray the entire cost of education, but so long as reasonable standards established by it are observed in the schools, the expense of elementary education should be adequately subventioned by the Government. This does not mean that it should have any concern with religious, secondary, technical or special lines of education. We refer merely to the most fundamental phases of it. If any part of the people desires to supplement sanitation or hospitalisation or education, the expense attendant upon such further kinds of health and educational work should be borne by those desiring such supplementation. This brings us to a consideration of the powers and duties of the Palestine Government as laid down in the Mandate of July 24th, 1922, whereby His Britannic Majesty's Government became the Mandatory for Palestine. By Article 1 of that historic document, the Mandatory was given full powers of legislation and administration save as limited in the terms of the Mandate. By Article 2 the Mandatory was made responsible for "placing the country under such administrative and economic conditions as would secure the establishment of the Jewish National Home" as laid down in the Preamble of the Mandate, which recites the terms of the Balfour Declaration. By the same Article, the Mandatory was made responsible for the development of self-governing institutions and also for safe- guarding the civil and religious rights of all the inhabitants irrespective of race and creed. By Article 4 the Jewish Agency was recognised "for the purpose of advising and co-operating with the Administration of Palestine in such REVIEW OF THE YEAR 5688 57 economic, social and other matters as may affect the establishment of the Jewish National Home and the interests of the Jewish population in Palestine, and, subject always to the control of the Administration, to assist and take part in the development of the country." This merely speaks of co-operation and assistance but does not impose upon the Jews burdens which should be borne alike by all the inhabitants of Palestine, nor does it amount to an assumption by the Jewish Agency, nor the right by it to assume the functions pertaining to the Palestine Government. Article II provides that "the Administration of Palestine shall take all necessary measures to safeguard the interests of the community in connection with the development of the country, and, subject to any international obligations accepted by the Mandatory, shall have full power to provide for public ownership or control of any of the natural resources of the country or of the public works, services and utilities established or to be established therein. It shall introduce a land system appropriate to the needs of the country, having regard, among other things, to the desirability of promoting the close settlement and inten- sive cultivation of the land." This provision recognises, we submit, the obligations of the Government to the extent that we are claiming. By the second paragraph of Article 11 the Administration is permitted to arrange with the Jewish Agency for it to construct and operate, upon fair and equitable terms, any public works, services and utilities, and to develop any of the natural resources of the country, in so far as these matters are not directly undertaken by the Administration. That, however, does not imply that the cost of such construction, operation and development is to be borne exclusively by the Jewish Agency. At all events if fair and equitable terms with the Jewish Agency cannot be agreed upon, it does not absolve the Government from constructing and operating such public works, services and utilities and to develop such natural resources as are necessary for the general welfare. Again in Article 18 it is declared: "Subject as aforesaid and to the other provisions of this Mandate, the Administration of Palestine may, on the advice of the Mandatory, impose such taxes and Customs duties as it may consider necessary, and take such steps as it may think best to promote the development of the natural resources of the country and to safeguard the interests of the population." Here again we find recognition of the principle which we are seeking to elucidate, narriely, that the Jewish Agency should not be expected to meet the obligations which rest on the Palestine Government. Further support of this idea is afforded by the White Paper of June, 1922, and especially of the letter of the Colonial Office to the Zionist Organisation of June 3rd, 1922, with the accompanying enclosure setting forth the British policy in Palestine, and the communication of the Zionist Organisation to the Colonial Office of June 18th, 1922, giving assurance that the activities of the Zionist Organisation would be in conformity with the policy mentioned. So, too, the correspondence of the Colonial Office with the High Commissioner of Palestine with respect to the proposed formation of an Arab Agency presented to Parliament by command of His Majesty in November, 1923, strongly fortifies this interpretation. 58 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK

Throughout these documents stress is laid on the fact that the Pales- tine Government was to be conducted as one affecting all the people, and that neither the Jewish Agency nor the contemplated Arab Agency was to undertake obligations and burdens which of right belong to the entire population represented by the Palestine Government. In this connection we venture to refer to the subject of taxation and the registration of land titles. It is rather startling to learn that to a great extent there has been no adequate provision for the settlement and registration of titles. Recently an Ordinance has been promulgated dealing with lands in villages. Until the titles of rural properties are finally settled there will necessarily arise confusion and litigation, and the owners of agricultural land will be hampered in their efforts to bor- row money secured by mortgages on their land because of the possible insecurity of the titles. Although these difficulties are recognised the land survey undertaken is far from completion. Such a survey necessarily constitutes the first step toward the adoption of a system looking to the quieting of titles and their registration. The expense of such a survey is, of course, borne by the Government. The early completion would advance land development. The facilitation of the acquisition and the disposition of land, conforms with public policy. The laws and the methods of taxation which are now in force are recognised to be archaic and inequitable. They discriminate in favour of those lands which are not cultivated, and which are therefore unpro- ductive, and penalise the industry and enterprise of those who add to the productivity of the soil and to the prosperity of the country. In most countries where land taxation prevails, it is upon the basis of the fair value of the land, whether it be cultivated or not, or whether the methods of husbandry be good or bad. The actual value of the land is, as it should be, the controlling factor. Any other policy obstructs the economic development of the country. It is hoped, therefore, that a fiscal policy may soon be adopted which will tend to equalisation in taxation upon a reasonable basis. In recent years the products of the Palestinian soil have largely increased and there are gratifying possibilities of further increase. The vineyards and the tobacco fields give promise of good financial returns were it possible to export into the British Empire the wine and other liquors produced from the grapes as well as tobacco both in its raw and in its manufactured state, at reduced customs rates. The home market, confined as it is to local consumption, can absorb only a small part of the production. Foreign markets are, therefore, essential to the profitable development of this industry. There is an encouraging demand for these products in Great Britain. A serious difficulty, however, is encountered in the Laws regulating imports into the territory of the Mandatory Government, and subject the Palestinian producer and his infant industry to destructive competition. If these products were afforded the advantage of Imperial Preference, there would be an encouragement to those who are investing their capital and devoting their labour in this promising field of what may be called the Palestinian agricultural industry. It would add to the wealth of Palestine and thereby enable it to expand in many directions. In view of the comparatively large imports REVIEW OF THE YEAR 5688 59 it is desirable that they be counterbalanced so far as practicable by the volume of exports. The power to grant Imperial Preference has been questioned on the theory that the so-called Most Favoured Nation Clauses contained in various Treaties of the Imperial Government stand in the way. It would seem, however, that these Clauses are inapplicable to Palestine. They refer to "other" Foreign States or Nations or Countries or Powers, but Palestine does not properly come within any of these designations. It is not in reality "foreign." The language of the Clauses in question cannot properly be stretched so as to apply to Palestine over which His Britannic Majesty's Government is the Mandatory. The relations created by the Mandate are of the most intimate character. Although Palestine is not constituted British territory and cannot be said to be a Protec- torate, yet its affairs are under the supervision of the British Colonial Office. While not, strictly speaking, a British Colony, nevertheless in some aspects it partakes of the character of a Colony. Comprehensive duties toward Palestine have been imposed upon the Mandatory by the Council of the League of Nations. By Article 2 of the Mandate, the Mandatory is made responsible for "placing the country under such political, administrative and economic conditions as will secure the establishment of the Jewish National Home.'' By Article 3 "the Mandatory, as far as circumstances permit, is to encourage local autonomy." By Article 5 the Mandatory is responsible "for seeing that no Pales- tine territory shall be ceded or leased to, or in any way placed under the control of, the Government of any foreign Power." By Article 9 the Mandatory is responsible "for seeing that the judicial system established in Palestine shall assure to foreigners as well as to natives, a complete guarantee of their rights." By Article 10 "pending the making of special extradition agreements relating to Palestine, the extradition treaties in force between the Man- datory and other foreign Powers shall apply to Palestine." By Article 12 the Mandatory is "entrusted with the control of the foreign relations of Palestine and the right to issue exequaturs to consuls appointed by foreign Powers. He shall also be entitled to afford diplomatic and consular protection to citizens of Palestine when outside its territorial limits." These among other provisions demonstrate that with the existence of so close a relationship between Palestine and the Mandatory the idea that they are foreign to one another is inconceivable, in fact it is implic- itly excluded. Consequently we submit that the Most Favoured Nations Clause would seem to be inapplicable. A further significant fact bearing on this point is that Imperial Prefer- ence has by Orders-in-Council been accorded to practically all other Mandated territories assigned to Great Britain with the sole exception of Iraq. Although there are differences between the three classes of Mandates created by the Covenant of the League of Nations, it is believed, so far as the matter now under consideration is concerned, that these differences are not material. The resolution adopted by the Per- manent Mandates Commission at its session in July, 1925, to the effect that the Council of the League of Nations "should recommend to the 60 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK

Mandatory Powers, and also to all States, whether members or not of the League of Nations, which have concluded special Treaties or Con- ventions with the Mandatory Power ... to extend the benefits of such Treaties or Conventions to mandated territories . . ." would indicate that, in the view of the Mandates Commission there is no distinction between the various types of mandated territories on the question of "the well-being and development" of those territories (to use the phrase of Article 22 of the Covenant of the League of Nations) and that they are all to be treated on an equality as virtually forming part of the Mandatory Power to which they are attached. But regardless of these considerations, the relations between Palestine and the Mandatory are of a special character which bring them outside of the purview of the Most Favoured Nations Clause as interpreted and applied in International Law. Various precedents have been called to our attention illustrative of this statement. Thus, France has applied the regime of tariff assimilation to Tunis, although the latter belongs to the non-assimilated group of the French protectorates, and its Govern- ment is carried on under the direction of the French Foreign Office and not—as in the case of Palestine by the British Colonial Office. The United States extended preferential tariffs to Hawaii before its annexa- tion. Portugal likewise granted such preference to Brazil, as did Cuba to various Latin-American States. There have likewise been instances of preferential practices in cases of territorial contiguity. A notable instance is to be found in the grant of a duty reduction of 20 per cent accorded by the United States to Cuba in 1903. Cuba was unquestionably a foreign State, yet the extraordinary circumstances which brought the United States and Cuba into relation with one another, and the moral obligations which the United States recognised as existing on its part towards Cuba, were considered a justification for this procedure in the face of the most favoured nation relations which the United States bore to other nations. The test of "extraordinary circumstances" as shaping the relations between two territories and as determining the interpretation of the treaty clauses under discussion may be said to have full scope between the Mandatory and Palestine. It is not likely that any other Nation would view the allowance of Imperial Preference by the Mandatory to Palestine as the grant of a "favour," according to the fair intendment of that word as employed in the clauses in the Treaties to which reference has been made. Even though such preference be not an absolute right, the conferring of it would be justified by considerations similar to those obtaining between a guardian and his ward.

PART TWO 2. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

I. PRELIMINARY STATEMENT In surveying the results of ten years' Jewish activity in Palestine due weight must be given to the special character of the problem which had to be dealt with. The unsettled condition of Palestine at the close REVIEW OF THE YEAR 5688 61 of the War and the political unrest which prevailed there were in themselves sufficient to make it necessary for both the Government of Pales- tine and for all colonising agencies to proceed cautiously. Until 1920 Palestine was governed as a country under military occupation. A civil administration under a British High Commissioner was established in July, 1920, and two years elapsed before the status of Palestine was regularised by the confirmation of the terms of the Mandate by the Council of the League of Nations. Throughout this period Palestine was disturbed by political agitation, which culminated in the Jaffa riots of May, 1921. Since then there has been no disturbance of the public peace, and the tension which had existed was gradually relaxed. The anti-Zionist agitation among the Arabs has practically ceased, largely because they realised that Jewish immigration, far from injuring them, has in many respects, in fact, been materially to their advantage. Never- theless, in appraising the work which has been done in Palestine it should be borne in mind that the country is one in which the great majority of the inhabitants are not Jewish. It was, moreover, a country which not only had been devastated by the War, but suffered from centuries of neglect. It was not without natural resources, but little or nothing had been made of them, and both time and money were required for their development. In the condition existing at the termination of the War, Palestine was not a promising field for colonisation, even had its area been more extensive and its soil more fertile. In important respects the problem with which the Zionist Organisa- tion had to deal was unusual. The Zionist Organisation was devoid of governmental powers. It did not possess a Government's resources of land or money. It relied solely upon voluntary contributions. That it was able to secure a fund averaging nearly £650,000 annually affords striking testimony to the devotion and the enthusiasm of its supporters. Most of the immigrants had little or no agricultural experience. Most of them came from countries in whic,h living conditions were altogether different from those prevalent in Palestine. They were, however, imbued by a lofty ideal. Due weight being given to these considerations, a broad survey of Jewish activities in Palestine since the close of the War leads to the general conclusion that the results may be regarded as hopeful for the future, though mistakes have been committed in the course of these years. Based upon the reports of the Experts and upon their own personal observations, the Commissioners have reached the following conclusions and make the following recommendations:—

II.—I IMMIGRATION 1. The immigration programme of the Palestine Zionist Executive has not always been prepared with due retard to actual facts and conditions. Conclusions of too sanguine a character have sometimes been drawn from temporary and abnormal demands for labour when they were not sufficient grounds for assuming that they would continue. While it is desirable to bring into Palestine as many immigrants as it 62 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK may reasonably absorb, it is clear that in the long run Jewish interests will be best subserved by a programme pursuant to which there shall always be maintained a reasonable balance between the number of immigrants admitted and the economic needs of the country. 2. It is suggested as regards the immigration of persons without means that the existing Government regulations, while generally satisfactory, might be amended so as to enable the Jewish Agency to submit proposals for the Labour Schedule three times instead of twice a year. The present period of six months is too long for the purpose of ascertaining the needs of the labour market. 3. A more thorough selection of individual immigrants than that which has hitherto prevailed, and more in consonance with the needs of the country, should be made. 4. As regards immigrants with means, the selection of such immigrants constitutes a responsibility which should not be assumed by the Palestine Offices of the Jewish Agency. Free play must be given to private enterprise. Immigrants should be given full and detailed information with regard to conditions prevailing in Palestine. To that end, the Jewish Agency should maintain an efficient information bureau which should be in constant communication with the Palestine Govern- ment and with the principal centres from which immigrants come. 5. Immigrants with means as prescribed by the Government regulations, and who are qualified to undertake industrial and commercial enterprises should be encouraged to settle in Palestine. 6. The Palestine Offices must bear a purely economic character, working under the direct orders and instructions of the Immigration Depart- ment of the Jewish Agency and independently of local politics, it being necessarily understood that these offices are to work in cooperation with the local Jewish Organisations. 7. Repayments by immigrants of all advances made to or for them should be enforced as speedily as they are able to make such repayments.

Ill.—AGRICULTURE 1. On the basis of the Experts' calculations, without allowing for the improvement of land through artificial fertilisation, and taking into account all of the cultivable land in Palestine, it would appear to be possible to sub-divide such land into 33,000 irrigated and 50,000 non- irrigated farms. Of this land, approximately 8 per cent is now in Jewish hands. 2. Until the Jewish Agency shall have in hand funds to proceed with the consolidation of all the existing colonies where such consolidation is deemed desirable, no new colonies shall be established. 3. The Commission regrets that the Palestine Government has not as yet found it practicable to take steps towards the facilitation of "close settlement of Jews on the land, including State lands and waste lands not required for public purposes," as contemplated by Article 6 of the Mandate. It takes note of the statement of the Government that the apportionment of State lands to Jewish settlers cannot take place until the cadastral survey of the country has been completed. It is believed, however, that it would be appropriate for the Jewish Agency to urge the REVIEW OF THE YEAR 5688 63

Government to adopt such measures as to render certain lands available for settlement even before the completion of the survey. 4. The importance of a systematic policy of afforestation throughout Palestine cannot be exaggerated. It would not only favourably influence the climate and afford protection to the water supply, but it would render it possible eventually to utilise the hill sections of the country which are not available for agriculture and thereby provide a new source of revenue. It is believed that the extension of such a policy is likewise a function of Government, and it is hoped that the Palestine Government will seriously consider this subject. 5. No progressive. colonisation of Palestine is practicable until a modification of the present system of taxation has been effected. The Commissioners are aware of the fact that the Government of Palestine have adopted as a temporary expedient a plan for the commutation of the tithe based on an average of five years' yield of the land. This, however, has been applied only to certain villages. Although this new system eliminates some of the major evils of the tithe, it will not prove satisfactory since taxation should be based not on the actual yield, but on the unimproved value of the property to be taxed. 6. It is desirable that the Government of Palestine shall stimulate the agricultural development of the country by exempting new agricultural enterprises from taxation for a period of five years, in conformity with the common practice that obtains in other parts of the world where encouragement of agricultural colonisation is sought. 7. Efforts should be made in the future to secure settlers who possess means of their own, in addition to those immigrants who, though without means, are specially qualified for agricultural settlements. (Chaluzim.) 8. It is desirable that before a colonist is settled upon land, the preparation of the holding should be carried to a point at which it is capable, by means of good husbandry, of providing him with a living from the beginning. This necessitates previous drainage of the land, provision made for water supply, in the case of irrigable land suitable irrigation works, the construction of such roads as are required for communication and connection with the nearest highways, and the preparation of the soil itself for the selected crops. This selection should be made on the basis of adequate scientific data, and the machinery and implements placed at the disposal of the colonist should be carefully adapted to actual requirements. 9. The Agricultural Colonisation Department should be re-organised and conducted by the Jewish Agency in such a manner as to secure competent business management and the application of sound economic principles in its administration. 10. In the opinion of the Experts the further establishment of communal settlements (Kvuzoth) is undesirable, but the equipment of existing settlements of this character should be completed. The Com- missioners concur in this opinion. As regards new colonies initiated • uring the past year, they believe that they should not be abandoned, but that necessary means be found to proceed with their equipment, provided their reorganisation can be effected so as to convert them into individualistic co-operative settlements (Moshavim) or for use as training centres. 64 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK

11. In view of past experience, unless new factors come to light, the further establishment of hill colonies should be abandoned. 12. The desirability of enabling settlers to become the actual owners of land is recognised. Under the present Articles of Association of the Jewish National Fund this seems to be precluded so far as its lands are concerned. It is recognised that there are instances where the settler will be unable to repay the entire cost of the land, because of inadequate returns. In such cases it may become necessary to continue the existing or a modified leasehold system by the Jewish National Fund. The Jewish Agency should, however, in addition to the lands now owned or hereafter acquired by the Jewish National Fund secure a land reserve free from similar restrictions. All land purchases should be preceded by thorough soil analyses and water surveys, and the price to be paid should not exceed the fair value of the land. 13. In the past more colonists have been settled in given areas than can reasonably be maintained thereon. It is important that this tendency be guarded against in future colonisation. There are existing colonies in which the holdings per family will have to be increased if the settlers are to become self-supporting. The needs of each individual colony in this respect present separate problems which should be dealt with on their merits and without delay. The problem is complicated, both in the case of existing colonies and of new colonisation, by the lack of reliable data concerning a number of material points, such as the water supply available for irrigation and the extent to which the productivity of the soil can be increased by the use of fertilisers. A hydrographic survey should, therefore, be made at an early date, and ^he practicability of artificial fertilisation should likewise be ascertained. The making of such a hydrographic survey seems to be a function of Government, because of the tremendous part which an adequate water supply plays in the future development of all Palestine. 14. Formal written contracts between the Jewish Agency and the individual settlers should be executed at once and without the intervention of any other body. In arriving at the amount which the settler is to repay, liberal allowances are to be made for the fact that the moneys advanced by the Palestine Zionist Executive, as the cost of settlement, were enhanced by causes for which the settler was not responsible. The amount to be repaid should be fixed at a sum at which the land can be profitably operated, due regard being had to the economic value of the land rather than the amount expended upon it by the Agency. The payments are to be made in instalments at times to be specified in the contract. Settlers who fail to meet these requirements are to be replaced by others who will. 1-5. The possibilities for Jewish settlement are limited by the supply of cultivable land in Palestine. It is therefore desirable that prompt investigations be made regarding the use of artificial fertilisers. This is of special importance in view of the fact that land prices have reached a very high figure. 16. The principle that outside labour of any kind shall not be employed by settlers, as now practised in the Zionist colonies, is indefensible if one has in mind the ultimate success of colonisation because, among other reasons, it results from such a system that at times when the fruits REVIEW OF THE YEAR 5688 65 of all the efforts expended by the colonist are at stake, he is unable to hire the necessary labour without which it will be impossible for him and his family to harvest his crop. Many of the difficulties sought to be obviated by the existing system might be met by inserting in the contract between the Colonisation Department and the settler of a clause whereby a minimal compensation is assured to hired labour. 17. The present unscientific use of water in parts of the citurs zone is already showing signs of lower water levels. In view of the importance of the citrus industry, regulations should be adopted and enforced for the proper use of water for irrigation purposes. 18. Zones for new settlement should so far as practicable be located in areas suitable for the growing of specialty export crops, with due regard to the general agricultural needs of the country. 19. The co-operative purchase of materials and supplies required by the settlers and the co-operative marketing of produce are regarded as conducive to the creation of better conditions both economic and social. Such a system must, however, be administered by an organisation or body uninfluenced by social theories. 20. The co-ordination of the activities of the various bodies engaged in agricultural research and extension work is of primary Importance in order that the planning of research activities for a number of years in advance should become practicable, and for the further purpose that a system of instruction and unification of the curriculum in agricultural schools may be brought about. The present over-lapping would thus be eliminated. To this end, a Board should be constituted, upon which should be represented: (a) The Government Department of Agriculture; (b) The Department of Agricultural Colonisation of the Jewish Agency; (c) P.I.C.A., and Mikweh Israel; id) The Hebrew University. 21. No subject is of more importance than that of the marketing of the products of the colonists. This calls for careful investigation and involves the adoption and maintenance of high standards of quality, proper attention to the problem of shipment and transportation, and the creation of an agency which will facilitate the handling and sale of such products. 22. The extension of the facilities of the Experimental Station to further the solution of practical problems in horticulture is indicated. Advantages would accrue to the Station and the Colonisation Depart- ment from maintaining close contact with the Hebrew University to accomplish this end.

IV.—INDUSTRY 1. The encouragement of industry should not in any sense be regarded as a matter of subordinate importance. While it is essential that the work of agricultural colonisation should be continued and intensified, there is also room in Palestine for industrial development. Of the entire population of Palestine about sixty-five per cent lives on the land, so that taking the country as a whole, from the point of view of consump- 66 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK tion it cannot be said that the urban population is disproportionately large. 2. Steps should be taken towards the establishment in London and New York of a Palestine commercial and tourist bureau. The Jewish Agency should offer its co-operation to the Government of Palestine in this matter and the support of the P.I.C.A., Chambers of Commerce. Banks and principal producers should be enlisted. 3. In Palestine, as in other new countries, it is essential that industries should enjoy some measure of protection in their infancy. The effect of the revised Customs Tariff which has recently been promulgated is to give protection to certain local industries. It is not suggested that protective duties should be levied indiscriminately. Every case should be considered on its merits in accordance with a well-considered policy. The judicious use of tariffs for the encouragement of industries having a reasonable prospect of establishing themselves on a self-supporting basis, will have a beneficial effect on the conditions of life in Palestine, and will be to the advantage of the population as a whole. 4. Bound up with the question of tariffs is that of Customs Agree- ments with neighbouring countries. Article 18 of the Mandate provides that:— "The Mandatory shall see that there is no discrimination in Palestine against the nationals of any State Member of the League of Nations (including companies incorporated under its laws) as compared with those of the Mandatory or of any foreign State in matters concerning taxation, commerce and navigation." The same Article states that the Administration of Palestine may:— "On the advice of the Mandatory, conclude a special Customs Agreement with any State the territory of which in 1914 was wholly included in Asiatic Turkey or Arabia." There would, therefore, appear to be nothing to prevent the Palestine Government from concluding Customs Agreements with Syria, Iraq, Hejaz and Turkey. Customs Agreements with these neighbouring countries are of special importance since they constitute the natural markets for Palestinian exports. A Customs Agreement approximating free trade between Palestine and Syria was, in fact, negotiated in 1921, but it is understood that this Agreement is not to be persisted in. If such agreements are to serve a useful purpose, it is essential that there should be no sudden changes, since new industries cannot be expected to make headway if they are exposed to the risk of abrupt alterations in the conditions under which they have been established. 5. In view of the complicated problems involved in the use of protective duties, and the importance of ensuring that tariffs shall take into consideration the interests alike of industry, revenue and the consuming public, it would seem desirable for the Palestine Government to establish a special Tariff Board charged with the duty of laying down and applying definite principles of fiscal policy. 6. The existing railway tariffs in Palestine are not sufficiently flexible, and neither favour the local manufacturer as against the importer nor encourage export trade. It is suggested that the Government of Palestine consider the feasibility of a general reduction of freight rates, and in REVIEW OF THE YEAR 5688 67 particular of the introduction of a special freight tariff on goods for export. 7. The co-ordination of transport facilities is assuming increasing importance, more especially in view of the harbour projects in contem- plation. The establishment of a Transport Board by the Palestine Government is therefore deemed an urgent necessity. 8. The development of home industries is of substantial importance. Certain sections of the Jewish population—notably the Yemenites— are well adapted for this occupation. Such industries would not only cater for tourist traffic, but in view of the sentimental appeal of Palestine, are likely to open remunerative markets abroad. By this means a considerable number of Jewish workers in the towns could find employment outside of factories. 9. A co-ordinated effort between the Government of Palestine and the Jewish Agency should be initiated for the establishment of a bureau which would advise prospective immigrants as to the advisability of transferring their existing plants to Palestine, or establishing new industries there. Of such a bureau there should be represented:— (a) The Government of Palestine; (b) The Jewish Agency; (c) The Chambers of Commerce; (d) The Economic Board for Palestine; («) Banks; (/) Palestine Manufacturers' Association, (g) Jewish Labour Federation. 10. It is highly desirable as a source of revenue to provide adequate hotel facilities for the ever-increasing number of tourists.

V. EDUCATION. 1. It is the function of the Government to furnish minimum secular education to every child whose parents demand such instruction and grants should be made by the Government to such non-Governmental schools, as comply with such minimum requirements as shall be laid down officially; the grant should be based upon the proportion of children attending school. 2. The present system whereby the grant-in-aid is paid to the Jewish Agency for further distribution is satisfactory, since it guarantees the maintenance of proper standards. The Jewish Agency will doubtless desire to supplement the Government grant.

VI. PUBLIC HEALTH 1. A larger share of responsibility than hitherto with regard to Public Health should be borne by the Government. Such functions as vaccination, the suppression of epidemics, the control of contagious diseases, drainage and improvements in the quarantine service constitute direct duties of Government. 2. It is desirable that grants-in-aid be extended to private hospitals upon the basis of the number of days of free treatment provided in them. 68 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK

The Jewish Agency will doubtless desire to supplement these subventions in order to maintain standards regarded by them as essential. 3. The medical and health work conducted under Jewish auspices should be co-ordinated and consolidated. It is probable that Hadassah is the logical organisation to undertake this co-ordination. 4. The Kupath-Cholim (Sick Fund of the Workmen's Labour Federa- tion) should limit its activities to the task which it had primarily set for itself, namely, workmen's insurance, sick benefits and care of convales- cents, turning over to the Health Department of the Jewish Agency its other medical and health activities. It is proper that the reorganised Kupath-Cholim be maintained since it has been instrumental in teaching sound principles of self-help and self-government. 5. Every effort should be made to co-ordinate the activities of the private hospitals in Palestine in order to maintain a harmoniously working system. This may involve the formation of a Central Hospital Board and the consolidation of a number of institutions.

VII. LABOUR. 1. The Commission sympathises with the aspirations of the workers to improve their social and economic condition and welcomes their realisation. 2. Whilst fully appreciating the achievements of organisations representative of the workers in the direction of agriculture, immigration, health services and cultural activities, it is believed that the acceptance of the principle that industry and agriculture must be established upon an economic basis including an equitable return on capital invested, is a necessary preliminary to the progressive increase in the standards of living which it is desired to establish. 3. The Jewish community should establish conciliation machinery in order to eliminate the losses incurred by disputes in industry and agriculture. Such conciliation machinery could be best established by the creation of a council consisting on the one side of representatives of em- ployers in industry and agriculture, and on the other side of representatives of organisations of the workers in equal numbers. All matters in industry or agriculture tending to lead to labour disputes, and such disputes which may already occur should be referred to this council on the application of either side in the dispute, and the council should make every endeavour to effect a settlement by conciliation, provided that in its opinion the matters at issue are sufficiently important to merit consideration. The services of an impartial chairman should be availed of where required. 4. Co-operative organisations of producers and consumers, as well as organisations of the workers should be encouraged. Such organisations should be founded on sound business principles, and not according to doctrinaire theories.

VIII. FINANCE. 1. In view of the lapse of time which will inevitably precede the establishment of the enlarged Jewish Agency and the introduction of the recommendations of the Joint Palestine Survey Commission, every effort REVIEW OF THE YEAR 5688 69 must be made to strengthen the position of the existing Zionist funds (Keren Hayesod and Keren Kayemeth) during the period of transition, so that the constructive activities and consolidation work will not suffer. 2. The minimum annual budget beginning with the fiscal year 1929-30 will roughly be £1,000,000. This total has been reached in the following manner:— (a) New colonisation after consolidation of existing settlements—expenditure is to be made only against contracts specifying repayments in due course—not less than £250,000 (b) Consolidation of financial and co-operative institutions and to • improve shipping and marketing facilities : 100,000 (c) Additional land purchases (such purchases to be made only when land can be obtained at fair market value) 200,000 (d) Loans to newly established farmers 50,000 (Items (a), (b), (c), and (d) will be eventually recovered.) (e) Elementary education—in addition to Government grants-in-aid, university, technical, secondary and religious education 120,000 {/) Training of immigrants and assistance to labour.... 50,000 (g) Consolidation of and subventions to hospitals 100,000 (h) Administrative budget of Jewish Agency, and its funds 50,000 (t) Miscellaneous 50,000 Total £1,000,000 The above budget has been composed on the assumption that the Government will appropriate sufficient moneys to provide for objects which, in our opinion, are of governmental character, and that the Jew- ish Agency will exercise strict economies in collection and administration expenditure. It is not too much to expect that the United States, with the establishment of the Jewish Agency, will raise a minimum of $3,000,000 annually for five years; and that an equal amount will be raised by all other countries contributing to Palestine funds.

It follows from the conclusions which the Commission have drawn, and the expert investigations, that the future and continuous development of the homeland in Palestine must primarily depend on the funds available for this purpose. The present budget of the Keren Hayesod scarcely suffices to maintain existing services and to carry out the necessary consolidation of the already acquired possession and the economic development of the schemes already in existence. It is evident that, until more funds are forthcoming, for the present no new enterprises can be undertaken. The Commissioners, however, feel very strongly that a policy which does not allow of further development and the acquisition of new terri- 70 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK

tory, the founding of new colonies, and the initiation of broader schemes of great importance to the economic life of the country, must be considered entirely unsatisfactory, and one not acceptable the Jewish community as a whole for the carrying out of its duty and obligations. They consider a minimum budget of £1,000,000 a year should be aimed at. They believe that this amount can and should be raised. If there were such a budget the solution of the difficulties attending the establishment of a National Home in Palestine and its maintenance over a number of years, could be proceeded with and brought to a satisfactory conclusion. They wish, however, to emphasise the necessity for strict economy and the best utilisation of the funds to be provided, for the reorganisation of methods which they have concluded to be necessary, and the frank acceptance of the Jewish Agency on the lines which have been discussed. If these conditions are complied with, the Commissioners appeal to the entire Jewish world to make the necessary sacrifices to establish an ideal which will prove a just source of pride and satisfaction to all members of the community, and will be regarded by the world as a worthy effort on behalf of Jewry for the re-establishment of the country of their origin. The Commissioners themselves undertake to use their own personal endeavours towards the success of the appeal which they are putting forward with a confident hope of success.

MELCHETT LEE K. FRANKEL FELIX M. WARBURG OSCAR WASSERMANN London, June 18th, 1928. APPENDICES

NOTE: The following are selected as the most important among the items of these groups, complete lists of which will be contained in the SUMMARY OF EVENTS OF JEWISH INTEREST, being compiled by the Statistical Department of the American Jewish Committee. i I. ANNIVERSARIES AND CELEBRATIONS UNITED STATES September 3, 1927. Sacramento, Cal.: Celebration of seventy-fifth anniversary of founding of TEMPLE B'NAI ISRAEL. December 3, 1927. New York City: Celebration of seventy-fifth anniversary of organization of the HARMONIE CLUB. December 19, 1927. Chicago, 111.: Celebration of seventh-fifth anniversary of the birth of ALBERT A. MICHELSON. March 4, 1928. Philadelphia, Pa.: Celebration of ninetieth anniversary of founding of the HEBREW SUNDAY SCHOOL SOCIETY. March 11, 1928. New York City: Celebration of seventieth anniversary of the birth of ADOLPH S. OCHS. March 11, 1928. New York City: Celebration of ninetieth anniversary of founding of SHAARE ZEDEK CONGREGATION. March 25, 1928. New York City: Celebration of seventy-fifth anniversary of founding of MOUNT SINAI HOSPITAL. April 8-10, 1927. Montgomery, Ala.: Celebration of seventy-fifth anniversary of founding of KAHL MONTGOMERY. April 27, 1928. New Orleans, La.: Celebration of one hundredth anniversary of founding of TOURO SYNAGOGUE. May 11, 1928. Cumberland, Md.: Celebration of seventy-fifth anniversary of founding of B'ER CHAYIM CONGREGATION. June 6, 1928. Yonkers, N. Y.: Celebration of seventieth anniversary of the birth of SAMUEL UNTERMEYER. BRITISH EMPIRE June 6, 1927. London: Celebration of seventieth anniversary of the birth of CLAUDE G. MONTEFIORE. January, 1928. Great Britain: Celebration of seventy-fifth anniversary of the birth of RABBI SIR HERMANN GOLLANCZ. CZECHOSLOVAKIA February 24, 1928. Prague: Celebration of eightieth anniversary of the birth of SIEGFRIED POPPER. DENMARK March 17, 1928. Copenhagen: Celebration of seventy-fifth anniversary of the birth of DAVID SIMONSON. 71 72 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK

GERMANY July 13, 1927. Berlin: Celebration of seventy-fifth anniversary of the birth of FRANZ OPPENHEIM. July 20, 1927. Berlin: Celebration of eightieth anniversary of the birth of MAX LIEBERMANN. April 14, 1928. Berlin: Celebration of seventieth anniversary of the birth of LEOPOLD BADT. May 17, 1928. Berlin: Celebration of seventieth anniversary of the birth of FELIX DEUTSCH. May 17, 1928. Berlin: Celebration of seventieth anniversary of the birth of MAGNUS HIRSCHFELD. NETHERLANDS December 19, 1927. The Hague: Celebration of seventieth anniversary of the birth of ERNST COHEN.

II. APPOINTMENTS, HONORS AND ELECTIONS UNITED STATES ADLER, SIMON L., Rochester, N. Y., appointed judge, United States District Court for Western New York, May, 1927. BAMBERGER, LOUIS, Newark, N. J., awarded by Newark Technical School, degree of Doctor of Science, June 17, 1927. BARON, SALO, New York City, appointed by Jewish Seminary of Breslau, Professor of Jewish History, May 11, 1928. BILLIKOPF, JACOB, awarded by the University of Richmond, degree of LL.D., June S, 1928. BLOCH, ERNEST, San Francisco, Cal., awarded by Musical America, music prize of $3000.00, June 8, 1928. BLUMENTHAL, GEORGE, New York City, appointed by the French Government, Commander of the Legion of Honor, December IS, 1927. BROWN, DAVID A., Detroit, Mich., awarded by the Hebrew Union College, honorary degree of Doctor of Hebrew Law, June 1, 1928. CARDOZO, BENJAMIN N., New York City, elected Trustee of Columbia University, March 9, 1928. CAYTON, NATHAN, Washington, D. C, appointed Judge of Municipal Court, May, 1927. FINESHRIBER, WILLIAM H., Philadelphia, Pa., awarded by Temple University, degree of Doctor of Divinity, June 16, 1927. FISHER, HARRY M., Chicago, 111., re-elected Judge of the Circuit Court, June 6, 1927. FLEXNER, ABRAHAM, New York City, appointed Rhodes Memorial Lecturer at Oxford for the academic year 1927-1928, November 19, 1927. FRANKEL, LEE K., New York City, awarded by the Hebrew Union College honorary degree of Doctor of Hebrew Law, June 1, 1928. FRIEDMAN, DAVID E., New York City, appointed Professor of Neu- rology and Head of Department at the University and Bellevue Hospital Medical College, January 20, 1928. REVIEW OF THE YEAR 5688 73

FRIEND, HUGO M., Chicago, III., re-elected Judge of the Circuit Court, June 6, 1927. GOLDSMITH, IRVING I., Saratoga Springs, N. Y., appointed Supreme Court Justice, New York State, January 1, 1928. JACOBSON, LOUIS J., New York State, elected Senator, November 2, 1927. KAUFMAN, DAVID E., Philadelphia, Pa., appointed Minister to Bolivia. March 9, 1928. KEIDAN, HARRY B., Detroit, Mich., appointed Judge of the Circuit Court, March, 1927. KUN, JOSEPH L., Philadelphia, Pa., appointed by Governor, Judge of Common Pleas Court, No. 1, July 21, 3927. LANGSDORF, ALEXANDER S., St. Louis, Mo., appointed Dean of the. School of Engineering of Washington University, January 20, 1928. MARSHALL, LOUIS, New York City, awarded by the Jewish Theo- logical Seminary honorary degree of Doctor of Hebrew Literature, June 12, 1927. MENGELBERG, WILLEM, New York City, awarded by Columbia Uni- versity honorary degree of Doctor of Music, January 20, 1928. MICHELSON, A. A., appointed by Secretary of Commerce, Herbert C, Hoover, member of the American Committee of the World Congress of Engineers, Tokio, Japan, February 10, 1928. MORGENSTERN, JULIAN, Cincinnati, Ohio, elected President of the American Oriental Society, April 19, 1927. RIESMAN, DAVID, Philadelphia, Pa., awarded by Franklin and Mar- shall College, honorary degree of Doctor of Science, June IS, 1928. ROSENBACH, A. S. W., Philadelphia, Pa., awarded by University of Pennsylvania, honorary degree of Doctor of Fine Arts, June 15, 1927. ROSENWALD, JULIUS, Chicago, 111., awarded by the Commission on Race Relations, the Harmon Award (Gold Medal), March 18, 1928. SCHWARZ, LEON, Mobile, Ala.r elected Mayor, November 2, 1927. SEASONGOOD, MURRAY, Cincinnati, Ohio, elected by the City Council, Mayor, November 22, 1927. SELIGMAN, EDWIN R. A., New York City, awarded by Royal Academy of Science, Letters and Fine Arts of Belgium, the Emile de Laveleye prize, April 23, 1927. SOLIS-COHEN, SOLOMON, New York City, awarded by the Jewish Theological Seminary, honorary degree of Doctor of Hebrew Literature, June 3, 1928. STALMASTER, IRVING, Omaha, Neb., appointed by the Governor of Nebraska, Judge of District Court, April 17, 1928. STERN, HORACE, Philadelphia, Pa., appointed member of the Board of Trustees of the University of Pennsylvania, March 23, 1928. STROOCK, MOSES J., Brooklyn, N. Y., awarded by the Board of Trus- tees of St. John's College, honorary degree of Doctor of Laws, June 6, 7928. WEINSTEIN, MAXWELL, Brooklyn, N. Y., awarded by President Coolidge, Soldier's Medal for heroism in Tientsin, China, April 21, 1928. 74 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK

ARGENTINE KESSEL, JOSEPH, awarded by the French Academy, Prix de Rome, for novel "Coeurs Purs," June 10, 1927. ENGLAND GOLDSTON, JOSHUA, Stockton-on-Tees, elected Mayor, November 25, 1927. INSTONE, ALFRED, Paddington, elected Mayor, November 11, 1927. STRAUSS, G. A., North Southwark, elected to House of Commons, March 28, 1927. STREIMER, MORRIS, West Ham, elected Mayor, November 11, 1927. FRANCE BERNSTEIN HENRI, Paris, appointed Honorary Commander of the Legion of Honor, January 22, 1928. ISRAEL, ALEXANDER, Paris, elected Senator, September, 1927. DE ROTHSCHILD, MAURICE, elected Member of Parliament, May 11, 1928. LANIADO, JOSEPH, Syria, elected by Syrian people, Representative at Constitutional Convention, May 4, 1928. GERMANY BRAUN, MRS., Frankfort, appointed Judge, March 9, 1928. FRAENKEL, ADOLPH, Marburg, appointed by University of Kiel, Pro- fessor of Mathematics, April 20, 1928. WILLSTATTER, RICHARD, appointed by University of Manchester, Honorary Doctor of Natural Science, June 1, 1928.

HUNGARY WESHI, JOSEPH, Budapest, appointed member of House of Magnates' June 4, 1928. ZOLD, MARTIN, Sivagard, appointed by the Hungarian Government, General, June 3, 1927. NETHERLAND POLLAK, DR., Hague, appointed Judge in the Highest Court, Novem- ber 12, 1926.

PALESTINE ALHADEFF, Z., Tiberias, re-elected Mayor, May, 1927. SOLOMON, CHAYIM, Jerusalem, elected Vice-Mayor, April 26, 1927.

POLAND ASKENASI, SIMEON, Warsaw, appointed by Ministry of Education, Honorary Professor of History, Warsaw University, February 3, 1928. BRODT, RABBI, elected Deputy to Seim, March 9, 1928. FARBSTEIN, H., elected Deputy to Seim, March 9, 1928. REVIEW OF THE YEAR 5688 75

GREENBAUM, J., elected Deputy to Seim, March 9, 1928. HARTGLAS, A., elected Deputy to Seim, March 9, 1928. RASNER, CH., elected Deputy to Seim, March 9, 1928. REICH, LEON, elected Deputy to Seim, March 9, 1928. ROSENBLATT, DR., elected Deputy to Seim, March 9, 1928. RUTSTEIN, MENDEL, awarded Polonia Restituta, November 19, 1927. THON, I., elected Deputy to Seim, March 9, 1928. WIGODSKI, DR., elected Deputy to Seim, March 9, 1928. WISLICKI, W., elected Deputy to Seim, March 9, 1928.

ROUMANIA BERKOVICI, ELI, Orhei (Bessarabia), elected Senator, July 18, 1927. CARP, HORIA, elected Senator, July 18, 1927. FILDERMAN, WILLIAM, Bucharest, elected Senator, July 18, 1927. NIEMEROWER, I., elected Senator, July 18, 1927. STRAUCHER, DR., elected member of Parliament, July 18, 1927. WEISSELBERGHER, DR., elected Senator, July 18, 1927.

III. SPECIAL BEQUEST AND GIFTS UNITED STATES ADLER, MAX, Chicago, 111., donates $500,000 to the City of Chicago for the construction of a planetarium, June 8, 1928. BACHRACH, AARON, New York City, bequeaths $30,000 to Jewish and non-Jewish charities, and residuary estate to Jewish Social Science Asso- ciAtion (formerly United Hebrew Charities) of New York City, as endowment fund, Mar. 27, 1927. BAERWALD, PAUL, New York City, donates $200,000 toward $10,- 000,000 fund for agricultural activities in Russia, May 4, 1928. BAMBERGER, LOUIS, Newark, N. J., donates $100,000 to Beth Israel Hospital, Newark, for endowment fund, Jan. 30, 1928. BARNERT, NATHAN, Paterson, N. J., bequeaths $700,000 trust fund to Jewish charities, Jan. 10, 1928. BLUMENBERG, EMMA, New York City, bequeaths $150,000 to Asso- ciated Jewish Charities in Baltimore, Md., and $150,000 to Jewish and non-Jewish charities in New York City, April 15, 1927. BRUSH, LOUIS S., New York City, bequeaths $1,467,113 to the Jewish Theological Seminary of America, New York City, for the Louis S. Brush Educational Fund, and for the erection of the Louis S. Brush Memorial, a fireproof dormitory and maintenance, March 2, 1927. BURROUGHS, HARRY E., Boston, Mass., establishes a fund of $100,000 for the Burroughs Newsboys Foundation, Boston, Mass., for the education of at least five boys each year, Dec. 15, 1927. COHEN, GEORGE S., Houston, Texas, donates $125,000 to Rice Insti- tute, Houston, in honor of parents for the erection and maintenance of Robert and Agnes Cohen House, March 22, 1927. DOBLIN, LEO L., New York City, bequeaths $400,000 to Jewish charities, May 25, 1927. 76 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK

ELIAS, HENRY F., New York City, bequeaths $400,000 to Mount Sinai Hospital, New York City, and other Jewish charities, Dec. 3, 1927. EMANUEL, VICTOR, New York City, donates $300,000 to the Univer- sity of Dayton (Catholic) for a library building, May 8, 1928. EPSTEIN, MAX, Chicago, III., donates a clinic and social hall to cost over $250,000 to the University of Chicago, Nov. 5, 1927. FABIAN, JACOB, Paterson, N. J., donates $150,000 to Temple Emanuel, Paterson, Oct. 16, 1927. FALK, MAURICE and LEON, Pittsburgh, Pa., donate $750,000 to the University of Pittsburgh for a modern clinic and dispensary, April 20, 1928. FOGEL, RUBE ROBERT, New York, bequeaths $1,000,000 to the Pacific Jewish Orphan Asylum, San Francisco, of which he had been a ward, Dec. 24, 1927. FRANKS, JACOB, Chicago, III., establishes $100,000 Memorial Fund in memory of his son Robert E., April 29, 1928. FRAUENTHAL, HENRY W., New York City, bequeaths medical library and medical apparatus to Hospital for Joint Diseases of the City of New York; $10,000 to endowment fund for one bed in the male ward observation room in memory of father and for one bed in the famale ward observation room in memory of mother; and residue of approximately $300,000 (conditionally) to laboratory endowment fund for permanent and distinct memorial, Mar. 14, 1927. FUED FELIX, Newark, N. J. donates $250,000 to Beth Israel Hospi- talf Newark, for Endowment Fund. Jan. 30, 1928. GROSBERG, OSCAR, Boston, Mass., establishes $100,000 trust fund for Jewish charities, Mar. 8, 1928. DANIEL GUGGENHEIM FUND FOR THE PROMOTION OF AERONAUTICS donates $230,000 to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Jan. 16, 1928. HANO, HORACE G., Philadelphia, Pa., bequeaths $200,000 (conditionally) to the Federation of Jewish Charities, Philadelphia, Aug. 26, 1927. HAYMAN, MRS. MINNIE, New York City, donates $1,550,000 to the Montefiore Home for Chronic Invalids, the Hospital for Joint Diseases, New York, the North Woods Sanatorium for Tuberculous, at Saranac Lake, N. Y., and other Jewish charities upon her death, May 18, 1928. HEINEMAN, LOUIS, Gallipolis, Ohio, bequeaths residuary estate, valued at $280,000 to be equally divided between the Hebrew Union College, Cincinnati, Ohio, and the Jewish Consumptive Sanatarium, Denver, Colo., Jan. 22, 1928. HENDRICKS, HARMON W., New York City, bequeaths $70,000 to Jewish charity and $250,000 to non-Jewish charity, May 25, 1928. HERRLICH, JOSEPH, Greensboro, N. C, bequeaths $100,000 to Jewish charity, Dec. 2, 1927. HIRSCHBERG, SAMUEL, Boston, Mass., bequeaths $100,000 to charity, Oct. 1, 1927. HOFMAN, SAMUEL, Chicago, HI., bequeaths $300,000 to charity, Nov. 3, 1927. HOMBERGER, MRS. FLORENCE N., Chicago, 111., donates an infirmary (value $277,000) to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in memory of her son Richard M., Nov. 24, 1927. REVIEW OF THE YEAR 5688 77

KATZ, SAMUEL, Chicago, 111., donates $100,000 to Marks Nathan Orphan Home, Chicago, Nov. 26, 1927. KAUFMAN, HENRY, Pittsburgh, Pa., donates $200,000 to the building campaign fund of the Y. M. H. A., New York City, Dec. 23, 1927; and $625,000 to the Irene Kaufman Settlement, Pittsburgh, April 20, 1928. KAUFMAN, LOUIS G., New York City, establishes $100,000 trust fund for the Graveraet High School, Marquette, Mich., in memory of his mother, May 22, 1928. KUPPENHEIMER, Louis B., Winnetka, 111., donates $250,000 to the University of Chicago for endowment fund to be known as the Louis B. and Emma M. Kuppenheimer Fund, Oct. 17, 1927. LAMPORT, NATHAN, New York City, donates $200,000 to the building fund of the Yeshiva College, New York, May 28, 1928. LASKER, ALBERT, Chicago, III., establishes $1,000,000 Lasker Founda- tion for research into causes, nature and cure of degenerative diseases- of middle life, Jan. 9, 1928. LAVANBURG, FRED L., New York City, bequeaths $3,000,000 to Lavanburg Foundation, New York, to build low rent apartments; and $500,000 to Hannah Lavanburg Home for Immigrant Girls, Nov. 11, 1927. LEHMAN, HERBERT H., New York City, donates $100,000 toward $10,000,000 fund for agricultural activities in Russia, May 4, 1928. LEVY, JACOB AND NATHAN, Brooklyn, N. Y., donate $125,000 to the Jewish Hospital of Brooklyn for a dispensary, Jan. 27, 1928. Lit, Jacob D., Philadelphia, Pa., donates $125,000 to Mount Sinai Hospital, Philadelphia, for new hospital, Dec. 16, 1927. LOUCHHEIM, JEROME H., Philadelphia, Pa., donates $100,000 to Eagleville Hospital and Sanatarium for Consumptives, Philadelphia, for dispensary, June 15, 1927. MARSHALL, LOUIS, New York City, donates $100,000 toward the $10,000,000 fund for agricultural activities in Russia, April 15, 1928. PRAGER, WILLIAM, New York City, donates $100,000 for the erection of a new building for Jewish Theological Seminary in celebration of his 70th birthday, April 20, 1928. RATSHESKY, A. C, Boston, Mass.. donates $200,000 to Beth Israel Hospital, Brookline, Mass., for a new building, in memory of his brother, Nov. 3, 1927. ROME, JOSEPH L., Brookline, Mass., establishes a trust fund of $100,000 for Jewish charity, April 5, 1928. ROSENWALD, JULIUS, Chicago, 111., donates $5,000,000 to the $10,- 000,000 fund for Jewish agricultural settlements in Russia, Mar. 30, 1928; $2,000,000 to the Julius Rosenwald Fund, and provides that the entire fund, over $20,000,000, be distributed within 25 years after his death, May 18, 1928; $250,000 to the University of Chicago, Mar. 10, 1927. SCHOENBERG, MRS. MOSES, and son SIDNEY, St. Louis, Mo., donate $300,000 for nurses home for Jewish Hospital, St. Louis, in memory of their husband and father, Nov. 25, 1927. SHOYER, CHARLES C, Philadelphia, Pa., bequeaths $84,000 and residuary estate to Jewish and non-Jewish charities, Oct. 28, 1927. 78 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK

SPEYER, JAMES, New York City, donates $250,000 to the Museum of the City of New York, May 1, 1928. STEINBERG, MARK C, St. Louis, Mo., donates $100,000 to Y. M. and Y. W. H. A., Nov. 11, 1927. STERNE, HENRY, New York City, bequeaths estate valued at $500,000 to charities, Oct. 11, 1927. STRAUS, NATHAN, New York City, donates $100,000 in celebration of his 80th birthday, to the United Palestine Appeal for reconstruction work in Palestine, Jan. 31, 1928; and $75,000 for a Health Center in Tel Aviv, Palestine, June 17, 1927. WARBURG, FELIX M., New York City, donates $1,000,000 to the $10,000,000 fund for Jewish agricultural settlements in Russia, April 25, 1928; $100,000 to the Y. M. H. A. building fund, May 6, 1927. WISE, MR. AND MRS. S. D., Cleveland, Ohio, donate $100,000 trust fund to the Jewish Welfare Federation of Cleveland, Mar. 1, 1928. BRITISH EMPIRE BARON, BERNHARD, London, donates £5,000 to the Middlesex Hospi- tal, Feb., 1927; $160,000 to Jewish charity in celebration of his seventy- seventh birthday, Dec. 4, 1927; £5,000 to the Central Office of the Zionist Organization, Jerusalem, for constructive works to be executed by Jewish workers in Palestine, May 4, 1928. BEARSTED, LADY FANNY E., London, bequeaths £5,000 to Jewish Maternity Home for building fund, May, 1927. DAVIS, ISRAEL, London, bequeaths £40,000 for Palestinian institutions, March 9, 1927. ELKAN, JOHN, M. V. O., London, bequeaths £34,000 to Jewish and non-Jewish charities, Sep. 1927. FRIEDLANDER, LESLIE JOHN, London, bequeaths about £100,000 to Jewish and non-Jewish charities, June 15, 1928. HENRY, JULIA L., London, bequeaths £4,000 to Jewish and non- Jewish charities, and residue of estate (over $1,000,000) as a perpetual trust fund to provide scholarships for American students at British Universities and British students at American Universities, Aug., 1927. HEYNSSEN, HANNAH, Manchester, bequeaths £13,000 to Jewish and non-Jewish charities, Aug., 1927. LEON, ARTHUR;L., London, bequeaths £20,000 to University of Lon- don for the promotion and encouragement of scientific research work, Sep., 1927. PERRY, I. S., Shanghai, bequeaths $150,000 (conditionally) for the erection of Jewish school in Shanghai, Aug., 1927. TUCK, ADOLPH, London, bequeaths £10,000 to Jewish charity, Dec. 26, 1926. FRANCE ROTHSCHILD, EDMOND DE, Paris, donates 6,000,000 francs (about $240,000) the income to be used to maintain the Maison de Vlnstitut de France (a home for French students) in London, January 13, 1928; $35,000 to Nachlath Jacob (Hassidic Colony), Palestine, April 3, 1928; 30,000,000 francs (about $1,200,000) to Scientific Foundation for the promotion of bio-chemistry and bio-physics, July, 1927. REVIEW OF THE YEAR 5688 79

HUNGARY BAUMGARTNER, HERMAN Budapest, bequeaths $1,000,000 for authors and writers of Budapest, Dec. 4, 1927.

ITALY LEVI, ISAIA, Rome, donates 1,000,000 lira for the restoration of the royal palace in Turin, and 1,000,000 lira for its maintenance, June 22, 1928. ROUMANIA CAHAN-LINARU, Bucharest, bequeaths $50,000 to Keren Hayesod to assist Balkan Jews to emigrate to Palestine, January 24, 1928.

IV. NECROLOGY UNITED STATES ANSPACHER, ABRAHAM S., rabbi, Hazelton, Pa., at Cincinnati, Ohio, aged 50, Nov. 20, 1927. AUSTERLITZ, EMANUEL H., journalist and founder of Freie Presse, Cincinnati, Ohio, aged 88, March 28, 1927. BARNERT, NATHAN, former mayor and philanthropist, Paterson, N. J., aged 89, Dec. 23, 1927. BARONDESS, JOSEPH, labor and communal leader, Brooklyn, N. Y., aged 65, June 19, 1928. BERNARD, SAM, actor, New York City, at sea, aged 64, May 17, 1927. BLOOMFIELD, MAURICE, professor, orientalist and author, Baltimore, Md., at San Francisco, Cal., aged 73, June 13, 1928. BLOOMFIELD-ZEISLER, FANNIE, pianist, Chicago, 111., aged 64, Aug. 20, 1927. BLOOMINGDALE, EMANUEL WATSON, merchant and civic worker, New York City, aged 76, Feb. 6, 1928. BOEHM, SOLOMON, Civil War veteran, New York City, aged 87, June 18, 1927. COHEN, CHARLES J., author and communal worker, Philadelphia, Pa., at Atlantic City, N. J., aged 80, September 17, 1927. CONHEIM, HERMANN, merchant and Zionist worker, New York City, aged 69, May 2, 1927. DINKELSPIEL, MAX, former judge of Court of Appeals of State of Louisiana, New Orleans, La., at Pass Christian, Miss., aged 83, Aug. 27, 1927. DRACHSLER, JULIUS, sociologist and author, New York City, at Brown's Mills, N. J., aged 37, July 22, 1927. EICHLER, MENAHAM MAX, rabbi, Buffalo, N. Y., aged 55, May 11, 1927. FRANKEL, BENJAMIN, rabbi and national director of B'nai Brith Hillel Foundation, Urbana, 111., aged 30, Dec. 21, 1927. 80 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK

FREEDMAN, ISABELLA, communal worker, New York City, aged 64, May 25, 1927. GOODFRIEND, MEYER, communal worker, New York City, aged 66, July 15, 1927. GROSSMAN, RUDOLPH, rabbi, New York City, aged 60, Sep. 22, 1927. GUTTMAN, ADOLPH, rabbi, at New Haven, Conn., aged 73, Aug. 3, 1927. HUTZLER, ABRAM G., pioneer merchant and philanthropist, Balti- more, Md., at Pikesville, Md., aged 92, October 8, 1927. KAUFFMAN, RUDOLPH, editor and newspaper publisher, Washington, D. C, aged 74, Sep. 19, 1927. KOPLIK, HENRY, physician and author, New York City, aged 68, April 30, 1927. LIEBLING, MAX, pianist and composer, New York City, aged 82, Sep. 24, 1927. LOEB, HANAU W., physician, dean of Medical School of St. Louis University, author, and communal worker, St. Louis, Mo., aged 61, July 6, 1927. LANDESBERG, MAX, rabbi, Rochester, N. Y., aged 82, December 9, 1927. LAVANBURG, FRED L., manufacturer and philanthropist, New York City, aged 54, Nov. 5, 1927. LINDHEIM, NORVIN R., Zionist worker, New York City, aged 49, Feb. 8, 1928. LOEW, MARCUS, pioneer motion picture producer, New York City, at Glen Cove, L. I., aged 58, Sep. 5, 1927. MAY, DAVID, merchant and philanthropist, St. Louis, Mo., at Char- levoix, Mich., aged 79, July 22, 1927. MENDES, FREDERIC DE SOLA, rabbi, author and editor, New Rochelle, N. Y., aged 78, Oct. 26, 1927. MORRIS, LOUIS, journalist, founder of Jewish Monitor, Ft. Worth, Texas, Nov. 22, 1927. PINE, MAX, labor leader, Maywood, N. J., aged 62, March 2, 1928. RIES, ELIAS ELKAN, engineer and inventor, New York, aged 65, April 20, 1928. ROSENBERG, ELY, lawyer and president of the New York County Association of the Criminal Bar, New York City, aged 51, June 23, 1928. ROSENBLATT, FRANK, publisher, communal worker and writer, New Rochelle, N. Y., aged 44, Nov. 7, 1927. ROSENWALD, THEODORE, merchant and communal worker, New York City, aged 60, April 9, 1927. ROTTENBERG, IGNATZ MORVAY, physician, former State Commissioner of Lunacy, and civic worker, New York City, aged 72, Aug. 8, 1927. SOUS-COHEN, JACOB DA SILVA, professor of laryngology, surgeon, author and communal worker, Philadelphia, Pa., aged 89, Dec. 22, 1927. SOLIS-COHEN, JUDITH, author and philanthropic worker, Philadelphia, Pa., aged 51, Oct. 8, 1927. SOMMERFELD, ROSE L., educator and communal worker, Baltimore, Md., Sep. 12, 1927. SONN, RALPH A., social worker, Atlanta, Ga., Sep. 23, 1927. REVIEW OF THE YEAR 5688 81

SPIVAK, CHARLES D., communal worker, author and editor, Denver, Colo., aged 66, October 16, 1927. TRIEBER, JACOB, United States judge for Eastern District of Arkansas, Little Rock, Ark., at Scarsdale, N. Y., aged 73, Sep. 17, 1927. ZINGHER, ABRAHAM, bacteriologist, assistant director, N. Y. Bureau of Laboratories, Captain in World War. New York City, aged 42, June 5, 1927. AUSTRIA CHAJES, HIRSCH PEREZ, author and chief rabbi, Vienna, aged 52, Dec. 14, 1927. FUNK, SALOMON, rabbi, author and scholar, Vienna, aged 63, June 1, 1928. GESTETNER, SOLOMON, rabbi, at Stupana, aged 68, Feb. 14, 1928. HILSNER, LEOPOLD, victim of blood libel accusation at Polna, Bohe- mia, 1899, Vienna, aged 50, January 11, 1928. STEINBERG, ABRAHAM MENAHEM MENDEL, chief rabbi of Brody, Galicia, at Vienna, aged 90, April 21, 1928.

BRITISH EMPIRE BLAU, JOEL, rabbi and author, London, aged 49, Oct. 22, 1927. DAVIS, MORTIMER BARNETT, financier and philanthropist, Montreal, at Cannes, France, aged 62, March 22, 1928. HENRY, MRS. DAVID LINDO, author, London, June 4, 1928. LEVIN, H., rabbi, Leeds, July 14, 1927. LEVY, JOSEPH, author, London, aged 86, July, 1927. MELNICK, SHMUEL KALMAN, rabbi, London, aged 66, Jan. 30, 1928. MONTAGU, LOUIS SAMUEL (LORD SWAYTHLING), financier and communal leader, London, aged 57, June 11, 1927. SALOMON, BERENDT, rabbi, Manchester, aged 82, April 27, 1928. SOLOMON, SOLOMON JOSEPH, portrait painter, artist and president of Royal Society of British Artists, London, aged 66, July 27, 1927. TANNENBAUM, WILLIAM, author, London, aged 70, Dec. 9, 1927. WALSTON, SIR CHARLES (WALDSTEIN), fellow at Kings College, author, on Mediterranean Cruise, aged 71, March, 1927.

CZECHOSLOVAKIA WERNER, SIEGMUND, journalist and editor, Zuckmantel, aged 61, May 6, 1928. FRANCE CITRUK, MOSES, chief rabbi, Tunis, aged 85, Dec. 16, 1927. LAIZEROWITZ, I. A., (pseud: Berlowitz) journalist, Paris, aged 33, Nov. 23, 1927. TIOMKIN, VLADIMIR, former chief rabbi of Elizabetgrad and communal leader, Paris, aged 66, Dec. 25, 1927. WEIL, ISIDORE, rabbi, Colmar, Alsace, aged 89, April 8, 1927. 82 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK

GERMANY AXELROD, PAUL, Russian labor leader and founder of Social Demo- cratic Party, Berlin, aged 78, Aprill6, 1928. BRAUNSCHWEIGER, D., rabbi and communal leader, Oppeln, May 1, 1928. DEUTSCH, FELIX, industrialist and president of the German General Electric Co., Berlin, aged 70, May 25, 1928. KOENIGSBERGER, BERNARD, rabbi, Berlin, at Vienna, aged 60, June 5, 1927. LAZARUS, RUTH, (NAHIDA REMY) author, Berlin at Mesan, aged 79, Jan. 12, 1928. LOWENTHAL, ABRAHAM, rabbi, Berlin, May 11, 1928. HUNGARY BRUCK, LEO, professor of philosophy, Budapest, Feb. 23, 1928. HERZL, ABRAHAM, rabbi, Pressburg, May 4, 1928. LEDERER, ALEXANDER, communal leader, Budapest, aged 75, Nov. 28, 1927. MEZEY, FRANZ, communal leader, Budapest, July, 1927. ITALY ARTOM, professor and scientist, Rome, May, 1927. SEGRO, ARTURO, professor of history, Turin, March 3, 1928.

JUGO-SLAVIA WESZEL, SAMUEL, rabbi, Sarajevo, aged 51, April 19, 1928.

LITHUANIA FEIVELSON, ELIJAH MEIR, rabbi, Kupisok, agedj60, Feb., 1928. ORLIANSKY, SOLOMON ZALMAN, rabbi and teacher, Plungian, at New York City, April 2, 1928. RAFFALOVITCH, CHAIM, editor Unzer Zeit, July, 1927. SCHNEIDER, JOSEPH SELIG, author, Ponievez, aged 80, March 21, 1928. ' SHAPIRO, ELIEZER JOSHUA, rabbi, Neustadt, aged 90, January 2, 1928.

PALESTINE CHAIKIN, AVIGDOR, former rabbi and author, Tel Aviv, aged 76, June 21, 1928. CITRON, ABBA DAVID, chief rabbi, Petach Tikvah. at Tel Aviv, Sep. 4, 1927. ROMBERG, JACOB, Hebrew lexicographer, Jerusalem, March 22, 1928.

POLAND BERGHAUER, PHINEHAS, rabbi, Reinbertor at Warsaw, Aug. 10, 1927. BERMAN, SOLOMON, Hebrew teacher and author, Homel. aged 70, Mar. 6, 1928. REVIEW OF THE YEAR 5688 83

BRANDSTETTER, MORDECAI, author and poet, Lemberg, aged 84, May 15, 1928. FROSTIG, MOSES, member of Sejm, journalist and editor, Lemberg, at San Remo, Italy, aged 41, Feb. 14, 1928. HERTZ, SIMON, rabbi, at Vlostchava, Feb. 24, 1928. HUTNER, JUDAH LEIB, rabbi, Warasw, Aug., 1927. KANTOROWITCH, P., journalist and author, Warsaw, aged 62, Dec. 1, 1927. LEINMAN, MOSES, rabbi, Tschemelier, at Warsaw, aged 73, July 12, 1927. MALENITZKY, HAYYIM DAVID, rabbi, Gradjist, aged 70, Oct. 8, 1927. MELCER, HENRY, professor of music and composer, Warsaw, May 4, 1928. NAUMBERG, CH. D., novelist, journalist and communal worker, War- saw, aged 51, Nov. 21, 1927. PERL, FELIX, member of Sejm, editor and labor leader, Warsaw, aged 57, April 15, 1927. PERLOW, A. N., Hassidic rabbi of Kaidonov, Bardnowitz, at Warsaw, July 21, 1927. YECHIEL, MEIR, rabbi and author, Ostrowiec, aged 76, March 12, 1928. ROUMANIA FRIEDMAN, SHOLOM JOSEPH, Hassidic rabbi of Milnitz, Chernowitz, aged 57, Aug. 23, 1927. ROSENTHAL, ELIJAH, rabbi, Podily, August, 1927. TEWELES, HEINEICH, dramatic critic and author, Prein, aged 72, Aug. 18, 1927. WALD, JACOB MEYER, rabb', Cluj, Jan. 6, 1928. SOVIET RUSSIA GOLDBERG, JOSHUA NISSAN, author, journalist, Minsk, aged 69, March 29, 1927. JOFFE, ADOLPH ABRAMOWITZ, statesman and diplomatist, Moscow, aged 44, Nov. 17, 1927. NELICK, MENDEL, author, Odessa, aged 49, March, 1928. STERNBERG, LEV, professor at University of Leningrad, ethnographei and anthropologist, Leningrad, aged 66, Aug. 17, 1927. TURETZKI, JUDAH, rabbi, at Lenin, aged 97, June, 1927. YAFFE, ZWI, author and mathematician, at Smolensk, aged 74, May 12, 1927. SWITZERLAND REICHSBERG, NAHUM, professor at Berne University, Berne, aged 61, Jan. 7, 1928. YELSKI, ISRAEL, rabbi, Geneva, aged 62, Dec. 26, 1927. TURKEY ESKENAZY, BEHOR JUDA EFFENDIIFFENDI,, ex-president of the Jewish community, Constantinople, aged 86~ , Aug,., 1927.

Drawing by Joseph Tepper, Palestine Courtesy of Jewish Tribune AHAD HA-AM AHAD HA-AM

BY LEON SIMON Asher Ginzberg, better known by his pen-name Ahad Ha-Am, was born on the 17th of Ab, 5616 (18th of August, 1856) in the small town of Skwira, "one of the darkest corners of the Hassidic provinces of Russia," as he afterwards wrote. He came of a well-to-do Hassidic family, and was brought up in the strictest traditions of that sect. His education, which he obtained partly in the heder but mainly from private melammedim at home, was confined entirely to the Bible, the Talmud and later Rabbinic literature, in which he became so adept that while he was still a youth the neighboring Rabbis used to seek his opinion on questions of Jewish Law. In his environment, secular knowledge was taboo, and even the liking which he early showed for the works of the medieval Jewish philosophers was not easily forgiven him. But even the almost incredible obscurantism of his surroundings (intensified, no doubt, when in his twelfth year his parents moved to a tiny village) could not quench or wholly thwart his thirst for knowledge. By hook or by crook he managed in his early years to acquire some acquaintance with Russian literature, and also to read a number of the products of the young Haskalah movement. Throughout his childhood and youth he was a voracious reader, and he appears to have been completely absorbed in books: though he lived in the country, he remained as remote as any town-dweller from the appeal of the sights and sounds of nature. At the age of sixteen he was married by his parents to the daughter of an illustrious Hassidic family. He continued to live with his parents and to prosecute his studies; but the life was becoming more and more unendurable to him. Even as a boy he had become estranged from Hassidism and had become a Mithnagged. Before long his critical and rationalistic mind reached a stage at which the difference 87 88 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK

between the two types of orthodoxy became of minor importance. We can only imagine what, during these years of intellectual self-emancipation, he must have suffered in the reactionary environment in which his lot was cast. He was, however, slow to cut himself adrift. It was not till the winter of 1882, when he was twenty-six years old, and had already a child of three, that he resolved to go to Vienna and study at the University. What kept him back was no doubt in part regard for his parents, but in part also a certain lack of confidence in himself and his own powers. This weakness stultified all his attempts to complete his secular education. He returned home from Vienna after a few weeks, having come to the conclusion that it was beyond his power to achieve the ideal which had sent him thither. The same thing happened when, during the following two years, he visited Berlin, Breslau, and again Vienna on the same quest: on each occasion he returned home after a short time, thoroughly disheartened. Thus he remained, so far as non-Jewish knowledge is concerned, a self-taught man. His acquaintance—and it was considerable—with the languages and literatures of Russia, England, France and Germany was gained practically with no help at all except from books. That he was so conspicuously free from the half-bakedness of the typical "autodidact" must have been due to an extraordinary native gift for assimilating and systematising knowledge picked up in a more or less haphazard fashion. If Ahad Ha-Am had felt out of tune with his environment before his abortive attempts to become a university student, he could scarcely be expected to achieve a more contented frame of mind after the enforced abandonment of a hope which must have buoyed him up during many years of bitterness. His characteristic habit of reticence is so strong that he nowhere drops more than the vaguest hint of all that he must have suffered during the period of his youth and early manhood, living in an intellectual world of his own which was entirely foreign and even hateful to all those about him, yet prevented by his lack of self- confidence and (it can scarcely be doubted) by filial piety from escaping into more congenial surroundings. At length, the strain became greater than he could bear, and in 1884 AHAD HA-AM 89 he removed to Odessa. Even then he was compelled by family reasons to return to the paternal hearth after a few months; and it was only in the summer of 1886 that he was able to settle in Odessa for good and all. At this point his real life may be said to have begun. In Odessa, which was one of the great centres of Jewish intellectual life, Ahad-Ha-Am was not long in finding himself among kindred spirits. The group to which he was attracted was that which had as its central interest the newly-born movement for the restoration of Jewish national life in Palestine. No doubt news of the movement had penetrated to him even in his remote village, and he may be assumed to have come to Odessa with his mind made up, or at least ready to be made up, on the question of Hibbath Zion. At any rate, he soon became not only a "Lover of Zion," but the "Lover of Zion" par excellence—the man whose lot it was to make the ideals of Hibbath Zion the pivot of his whole life and thought, to give to those ideals their supreme literary and philosophic expression, and to win for them a far-reaching influence in the life of the Jewish people. At the outset, however, he was far from entertaining any idea of such a future. He became a member, and before long a weighty member, of the Central Committee of the Hoveve Zion; but it did not enter his mind to look for any wider sphere of influence. It was only in 1889, when he had been in Odessa for more than three years, that he consented, at the urgent solicitation of some of his friends, to write for publication an article setting forth the views with which his colleagues on the Committee had learned to associate him. The article appeared in Hd-Melitz under the title Lo zeh ha-Derech ("The Wrong Way"), and its author's identity was hidden from the general public by the pseudonym Ahad Ha-Am ("One of the people"), by adopting which he meant to indicate that he wrote just as a plain man, with no pretension to be regarded as a leader. Strangely enough, as it seems to us now, he had no idea at the time that this essay was to be but the first of many. His intention was to say what he had to say, since he had been pressed to do so, and to retire again into the background from which he had for a moment rather reluctantly emerged. 90 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK He would scarcely have imagined that to be possible if he had realized how "The Wrong Way" would strike the great body of the Hoveve Zion and their accredited spokes- men. The ideas expressed in the essay, though familiar and obvious to his profound and keenly analytical mind, seemed nothing less than revolutionary to his less reflective readers. They probably knew that the work of settling Jews on the land in Palestine was not going as well or as fast as they would have liked it to go; but they were not prepared to be told that the fault lay in the very way in which they approached their ideal, that they were in fact beginning at the wrong end, and that their first efforts ought to be directed not towards enticing as many Jews as possible into Palestine by holding out hopes of material success which were bound to prove illusory, but towards increasing and strengthening that national idealism without which any concrete achievement on a large scale and on a firm basis was impossible. The point of view was too novel to be immediately grasped; and Ahad Ha-Am, because he had emphasised the need for a spiritual change as a pre-requisite of any great material advance, was criticised as though he were for abandoning altogether the practical work of Pales- tinian colonisation. Against that criticism he had to defend himself by explaining his views more fully; the explanation provoked more criticism; and so he was gradually drawn, in his own despite, into the full stream of literary activity. Meanwhile, however, his first essay had gained him supporters as well as critics. Some of the clearer-sighted of the Hoveve Zion realised the necessity of making his point of view an effective force in the direction of the movement, and conceived that this might best be done by the formation of a kind of secret society, of which he should be the head, and his ideas should be the guiding principles. Ahad Ha-Am did not much like the idea of a secret society; but he allowed himself to be persuaded, and became the Presi- dent of the B'ne Mosheh. This organization had as its object the general aim of the Hoveve Zion, "the re-birth of our people in the land of our ancestors;" but its conception of the way in which this aim was to be achieved differed radically from that which was expressed in the current practice of the parent body. "In the opinion of the Society" AH AD HA-AM 91 (so ran the statement of principles which Ahad Ha-Am drew up) "there is no hope of success in isolated undertakings in Palestine, carried out by individuals or by Societies, each of which is held together itself, and united with the rest, only by a cash nexus. The statement of a national end demands a national effort, uniting the best forces of the nation, both material and intellectual, in an inner moral union; it demands the effort of generations, which shall be carried out bit by bit, not haphazard, not noisily and hastily, but carefully, gradually, patiently, in proper order and according to fixed rules. This effort must gather together the scattered and downtrodden forces of our people from all sides, and go on from generation to generation, increasing in quantity, becoming stronger in quality, ever approaching its goal by small but sure steps forward." The official language of the Society was Hebrew, and familiarity with that language was a necessary qualification for membership. A high standard of character was also required; and the members were particularly enjoined to guard the good name of the Society, and to do nothing which might bring it into ill repute. The Society remained in existence for about eight years. Ahad Ha-Am held the position of President only during the first two years or so; but his was throughout the guiding spirit. Though in later years he called it "an unsuccessful experiment," there can be no doubt that the Society, with its exacting standards of character and discipline, exerted a powerful influence for good among the Hoveve Zion. Its members included practically all the Russian Jews who afterwards became prominent in Zionism; and none of them could fail to be influenced by the strong sense of responsibility and the fearless moral and intellectual honesty which were no less characteristic of Ahad Ha-Am than his intense love of Zion. In 1891, and again in 1893, Ahad Ha-Am visited Pales- tine on behalf of the Hoveve Zion, and after the second visit he spent a few weeks in Paris and London in the interests of the movement. On the second occasion he was anxious to settle in Palestine, and was bitterly disappointed that circumstances made this impossible. For the realization of that ideal he had to wait nearly thirty years longer. On 92 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK the whole it was as well that in this matter his cautious temperament made him accept as insurmountable the obstacles, no doubt serious enough, which stood in his way. He would probably have been wasted in Palestine in those early days; and outside Palestine there was much for him to do. By 1894 he had published in various Hebrew periodicals enough essays to make a good-sized volume, and this appeared early in the following year under the title Al Parashat D'rachim ("At the Parting of the Ways")—the name indicating his general view that the Jewish people had reached a crisis in its history, at which it must choose either the road of nationalism or that of assimilation and absorption. This volume, which was to be followed in due course by three more, included, among others, his first essay, Lo zeh ha-Derech; the two essays written after his visits to Palestine, which had aroused a storm of indignation through their fearless exposure of the real condition of the Palestinian settlements; an essay written on the occasion of Dr. Pinsker's death*, in which he first clearly enun- ciated his conception of Palestine as a "national spiritual centre, which shall be a safe refuge not for the Jews, but for Judaism, for the spirit of our people;" the famous "Slavery in Freedom," with its penetrating criticism of the assimila- tionist point of view; a series of articles on his project of a Hebrew Encyclopedia; the series collectively called "Frag- ments," each of which expounds some philosophical or psychological idea and proceeds to apply it to Jewish thought or history; and, in singular contrast to the rest, a satire on the then prevalent type of literary batlan, which ends with the characteristic observation that "wise men weigh the loss of every undertaking against the gain in the scales of their wisdom, and do not move an inch till they can foresee the end; and while they are sitting deep in thought, the men of confidence 'have come and seen and conquered.' " The essays are all alike distinguished by clear thinking, rigoiously logical exposition, and an unsur- passed purity and lucidity of style. The prevailing tone is coldly objective, but every now and then there is a hint of * Ahad Ha-Am had a great admiration for Pinsker, with whom he worked for many years on the Odessa Committee, and in later life translated his Auio-Emanzi- pation into Hebrew. AHAD HA-AM 93 warm feeling, a flash of humor or irony, an illuminating new use of some familiar phrase charged with a long train of reminiscence for the Hebrew reader. The manner is thoroughly European, the point of view as thoroughly Hebraic. This new synthesis was the outstanding feature of Ahad Ha-Am's contribution to Hebrew literature. In 1896 Ahad Ha-Am suffered heavy business losses (through no fault of his own), and was persuaded to go to Warsaw and take charge of the Hebrew publishing company Ahiasaf. Shortly afterwards a new Hebrew monthly, Hashiloah, was founded, and he became its first editor. This necessitated his removing to Berlin for a time, but after about a year the difficulties in the way of publishing the paper in Russia were overcome, and he was able to return to Odessa. He accepted the position of editor with many misgivings. It had never been his intention to make a profession of literature. Wiiting was for him almost a holy occupation, and to make a living out of it was to run counter to the traditional Jewish dislike of making the Torah "a spade to dig withal." Moreover, the idea of becoming dependent for his livelihood on the Hebrew- reading public was distasteful to his over-sensitive nature. However, he bowed, as always, to circumstances; and, having accepted the position, he threw himself into his task with magnificent energy. It was his ambition to make of Hashiloah something for which there was no precedent in modern Hebrew literature—a paper with a standard which would make it not unworthy of comparison with the great monthlies of Western Europe. His paper was to be free from the ignorance, the shallowness, the irresponsibility, the batlanuth, which had marred its predecessors. Despite his temperamental scepticism and his general freedom from illusions, he probably did not realize in advance how for- midable a task he was undertaking. His own standards of taste and accuracy and style were foreign to most of those on whom he had to rely for contributions to the paper. Promises of help, glibly made, were as easily broken. Much of what was sent to him fell too far below his standard to be accepted at all; a great deal of the rest had to be drastically pruned and largely rewritten. Never perhaps in the history of journalism has the editorial blue pencil been 94 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK wielded with such ruthlessness. Naturally, this led to protests, recriminations, heated correspondence; and Ahad Ha-Am, by nature the most peace-loving of men, became in his own despite "a man of strife and contention." He was at war not only with his contributors, but also with his publishers, who thought, not without reason, that his high standards militated against the popularity and the sale of the paper. It was for him a bitter and a humiliating experience; and when, after six years, he gave up the edi- torship, it was with a feeling of intense relief and thankful- ness, as for an escape from an intolerable bondage. But his work and his sufferings had not been in vain. During those six years of travail he had effected something like a revolution in Hebrew literature. The younger generation of Hebrew writers, many of whom (among them Bialik) owed much to his encouragement, had been largely moulded by his canons of taste and style, as well as by his ideas. Even those whose articles he corrected so remorselessly were forced to recognize that he had vastly improved them in the process. Thus he became the dominant force in Hebrew literature, and it profited immensely from his idealism, his love of moderation, his stern morality and his aesthetic sensibility. Nor was that the only direction in which, as editor of Hashiloah, he was able to influence the Jewish national movement. The paper afforded him a platform from which to attack those tendencies of the new Herzlian Zionism in which he saw a menace to the true ideals of Jewish nationalism as he conceived it. Most of the Russian Hoveve Zion were carried away by the glamour of political Zionism, and were ready to believe that diplomatic bargaining would bring them to their goal more speedily and securely than the method of gradually building up a Jewish settlement in Palestine on national lines. Ahad Ha-Am, who had been the first to point out the failure of the earlier attempts at colonisation, was fully alive to the importance of a firm political foundation, and realized how valuable the Western Jews, with their political influence and their knowledge of affairs, might be to the movement. But he realized also that political aims and activities, though they might assist, could not replace those ideals and aspirations which lay at AHAD HA-AM 95 the root of Jewish nationalism, and without which it would be an empty phrase. In the columns of Hashiloah he pointed out the fundamental differences of outlook that divided the Eastern from the Western Zionists, exposed the attempts of the latter to obscure them in a cloud of vague phrases, and called on the former to refuse to be led away by promises that in the nature of the case could never be fulfilled, and to remember that their real aim was the salvation of Judaism through the preservation of the historic continuity of the Jewish people, not the mere provision of a "home of refuge" for individual Jews. He fought the battle of Zionism against Territorialism. At first he had to fight almost single-handed; and such allies as offered themselves were not always to his liking, because they resorted to methods of personal attack which he would not countenance. But as time went on, and the grandiose hopes held out by political Zionism did not mater- ialize, his following grew. His criticism told at length because it was not merely destructive. Over against the ideal of a Jewish State, to be created by diplomatic methods and by the almost miraculous transfer of millions of Jews from one part of the world to another, he set up his own conception of Palestine as a "spiritual centre," built up slowly by the devotion of Jews imbued with the historic culture of their people, and reacting on the scattered Jewish communities of the world as a cementing and unifying influence; and he brought this conception into organic connection with the facts of Jewish history and the basic characteristics of the Hebraic outlook. It was not that he disbelieved in a Jewish State, or did not want to see its establishment; but his sense of reality and his sense of Jew- ish values alike made him place the State at the end of a long period of development, instead of expecting it to be brought into being by a stroke of the diplomatic pen while the re-awakening of the national consciousness had as yet barely begun. That re-awakening—the "revival of the spirit," as he called it—must precede any large-scale national effort. Occupied as he was by his editorial work and his battle with the new Zionism, Ahad Ha-Am did not lose touch with practical developments in Palestine. In 1899-1900 he was 96 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK there for the third time, and as a result of this visit he wrote two long articles, one on "The Yishub and its Guardians," the other on "The Jaffa Schools." In the first of these he criticised severely the methods of administration of the Rothschild colonies, which he found inimical to the growth of a spirit of self-dependence among the settlers; the second was an elaborate report on the two Hebrew schools maintained by the Hoveve Zion at Jaffa. Both these essays, with others of the preceding three or four years, were included in the second volume of 'Al Parashat D'rachim, which appeared in 1903. This volume was followed in 1904 by a third, which is notable principally for the inclusion of two of the author's finest contributions to the philosophy of Judaism—"Flesh and Spirit" and "Moses." By this time Ahad Ha-Am had given up Hashiloah, and had accepted a position in the Wissotzky business. For some time his duties necessitated his travelling a great deal in Russia, and he had little leisure for writing or public affairs. The outstanding literary work of this period is "The Supremacy of Reason," his study of Maimonides published 1904, in which, dealing with the Jewish thinker with whom he had probably the strongest affinity, he displays to full advantage his power of logical analysis and lucid exposition. The following year was the year of Kish- ineff, and Ahad Ha-Am, driven almost to despair by the abjectness which characterised the general Jewish attitude to this outbreak of terrorism, found some satisfaction in assisting the efforts to organise self-defence. Early in 1907 Ahad Ha-Am was placed in charge of his firm's branch in London. The prospect of settling in Lon- don was not without attractions for him. He was a great admirer of the English people and its literature (he had been particularly influenced by Mill and Spencer); and he hoped that, with the British Museum at hand, he would be able to devote some time to serious study, and to carry out his cherished project of writing a book on Jewish ethics. His work as publicist he regarded as finished. The East Africa affair, and the consequent secession of the Territorialists, had brought Zionism back (in fact if not admittedly) to what he considered sounder lines; his battle had been won, so far as it could be won, and he could allow himself the AHAD HA-AM 97 luxury of a return to the study, which was for him the most congenial field of activity, but from which he had been banished so long through stress of circumstances. In fact, his settling in London was perhaps the most tragic event in his career.- It meant removal from a congenial environment to one which suited him neither physically nor spiritually; and in neither respect had he sufficient resilience to be capable, at fifty, of the necessary self-adaptation. His health had never been robust, and the strain of the last few years had told on him. In 1907 he went to Palestine to spend a few weeks on Mount Carmel for health reasons only. He found the London climate trying, and the hubbub of the City and the daily under- ground journeys affected his nerves. He had little leisure, and less strength, for serious study; and the Jewish life of the English capital, so different from Jewish life as he knew it in Odessa, afforded him no scope for activity. Thus he was able to contribute little either to Hebrew literature or to Zionist work. His most important activity, during the years following his removal to London, was his participation in the ill-fated attempt to found a Technical Institute at Haifa under the joint auspices of the Zionist movement and the German Hilfsverein. He was in constant correspondence with old friends in Russia and Palestine, but an occasional article in Hashiloah was all that reminded the wider public of his existence. If, however, his literary output was small during this period, it lost nothing in point of quality from his change of environment. 'Al Sh'te Ha- se'ippim ("Judaism and the Gospels," 1910), a profound exposition of the fundamental difference between the Jewish and the Christian outlook, displays both his analytical power and his unerring Jewish instinct in rare measure. In the Zionist field, again, this period produced one of his most notable essays in Sack Ha-kol ("Summa Summarum," 1913), which was written after a visit to the Zionist Con- gress (his first since 1897) and to Palestine. Both these essays, as well as the one on Maimonides, were included in the fourth and last volume of 'Al Parashat D'rachim, published in 1913. The outbreak of the great war in 1914 put an end to any hope that there might have been of Ahad Ha-Am's emerg- 98 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK ing from the semi-quiescence of the preceding seven years. The apparent breakdown of civilization, the universal orgy of hypocrisy and injustice, caused him an agony of mind which was all the more intense for being veiled by his habitual reserve. The sufferings of Jews in the theatres of war, and particularly in his own Ukraine, rubbed salt into the wound. The blow was as shattering to his nerves as to his peace of mind, and his health became steadily worse. Study and writing were equally out of the question, and there was no scope for any kind of Zionist activity. Only after nearly three wretched years, with the beginning of those negotiations which led to the Balfour Declaration, was the blackness illumined by a ray of hope. Ahad Ha-Am played an important if unobtrusive part, as a trusted adviser, in the course of those negotiations, and later when the Zionist case had to be presented to the Peace Confer- ence. He neither held nor desired any position of control, but his influence with those who were responsible for Zion- ist policy was considerable, and it was used always in the interests of sanity, of moderation, and of sticking to essen- tials. The explicit recognition by the great Powers of the "historic connection," of the Jewish people with Palestine was in his view an enormous gain, and the acceptance by Great Britain of the Mandate for Palestine was only second to it in importance; but he doubted—not, as the event has proved, without reason—whether the Jewish people was capable of rising immediately to the height of its great opportunity. In 1921, acting on medical advice no less than in accordance with his long-cherished wish, Ahad Ha-Am left England for Palestine. He chose for his home Tel Aviv, where many of his old Odessa friends had by now settled, and was provided with a house in the street bearing his own name. With that fundamental optimism which under- lay his sceptical habit of mind, he hoped that in Palestine he would find health again, and would be spared the misery of spending his last years in an inactivity which was more hateful to him than death. That hope was not realized. He remained an invalid, unable to take any active part in public affairs or to continue his literary work. He wrote practically nothing, and it was as much as he could do to AHAD HA-AM 99 prepare for publication a selection from his vast correspondence of the preceding twenty-five years {Iggeroth Ahad Ha-Am, six volumes, 1923-1925), and, during his last months, to dictate some fragmentary reminiscences of his early life (published posthumously in Reshumoth, vol. 5). So, in the first Hebrew city of modern times, the great Lover of Zion faded away, surroundered by many of those who had been dearest to him in the days of his prime, but little heeded by the mass of those who were busy shaping (after their own fashion) his dream into a reality. The end came quietly, almost suddenly, on the 2nd of January, 1927 (28th of Tebeth, 5687). Next his grave in the Tel Aviv cemetery is that of Max Nordau. The two oppo- nents of earlier days, the champion of political Zionism and the philosopher of spiritual Zionism, the brilliant cosmo- politan and the intensely patriotic Hassid, lie side by side in the soil that belongs to both by right of a common herit- age and a common ideal.

JEWISH POPULATION IN THE UNITED STATES, 1927

BY H. S. LINFIELD, Ph.D. Director of the Statistical Department of the American Jewish Committee

I. THE NUMBER OF JEWS AND THEIR DISTRIBUTION Late in 1927 material was collected with a view to determining the number of Jews of the United States and their distribution at that time. A wide canvas brought returns from 2,970 cities, towns, and villages, and 170 rural districts; and for places and districts which were not canvassed or which did not reply to inquiries, estimates were made. The canvas and the estimates showed that at the end of 1927 a total of 4,228,029 Jews lived in the country, comprising 3.58% of the entire population. An estimate made ten years before placed the number of Jews at 3,388,951 or 3.27% of the total. Table I below gives the total population and the number of Jews in 1927 and in 1917. As was to be expected, the canvas showed that the Jews are not evenly distributed over the country. As will be seen in table II below, the density of the Jewish population was found to be greatest in the northern states and in Mary- land, Delaware, and the District of Columbia, the northern- most states of the South Atlantic Division. In this large region Jews comprise 5.25% of the total population. The density of the Jews is only .65% in the southern states (exclusive of Maryland, Delaware, and the District of Columbia) and 1.66% in the western states. 101 102 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK

TABLE I NUMBER OF JEWS AND THEIR DISTRIBUTION BY STATE, 1917 AND 19271

1917 1927 STATE Total Per Total Population Jews Cent Population Jews Alabama 2,363,939 11,086 0.47 2,549,000 12,891 Arizona 263,788 1,013 0.38 459,000 1,455 Arkansas 1,766,343 5,012 0.28 1,923,000 8,850 California 3,029,032 63,652 2.10 4,433,000 123,284 Colorado 988,320 14,565 1.47 1,074,000 20,321 Connecticut 1,265,373 66,862 5.28 1,636,000 91,538 Delaware 215,160 3,806 1.77 243,000 5,310 D. of C 369,282 10,000 2.71 540,000 16,000 Florida 916,185 6,451 0.70 1,363,000 13,402 Georgia 2,895,841 22,414 7.74 3,171,000 23,179 Idaho 445,176 1,078 0.24 534,000 1,141 Illinois 6,234,995 246,637 3.95 7,296,000 345,980 Indiana 2,835,492 25,833 0.91 3.150,000 27,244 Iowa 2,224,771 15,555 0.70 2,425,000 16,404 Kansas 1,851,870 9,450 0.51 1,328,000 7,792 Kentucky 2,394,093 13,362 0.56 2,538,000 19,533 Louisiana 1,856,954 12,723 0.68 1,934,000 16,432 Maine 777,340 7,387 0.95 793,000 8,480 Maryland 1,373,673 62,642 4.56 1,597,000 70,871 Massachusetts 3,775,973 189,671 5. 4,242,000 225,634 Michigan 3,094,266 63,254 2.04 4,490,000 89,462 Minnesota 2,312,44S 31,462 1.36 2.686,000 43,197 Mississippi 1,976,570 3,881 0.19 1,790,618 6,420 Missouri 3,429,595 80,807 2.35 3,510,000 80,687 Montana 472,935 2,518 0.53 714,000 1,578 Nebraska 1,284,126 13,547 1.06 1,396,000 14,209 Nevada 110,738 503 0.45 77,407 264 New Hampshire 444,429 3,257 0.73 455,000 2.779 New Jersey 3,014,194 149,476 4.96 3,749,000 225,306 New Mexico 423,649 858 0.20 392,000 1,052 New York 10,460,182 1,603,923 15.33 11,423,000 1,903,890 North Carolina 2,434,381 4.915 0.20 2,897,000 8,252 North Dakota 765,319 1,492 0.19 641,192 2,749 Ohio 5,212,085 166,361 3.19 6,710,000 173,976 Oklahoma 2,289,855 5,186 0.23 2,397,000 7,823 Oregon 861,992 9.767 1.13 890,000 13,075 Pennsylvania 8,660,042 322,406 3.72 9,730,000 404,979 Rhode Island 625,865 20,502 3.27 704,000 25,003 South Carolina 1,643,205 4,816 0.29 1,845,000 6,851 South Dakota 716,972 1,262 0.18 696,000 1,584 Tennessee 2,304,629 14,034 0.61 2,485,000 22,532 Texas 4,515,423 30,839 0.86 5,397,000- 46.648 Utah 443,866 3,737 0.84 522,000 2,857 Vermont 364,946 2,221 0.61 352,428 2.036 Virginia 2,213,025 15,403 0.69 2,546,000 25,656 Washington 1,597,400 9,117 0.57 1,562,000 14,698 West Virginia 1,412,602 5,129 0.36 1,696,000 7,471 Wisconsin 2,527,167 28,581 1.13 2,918,000 35,935 Wyoming 184,970 498 0.27 241,000 1,319

Total 103,640,473 3,388.951 3.27 118.140,645 4.228,029

'The population figures for 1927 and other non-census years in this table and in all subsequent tables are the estimates of the United States Bureau of the Census, or of the writer, following the method of the Census Bureau, whenever official estimates were not available. JEWISH POPULATION OF UNITED STATES, 1927 103

TABLE II NUMBER OF JEWS AND THEIR DISTRIBUTION BY DIVISION AND STATE, 1917, 1927 1917 1927 Division and State Per Per Total Jews Cent Total Jews Cent NORTH Maine 777,340 7,387 0.95 793,000 8,480 1.07 Mew Hampshire.... 444,429 3,257 0.73 455,000 2,779 0.61 364,946 2,221 0.61 352,428 2,036 0.58 Massachusetts..... 3,775,973 189,671 5. 4,242,000 225,634 5.32 Rhode Island 625,865 20,502 3.27 704,000 25,003 3.56 1,265,373 66,862 5.28 1,636,000 91,538 5.59 New York 10,460,182 1,603,923 15.33 11,423,000 1,903,890 16.67 3,014,194 149,476 4.96 3,749,000 225,306 6.01 Pennsylvania 8,660,042 322,406 3.72 9,730,000 404,979 4.16 Ohio 5,212,085 166,361 3.19 6,710,000 173,976 2.59 2,835,492 25,833 0.91 3,150,000 27,244 0.86 6,234,995 246,637 3.95 7.296,000 345,980 4.74 3,094,266 63,254 2.04 4,490,000 89,462 1.99 2,527,167 28,581 1.13 2,918,000 35,935 1.23 2,312,445 31,462 1.36 2,686,000 43,197 1.61 2,224,771 15,555 0.70 2,425,000 16,404 0.68 3,429,595 80,807 2.35 3,510,000 80,687 2.3 North Dakota 765,319 1,492 0.19 641,192 2,749 0.43 South Dakota 716,972 1,262 0.18 696,000 1,584 0.23 1,284,126 13,547 1.06 1,396,000 14,209 1.02 1,851,870 9,450 0.51 1,328,000 /7,792 0.59 Maryland 1,373,673 62,642 4.56 1,597,000 70,871 4.44 215,160 3,806 1.77 243,000 5,310 2.18 Dist. of Columbia .. 369,282 10,000 2.71 540,000 16,000 2.96 Total 63,835,562 3,126,394 4.9 72,710,620 3,821,045 5.25 " SOUTH 2,213,025 15,403 .69 2,S46,000 25,656 1.01 West Virginia 1,412,602 5,129 .36 1,696,000 7,471 0.44 North Carolina 2,434,381 4,915 .20 2,897.000 8,252 0.28 South Carolina 1,643,205 4,816 .29 1,845,000 6,851 0.37 2 895,841 22,414 7.74 3,171,000. 23,179 0.73 Florida 916,185 6,451 .70 1,363,000 13,402 0.98 2,394,093 13,362 .56 2,538,000 19,533 0.77 2,304,629 14,034 .61 2,485,000 22,532 0.91 2,363,939 11,086 .47 2,549,000 12,891 0.5 1,976,570 3,881 .19 1,790,618 6,420 0.36 1,766,343 5,012 .28 1,923,000 8,850 0.46 1,856,954 12.723 .68 1,934,000 16.432 0.85 2,289,855 5,186 .23 2,397,000 7.823 0.33 Texas 4,515,423 30,839 .86 5,397,000 46,648 0.86 Total 30,983,045 155,251 .5 34,531,618 225,940 0.65 WEST 472,935 2,518 0.53 714,000 1,578 0.22 Idaho 445,176 1,078 0.24 534,000 1,141 0.21 184,970 498 0.27 241,000 1,319 0.55 988,320 14,565 1.47 1,074,000 20,321 1.89 423,649 858 0.20 392,000 1,052 0.27 263,788 1,013 0.38 459,000 1,455 0.32 Utah 443,866 3,737 0.84 522,000 2,857 0.55 110,738 503 0.45 77,407 264 0.34 1,597,400 9,117 0.57 1,562,000 14,698 0.94 861,992 9,767 1.13 890.000 13,075 1.47 California 3,029,032 63,652 2.10 4,433,000 123,284 2.78 Total 8,821,866 107,306 1.22 10,898,407 181,044 1.66 Grand Total 103,640,473 3,388,951 3.27 118,140,645 4,228,029 3.58 104 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK Not only do the Jews live in every state of the Union but the canvas showed that the Jews are widely distributed within the states. The first wide canvas of the Jews in the country, that made by Mr. William B. Hackenburg in 1877, , showed that in that year the Jews lived in 173 places. Thirty years later, in 1907, Miss Henrietta Szold, expanding statistics which she had collected in 1905, received reports from 684 places as having Jews. Ten years later, in 1917, Dr. Samson D. Oppenheim received reports from 724 places which were brought up in the following year to 819 places. The present writer found that in 1927, the Jewish dispersion in the country reached the figure of 6,420 cities, towns, and villages and of 3,292 rural unincorporated districts in Conti- nental United States.1 In 1927 every city of 25,000 or over was found to have Jewish inhabitants. Of the smaller cities it was found that there were Jews in 93.9% of cities of 25,000-10,000; in 88.2% of the places of 10,000-5,000; and in 84.86% of the places of 5,000-2,500. Even of the small villages, those belonging to the class of rural incorporated places of 2,500 or less, 30.55% have Jewish inhabitants. In other words, as the table following will show, out of every one hundred urban places nearly ninety have Jewish residents; of every one hundred rural villages only thirty have Jews; while in the country districts, only seven in every one hundred have permanent Jewish residents.

'No conclusion as to the actual number of places having Jews in the previous years should be drawn from the above statement, nor should comparisons be attempted, because the methods of investigation differed from one another. In 1927, in addition to the territory canvassed, estimates were made by the use of statistical methods for all such places as the canvas did not include; hence the figures for 1927, probably represent the sum total of places having Jews in that year. This procedure does not seem to have been followed in 1877, 1907, and 1917. The figures for these years represent only those places from which reports were received without making allowances for those places which failed to reply or were not canvassed. JEWISH POPULATION OF UNITED STATES, 1927 105

TABLE III TOTAL NUMBER OF PLACES AND NUMBER OF PLACES HAVING JEWS, 1927

Total Number Number of Class of Place of Places Places Having Per Cent Census of 19201 Jews

Urban Places of 25,000 or over.. 287 287 100. Urban Places of 25,000-10,000.. 461 433 93.93 Urban Places of 10,000- 5,000.. 721 636 88.22 Urban Places of 5,000-2,500.. 1,321 1,121 84.86 Total Urban Places 2.790 2,477 88.77 Rural Incorporated Places of 2,500 or less 12,908 3,943 30.55 Total Incorporated Places.. 15,698 6,420 41.22 Rural Unincorporated Districts.. 44,5652 3.292 7.39

Although'the distribution of Jews was found to be wide, it appealed evident that their density was light except in the large cities. Thus it was found that in the large cities of 100,000 population or over, the percentage of the Jews was 11.11% of the total and that the percentage became smaller with the size of the class of place. In cities of 100,000 to 25,000 the percentage of Jews was but 3.11%. In the rural incorporated villages it was 0.48%, and in the rural districts, but 0.15%. The following table shows the percentage of Jews among the various classes of cities, towns, villages, and in rural territory. TABLE IV DENSITY OF JEWS IN URBAN PLACES AND IN RURAL TERRITORY " Total Class of Place Jews Per Cent Population3 1927 Urban Places of 100,000 or over.. 31,988,375 3,553,600 11.11 Urban Places of 100,000-25,000.. 12,191,173 378,862 3.11 Urban Places of 25,000-10,000.. 6,942,742 111,468 1.61 Urban Places of 10,000- 5,000.. 4,997,794 41,649 ' 0.83 Urban Places of 5.000-2,500.. 4,593,953 32,572 0.70 Rural Incorporated Places of 2 500 or less 8,969.241 43,596 0.48 Rural Unincorporated territory.. 42,436,776 64,930 0.15

'The figures for places in this table and in all other tables are those of 1920. JSee note on page 114. 3See note on next page. 106 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK The preceding table gave the density of the Jewish population in the various classes of places, taking each class as a whole. Now, in the cities of 25,000 or over, inasmuch as every city reported Jews, the actual density of the Jewish population equals the percentage shown. This is not the case, however, with the classes of cities of less than 25,000 in population, where not all the cities have Jewish residents. The table below shows the density of the Jews in the cities, villages and rural districts where they live.

TABLE V THE NUMBER OF JEWS AND THEIR PER CENT OF THE TOTAL POPULATION IN THOSE CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, AND RURAL PLACES INHABITED BY JEWS, 1927

Number of Per Cent of Class of Place Jews Total Population

Urban Places of 100,000 or.over 3,553,600 11.11 Urban Places of 100,000-25,000 378,862 3.11 Urban Places of 25,000-10,000 111,742 1.82' Urban Places of 10,000- 5,000 41,855 0.95 Urban Places of 5,000- 2,500 32,370 0.82 Rural Incorporated Places of 2,500 or less 43,513 1.37 Rural Unincorporated Territory 66,087 1.76

'In all the tables, the figures for the total population of the rural territories and of the small urban places of 2500-25,000, are those of the census year 1920. For, the figures for the number of Jews in those areas and places are certainly minima due to the method used for their ascertainment, namely, actual counts. Since our correspondents reported only those Jewish men, women, and children that were known to them to reside in those places, the total figures reported to us were undoubtedly less than the actual figures for the areas and places under consideration. Hence, in order to arrive at a true percentage of the Jews to the total population, it was deemed proper not to correct the figures for the total population for the increase between 1920 ane 1927. Thus in the case of the rural areas and of the small urban places of 2500 to 25,000, the figures for both the total population and the Jews are minnima and the per cent of the Jews is assumed to be correct. The figures for the total population of places 25,000 or over and of the United States as a whole are always those of 1927. JEWISH POPULATION OF UNITED STATES, 1927 107

Of the two tables that follow, one is a list giving the total population and the number of Jews of the capital city and of the largest city or of the next largest city in each state, and the other a list of cities having 100,000 Jews or more. TABLE VI NUMBER OF JEWS IN CAPITAL CITY AND LARGEST CITY OF EACH STATE

Total State and City Population Jews Per Cent 19272 1927 Alabama *Montgomery 47,193 3,000 6.36 Birmingham 217,500 4,000 1.84 Arizona *Phoenix 41,596 425 1.02 Tocson 25,261 400 1.58 Arkansas •Little Rock 78,582 3,000 3.82 Fort Smith 32,296 420 1.3 California •Sacramento 80,756 1,100 1.36 Los Angeles 1,300,000 65,000 4.998 Colorado •Denver 289,800 17,000 5.87 Pueblo 43,962 1,200 2.73 Connecticut •Hartford 168,300 27,000 16.04 New Haven 184,900 22,500 12.17 Delaware •Dover 4,267 I Wilmington 126,400 5,000 3.96 District of Columbia •Washington 540.000 16.000 2.96 Florida •Tallahassee 6,070 59 0.97 Jacksonville 97,006 4,000 4.12 Georgia •Atlanta 250,000' 11,000 4.4 Savannah 96,400 3,800 3.94 Idaho •Boise 24,217 316 1.3 Pocatello 19,123 120 0.63 Illinois •Springfield 64.436 600 0.93 Chicago 3,102,800 325,000 10.47 Indiana •Indianapolis 374,300 10,000 2.67 Fort Wayne 102,380 1,800 1.76 Iowa •Des Moines 148,900 4,200 2.82 Sioux City 87,606 3,150 3.59 Kansas •Topeka 59,500 900 1.51 Kansas City 117,500 2,500 2.13 •Capita! City •Number of Jews not reported 2See note on page 102. 108 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK

TABLE VI (Continued) Total State and City Population Jews Per Cent 1927 1927 Kentucky •Frankfort 9,805 74 0.75 Louisville 320,100 12,500 3.9 Louisiana *Baton Rouge 26,601 750 2.82 New Orleans 424,400 9,000 2.12 Maine •Augusta 14,746 45 0.31 Portland 76,762 3,500 Maryland 4.56 •Annapolis 13,037 l Baltimore 819,000 68,000 8.3 Massachusetts •Boston 793,100 90,000 11.35 Worcester 195,500 13,000 6.65 Michigan •Lansing 75,595 200 0.26 Detroit 1,334,500 75,000 5.62 Minnesota •St. Paul 250,100 13,500 5.4 Minneapolis 447,700 22,000 4.91 Mississippi •Jackson 23,905 169 0.71 Meridian 23,479 575 2.45 Missouri •Jefferson City 16,338 80 0.49 St. Louis 839,200 50,000 5.96 Montana •Helena 12,037 79 0.66 Butte 43,323 540 1.25 Nebraska •Lincoln 62,630 1,050 1.68 Omaha 219.200 11,000 5.02 Nevada •Carson City 1,685 l Reno 12,820 164 1.28 New Hampshire •Concord 22,636 120 0.53 Manchester 84,208 935 1.11 New Jersey •Trenton 136,700 11,000 8.05 Newark 466,700 65,000 13.93 New Mexico •Santa Fe 8,750 40 0.46 Albuquerque 18,052 240 1.33 New York •Albany 119,500 9,000 7.5 New York 5,970,800 1,765,000 29.56 North Carolina •Raleigh 28,058 150 0.53 Winston-Salem 66,385 325 0.40 North Dakota •Bismarck 8,297 400 4.83 Fargo 27,302 500 1.83 Ohio •Columbus 291,400 8,500 2.92 Cleveland 984,500 85,000 8.63 Oklahoma •Oklahoma City 145,000 1,250 0.86 Tulsa 135,900 2,400 1.77 •Capital City 'Number of Jews not reported. JEWISH POPULATION OF UNITED STATES, 1927 109

TABLE VI (Continued) Total State and City Population Jews Per Cent 1927 1927 Oregon •Salem 20,188 Portland 340,740 12,000 3.52 Pennsylvania •Harrisburg 84,600 S,000 5.91 Philadelphia 2,035,900 270,000 13.26 Rhode Island •Providence 280,600 21,000 7.48 Pawtucket 73,086 570 0.78 South Carolina •Columbia 45,367 590 1.3 Charleston 74,343 2,150 2.89 South Dakota •Pierre 3,209 Sioux Falls 32,977 210 0.64 Tennessee •Nashville 137,800 4.000 2.9 Memphis 178,900 10,000 5.59 Texas •Austin 38,387 490 1.28 San Antonio 211,400 8,000 3.78 Utah •Salt Lake City 135,700 2,000 1.47 Ogden 37,860 290 0.77 Vermont •Montpelier 7,125 100 1.4 Burlington 24,396 900 . 3.69 Virginia •Richmond 191,800 8,000 4.17 Norfolk 179,200 7,800 4.35 Washington •Olympia 8,354 12 0.14 Seattle 411,500 10,000 2.43 West Virginia •Charleston 51,236 1,200 2.34 Wheeling 66,404 750 1.13 Wisconsin •Madison 47,370 1,000 2.11 Milwaukee 536,400 25,000 4.66 Wyoming •Cheyenne 15,585 800 S.13 Casper 17,612 61 0.35 'Capital City xNumber of Jews not reported. no AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK TABLE VII A LIST OF CITIES HAVING 1,000 JEWS OR MORE, 1927

Total Number of City Population Jews Per Cent 1927* 1927 220,500' 7,500 3.4 Albany, N. Y 119,500 9,000 . 7.5 Allentown Pa. 94.6003 1,960 2.07 67,0003 1,500 2.24 19,386 2,400 12.38 Asbury Park N J. 13,975 1,387 9.92 Atlanta, Ga 250,000" 11,000 4.4 Atlantic City N J. 53,896 12,160 22.56 819,000 68,000 8.3 26,800 1,500 5.6 91,600 12,150 13.26 54,272 1,150 2.12 Bethlehem, Pa ;.. 76,622 1,500 1.96 Beverly, Mass 22,735 1,000 4.4 79,649 2,500 3.14 217,500 4,000 1.84 793,100 90,000 11.35 Braddock, Pa. 21,944 2,000 9.11 Bridgeport, Conn 152,500' 13,000 8.52 65,3422 4,000 6.12 44,653 7,500 16.8 Buffalo, N. Y 550,000 20,000 3.64 123,900 5,200 4.2 Camden, N. J 133,100 7,700 5.78 Canton, Ohio • ... 112,902 3,600 3.19 Charleston S. C. ... 74,343 2,150 2.89 Charleston, W. Va 51,236 1,200 2.34 72,200 3,385 4.69 48,871 20,000 40.92 Chester, Pa. 71,675 2,125 2.96 Chicago 111 3,102,800 325,000 10.47 412,200 23,500 5.7 Cleveland Ohio 984,500 85,000 8.63 Cleveland Heights, Ohio. . 23,832 8,000 33.57 Columbus, Ohio 291,400 8,500 2.92 Dallas Tex 211,600 7,500 3.54 180,700 4,900 2.71 289,800 17,000 5.87 148,900 4,200 2.82 Detroit, Mich 1,334,500 75,000 5.62 Duluth, Minn 113,232 3,480 3.07 Kast Orange N J. 62,147 2,000 3.22 37,516 • 1,500 4. East St. Louis, 111 72,521 2,750 3.79 Elizabeth N. J 111,444 9,500 8.52 Elmira N. Y. 51,144 1,500 2.93 El Paso, Tex. 109,200s 2,400 2.2 Erie Pa. 112,164 1,575 1.4 96,195 1,800 1.87 132,600 5,500 4.15 Flint Mich 136,500s 1,100 0.81 Fort Wayne, Ind 102,380 1,800 1.76

•See note on page 102. •Local Estimate. J1925 state census. 'Estimate, U. S. Bureau of the Census for 1926. 'Census of 1920. JEWISH POPULATION OF UNITED STATES, 1927 111

TABLE VII (Continued)

Total Number of City Population Jews Per Cent 1927* 1927 Fort Worth, Tex 163,600 2,100 1.28 Galveston, Tex 49,346 1.940 3.93 Gary, Ind 82,381 2,200 2.67 Grand Rapids, Mich.. 161,900 1,780 1.1 Hammond, Ind 52,300 1,200 2.29 Harrisburg, Pa 84,6003 5,000 5.91 Hartford, Conn 168,300' 27,000 16.04 Haverhill, Mass 49,232 3,385 6.88 Hazleton, Pa 37.O542 1,000 2.7 Highland Park, Mich. 76,164 1,765 2.32 Hoboken, N. J 68,166 2.780 4.08 Holyoke, Mass 60,387 2,000 3.31 Homestead, Pa 21,669 1,100 5.08 Houston, Tex 256,000' 11,000 4.3 Huntington, W. Va... 65,100 1,125 1.73 Indianapolis, Ind 374,300 10,000 2.67 Irvington N. J 35,002 1,295 3.7 Jacksonville, Fla 97,006 4,000 4.12 Jersey City, N. J 321,500 18,000 5.6 Johnstown, Pa 75,618 1,000 1.32 Kansas City, Kan.. . . 117,500 2,500 2.13 Kansas City, Mo 383,100 22,000 5.74 Kingston. N. Y 27,234 1,750 6.43 Knoxville, Tenn 106,848 1,250 1.17 Lancaster, Pa 57,296 1,500 2.62 Lawrence, Mass 93,5272 3,775 4.04 Lincoln, Neb 62,630 1,050 1.68 Little Rock, Ark 78,582 3,000 3.82 Long Beach, Cal 97.7OO3 1,750 1.79 Long Branch, N. J 13,677 3,000 21.94 Los Angeles, Cal 1,300,600 65,000 5.00 Louisville, Ky 320,1001 12.S00 3.9 Lowell, Mass 110,296 2,700 2.45 Lynn, Mass 8.6 104,653 9,000 22.9 Lynnbrook, N. Y 4,371* 1,000 10.07 McKeesport, Pa 49,641 5,000 2.11 Madison, Wis 47,370 1,000 18.92 Maiden, Mass 52,863 10,000 5.72 Mason City, la 26,249 1,501 5.59 Memphis, Tenn 178,900 10,000 5.52 Meriden, Conn 31,688 1,750 3.09 Miami, Fla 85,826 2,650 4.66 Milwaukee, Wis 536,400 25,000 4.91 Minneapolis, Minn.. . 447,700 22,000 6.36 Montgomery, Ala 47,193 3,000 15.69 Mount Vernon, N. Y. 50,990 8,000 2.9 Nashville, Tenn 137,800 4,000 3.32 New Bedford, Mass.. 119,537 3,970 4.28 New Britain. Conn.. . 70,096 3,000 12.71 New Brunswick, N. J 39,345 5,000 12.17 New Haven, Conn... 184,900 22,500 5.35 New London, Conn.. 29,908 1,600 2.12 New Orleans, La.. . . 424,400 9,000 10.88 New Rochelle, N. Y.. 41,355 4.500 29.56 New York, N. Y 5,970,800 1,765,000 13.93 Newark, N. J 466,700 65,000 5.4 Newburgh, N. Y 32,158 1,735 3.77 Newport News, Va.. . 46,369 1,750 1.54 Niagara Falls. N. Y.. 64,980 1,000 4.35 Norfolk, Va 179,200 7,800 4.73 Norwalk, Conn 42,295 2.000 112 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK

TABLE VII (Continued)

Total Number of City Population Jews Per Cent 1927* 1927 Norwich, Conn 23,659 1,200 5.07 Oak Park Village, 111. 54,147 1,600 2.95 Oakland, Cal 267,300 6,000 2.24 Oklahoma City, Okla. 145.0003 1,250 0.86 Omaha, Neb 219,200 11,000 5.02 Orange, N. J 35,814 1,000 2.79 Pasadena, Cal 58,4003 1,400 2.4 Passaic, N. J 70,188 9,000 12.82 Paterson, N. J 143,800 22,300 15.51 Pensacola, Fla 25,3053 1,200 4.75 Peoria, III 82,540 1,500 1.82 Perth Amboy, N. J.. 48,417 4,500 9.29 Philadelphia, Pa 2,035,900 270,000 13.26 Pittsburgh, Pa 665,500 53.000 7.96 Pittsfield, Mass 48,921 2,100 4.29 Plainfield, N. J 32,705 3,000 9.17 Portland, Me 76,762 3,500 4.56 Portland, Ore 340,740' 12,000 3.52 Portsmouth, Va 69,224 2,180 3.15 Pottsville, Pa 23,024 1,000 4.34 Poughkeepsie, N. Y.. 37,144 1,850 4.98 Providence, R. I 280,600 21,000 7.48 Pueblo, Colo 43,962 1,200 2.73 Quincy, Mass 64,925 1,650 2.54 Reading, Pa 114,500 2,500 2.18 Revere, Mass 35,035 8,000 22.83 Richmond, Va 191,800 8.000 4.17 Rochester, N. Y 324,500 22,500 6.93 Rock Island, 111 42,766 1,675 3.92 Sacramento, Cal 80,756 1,100 1.36 St. Joseph, Mo 78,314 3,500 4.47 St. Louis, Mo 839,200 50,000 5.96 St. Paul, Minn 250,100 13,500 5.4 Salem, Mass 42,937 2,400 5.59 Salt Lake City, Utah 135,700 2,000 1.47 San Antonio, Tex.... 211,400 8,000 3.78 San Diego, Cal 11O.4OO3 2,000 1.81 San Francisco, Cal... 576,000 35,000 6.08 Savannah, Ga 96,400s 3,800 3.94 Schenectady, N. Y... 99,850 3,500 3.51 Scranton, Pa 143,900 9,000 6.25 Seattle, Wash 411.5001 10,000 2.43 Sheboygan, Wis 34,144 1,075 3.15 Shreveport, La 67,641 2,000 2.96 Sioux City, la 87,606 3,150 3.59 Somerville, Mass.... 101,408 2,500 2.46 South Bend, Ind 83,092 3,000 3.61 South Orange, N. J.. 8,156 1,000 12.27 Spokane, Wash 109,000* 1,350 1.24 Springfield, Mass 147,400 12,100 8.21 Stamford, Conn 42,066 5,600 13.31 Stockton, Cal 52,226 1,150 2.2 Superior, Wis 39,671 1,050 2.65 Syracuse, N. Y 197,000 14,000 7.11 Tacoma, Wash 106,220 1,000 0.94 Tampa, Fla 111,997 2,000 1.79 Terre Haute, Ind 71,900s 1,000 1.39 Toledo, Ohio 305,400 10,000 3.27 Trenton, N. J 136,700 11,000 8.05 Troy, N. Y 72,300' 2,500 3.46 Tulsa, Okla 135,900' 2,400 1.77 JEWISH POPULATION OF UNITED STATES, 1927 113

TABLE VII (Continued)

Total Number of City Population Jews Per Cent 1927* 1927 Union, N. J 20.651 4,000 19.37 Uniontown, Pa 17,335 1,100 6.35 Utica, N. Y 107,971 5,000 4.63 Waco, Tex 46,952 1,500 3.19 Washington, D. C S40.000 16,000 2.96 Waterbury, Conn 104,716 5,300 5.06 West Hoboken, N. J 43,343 1,320 3.05 West New York, N. J 41,382 2,410 5.82 White Plains, N. Y 24,588 1,700 6.91 Wilkes Barre, Pa 78,542 5,500 7. Wilmington, Del 126.400 5,000 3.96 Winthrop, Mass 16,440 2,000 12.17 Woonsocket, R. I 52,155 1,350 2.59 Worcester, Mass 195,500 13,000 6.65 Yonkers, N. Y 118,800 7,000 5.89 Youngstown, Ohio 169,400 8,000 4.72 114 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK

II. SCOPE OF THE INQUIRY AND METHODS EMPLOYED THE forty-eight states of the Union are divided into 3,065 primary divisions, commonly known as counties, and these counties, with a few exceptions, are subdivided into numerous smaller units known as minor civil divisions (census of 1920).x Thus the country is divided geographic- ally and politically. From another point of view the country may be said to consist of sections of sparsely populated territory and other sections of densely populated territory. As a rule the densely populated territory form portions of the minor civil divisions, and they go under the name of cities, villages, boroughs, etc., and are as a rule incorporated, while the sparsely populated portions of the minor civil divisions are, as a rule, not incorporated. The former are further classified in accordance with the size of the population inhabiting them: incorporated densely populated territory of 2,500 or less is known as rural incorporated places while places of 2,500 or more are known as urban places. The country is thus divided into the following manner: (Census of 1920): Rural unincorporated territory1 42,436,776 persons 12,908 rural incorporated places of 2500 population, or less 8,969,241 persons 1,321 urban places of 2500-500 4,593,953 persons 721 urban places of 5000-10000 4,997,794 persons 461 urban places of 10000-25000 6,942,742 persons 219 urban places of 25000-100000 10,340,788 persons 68 urban places of 100000 or over 27,429,326 persons In the present compilation of new estimates of the number of Jews in the country efforts have been made to determine the number of Jews and their distribution in the country as a whole, in the states and divisions,as well as in the rural districts and villages and in the urban places of the various sizes. The methods used were chiefly the following: in the case of the small communities, efforts were made to have local •The United States Bureau of the Census does not give the number of the minor civil divisions. By counting the divisions enumerated in 1920, we get the figure of 49,312: 4,747 incorporated and 44,565 unincorporated divisions, though many of the latter contain portions that are incorporated. JEWISH POPULATION OF UNITED STATES, 1927 115 correspondents enumerate for us the men and the women of the Jewish faith and their children. Persons of Jewish extraction who were intermarried or were not of the Jewish faith were excluded. But answers to our inquiries were not received from every place. In fact, in the case of the rural districts and the rural incorporated places, the vast majority were not canvassed at all. To determine the number of Jews living in territories and places which were not canvassed or did not respond to inquiries, the method of sampling was used. The unknown places were grouped into classes in accordance with their size or character, and a number of places were taken at random. The sampled places were then examined with a view to eliminating possible disturbing elements. The respective samples were then canvassed with a view to determining the number of places having Jews and the number of Jews that they had. In the case of the urban places of 25,000 or over, estimates of the number of Jews were received from organizations and individuals for every place in those classes of cities. These estimates, though reliable and assumed to be carefully made, were, in each case, weighed as to their source and examined in the light of available data bearing upon the number of Jews in he respective cities. In the case of the eleven cities that have 50,000 Jews or more, for eight cities including the City of New York, estimates received were checked on the basis of the number of children that abstained from attending school on the Day of Atonement in the fall of 1927. In general these were the methods used to determine the number of Jews in the various classes of urban places and of rural places, and the estimates finally accepted were in every case conservative.

1. JEWS IN RURAL TERRITORY Of the 12,908 rural incorporated places of 2,500 or less in population in the forty-eight states (U. S. Census of 1920), figures for Jews were received from 1,068 places which reported a total of 20,141 Jews and from 170 rural districts, minor civil divisions, which yielded a total of 9,038 Jews. The other rural incorporated places and unincorporated 116 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK districts having Jews and the number of Jews that they had were then determined by the statistical method of sampling,1 and it was found that (a) of these places 24.28% of the incorporated villages have Jewish residents who comprise .307% of the total population; (b) of the unincorporated rural districts 6.78% have Jewish residents who constitute .134% of the total population of these places. By applying these percentages to the large number of rural incorporated and the rural unincorporated districts from which direct information was not received, it was concluded that (a) in addition to the number of incorporated rural places which had reported Jews, 2,875 places in the same class also had Jews to the number of 23,372; (b) in addition to the number of unincorporated rural districts which had reported Jews, 3,122 places in the same class also had Jewish residents who numbered 57,049. Adding these estimated numbers of places and of Jews to those numbers that were reported by the communities, we find that in 1927 there were permanent Jewish inhabitants in 3,943 rural incorporated villages of 2,500 or less, and in 3,292 rural unincorporated districts, and that a total of 109,600 Jews lived in rural areas of the United States.1 2. JEWS IN URBAN PLACES OF 2,500-25,000 A total of 2,503 urban places of 2,500-25,000 were enumerated in the census of 1920 and of that number 1,615 places reported to us an aggregate of 172,269 Jews, as follows: of 1,321 places of 2,500-5,000,727 places reported 26,599 Jews of 721 places of 5,000-10,000,489 places reported 36,980 Jews of 461 placesof 10,000-25,000,399places reported 108,690 Jews On the other hand, a total of 888 places either were not canvassed, or refused to report, or gave ambiguous answers which could not be used, as follows: 594 places of 2,500- 5,000 232 places of 5,000-10,000 62 places of 10,000-25,000 •See note A and Table X. •The fact of living in rural territory does not, of course, indicate the occupation of the residents. A large number of the 109,600 Jews living in rural territory are, no doubt, engaged in agricultural pursuits, but not all of them. On the other hand, there are no doubt many Jews living in urban places of 2,500 or over who engage in agricultural pursuits. JEWISH POPULATION OF UNITED STATES, 1927 117 The number of these places having Jewish residents and the number of such residents were, however, estimated by a procedure similar to the one used in the case of the rural places.1 This method of computation indicated that 70.73% of these places had Jewish residents who constituted 0.304% of the population of these cities. Application of these percentages to the three classes of urban places under consideration showed: a) in addition to the number of urban places of 2,500 to 5,000 population which had reported Jewish residents upon direct canvass, 394 had such residents to the number of 5,771; b) in addition to the number of urban places of 5,000- 10,000 population which had reported Jewish residents, 147 cities in the same class also had such residents to the number of 4,875; c) in addition to the number of urban places of 10,000 to 25,000 population which had repotted Jews, 34 cities in the same class also had Jewish residents to the number of 3,052. Adding these estimated numbers of places and of persons of the Jewish faith to those numbers that were reported by the communities upon direct canvass we find that at the end of 1927, a total of 2,190 small towns of 2,500-25,000 had permanent Jewish residents to the number of 185,967. 3. JEWS IN URBAN PLACES OF 25,000 OR OVER Of the remaining 287 cities, those having a population in excess of 25,000 (census of 1920), reports were received from every one and were furnished by the rabbis, the heads of the chief Jewish organizations and other communal workers. The reports contained not only estimates of the number of Jews in the respective communities but also data as to congregations and other organizations, their membership and expenditures, and the number of children enrolled in the religious schools, etc. The census of 1920 enumerated 219 cities of 25,000-100,- 000 population, located in 39 states. These cities had a combined population of 10,340,788 in 1920, and their population in 1927, maybe estimated to have beenl2,191,173. 'See Note A p. 159. 118 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK The class of cities of 100,000 or over comprised 68. These had in 1920 a total population of 27,429,326, which was estimated by the United States Bureau of the Census to have grown to 31,988,375 in 1927. Of these 68 cities Baltimore, Boston, Chicago, Cleveland, Detroit, Los Ange- les, Newark, New York, Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, and St. Louis were reported to have about 50,000 Jews or more. The number of Jews in the remaining 57 large cities and in the 219 cities of 25,000^100,000 was determined chiefly on the basis of the local estimates, examined in the light of the number of Jews that reported Yiddish and Hebrew as their mother-tongue in the census of 1920, and in the light of the number of Jewish children enrolled in the religious schools of the respective cities. The 219 cities reported a total of 378,862 Jews and the 57 larger cities, 642,600 Jews. 4. JEWS IN ELEVEN CITIES HAVING 50,000 JEWS OR OVER The number of Jews in the eleven cities enumerated above could not be estimated in the same manner as were the numbers of the Jews in the other cities. With regard to the eleven cities the writer had before him figures of the number of children who were absent from school on the Day of Atonement of 1927, in the city of New York, Newark, Bos- ton, Detroit, Philadelphia, and St. Louis, but not Baltimore, Chicago and Los Angeles. In the cases of Cleveland and Pittsburgh we were furnished with the number of Jewish school children in each city, as determined by local social workers. Statistical data bearing on the number that reported Yiddish or Hebrew in the Census of 1920 were at hand, of course, for every city. Estimating the number of Jews on the basis of the number of Jewish children who abstained from attending school on the Day of Atonement1 and on the basis of the number enumerated in the census as persons of foreign birth with Yiddish as their mother- tongue and their children,2 we found that the number of Jews of the eleven cities was approximately as follows: City of New York 1,765,000 Baltimore 68,000 Boston 90,000 Chicago 325,000 •See note C. p. 165. 'See note D. p. 167. JEWISH POPULATION OF UNITED STATES, 1927 119 Cleveland 85,000 Detroit 75,000 Los Angeles 65,000 Newark 65,000 Philadelphia 270,000 Pittsburgh 53,000 St. Louis 50,000 Total 2,911,000 Adding the combined number of Jews of the eleven cities to the number of Jews in the 57 other large cities of 100,000 or over, we estimate that in 1927, a total of 3,553,- 600 Jews lived in the 68 cities of 100,000 or over. 5. SUMMARY OF RESULTS The results arrived at may be summed up as follows: 68 cities of 100,000 or over have 3,553,600 Jews 219 cities of 100,000-25,000 have 378,862 Jews 461 cities of 25,000-10,000 have 111,742 Jews 721 cities of 10,000-5,000 have 41,855 Jews 1,321 cities of 5,000-2,500 have 32,370 Jews 12,908 villages of 2,500 or less have 43,513 Jews Rural unincorporated territory has 66,087 Jews Total 4,228,029 Jews Our figure 4,228,029 for the Jewish population in the country in 1927, may now be examined in the light of other methods of computation. In 1914, the late Dr. Joseph Jacobs undertook to estimate the number of Jews on the basis of foreign stock, mother-tongue, and immigration. The former two methods offer exceptional difficulties and can, besides, be relied upon only in a census year like 1910 or 1920. The method based on immigration, however, may profitably be examined. The number of Jews in 1917, was estimated as 3,388,951. The net immigration between 1917 and 1927 may be easily determined by taking the number of the immigrant Jews that were admitted to the country less the number of those that departed and those that were deported. By this method it is found that between January 1918 and Decem- ber 1927, the net Jewish immigration, the excess of admissions over departures and deportations, amounted to 323,984 Jews 120 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK In 1914, Dr. Jacobs estimated that the birth-rate among Jews in the United States was 35 per thousand, and the death rate at 15 per thousand, and he assumed that the increase of births over deaths was 2% per year. His estimates of the rates of births and of deaths were probably too high; on the other hand, his assumption that the young Jewish population of the United States increased at the rate of 2% per year through the surplus of births over deaths, was probably correct for the years with which he dealt. The 3,388,000 Jews that were in the country in 1917, due chiefly to a different age grouping, probably had a smaller surplus of births over deaths. But we may still assume this rate of 2% increase for the immigrants who entered the country between 1917 and 1927. If we assume that these immigrants increased by 2% a year (1% during the year of arrival) their increase amounts to 33,073. In other words, the Jewish immigrants who entered the country during 1918-1927, plus the natural increase among them, may reasonably be assumed to have totalled 358,777 at the end of 1927.r

'This increase has been determined by taking the net immigration (admissions leas departures and deportations) of each of the ten years under consideration and adding in each case, 2% for each year between the year of entrance and the end of 1927 (1% for the year of arrival) as follows:

Net Year Immigra- Increase Total tion January-July 1918. 1,193 Increase of 1918-1927 . . 19% 226 1,419 1918-1919 2,665 Increase of 1918-1927.. 17% 453 3.118 1919-1920 13,881 Increase of 1919-1927.. 15% 2.OS2 15,963 1920-1921 118,419 Increase of 1920-1927.. 13% 15,394 133.813 1921-1922 52,480 Increase of 1921-1927.. 11% 5,772 58,252 1922-1923 49,207 Increase of 1922-1927.. 9% 4,428 53,635 1923-1924 49,616 Increase of 1923-1927.. 7% 3,473 53,089 1924-1925 9,751 Increase of 1924-1927.. 5% 487 10,238 1925-1926 9.751 Increase of 1925-1927.. 3% 292 10.043 1926-1927 11,075 Increase of 1926-1927.. 1% 110 11,185 July-Dec, 1927... 5,946 Increase of July-Dec, 1927 0.5% 29 5,975 Totals 323,984 32.746 356.730 JEWISH POPULATION OF UNITED STATES, 1927 121

If we now assume that the 3,388,000 Jews who were in the country at the end of 1917, had, during the ten following years a surplus of births over deaths of 1.5% a year, their increase, compounded, would amount to 544,058. We may summarize our findings as follows: Total number of Jews in United States, end of 1917 3,388,000 Natural increase, 1918 to 1927 544,058 Net immigration of Jews, 1918 to 1927 323,984 Natural increase of same 32,746 Total number of Jews in United States based on this method of computation 4,288,788 The number thus arrived at is somewhat higher than the total obtained on the basis of the canvas made in 1927. The difference is comparatively small, and is probably owing to the estimate accepted in 1917, being too high. As a matter of fact, Dr. Oppenheim tacitly admitted this when he finally settled upon 3,300,000, instead of the total of his state estimates 3,388,000. (SEE AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 5679, p. 73.) 122 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK

III. DISTRIBUTION OF THE JEWS IN THE COUNTRY, 1927

For a number of reasons it has been found useful in the past to know the distribution of the Jews of the United States by states and also their percentage of the total population of each state. Attempts were also made to examine the distribution of the Jews in the country by region, and their percentage in the various regions or divisions. The present wide canvas enables us to go further than that. It is obviously important to know to what extent the Jews live in the large cities, in the small towns, and in the rural districts, and their ratio to the total population in the rural and in the urban places of the various sizes both in the country as a whole and in the divisions and states. Finally, what is the density of the Jews in those places where they live? For instance, in the class of places of 5,000-10,000, the density of the Jews is 0.95% of the total population of that class of urban place, but this figure is misleading without the additional fact that the Jews live in only 636 of the total of 721 places of that class. How thickly or sparsely settled are the Jews in those places where they actually live?

1. GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION

The United States is divided as follows: THE NORTH: NEW ENGLAND (Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massa- chusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut) MIDDLE ATLANTIC (New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania) EAST NORTH CENTRAL (Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, and Wisconsin) WEST NORTH CENTRAL (Minnesota, Iowa, Missouri, North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, and Kansas) THE SOUTH: SOUTH ATLANTIC (Delaware, Maryland, District of Columbia, Virginia, West Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida) EAST SOUTH CENTRAL (Kentucky, Tennessee, Alabama, and Mississippi) WEST SOUTH CENTRAL (Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, and Texas) JEWISH POPULATION OF UNITED STATES, 1927 123 THE WEST: MOUNTAIN (Montana, Idaho, Wyoming, Colorado, New Mex- ico, Arizona, Utah, and Nevada) PACIFIC (Washington, Oregon, and California) The majority of Jews live in cities of 25,000 or over. A geographic distribution of the Jews based on the latter's distribution in these cities would therefore not be affected by possible variation in their distribution in the smaller urban places and in the rural places. This fact together with the fact that these cities, each one, reported Jews will therefore be examined as to the geographical distribution of the Jews. The table below gives the total population and the number of Jews in the cities 25,000 and over. TABLE VIII NUMBER OF JEWS IN CITIES 25,000 OR OVER BY STATE, 1927 Total Population1 Jews Per Cent Alabama 331,949 7,950 2.39 Arizona 41 596 425 1.02 Arkansas 110,879 3,420 3.08 California 2,719,389 115,175 4.23 Colorado 364,586 18,700 5.13 Connecticut 826,471 81,750 9.89 Delaware 126,400 5,000 3.95 Dist. of Columbia... 540,000 16,000 2.96 Florida 259,658 9,850 3.79 Georgia 506,737 17,120 3.38 Illinois 3,913,991 336,780 8.60 1,053,554 21,646 2.05 Iowa 480,787 10,142 2.11 258,012 4,100 1.60 Kentucky 454,577 14,350 3.15 Louisiana 479,375 11,000 2.29 "Maine 139,235 5,650 4.06 Maryland 890,589 69,320 7.78 Massachusetts 2,765,594 212,700 7.69 2,259,315 83,008 3.67 Minnesota 811,032 38,980 4.80 Missouri 1,371,728 76,210 5.55 Montana 43,323 540 1.24 Nebraska. . 281,830 12,050 4.28 New Hampshire...... 114,249 1,370 1.19 New Jersey 2,044,011 191,940 9.39 New York ... . 8,126,053 1,873,390 23.05 North Carolina 195,378 1,815 0.98 Ohio 3,219,211 157,181 4.88 Oklahoma 253,834 3,850 1.52 Oregon 340,740 12,000 3.52 3,969,115 366,410 9.23 Rhode Island 468,588 24,070 5.13 South Carolina 119,701 2,740 2.29 South Dakota 32,977 210 0.63 Tennessee 490,747 18,635 3.79 Texas. 1,198,306 36,585 3.05 Utah. 173,560 2,290 1.32 Virginia 614.918 21,315 3.46 Washington 682,831 13,050 1.91 West Virginia 222,066 3,310 1.49 Wisconsin 882,656 30,435 3.44 44,179,548 3,932,462 8.8 •See note on page 102. 124 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK A perusal of the percentages that the Jews constitute of the total population in the states shows great variation from 23.05% in the state of New York and 9.39% in New Jersey, to 0.63% in South Dakota. Closer examination, however, shows that in the region along the Atlantic seaboard comprising the states between Maine and Delaware (including the District of Columbia), the Jews constitute 14% of the total; in the division commonly called EAST NORTH CEN- TRAL, 5.55%; in the WEST NORTH CENTRAL division, 4.37%; and in those regions combined 10.4%. On the other hand, in the major division of the South (less the States of Maryland, Delaware, and District of Columbia) the Jews form but 2.9%, and in the West, 3.71%. The table below gives the distribution of the Jews in the cities 25,000 or over on the basis of the divisions as modified and their subdivisions. TABLE IX NUMBER OF JEWS IN CITIES 25,000 OR OVER BY DIVISIONS, SECTIONS, AND STATES, 1927

Total State and Division Population Jews Per Cent NORTH Maine 139,235 5,650 4.06 New Hampshire 114,249 1,370 1.19 Massachusetts 2,765,594 212,700 7.69 Rhode Island 468,588 24,070 5.13 Connecticut 826,471 81.750 9.89 New York 8,126,053 1,873,390 23.05 New Jersey 2,044,011 191,940 9.39 Pennsylvania 3,969,115 366,410 9.23 Maryland 890,589 69,320 7.78 Delaware 126,400 5,000 3.95 District of Columbia 540.000 16,000 2.96 Total North East 20,010,305 2,847.600 14.23 Ohio 3,219,211 157,181 4.88 Michigan 2,259,315 83,008 3.67 Wisconsin 882,656 30,435 3.44 Illinois 3,913,991 336,730 8.60 Indiana 1,053,554 21,646 2.05 Total East North Central. .. 11,328,727 629,050 5.55 Minnesota 811,032 38,980 4.80 Iowa 480,787 10,142 2.11 Missouri 1,371,728 76,210 5.55 South Dakota 32,977 210 0.63 Nebraska 281,830 12,050 4.28 Kansas 258,012 4,100 1.60 Total West North Central... 3,236,366 131,692 4.37 Total North 34,575,398 3,618,342 10.4 JEWISH POPULATION OF UNITED STATES, 1927 125

TABLE IX (Continued) Total State and Division Population Jews Per Cent

SOUTH Virginia 614,918 21,315 3.46 West Virginia 222,066 3,310 1.49 North Carolina 195,378 1,815 0.98 South Carolina 119,701 2,740 2.29 Georgia 506,737 17,120 3.38 Florida 259,658 9,850 3.79 Total 1,918,458 56,150 2.92 Kentucky 454,577 14,350 3.15 Tennessee 490,747 18,635 3.79 Alabama 331,949 7,950 2.39 Total East South Central. . . 1,277,273 40,935 3.20 Arkansas 110,879 3,420 3.08 Oklahoma 253,834 3,850 1.52 Louisiana 479,375 11,000 2.29 Texas 1,198,306 36,585 3.05 Total West South Central.. . 2,042,394 54,855 2.68 Total South 5,238,125 151,940 2.9 WEST Colorado 364,586 18,700 5.13 Utah 173,560 2,290 1.32 Montana 43,323 540 1.24 Arizona 425 1.02 Total Mountain 623,065 21,955 3.52 Washington 682,831 13,050 1.91 Oregon 340,740 12,000 3.52 California 2,719,389 115,175 4.23 Total Pacific 3,742,960 140,225 3.74 Total West 4,366,025 162,180 3.71 Grand Total 44,179,548 3,932,462 8.8 It would appear, therefore, that appreciable differences exist between the densities of the Jewish population in the three divisions, North, South and West, except that Mary- land, Delaware and the District of Columbia belong insofar as density of their Jewish populations is concerned to the North rather than to the South. In discussing the distribution of the Jews of the Country we shall, therefore, refer to the Divisions and sub-divisions employed by the United States Bureau of the Census, except that we shall add Dela- ware, Maryland and District of Columbia to the Northern Division, and that in this division we shall combine the New England and the Middle Atlantic States (to which we are adding Delaware, Maryland and District of Columbia) into one subdivision which we shall call North East. 126 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK

2. DENSITY OF JEWISH POPULATION AND SIZE OF PLACE The density of the Jews in the country varies however, not only according to geographic divisions of the country but also, or better, especially according to another factor, namely the size of the place, city or town. Our canvas tends to show that, in a general way, so far as cities are concerned, the density of the number of Jews in a place increases in something approaching geometrical proportion with the increase in the number of the total population. For example, in places of 2,500 to 5,000 population, the Jews form but 0.7% of the total, while in places of 5,000 to 10,000 the Jews constitute .83% of the total, and in cities of 25,000 to 100,000, nearly 4% of the total, and in cities of 100,000 or over, nearly 12%. It is, therefore, interesting to examine the distribution of the Jews from the points of view of both the geographic division and the size of the places. a. RURAL TERRITORY:—In the case of the rural territory, reports and estimates showed that at the end of 1927, a total of 109,600 Jews lived in such territory; 66,087 in rural unincorporated territory and 43,513 in rural incorporated places. As was to be expected, the density of the Jews in rural places was found to be light, only 0.21% of the total (0.15% in the unincorporated territory and 0.48% in incorporated places). The percentage of Jews to the total population in the three major divisions was found to be as follows:

DENSITY OF JEWS IN RURAL TERRITORY, BY DIVISION

Percentage of Jews in Rural Territory Division Unincorporated Incorporated United States O.IS 0.48 North 0.15 0.58 South 0.16 0.43 West .' 0.13 0.24 JEWISH POPULATION OF UNITED STATES, 1927 127

It will be seen that there is but little variation in the percentage of Jews in rural territories, as between the North and the South, but that in the West the percentage is considerably lower than in the other two Divisions, especially in the incorporated territory. This uniformity is only general, however, for upon analyzing the Division of the North we find that a few adjacent States along the Atlantic Seaboard have a much higher density than any other part of the country. This region of highest density is the rural territory sur- rounding the city of New York, namely, the rural territory in the states of New York, Connecticut, and New Jersey where the combined Jewish population constitutes over one half of of one percent of the total rural population: 0.48% in unincorporated territory and 2.04% in incorporated areas. The greatest density in the case of the rural unincorporated territory was found to be in Connecticut and in the case of the rural incorporated territory in New Jersey. As the following table will show at a glance the Jewish distribution in rural territory varies slightly from the norm for the entire population in the North and the South, but differs considerably from the norm for the West. This conformity so far as the North is concerned is only general for the entire Division. For upon analysis we find that the region of highest density, comprising the states of Connecti- cut, New York, and New Jersey, proportionately contains nearly four times as many Jews (18.93%) as the norm for the region (5.68%). The variation from the norm is slightly greater in the incorporated rural territory than in the unincorporated rural territory.

DISTRIBUTION OF JEWS IN RURAL TERRITORY, BY DIVISION

Total Division Population Jews United States 100. 100. North 46.79 53.28 South 45.01 40.79 West 8.20 5.93 128 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK

TABLE X DISTRIBUTION OF JEWS AND THEIR DENSITY IN RURAL TERRITORY, 19271 A. RURAL UNINCORPORATED TERRITORY

Percent- Distribution Division Population Jews age and Jews State of Total Total Jews United States 42,436,776 66,087 0.15 100. 100. North 18,708,243 28,894 0.15 44.08 43.72 South 20,392,095 32,790 0.16 48.05 49.62 West 3,336,438 4,403 0.13 7.87 6.66 Region of greatest density Connecticut 433,724 3,473 0.80 17.96 33.92 New York 1,448,500 4,357 0.30 59.99 42.56 New Jersey 532,262 2,408 0.45 22.05 23.52 Total 2,414,486 10,238 0.42 5.66 15.72

B. RURAL INCORPORATED PLACES United States 8,969,241 43,513 0.48 100. 100. North 5,341,765 29,498 0.58 59.55 67.79 South 2,747,405 11,917 0.43 30.63 27.39 West 880,071 2,098 0.24 9.82 4.82 Region of greatest density 10,568 70 0.67 2.09 .68 346,877 4.786 1.38 68.53 46.35 New Jersey 148,702 5,471 3.68 29.38 52.97 Total 506,147 10.327 2.04 5.67 23.72

A. AND B. RURAL TERRITORY (UNINCORPORATED AND INCORPORATED) United States 51,406,017 109,600 .21 100. 100. North 24,050,008 58,392 .24 46.79 53.28 South 23,139,500 44,707 .19 45.01 40.79 West 4,216,509 6,501 .15 8.20 5.93 Region of greatest density Connecticut 444,292 3,543 .8 15.21 17.23 New York 1,795,383 9,143 .51 61.47 44.46 New Jersey 680,964 7.879 1.16 23.32 38.31 Total 2,920,639 20,565 .7 5.68 18.93 •See note on page 106. JEWISH POPULATION OF UNITED STATES, 1927 129

b. CITIES OF 2,500 TO 25,000:—In the urban places of less than 25,000 population our reports and estimates showed that 185,967 Jews lived in such places at the end of 1927:— 32,370 in places of 2,500-5,000, 41,855 in places of 5,000- 10,000 and 11,742 in places of 10,000-25,000. The density of the Jews and their distribution differ little as between the two former classes where the Jews form less than 1% of the total, and in each class the region of greatest density was the region in the center of the northeast section, comprising the states of New York, New Jersey, and Pennsyl- vania. On the other hand, in the last class of small cities, namely those of 10,000-25,000, the Jews form more than 1.5% of the total population, and the region of the highest density comprises the states of Massachusetts, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Ohio. The density of the Jews in this class of cities as a whole is a little over one percent.

DENSITY OF JEWS IN CITIES 25,000 OR LESS, BY DIVISIONS

Class of Place Division 2,500- 5,000- 2,500- 10,000- 2,500- 5,000 10,000 10,000 25,000 25,000

United States 0.71 0.84 0.77 1.61 1.12 North 0.83 0.88 0.86 1.80 1.28 South 0.49 0.71 0.59 1.13 .79 West 0.56 0.76 0.66 1.03 .79

The above table shows that the density of Jewish settlement is the same in the West as it is in the South in the group of cities of 2,500-25,000, as a whole, whereas, as we noted before in the rural territory, the density of the Jews is less in the West than in the South. However, upon analysis, we find that in the two groups of smaller cities of this class, namely in the cities of 2,500-5,000 and 5,000- 10,000, the density of the Jews in the South is considerably lower than the density in the West. On the other hand, in the group of cities of 10,000-25,000, the South again gains over the West in density of Jews. 130 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK

DISTRIBUTION OF JEWS IN CITIES 25,000 OR LESS, BY DIVISION 2,500- 5,000- 2,500- 10,000- 2,500- 5,000 10,000 10,000 25,000 25,000 Division Total Jews Total Jews Total Jews Total Jews Total Jews United States 100. 100. 100. 100. 100. 100. 100. 100. 100. 100. North 61.06 71.79 68.96 72.97 65.17 72.46 72.34 81.01 68.19 77 60 South 27.65 19.15 21.26 18.09 24.33 18.55 19.76 13.90 22.40 15.75 West 11.29 9.06 9.78 8.94 10.50 8.99 7.90 5.09 9.41 6.65 The above table shows that in general the proportion of Jews in the North is above the norm for the total population, and below the norms in the South and the West. The variations from the norm is less in the West than in the South for the two groups of smaller cities, namely 2,500 to 5,000, and 5,000-10,000. The situation is the reverse in the case of the cities of 10,000 to 25,000. The comparatively high percentage of Jews in this class of cities in the North and the fact of their being an excess of the norm, as far as distribution is concerned, is due to the presence of a region of abnormally high density. This region in the case of the small towns of 2,500-10,000 con- sists of the three Middle Atlantic States, New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania. In the case of the larger towns of 10,000 to 25,000, the States of Massachusetts, Connecti- cut, and Ohio adjacent to the Middle Atlantic States are included. P. C. OF JEWS AND THEIR DISTRIBUTION IN REGIONS OF HIGHEST DENSITY

Class of Place 2,500- 5,000- 2.500- 10,000- 5,000 10,000 10,000 25,000 Percentage 1.64 1.61 1.61 2.49 Distribution Total 20.86 22.29 21.60 41.77 Jews 47.99 42.84 45.09 64.69 If we were to subtract, in each case, the region of highest density from the North, that division would closely approach the South and the West both in the matter of density of Jews and their distribution. In this region of highest density for cities of 2,500 to 10,000, the Jews constitute 1.6% JEWISH POPULATION OF UNITED STATES, 1927 131 of the total population. Furthermore nearly half of all Jews living in this class of town are to be found in the three states referred to, whereas only about one-fifth of the total population in this class of towns reside in this region. In the region of highest density for towns of 10,000 to 25,000, the ratio of Jews to the entire population is close to 2.5%. Furthermore of the total number of Jews in that class of cities, nearly 70% are in this region, whereas only a little over 40% of the total population in this class of cities live in that region. TABLE XI DISTRIBUTION OF JEWS AND THEIR DENSITY IN SMALL URBAN PLACES 19271 A. URBAN PLACES OF 2,500-5,000 Division Percentage Distribution and Population Jews of Jews to State Total Total Jews United States 4.593,953 32,370 0.71 100. 100. North 2,804,828 23,239 0.83 61.06 71.79 South 1,270,239 6,198 0.49 27.65 19.15 West 518,886 2,933 0.56 11.29 9.06 Region of Highest Density: New York 286,192 6,547 2.29 29.86 42.11 New Jersey 162,408 3,802 2.34 16.94 24.48 Pennsylvania.... 509,812 5,188 1.02 53.20 33.41 Total 958,412 15,537 1.64 20.86 47.99 B. URBAN PLACES OF 5,000 TO 10,000 United States 4,997,794 41,855 0.84 100. 100.

North 3,446,234 30,543 0.88 68.96 72.97 South 1,062,821 7,572 0.71 21.26 18.09 West 488,739 3,740 0.76 9.78 8.94 Region of Highest Density: New York 200,606 4,605 2.3 18.01 25.68 New Jersey 242,399 6,434 2.65 21.76 35.88 Pennsylvania.... 670,916 6,894 1.03 60.23 38.44 Total 1,113,921 17,933 1.6 22.29 42.84 'See note on page 106. 132 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK

TABLE XI (Continued) A-B. URBAN PLACES OF 2,500 TO 10,000 Percentage Distribution Division of and Population Jews Jews to State Total Total Jews United States 9,591,747 74,225 .77 100. 100. North 6,251,062 53,782 .86 65.17 72.46 South 2,333,060 13,770 .59 24.33 18.55 West 1,007,625 6,673 .66 10.50 8.99 Region of Highest Density: New York 486,798 11,152 2.29 23.49 33.32 New Jersey 404,807 10,236 2.53 19.53 30.58 Pennsylvania.... 1,180,728 12,082 1.02 56.98 36.101 Total 2,072,333 33,470 1.61 21.60 45.09

C. URBAN PLACES OF 10,000 TO 25,000

United States 6,942,742 111,742 1.61 100. 100. North 5 022 849 90 529 1.80 72.34 81.01 South 1,371,524 15,523 1.13 19.76 13.90 West 548,369 5,690 1.03 7.90 5.09 Region of Highest Density: Massachusetts... 594,111 9.344 1.57 20.49 12.93 Connecticut 152,390 5,631 3.69 5.25 7.79 New York 540 139 10,205 1.89 18.62 14.12 New Jersey 267,130 15,251 5.71 9.21 21.10 Pennsylvania.... 889,740 20,854 2.34 30.69 28.85 Ohio 456,388 10,998 2.41 15.74 15.12 Total . . 2,899,898 72,283 2.49 41.77 64.69

D. URBAN PLACES OF LESS THAN 25,000

United States 16,534,489 185,967 1.12 100. 100. North 11,273,911 144,311 1.28 68.19 77.60 South . . 3,704,584 29,293 0.79 22.40 15.75 West 1,555,994 12,363 0.79 9.41 6.65 JEWISH POPULATION OF UNITED STATES, 1927 133 Beginning with cities 25,000 or over, reports were received from every place and these showed that every city of that size in the country had permanent inhabitants of the Jewish faith totalling 378,862 persons and constituting 8.8% of the total.

c. CITIES OF 25,000-100,000:—In the cities of 25,000 to 100,000, the Jews constitute 3.11% of the total. But the states show great variation in the density of the Jews, . ranging from 8% in New Jersey to 0.63 in South Dakota. Similarly, the divisions vary from 3.5% in the North and 2.28% in the South, to 1.47% in the West. As in the other classes of places, the states of greatest density are found in the central portion of the northeast and include Massa- chusetts, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, and Penn- sylvania, which have a combined density of 5.65% of the total, the state of greatest density being New Jersey with 8.06%. From the point of view of distribution, these five states have nearly two-thirds of the total number of Jews living in the class of cities, compared with a little over one- third for the total population. In the divisions as a whole, however, the distribution of the Jews varies less from that of the norm for the total population. Jews: North 81.29%; South 15.06%; West 3.65% Total: North 71.85%; South 20.47%; West 7.68% d. CITIES OF 100,000 OR OVER:—As for the large cities of 100,000 or over there live a total of 3,553,600 Jews comprising 11.11% of the total population of those cities. The divisions vary greatly, as between the North on the one hand, and the South and the West on the other. The Jews constitute 12.82% in the large cities of the North, but only 3.46% and 4.32% in those of the South and the West respectively. The distribution, however, does not vary as greatly as is often supposed. It is true that 93% of all Jews who live in large cities are found in the North, but in the case the total population, over 80% live in the same cities of the North. The distribution by divisions is as follows: Jews: North 93.16%; South 2.67%; West 4.17% Total: North 80.70%; South 8.57%; West 10.73% 134 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK In four adjacent states in the North East the Jews constitute 10% or more in each state, showing a combined percentage of 19.74% of the total. These states are Connecti- cut, New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania. To this region of high density must be added another state in the East North Central division, namely Illinois, 10.47%, which, however, has only one large city, Chicago. The large cities of the four adjacent states in the North East named above contain over two-thirds of the total number of Jews in those cities, and over half (55.78%) of the total number of Jews in the country as a whole, whereas over one-third of the total population in this class of cities is found in these four states, their number constituting only a little over 10% of the entire population of the country.

TABLE XII DISTRIBUTION OF JEWS AND THEIR DENSITY IN URBAN PLACES OF 25,000-100,000, 1927

Percentage Distribution Division of and Population Jews Jews to Total Jews State Total United States 12,191,173 378.862 3.11 100. 100. North 8.759.363 307,992 3.51 71.85 81.29 South 2,495,825 57,040 2.28 20.47 15.06 West 935,985 13.830 1.47 7.68 3.65 Region of Greatest Density Massachusetts... 1,143.259 80,230 7.02 9.38 21.18 Connecticut 320,771 19,250 6. 2.63 5.08 New York 845,453 35,890 4.24 6.93 9.48 New Jersey 842,211 67,940 8.06 6.91 17.93 Pennsylvania.... 1,009,315 31,910 3.16 8.28 8.42 Total 4,161.009 235,220 5.65 34.13 62.09 JEWISH POPULATION OF UNITED STATES, 1927 135

TABLE XIII DISTRIBUTION OF JEWS AND THEIR DENSITY IN CITIES 100,000 AND OVER Percentage Distribution Division of and Population Jews Jews to Total Jews State Total United States 31,988,375 3,533,600 11.11 100.00 100.00 Nprth 25,816,035 3,310,350 12.82 80.70 93.16 South 2.742,300 94,900 3.46 8.57 2.67 West 3,430.040 148,350 4.32 10.73 4.17 Region of Greatest Density Connecticut 505,700 62,500 12.36 1.58 1.76 New York 7,280,600 1,837,500 25.23 22.76 51.71 New Jersey 1,201,800 124,000 10.32 3.76 3.49 Pennsylvania.... 2,959,800 334,500 11.3 9.25 9.41 Total 11,947.900 2,358,500 19.74 37.35 66.37 3. SUMMARY OF DISTRIBUTION We may now summarize the facts we have gathered about the distribution of the Jews in the United States, and their density. In the country as a whole, the Jews constitute 3.58% of the total population. The density and distribution of the Jews in the country by Divisions and Sections is as follows : (a.) MAJOR DIVISIONS:—The Division called the North, embracing the New England, the Middle Atlantic (plus Maryland, Delaware, and District of Columbia), the East North Central and the West North Central States, have over 90% of the Jews of the country (90.39%) their number constituting over five percent of the population of the Divi- sion; the Division called the South, embracing the South Atlantic (minus Maryland, Delaware, and the District of Columbia), the East South Central, and the West South Central States, has only 5.35% of the Jews of the country who constitute but a little over one-half of one percent of the population of the Division; while the Division called the West, embracing the Mountain and Pacific States has only 4.26% of the Jewe of the country, constituting, however, a little over one and one-half percent of the population of the Division. 136 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK

TABLE XIV

DISTRIBUTION OF JEWS AND THEIR DENSITY IN THE UNITED STATES BY DIVISION AND SECTION, 1927

Section Percentage Distribution and Total Jews of Population Jews to Division Total Total Jews

United States 118,140,645 4,227,029 3.58 100.00 100.00 THE NORTHI 72,710,620 3,821,045 5.25 61.54 90.39 Northeast 35,464,428 2,981,826 8.41 48.77 78.04 East North Central... 24,564,000 672,597 2.74 33.78 17.60 West North Central.. 12,682,192 166,622 1.28 17.45 4.36 THE SOUTH 34,531,618 225,940 .65 29.23 5.35 South Atlantic2 13,518,000 84,811 .63 39.15 37.54 East South Central.. . 9,362,618 61,376 .65 27.11 27.16 West South Central.. 11,651,000 79,753 .68 33.74 35.30 THE WEST 10,898,407 180,044 1.65 9.23 4.26 Mountain 4,013,047 29,987 .75 36.83 16.66 Pacific 6,885,000 150,057 2.18 63.17 83.34

(b.) THE NORTH:—In this Division, the section we have called the North East, embracing the New England and the Middle Atlantic States, with the addition of Maryland, Delaware, and the District of Columbia, has 78.04% of the Jewish population of the Division, constituting 8.41% of the total (in the three Northern New England States, the Jews are much less densely settled than in the rest of this section). The East North Central (Ohio, Michigan, Wiscon- sin, Illinois, and Indiana) has 17.60% of the Jews of the North, forming not quite three percent of the total population; while the West North Central section (Minnesota, Iowa, Missouri, North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, and Kansas) has only 4.36% of the Jews of the Division, constituting a little over one per cent of the total. 'Includes Maryland, Delaware and District of Columbia. !Does not include Maryland, Delaware and District of Columbia JEWISH POPULATION OF UNITED STATES, 1927 137

(c.) THE SOUTH:—In this Division the Jews are almost equally divided among the three sections; 37.54% live in the South Atlantic section (Virginia, West Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida); almost the same proportion (35.30%) live in the West South Cen- tral (Arkansas, Oklahoma, Louisiana, and Texas); while the East South Central section (Kentucky, Tennessee, Ala- bama, and Mississippi) has 27.16% of the Jews of the Divi- sion. The similarity among the three sections of the South is even closer in the matter of density of the Jewish population, ranging around the percent for the whole division namely 0.65%. As we have already pointed out, in the South, the distribution of the Jews closely corresponds to that of the total population. Here it is interesting to note that more than half (58.49%) of the Jews of the entire Division, live in the single state of Texas.

(d.) THE WEST:—In this Division, the Pacific States (Washington, Oregon, and California) have 83.34% of the Jews of the Division, this large percentage being due to the number of Jews in California, which constitutes over 80% of the total number of Jews in this Division. The Mountain States (Colorado, Wyoming, Utah, Montana, Idaho, Nevada, Arizona and New Mexico) have only 16.66% of the Jews of the Division. Here it should be noted that in the state of Colorado alone there are 18,700, Jews, more than twice as many as in the other Mountain States taken together. In Colorado the density of the Jews reaches nearly two percent, making it the region of highest density in this section. The Jews in the Pacific States constitute over 2% of the total population of the section as compared with only three-quarters of one percent in the Mountain States. 138 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK

TABLE XV DISTRIBUTION OF JEWS AND THEIR DENSITY IN THE UNITED STATES BY STATE, SECTION, AND DIVISION, 1927 Percentage 1 Distribution State, Total of Section and Population1 Jews Jews to Division Total Total Jews The North 72,710,620 3,821,045 5.25 61.54 90.39 NORTHEAST 35,464,428 2,981,826 8.41 48.77 78.09 Maine 793,000 8,480 1.07 2.24 0.28 New Hampshire 455,000 2,779 0.01 1.28 0.09 Vermont 352,428 2,036 0.58 0.99 0.07 Massachusetts 4,242,000 225,634 5.32 11.96 7.57 Rhode Island 704,000 25,003 3.56 1.99 0.84 Connecticut 1,636,000 91,538 5.59 4.61 3.07 New York 11,423,000 1,903,890 16.67 32.21 63.85 New Jersey 3,749,000 225,306 6.01 10.57 7.56 Pennsylvania 9,730,000 404,979 4.16 27.44 13.58 Maryland 1,597,000 70,871 4.44 4.50 2.37 Delaware 243,000 5,310 2.18 0.69 0.18 District of Columbia.. 540,000 16,000 2.96 1.52 0.54 100.00 100.00 EAST NORTH CENTRAL .. 24,564,000 672,597 2.74 33.78 17.60 Ohio .... 6,710,000 173,976 2.59 27.32 25.85 Michigan 4,490,000 89,462 1.99 18.28 13.30 Wisconsin 2,918,000 35,935 1.23 11.88 5.35 7,296,000 345,980 4.74 29.70 51.45 Indiana 3,150,000 27,244 .86 12.82 4.05 100.00 100.00 WEST NORTH CENTRAL. 12,682,192 166,622 1.28 17.45 4.36 Minnesota 2,686,000 43,197 1.61 21.18 25.92 2,425,000 16,404 0.68 19.12 9.85 Missouri 3,510,000 80,687 2.3 27.68 48.42 North Dakota 641,192 2,749 0.43 5.05 1.65 South Dakota 696,000 1.584 0.23 5.49 0.95 Nebraska 1,396,000 14,209 1.02 11.01 8.53 1,328,000 7,792 0.59 10.47 4.68 100.00 100.00 The South 34,531,618 225,940 0.65 • 29.23 5.35 SOUTH ATLANTIC 13,518,000 84.811 0.63 39.15 37.54' Virginia 2,546,000 25,656 1.01 18.83 30.25 West Virginia 1,696,000 7,471 0.44 12.55 8.81 North Carolina 2.897,000 8.252 0.28 21.43 9.72 South Carolina 1,845,000 6,851 0.37 13.65 8.08 Georgia 3,171,000 23,179 0.73 23.46 27.34 Florida 1,363,000 13,402 0.98 10.08 15.80 100.00 100.00 EAST SOUTH CENTRAL. . 9,362,618 61,376 0.65 27.11 27.16 Kentucky 2,538,000 19,533 0.77 27.11 31.82 Tennessee 2,485,000 22,532 0.91 26.54 36.72 Alabama 2,549,000 12,891 0.50 27.22 21.00 Mississippi 1,790,618 6,420 0.36 19.13 10.46 100.00 100.00 •See note on page 102. JEWISH POPULATION OF UNITED STATES, 1927 139

TABLE XV (Continued)

State, Percentage Distributiqn Section and Total Jews of Division Population Jews to Total Total Jews WEST SOUTH CENTRAL.. 11,651,000 79,753 0.68 33.74 35.30 Arkansas 1,923,000 8,850 0.46 16.50 11.10 Oklahoma 2.397,000 7,823 0.33 20.57 9.81 Louisiana 1,934,000 16,432 0.85 16.60 20.60 Texas 5,397,000 46,648 0.86 46.33 58.49 100.00 100.00 The West 10,898,407 180,044 1.65 9.23 4.26 MOUNTAIN 4,013,407 29,987 0.75 36.83 16.66 Colorado 1.074,000 20.321 1.89 26.76 67.77 Wyoming 241,000 1.319 0.55 6.00 4.40 Utah. ... 522,000 2,857 0.55 13.00 9.52 Montana 714,000 1,578 0.22 17.79 5.27 Idaho 534,000 1,141 0.21 13.35 3.80 Nevada 77,402 264 0.34 1.92 0.88 Arizona 459,000 1,455 0.32 11.43 4.85 New Mexico 392,000 1,052 0.27 9.75 3.51 100.00 100.00 PACIFIC 6,885,000 150,057 2.18 63.17 83.34 Washington 1,562,000 14,698 0.94 22.68 9.79 Oregon 890,000 13,075 1.47 12.93 8.72 California 4,433,000 122,284 2.76 64.37 81.49 100.00 00.00 140 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK

IV. SPECIFIC DENSITY OF THE JEWS IN THE UNITED STATES The paragraphs that precede give the percentage that the Jews form of the total population. While there are Jews in all cities of 25,000 population and over, Jews do not live in all rural places or in all urban places of less than that size. Hence, the density of 1.61%, for example, assigned to towns of 10,000-25,000 means that the total number of Jews in cities of that class is 1.61% of the total population of all the cities in the group. We may call this the general density of the Jewish population of a particular group of places. If, however, we consider only those places in which there are Jews, we shall of course find that their specific density is much greater. We shall now examine our data with a view to determining this specific density in rural places and in cities of 25,000 population and less. Our canvas shows that the proportion of such places having no Jews varies with the size of such places, and that generally speaking, this proportion increases as the size of the place decreases. Even of the small towns a comparatively large proportion have Jews, but the percentage shows a sharp decline when we reach rural territory. As will be seen from the accompanying table, the specific density of the Jews is highest in the cities of 25,000 or over, where Jews constitute 8.8% of the total population. Next come the rural places, where the percentage is 1.58%. Finally, come the urban places of 25,000 or less, where the specific density for that group of towns is 1.28%. In the rural territory, it is the UNINCORPORATED places that show the higher specific density (1.74%). Within the class of the urban places of 25,000 or less, the specific density of the Jews tends to decrease with the size of the place, it being 1.82% in towns of 25,000-10,000; 95% in towns of 10,000- 5,000, and 0.82% in towns of 5,000-2,500. The above results were readily arrived at in the case of cities of 25,000 and over, since every such place reported Jews. In the case of rural territory and of places 25,000 or less, since our figures for both the number of places and the number of Jews were estimated partly through reports and partly through the statistical method of sampling, it was JEWISH POPULATION OF UNITED STATES, 1927 141 necessary to determine the number of places having Jews and the number of Jews in each class, namely, (1) those that reported and (2) those that were estimated. The density of the Jews in the former was readily determined as follows: TABLE XVI 2 DENSITY OF JEWS IN PLACES REPORTING JEWISH RESIDENTS 1227

Places Total Number of Per Cent Class of Place Reporting Population of Jews Jews to Jews These Places Reported Total

RURAL TERRITORY Unincorporated 170 412,641 9,038 2.19 Incorporated Villages of 2,500 or Less 1,068 1,329,001 20,141 1.51 URBAN PLACES 2,500-5,000 727 2,629,125 26,599 1.01 5,000-10,000 489 3,461,978 36,986 1.06 10,000- 25,000 399 6,028,991 108,690 1.80 25,000-100,000 219 12,191,173 378,862 3.11 100,000 or Over 68 31,988,375 3,553,600 11.11

We have no right to assume that the Jews constitute the same percentage of the total population in towns from which reports were not received, but which were estimated to have Jews. For, the former class includes the thickly settled Jewish communities which were known to us, were canvassed, and furnished reports. We may, however, determine the percentage of the total estimated number of Jews to the total population in the latter class of places1 and, by taking the percentage of the total Jews to the total population of both the places that reported and the places that were estimated, determine the specific density of the Jews in all places in which Jews live.

•See Note A. 2See notes on pp. 105, 106. 142 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK

1. SPECIFIC DENSITY OF JEWS IN RURAL TERRITORY

As the following table shows, only 7.39% of rural unincorporated places have Jews, The region in which such places are proportionately most numerous embraces the states of Connecticut, New York, and New Jersey, where the proportion of places having Jews exceeds 10%. It is also interesting to note that the states constituting the geographic division called South, have the largest proportion of such places, more than twice as many as the North, and almost half again as many as the West. The difference in the distribution of rural unincorporated places, as between those which have Jews and the total number, is somewhat pronounced in the North and the South. In the rural incorporated places, almost one-third (30.55%) of them have Jews as residents, and in the region of highest density in this respect, again the States of Connecticut, New York and New Jersey, over 40% of the rural incorporated places have Jews as residents. The South again has the largest proportion of this type of place, although the Divisions do not show the disparity exhibited by the unincorporated rural places.

PLACES IN RURAL TERRITORY HAVING JEWISH RESIDENTS

Per Cent of Distribution of Places Places in Which Jews Live Unincorporated Incorporated Unincor- Incor- porated porated Total Jews Total Jews

United States 7.39 30.55 100. 100. 100. 100. North S.32 29.56 51.03 36.80 60.15 58.20 South 11.23 32.81 28.97 43.50 30.81 33.10 West 7.29 29.39 20. 19.70 9.04 8.70 Region of Greatest Density 10.5 40.57 3.02 4.29 4.11 5.46 JEWISH POPULATION OF UNITED STATES, 1927 143

As was stated above our canvas shows that the specific density of Jews in the rural territory where they live is a little higher than that in the small urban places. In the region of highest density it reaches nearly 3>^% of the total population and this region contains almost one-fifth (18.94%) of the total number of Jews in rural territory compared with nearly six percent for the total population. Considering the unincorporated territory and the incorporated territory in the region of highest density separately, we find that in the former the Jews constitute nearly three percent (2.91%) of the total in this region, and in the latter almost four and a half percent. Further, of all the Jews living in unincorporated territory, 15% live in this region, while of the total number of Jews living in incorporated villages, this region contains nearly one-fourth. The variation from the distribution of the total population is very great. But also outside of this region the percentage of the Jews to the total is over 1% in the places where the Jews live, except the villages of the West where it is less than 1%. The major divisions show variation in the case of the percentage of the Jews to the total, due largely to the presence of the region of highest density. As for distribution, that of the Jews varies from that of the total, especially in the West, both in the unincorporated territory and in incorporated territory.

SPECIFIC DENSITY OF JEWS IN RURAL TERRITORY

Per Cent Distribution Unin- Unin- In- corporated Incorporated Total Division corpo- corpo- Total rated rated Total Jews Total Jews Total Jews

United States.... 1.76 1.37 1.58 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00

North... . 2.35 1.62 1.92 44.09 44.39 59.56 67.79 46.79 S3.77 South . 1.45' 1.12 1.34 48.05 50.38 30.63 27.39 45.01 41.17 West 1.35 0.70 0.996 7.86 5.23 9.81 4.82 8.20 5.06 Region of Highest Density 2.91 4.38 3.49 5.69 15.73 5.64 23.73 5.68 18.94 144 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK

2. SPECIFIC DENSITY IN URBAN PLACES OF 25,000 OR LESS The difference in the proportion of places having Jewish residents, as between rural regions and cities is very great. We have seen that 7.39% of unincorporated and 30.55% of incorporated rural places have Jewish residents. But of cities of 25,000 population or less, fully 85 out of every 100 have Jewish residents. The region of highest density in this class of towns, as a whole, embraces the Middle Atlantic States of New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania, though in the case of those of 25,000 to 10,000 the region is larger, comprising in addition the adjacent states of Connecticut, Massachusetts and Ohio. The percentage of places having Jews does not differ materially as between the divisions nor in the region of highest density, and the distribution of places having Jews closely approaches the distribution of the whole class of towns among the Divisions. When, however, we analyze our figures as to the number of Jews residing in these cities, we find great variations. Taken as whole the specific density of the Jews in the large class of urban places of 25,000 or less is a little less than that in the rural territory, namely, 1.28% of the total. In the region of highest density, namely, the Middle Atlantic States, the specific density of the Jews is over 2%, and the distribution of the Jews differs radically from that of the total population. The Divisions show variation, the density of the Jews being higher in the North than in the South or the West. This important class of urban places, however, should be divided from the point of view of the specific density of the Jews, into two classes: 25,000 to 10,000 and 10,000 to 2,500. In the former class the region of highest density comprises the Middle Atlantic States, (New York, New Jersey, Penn- sylvania), and the three adjacent states of Connecticut, Massachusetts and Ohio. In this region the Jews form over JEWISH POPULATION OF UNITED STATES, 1927 145

2.5% of the total, and it contains nearly 65% of the total number of Jews, living in such places compared with 42% for the total population. The density of the Jews in such places in the country as a whole is 1.82%; the division of the North differs greatly from the others; and the distribution among the Divisions varies from that of the total population. In the class of towns 10,000-2,500, the percentage that the Jews form of the total is less than 1%, but in the Middle Atlantic States the density reached 1.8%, and this region contains 45% of the total number of Jews living in these small urban places, compared with 22% for the total population. The major divisions vary, the lowest being the division of the South. On the other hand, the distribution of the Jews does not differ materially from that of the total population. Within this class of towns, the urban places of 10,000 to 5,000 differs little from that of the places of 5,000 to 2,500 class. 146 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK

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o : 1 1 IS a 148 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK Summing up the results of our canvass as related to the distribution of the Jews and their density in the rural territory and in the urban places of the various sizes, we note that the spread of the Jews to the places of 25*000 and over has reached 100%, and that also to places of smaller size the spread of the Jews is already considerable, but the spread of the Jews to the rural villages and to the unincorporated rural places is still limited in scope, the penetration of the Jews in the rural unincorporated districts being especially slight. Inasmuch as the canvasses of the Jews made ten and twenty years ago and also previously did not lend themselves to an examination of the distribution of the Jews and their densities at those years, it is not possible to make comparisons or to trace the movement of the Jews from the ports of their entry to the interior and from the large places to the small places, or to indicate the pace of their spread over the country. But the striking lightness of the density of the Jews in the rural places and especially in the small towns of 25,000 or less would indicate that their spread to these places is recent. In the case of rural territory, the chief source of the dispersion seems to be the City of New York, from which place the Jews are spreading to the rural territory in the states roundabout,—New York, Connecticut, and New Jersey. In the case of the small urban places, the chief sources of origin include also Philadelphia (perhaps also Pittsburgh) and to a smaller degree the city of Boston, from which centers the Jews are spreading to the states near the former three cities, namely, New York, New Jersey and Pennsylvania. This process is evidently more advanced as far as the penetration to places is concerned, than the advance in the matter of density. The density of the Jews in the small towns is especially light in the West and in the South. The tables that follow give in detail the data upon which are based the summary tables which precede1. •See Note A. JEWISH POPULATION OF UNITED STATES, 1927 149

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V. GROWTH OF THE JEWS IN THE UNITED STATES Decennial estimates are available of the number of Jews in the country beginning with 1897. Previous to that date, a careful estimate was made as of 1877. A number of other estimates are available, the earliest being one made in 1818

ESTIMATES OF TNE NUMBER OF JEWS, 1818-1927

Year of Authority Jews Estimate 18181 3,000 18261 Isaac Harby 6,000 18401 The American Almanac 15,000 18481 M. A. Berk 50,000 1877 William B. Hackenburg . 229,087 18881 400,000 1897 David Sulzberger 937,800 1905 The Jewish Encyclopedia (Joseph Jacobs) 1,508,435 1907 American Jewish Year Book (Miss Henrietta Szold). 1,777,185 1910 Bureau of Jewish Statistics and Research of A. J. C. (Joseph Jacobs) 2,043,762 1914 Bureau of Jewish Statistics and Research of A. J. C. (Joseph Jacobs) 2,933,874 1917 Bureau of Jewish Statistics and Research of A. J. C. 3,388,951 1920 Bureau of Jewish Social Research(H. S. Linfield)... 3,600,800 1927 4,228,029

'Date of publication of estimate. The estimates previous to those of 1877 and 1888 were made on bases so different from those of later years that no comparisons between the two groups of estimates are possible. Of the one made in 1897 by Mr. David Sulzberger, the latter wrote: "This estimate is, I believe, conservative. It is not capriciously made yet is put forward tentatively as material for criticism and discussion." The estimate was made "upon the basis of earlier computations and with the aid of persons in various parts of the country." Greater finality was claimed for the remaining estimates. But, owing to differences in their scope and the methods employed in gathering the data, even these can scarcely be compared with the estimate for 1927. Certainly no conclusions should be drawn as to the rate of growth of the Jewish population on the basis of these estimates. The data in the tables below, though they permit of the making of a comparison between the figures of the total and that of the Jews, should, therefore, be regarded only as a summary of the estimates. The only conclusion that we 158 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK may draw from the data of the table below is that during 1877-1927, there has been a continuous rise in the percentage of the Jews to the total population of the country, i. e. the Jews" have been growing a little faster than the tota population, and that this growth is slowing down. TABLE XIX TOTAL POPULATION AND NUMBER OF JEWS, 1877-1927

ncrease Year Population Jews P. C. Total Jews Interval P. C. Number P. C. Number

1877... 43,661,968 229,087 0.52 1897... 72,106,120 937,800 1.31 20 yrs 28,444,152 65.15 708,713 309.36 1907... 88,787,058 1,776,885 2. 10 yrs. 16,680,938 23.13 839,085 89.47 1917... 103,690,473 3,388,951 3.27 10 yrs. 14,853,415 16.73 1,612,066 90.72 1927... 118,140,645 4,228,029 3.58 10 yrs. 14,500,172 13.99 839,078 24.76 The estimates of 1887, 1997, 1907, 1917, and 1927 may be compared from the point of view of the density of the Jews and their distribution among the major divisions in the country. The table below would indicate that the rate of the growth of the Jews has varied in the major divisions of the countr. In the North the Jews have increased from 0.57% of the total population in 1877 to 5.25% in 1927. On the other hand, in the South and especially in the West the gain in the percentage has been insignificant, from 0.27% in 1877 to 0.65% in 1927 in the South and from 1.6% in 1877 to 1.66% in 1927 in the West. As for the distribution of the Jews as compared with the distribution of the total population during the past half century, we note that the percentage of distribution of the Jews in the North has gained con- tinually at the expense of the South and the West up to 1917. Thus, in 1877, 76.36% of the total number of Jews lived in the North, compared with 14.27% and 9.37% in the South and in the West respectively. But in 1917 the North contained 92.25% of the total number of Jews in the country, the South 4.59%, and the West 3.16%. Since the estimate of 1917, it appears, however, that the North has JEWISH POPULATION OF UNITED STATES, 1927 159 been losing to the South and to the West (of the total population in 1927, 90.39% lived in the North and 5.35% and 4.26% in the South and West respectively). The distribution of the Jews, thus, shows the same trend as does the total population: during the past fifty years the percentage of distribution of the total population has been decreasing in the North (from 69.69% in 1877 to 61.54% in 1927) and increasing in the South and West (from 27.24% in 1877 to 29.23% in 1927 in the South; from 3.07% in 1877 to 9.23% in 1927 in the West). TABLE XX NUMBER OF JEWS IN THE UNITED STATES BY DIVISION 1877, 1897, 1907, 1917 and 1927 Distribution Year< and Population Jews Per Cent Division Total Jews NORTH 1877 30,428,480 174,930 0.57 69.69 76.36 1897. 46,945.468 748,000 1.59 65.11 79.76 1907 55,761,703 1,622,000 2.91 62.61 91.28 1917.. . . 63,835,562 3,126,394 4.89 61.59 92.25 1927 72,710,620 3,821,045 5.25 61.54 90.39 SOUTH 1877 11,894,780 32,692 0.27 27.24 14.27 1897 21,113,735 127,500 0.6 29.28 13.60 1907 27,180,855 90,185 0.33 30.62 5.08 1917 . . 30,983,045 155,251 0.5 29.89 4.59 1927 34,531,618 225,940 0.65 29.23 5.35 WEST 1877 1,338,708 21,465 1.6 3.07 9.37 1897 ... 4,046,917 62,300 1.44 5.61 6.64 1907 5,844,500 64,700 1.11 6.57 3.64 1917 8,821,866 107,306 1.22 8.52 3.16 1927 10,898,407 181,044 1.66 9.23 4.26 'See note on p. 102. 160 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK

NOTES NOTE A. ON METHOD OF ESTIMATING NUMBER OF JEWS IN PLACES WHICH DID NOT REPORT The method of sampling was applied in the following manner: At a certain stage of the inquiry the rural incorporated villages which had not responded were arranged in alphabetical order by states; each twentieth was then selected for special convassing. To avoid possible error, every place that was found to be located in the so-called metropolitan districts of, or in the territory adjacent to large cities was eliminated. A total of 571 places having a combined population of 363,188 (census of 1920) then remained for special canvassing, as a sample of the 11,840 places from which no information as to the number of Jews in them had yet been received. A similar procedure was followed in the case of the unincorporated rural districts except that in the latter case every one hundredth of the minor civil divisions, alphabetically arranged by state, county, and division, was set aside for canvassing. Of the list thus obtained the following were eliminated: every minor civil division which was wholly incorporated territory or which included incorporated territory the population of which was not specified, and every part of a minor civil division which was incorporated. A total of 403 minor civil divisions with a combined population of 390,013 were thus set aside for special canvassing in the belief that they represented a true sample of the 44,397 places of this class from which no information as to the number of Jews in them had yet been received. Similar was the procedure in the case of the small urban places of 2,500-5,000, except that every fifth was set aside for special canvassing. A total of 132 places with a combined population of 438,131 were thus set aside for canvassing. Of the 571 rural incorporated places having a combined population of 363,188, a total of 490 having a combined population of 319,584 responded, and of these 119 reported having 984 Jews; of the 132 urban places of 2,500-5,000, a total of 82 having a combined population ei 265,391 responded and of these 58 places reported having 807 Jews; but of the 403 unincorporated minor civil divisions, 226 with a combined rural population of 195,734 responded and of these but 23 reported having 330 Jews. An examination of the places which did not answer in the case of the two former samples did not convince the writer that the relative results would have been affected had those places answered. The places that did not respond were, therefore, disregarded. This procedure was not followed in the case of the unincorporated districts. In order to arrive at a conservative estimate, the unresponsive districts were divided into two classes: those having less than 1,000 residents and those having more than that number. The places of the latter class were disregarded on the supposition that had they answered the relative results would not have been affected; on the other hand, all the JEWISH POPULATION OF UNITED STATES, 1927 161 places of the former class numbering 113, and having a combined population of 50,861 were included and were counted as if they had reported no Jews. The findings were then examined from the point of view of the major divisions of the country, namely North, South, and West as well as for the country as a whole, and the examination yielded the following results:

SAMPLE A.—INCORPORATED RURAL PLACES

Divisions United States North South West

Number of Places Canvassed 490 313 135 42 Total Population 319,584 194,436 94,085 31,053 Places Reporting Jews 119 74 35 10 Number of Jews Reported 984 646 219 47 Per Cent of Places Having Jews 24.28 23.7 26. 24. Per Cent of Jews Among Uncan- vassed Population 0.307 .33 .31 .15

SAMPLE B.—UNINCORPORATED RURAL PLACES Number of Places Canvassed 339 188 82 69 Total Population 246,595 115,527 99,865 i 1,203 Places Reporting Jews 23 9 9 5 Number of Jews Reported 330 128 161 41 Per Cent of Places Having Jews 6.78 4.78 11. 7.24 Per Cent of Jews Among Uncan- vassed Population 0.134 0.11 0.16 0.13 SAMPLE C—URBAN PLACES OF 2,500-5,000 Number of Places Canvassed 82 48 22 12 Total Population 265,391 155,589 69,132 40,670 Places Reporting Jews 58 35 13 10 Number of Jews Reported 807 528 102 177 Per Cent of Places Having Jews.. 70.73 73. 60. 84. Per Cent of Jews Among Uncan- vassed Population 0.304 0.339 0.148 0.436

The percentages for both, places and Jews, of each division were then applied to the states within each division. For example: in order to determine the number of places having Jews among the uncanvassed rural places in Illinois, 23.7%, which is the percentage of the North, was taken from the total number of uncanvassed places in the state of Illinois and the result accepted as the number of places having Jews among those. Similar was the procedure in the case of the number of Jews among the population of the uncanvassed places. The figures attained for the states of a division, both for places and for the number of Jews, were then added, and the sum totals accepted as number of places and of Jews for that division, as follows: 162 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK

RURAL UNINCORPORATED DISTRICTS

North South West 1. Total Number of Places 22,739 12,912 8,914 2. Number Reporting Jews 140 22 8 3. Number of Uncanvassed Places (1 minus 2) 22,599 12,890 8,906 4. Per Cent of Places Having Jews (Sample B) 4.78 11. 7.24 5. Number of Places Having Jews1 1,071 1,410 641 6. Total Population 18,708,243 20,392,095 3,336,4.18 7. Population of Places Reporting Jews 359,864 40,349 12,428 8. Population of Places Not Reporting 18,348,379 20,351,746 3,324,010 9. Per Cent of Jews Among Uncanvassed Population (Sample B) 0.11 0.16 0.13 10. Number of Jews Among Uncanvassed Population1 20,173 32,557 4,319

RURAL INCORPORATED PLACES

North South West 1. Total Number of Places 7,764 3,977 1,167 2. Number Reporting Jews 605 376 87 3. Number of Uncanvassed Places 7,159 3,601 1,080 4. Per Cent Having Jews (Sample A) 23.7 26. 24. 5. Number of Places Having Jews1 1,690 929 256 6. Total Population 5,341,765 2,747,405 880,071 7. Population of Places Reporting Jews 727,857 480,365 120,779 8. Population of Places Not Reporting 4.613,908 2,267,040 759.292 9. Per Cent of Jews Among Uncanvassed Population (Sample A) 0.33 0.31 0.15 10. Number of Jews Among Uncanvassed Population1 15,217 7,021 1.134

URBAN PLACES 2,500-5,000

North South West 1. Total Number of Places 800 374 147 2. Number Reporting Jews 445 198 84 3. Number of Uncanvassed Places 355 176 63 4. Per Cent Having Jews (Sample C) 73.. 60. 84. 5. Number of Places Having Jews1 248 99 47 6. Total Population 2,804,828 1,270,239 518,886 7. Population-of Places Reporting Jews 1,604,124 716,744 308,257 8. Population of Places Not Reporting 1,200,704 553,495 210.629 9. Per Cent of Jews Among Uncanvassed Population (Sample C) 0.339 0.148 0.436 10. Number of Jews Among Uncanvassed Population1 4,060 811 900

•The estimated number of places having Jews and the number of Jews in them are minima due to the fact that in the course of the application of the percentages of the divisions to the individual states, fractions were lost, as a result, the sum total of the number of places having Jews in the states within a division, were less than the totals that would have been attained had we applied the percentages of the samples directly to the numbers of uncanvassed places. For the same reason the numbers of Jews are also minima. Similar is the case with regard to the United States as a whole, both as to number of places estimated to have Jews, and the density of the Jews therein. JEWISH POPULATION OF UNITED STATES, 1927 163

The urban places of 5,000 to 25,000 which did not respond to our direct canvass were comparatively so few that no sample could be taken from that class of places. Inasmuch as the places of this class of cities which did not respond have few Jews, we deemed it correct to apply the results of the sample for places of 2,500 to 5,000 to the places of 5,000-25,000. URBAN PLACES 5,000-10,000

North South West 1. Total Number of Places 490 158 73 2. Number Reporting Jews 322 121 46 3. Number of Uncanvassed Places 168 37 27 4. Per Cent Having Jews (Sample C) 73. 60. 84. 5. Number of Places Having Jews1 115 16 16 6. Total Population 3,446,234 1,062,821 488,739 7. Population of Places Reporting Jews.. 2,317,259 825,829 318,890 8. Population of Places Not Reporting... 1,128,975 236,992 168,849 9. Per Cent of Jews Among Uncanvassed Population (Sample C) 0.339 0.148 0.436 10. Number of Jews Among Uncanvassed Population1 3,819 347 709

URBAN PLACES 10,000-25,000

North South West 1. Total Number of Places 330 94 37 2. Number Reporting Jews 279 89 31 3. Number of Uncanvassed Places 51 5 6 4. Per Cent Having Jews (Sample C) 73. 60. 84. 5. Number of Places Having Jews1 30 2 2 6. Total Population 5,022,849 1,371,524 548,369 7. Population of Places Reporting Jews.. 4,265,639 1,306,237 457,115 8. Population of Places Not Reporting... 757,210 9. Per Cent of Jews Among Uncanvassed 65,287 91.254 Population (Sample C) ,. 0.339 10. Number of Jews Among Uncanvassed 0.148 0.436 Population1 2,560 96 396 To determine the number of places having Jews and the number of Jews among uncanvassed places in the United States as a whole, the conservative figures of the three major divisions, namely North, South, and West, were added and the result accepted as the sum total for the country as a whole, in spite of the fact that this procedure affected changes.1 •See footnote on p. 162. 164 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK

NOTE B. ON METHOD OF DETERMINING THE SPECIFIC DENSITY OF JEWS IN PLACES WHICH DID NOT REPORT JEWS The density of the Jews in places estimated to have Jews was computed in the following way: Since the number of all the uncanvassed places and the combined population thereof are known, the average size of the uncanvassed places may be determined. Multiplying then the number of places estimated to have Jews, previously determined, by the number of the average size of the uncanvassed places, we arrive at the total population of such of these places estimated to have Jewish residents. The density of the Jews in such places is then found by computing the percentage of the estimated number of Jews to the estimated total population. These computations, applied to the Divisions, yielded the following results: RURAL UNINCORPORATED PLACES

North South West Number of Uncanvassed Places 22,599 12,890 8,906 Population of Uncanvassed Places 18,348,379 20,351,746 3,324,010 Average Size 812 1,580 373 Number of Places Estimated to Have Jews.. . 1,071 1,410 641 Population in Estimated Places 869,652 2,227,800 239,093 Number of Jews in Estimated Places 20,173 32,557 3,319 Per Cent of Jews 2.32 1.46 1.39 RURAL INCORPORATED PLACES Number of Uncanvassed Places 7,159 3,601 1,080 Population of Uncanvassed Places 4,613.908 2,267,040 759,292 Average Size 644 627 703 Number of Places Estimated to Have Jews.. . 1,690 929 256 Population of Estimated Places 1,088,360 584,341 179.968 Number of Jews in Estimated Places 15,217 7,021 1.134 Per Cent of Jews 1.40 1.20 0.63 500-5,000 Number of Uncanvassed Places , .. 355 176 63 Population of Uncanvassed Places 1,200,704 553,495 210,629 Average Size 3,382 3,144 3,343 Number of Places Estimated to Have Jews... 248 99 47 Population of Estimated Places 838,736 311,256 157,161 Number of Jews in Estimated Places 4,060 811 900 Per Cent of Jews 0.48 0.26 0.57 30-10,000 Number of Uncanvassed Places 168 37 27 Population of Uncanvassed Place9 1,128,975 236,992 169,849 Average Size 6,720 6,405 6,290 Number of Places Estimated to Have Jews.. . 115 16 16 Population of Estimated Places 752,800 102,480 100.640 Number of Jews in Estimated Places 3,819 347 709 Per Cent of Jews 0.51 0.34 0.70 )OO-25,0O0 Number of Uncanvassed Places 51 5 6 Population of Uncanvassed Places 757,210 65,287 91,254 Average Size 18,460 13,057 15,209 Number of Places Estimated to Have Jews.. . 30 2 2 Population of Estimated Places 55,380 26,114 30,418 Number of Jews in Estimated Places 2,560 96 396 Per Cent of Jews 4.62 0.37 1.30 JEWISH POPULATION OF UNITED STATES, 1927 165

To determine the density of the Jews in those places in the United States as a whole which have been estimated to have Jewish residents, the figures obtained for the three major divisions were added, and the sum total was adopted as the total population of the estimated places in the United States as a whole. The figures this method yielded did not tally with those we would have obtained had we applied to the United States as a whole the method followed in the case of the divisions (See footnote on p. 162).

NOTE C. ON METHOD OF COMPUTING POPULATION ON BASIS OF NUMBER OF SCHOOL CHILDREN The method of computing the number of Jews on the basis of the number of Jewish school children involved the following: In addition to the population of given city as of 1927, the number of children enrolled in the elementary public schools and junior high schools (but not kindergartens) of an average day was determined. To the latter figure were added the enrollment in the Catholic elementary schools and junior high schools, and in the case of New York, the enrollment in the Jewish parochial schools. By adding the latter the ratio of the number of children in the public schools to the population of the given city was established in terms of a coefficient. The number of Jewish children was then determined in the following way: by examining the enrollment and the attendance on an average school day, the percentage of normal absentees in the elementary public school was determined. This figure was then deducted from the enrollment on the. Day of Atonement, and the resulting figure showing the undue absence of children on that day was considered as representing the number of Jewish children in the elementary public schools. By multiplying the figure for the Jewish children in the public elementary schools (in the case of New York also those enrolled in the Jewish parochial schools) by the coefficient for the given city, the number of Jews in that city was determined. (For criticism of this method see below.) Below are given the statistical data for eight cities. October 6th represents the Day of Atonement in the fall of 1927 and October 4th the average school day (in the case of Philadelphia, October 1st). In the case of St. Louis, the figures for 1927 could not be used because of the tornado that struck that city about that time and the figure given is that of 1925, September 28th representing the Day of Atonement and September 30th, the average school day. In the case of Pittsburgh, the figures are those of 1926, and in the case of Cleveland, for 1925. 166 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK

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NOTE D. ON METHOD OF COMPUTING JEWISH POPULATION ON BASIS OF MOTHER-TONGUE STATISTICS The method employed to estimate the number of Jews on the basis of mother-tongue involved the following: In the census of 1920 as well as in the census of 1910, the census enumerators collected data on the mother-tongue of the foreign-born persons, and summaries were then prepared of the number of such persons and the number of their native- born children, by state and city. In 1910, a total of 1,051,768 foreign- born persons were enumerated as reporting their mother-tongue to have been Yiddish and Hebrew, and these had 612,371 children. In 1920, a total of 1,091,820 foreign-born persons reported Yiddish and Hebrew as their mother-tongue and those had 951,793 native-born children. The difference in the number of foreign-born who reported Yiddish and' Hebrew as their mother-tongue between 1910-1920 was only 40,052,' but during 1910 and 1920 there entered the country a total of 460,000 Jews, the vast maiority of whom would ordinarily report Yiddish and Hebrew as their mother-tongue. It is therefore evident that numerous foreign-born persons with Yiddish as their mother-tongue were erroneously reported as of some other mother-tongue. Now in 1910 a total of only 57,000 foreign-born persons reported Russian as their mother-tongue and these had in that year 33,415 native-born children. Ten years later 392,049 foreign-born persons* reported Russian as their mother-tongue with 303,900 native-born children. It is obvious that the small immigration of Russians during the ten years cannot account for the enormous increase of 334,123 foreign-born persons with 306,485 native-born children. The statis- ticians of the United States Bureau of the Census, therefore,rightly concluded that the number 731,949, reported as of Russian mother- tongue "probably includes a considerable proportion of Hebrews erroneously reported as of Russian mother-tongue." It is possible, however, to go further than this general statement, for we know that the various people of Slavic and Lettic mother-tongues, other than Russian, numbered 3,103,306 in 1910 and 4,538,632 in 1920, an increase of 1,435,326 or 46.25%. Assuming that the persons of Russian mother- tongue increased in the same proportion, such persons numbered 132,232 in 1920. The figure of 731,949 reported in 1920 thus includes 599,717 foreigners and their children of a mother-tongue or mother- tongues other than, but erroneously reported as Russian. Inasmuch as the figure given for foreigners and their children with Yiddish and Hebrew as their mother-tongue is probably too low by 550,000 from the point of view of the number of immigrants that entered the country between 1910 and 1920 and their native-born children (even after allowing for a decrease by death of, say, 8 per 1,000) we may assume that at least 75% of the 731,949 persons reported as of Russian mother- tongue were "Hebrews erroneously reported as of Russian mother- tongue." On this basis the actual number of persons of Yiddish or Hebrew mother-tongue in 1920 probably was 2,592,575, made up of the 2,043,613 who reported Yiddish or Hebrew and 548,962 or 75% of the 168 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK

731,949 erroneously reported as of Russian mother-tongue.1 Hence to determine the number of foreigners in 1920 of Yiddish mother-tongue and their progeny in a given city, it is necessary, other circumstances permitting, to add 75% of the number reporting Russian to the number reporting Yiddish as mother-tongue. Thus, the actual number of persons of Yiddish mother-tongue and their children in the city of New York in 1920 may be determined as follows: Number of persons reporting Yiddish 946,139 75% of 221,153 reported as Russian by error 166,865 Corrected number of persons of Yiddish mother-tongue 1,113,004 It is evident that if we can determine the ratio which the number of persons reported as of Yiddish mother-tongue and their children bears to the number of Jews who are native-born of native parentage, or foreign born of mother-tongues other than Yiddish, it would be possible to estimate the total number of Jewish people of a given place. Now, estimates based on a method other than mother-tongue or school children, prepared by Dr. Laidlaw, gave the total number of Jews in the city-of New York as 1,643,002 in 1920. The corrected figure for Jews with Yiddish as their mother-tongue and their progeny was 1,113,004 or 67.74% of the total. This ratio, however, cannot be accepted for the other largest cities, for an examination of data for these cities indicates that this percentage was too low for the other cities in the East and too high for cities in the West. It was, therefore, proposed that in 1920 the foreign-born Jews of Yiddish mother-tongue and their native-born children be assumed to have constituted 60% of the total number of Jews in the cities of the Middle West and the West, 'To show how this erroneous reporting of mother-tongues affected the eleven cities under consideration, we append hereto the following table:

Persons Reported as of Persons Reported as of Yiddish mother-tongue Russian mother-tongue City 1910 1920 1910 1920 26,943 39,333 1,620 8,665 56,864 60,042 607 12,571 110,089 159,518 2,782 28,199 7,568 6,898 351 2,841 Detroit 9,986 34,727 583 13,414 Los Angeles 5,681 10,540 329 8,812 857,700 946,139 27,155 221,153 Newark 33,787 39,863 590 8,865 Philadelphia 119,560 143,514 4,207 42,826 Pittsburgh 20,655 22,752 1,405 7,286 St. Louis 18,606 20,420 483 6,335 JEWISH POPULATION OF UNITED STATES, 1927 169 and 75% in the cities of the East other than the City of New York. On this basis, estimates of the Jewish population of the ten cities on the basis of the mother-tongue statistics, have been worked out as follows:

CITIES OF THE EAST

Newark, Boston, Philadelphia N. J. Mass. Pa. Number Enumerated as of Yiddish or He- brew Mother-Tongue, and their Children, Census of 1920 39,863 60,042 143.514 Add 75% of Number Enumerated as of Russian Mother Tongue, 1920 6,649 9,428 32,120 Corrected Total of Yiddish Speaking Jews and Their Children 46,512 69,470 175,634 Estimated to be 75% of Total Number of Jews, 1920 . . 62,016 92,626 234,180 Estimated Total for 1927 69,818 98,185 261,409

CITIES OF THE WEST

Cleveland, Pittsburgh, St. Louis, Ohio Pa. Mo. Number Enumerated as of Yiddish or He- brew Mother-Tongue and their Children, Census of 1920 30,383 22,752 20,420 Add 75% of Number Enumerated as of Russian Mother Tongue, 1920 10,609 5,464 4,752 Corrected Total of Yiddish Speaking Jews and their children 40,992 28,216 25,172 Estimated to be 60% of Total Number of Jews, 1920 68,320 47,027 41,953 Estimated Total for 1927. . . .. 84,371 53,106 45,484

If we assume that the percentage of foreign-born Jews of Yiddish mother-tongue and their children to the total number of Jews in the city of Baltimore is the same as in the majority of the large cities of the East namely Boston, Newark, and Philadelphia, while in the case of Chicago and Los Angeles it is similar to the other cities in the West namely Pittsburgh, Cleveland, and St. Louis, we have the following: 170 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK

Baltimore Chicago, Los Angeles Md. 111. Cal. Number Enumerated as of Yiddish or He- brew Mother-Tongue and their children. Census of 1920 39,333 159,518 10,540 Add 75% of Number Enumerated as of Russian Mother Tongue, 1920 6,499 21,149 6,609 Corrected Total of Yiddish Speaking Jews and their children Estimated to be 60*%. 45,832 180,667 17.149 Total Number of Jews 1920 (60*% of Item 3) 61,109 301,112 28.582 Estimated Total for 1927. 68,140 345,651 64,480

The city of Detroit, though not one of the cities of the East, appears to have the same percentage of foreign-born Jews of Yiddish mother- tongue and their children as do the cities of the East, namely 75%. The number of Jews on the basis of mother-tongue in the city of Detroit is thus 80,070 Jews as follows: Number of persons reporting Yiddish 34,727 Number erroneously reported as of Russian mother-tongue 10,061 Corrected total of Yiddish speaking 44,788 Total number of Jews in 1920 59,717 Total number of Jews in 1927 80,070 NOTE E. COMPARISON OF RESULTS OF THE TWO PRECEDING METHODS In the case of the city of New York the estimate arrived at on the basis of school children in the fall of 1927 which was 1,765,982 may now be compared with two other figures. As has been stated above, in 1920 Dr. Laidlaw, using a method other than those used here, estimated the Jewish population at 1,643,012. Assuming that the increase of the Jewish population equalled the increase of the total population during the seven years following, the number of Jews in 1927, on the basis of Dr. Laidlaw's 1920 estimate, would be 1,745,264. Again, the Bureau of Jewish Social Research on the basis of a study of Jewish deaths in a number of districts in New York, estimated that in 1925 the Jewish population was 1,713,000, which would give a Jewish population in 1927 of 1,741,085 Jews. It will be seen that the figures arrived at on the basis of Dr. Laidlaw's estimate and on the basis of the estimate of the Bureau of Jewish Social Research so closely approach our estimate of 1,765,982, as to give us the right to assert that the Jewish population of New York City, at the end of 1927 was close to 1,765,000. JEWISH POPULATION OF UNITED STATES, 1927 171

In the case of the three cities for which we used only one method, namely, that based on the mother-tongue statistics, the figures of 68,140 for Baltimore and 64,480 for Los Angeles probably approach the true figures for the respective cities. On the other hand, the figures of 345,651 for the city of Chicago may be a little too high because our estimate that its Jews of foreign- birth of Yiddish mother-tongue constituted 60% of the total number of Jews was probably a little too low. We have therefore estimated the number of Jews in Chicago as 325,000 in 1927. In the case of the remaining seven cities, the figures arrived at on the basis of mother-tongue statistics closely approach the figures arrived at on the basis of the number of school children. The latter method is to be preferred except in the case of Boston where it gives 84,324 while the former method give 98,185. It is, of course, conceivable, that between 1920 and 1927 the ratio of increase among the Jews in Boston was less than the increase of the non-Jews of the city of Boston, but that would not decrease our figure materially inasmuch as the increase of the city of Boston during the seven years was but by 45,000 persons. Now in 1920 over 60,000 foreign-born persons and their children actually reported Yiddish as their mother-tongue and over 9,000 "Hebrews" were probably erroneously reported as of Russian mother-tongue. The foreign-born Jews of Yiddish mother-tongue with their children could hardly constitute more than 80% of the total number of Jews in that city. Hence, the Jewish population of the city of Boston cannot be estimated as less than 90,000 in 1927. The number of Jews in each of the remaining six cities may be fixed as follows:

On basis On basis Figure of school of mother- adopted children tongue Cleveland. . 86,439 84,371 85.000 Detroit 76,376 80.070 76,000 Newark.... 65,806 69,818 65,000 Pittsburgh1. 55,635 53,106 53,000 Philadelphia 277,263 261,409 270,000 St. Louis 51,023 45,484 50,000

Our chief method, namely that of determining the number of Jews on the basis of the number of school children absent on the Day of Atone- ment suffers chiefly from three possibilities of error: The undue absence on the Day of Atonement includes a percentage of non-Jewish children who abstain from attending school because they know that Jewish children would be absent. 'The number of Jewish children in the city of Pittsburgh, was determined on a different basis from that in other cities. The lower figure is, therefore, adopted. 172 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK

The ratio of Jewish children to the total number of Jews is probably larger than the ratio of the whole number of children to the total population. These errors would have a tendency to render too large the estimate of the number of Jews arrived at on the basis of this method. On the other hand, it is undoubtedly incorrect to assume that fully 100% of the Jewish children in the large cities are recorded as absent on the day in question. A certain percentage are undoubtedly recorded as "present." From this point of view, the number of Jews arrived at would be too small. Is it not possible that the errors neutralized one another or nearly did so in the fall of 1927? The fact that the figures for the cities arrived at on the basis of the number of children correspond closely to those arrived at on the basis of mother-tongue statistics leads the writer to believe that the method used for the group of cities as a whole is correct, and the figures arrived at approach the true number of the Jews in these cities.

GENERAL TABLES The general tables that follow deal with the number of places, total population, number of places that have Jews, and the number of Jews in them. In the case of the Jews, the year of estimate is 1927, as is also the case with the total population by state and of cities 25,000 or over. In all other cases the figures are for the census year of 1920. The figures for numbers of places are always those of the census year of 19201. LIST OF GENERAL TABLES A. Incorporated Places Reporting Jews. B. Rural Areas Reporting Jews C. Urban Places 25,000 to 2,500 Reporting Jews. D. Jews in Urban Places 25,000 or Over E. Estimates of Jews by States, 1877 to 1927 F. List of Places2 Reporting Jews and Number Reported. 'See note on p. 106. 2In that table are given only those incorporated places and those unincorporated areas constituting minor civil divisions, which were enumerated in the last census. Places since incorporated and areas smaller than a minor civil division are given under the name of the minor civil division in which they were located at the time of the census. JEWISH POPULATION OF UNITED STATES, 1927 173

GENERAL TABLE A INCORPORATED PLACES REPORTING JEWS

Places Number State Total Places Having of Jews Jews Reported

Alabama 294 119 9,692 Arizona 30 19 1,056 Arkansas 349 135 6,225 California 254 154 121,087 Colorado 229 82 19.543 Connecticut 41 34 87,968 Delaware 50 20 5,141 District of Columbia 1 1 16,000 Florida 202 85 12,247 Georgia '585 208 19,285 Idaho 148 53 581 Illinois 1,111 417 341,306 Indiana 491 200 24,827 Iowa 913 295 13,438 Kansas 525 168 5,385 Kentucky 391 157 16,418 Louisiana 202 96 14,414 Maine 44 29 7,772 Maryland 120 47 70.016 Massachusetts 169 146 223,615 Michigan 450 206 86,931 Minnesota 692 237 40,812 Mississippi 333 137 3,765 Missouri 712 232 77,628 Montana 107 41 900 Nebraska 513 164 12,566 Nevada 16 5 184 New Hampshire 29 22 2,411 New Jersey 275 181 222,015 New Mexico 47 27 656 New York 534 295 1,897.910 North Carolina 468 173 4,595 North Dakota 294 103 1,934 Ohio 820 323 169,876 Oklahoma 475 176 . 4,964 Oregon 198 65 12,302 Pennsylvania 973 488 398,644 Rhode Island 27 21 24,526 South Carolina 261 112 4,490 South Dakota 275 92 699 Tennessee 236 94 19.477 Texas 455 224 40,953 Utah 137 45 2,371- Vermont 76 33 1,618 Virginia 203 85 22,833 Washington 210 77 13,630 West Virginia 203 83 5,517 Wisconsin 457 188 33,457 Wyoming 73 26 1,102 Total 15,698 6,420 4,124,872 174 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK

GENERAL TABLE B RURAL AREAS REPORTING JEWS, 1927

Unincorporated Territory Incorporated Places States No. of No. of No. of No. of Places Total Jews Places Total Jews Report- Popula- Re- Report- Popula- Re- ing Jews tion ported ing Jews tion ported

3 4,000 25 26 34,128 213 1 2,464 3 2 2,154 17 2 4,522 28 29 34,669 431 2 8,261 12 26 40,349 268 2 707 26 13 15,470 198 Connecticut 43 132,145 3,141 3 4,742 51 Delaware 8 10,240 129 Florida 1 620 25 19 24,889 361 Georgia 1 465 12 27 36,059 223 Idaho 6 8,429 32 3 2,622 16 51 66,392 458 2 2,045 9 25 30,412 178 Iowa 1 862 1 32 37,661 172 7 7,215 23 32 37,867 172 Louisiana 1 1,478 2 28 32,599 395 6 11,884 54 2 3,732 14 Maryland 1 1,809 27 11 14,549 191 7 11,719 213 9 11,461 152 47 54,798 458 Minnesota 3 1,969 17 47 52,503 278 1 2,401 12 44 46,657 824 Missouri 30 40,960 261 Montana 8 10,466 62 30 29,842 146 Nevada 1 2,173 20 3 3,572 19 18 47,197 1,874 44 56,227 5,116 New Mexico 1 715 1 11 12,116 74 New York .... 21 71,920 2,841 71 93,989 3,951 North Carolina 2 6,629 20 25 33,340 333 North Dakota 32 23,661 221 Ohio 3 2,668 17 38 41,462 515 Oklahoma 23 30.708 186 4 7,674 37 11 45,134 264 61 82,382 991 Rhode Island 35 41,961 469 South Dakota 2 1,057 10 24 25,594 170 Tennessee 3 3,821 24 11 15,028 79 Texas 6 12,833 46 49 75,983 727 Utah 4 6,766 17 Vermont 1 4,739 6 9 14,544 72 1 1,817 3 15 18,178 232 Washington 1 117 30 6 7,746 53 1 1,763 36 13 18,299 311 6 7,061 60 33 36,952 836 Wyoming 1 >64 12 6 7,436 -86 Total 170 412,641 9,038 1,068 1.329,001 20,141 JEWISH POPULATION OF UNITED STATES, 1927 175

GENERAL TABLE C URBAN PLACES OF 2,500 TO 25,000 REPORTING JEWS

Places of Places of Places of 2,500—5,000 5,000—10,000 10,000—25,000 State No. No. No. of Popu- Jews of Popu- Jews of Popu- Jews Places lation Place; lation Places lation

Alabama 12 45,087 354 6 39,597 244 7 99,293 931 Arizona 5 18,652 66 3 21,970 148 1 20,292 400 Arkansas 12 42,264 379 7 46,909 645 4 53,280 1,350 California 30 110,368 1,034 17 116,598 2,222 11 170,530 2,388 Colorado 12 45,654 298 4 28,333 137 2 21,864 210 Connecticut.... 5 16,564 170 4 30,851 360 9 152,390 5,631 Delaware 1 3,854 12 Florida 8 29,211 200 10 68,645 1,716 2 32,986 180 Georgia 22 75,086 614 11 74,649 363 7 101,857 965 Idaho 6 19,417 53 4 28,370 60 2 36,394 436 Illinois 47 157,322 531 30 212,572 1,164 21 309,076 2,373 Indiana .... 26 94,821 331 20 146,786 768 18 288,135 1,904 Iowa 29 104,867 271 15 95,389 425 9 157,555 2.428 Kansas 12 43,452 79 6 44,077 72 11 151,731 1,111 Kentucky 20 70,119 344 10 74,642 440 4 69,057 1,112 Louisiana 14 48,620 471 7 46.272 418 4 65,055 2,130 Maine 4 12,734 166 7 46,221 642 5 77,189 1.300 Maryland 6 20,168 261 3 21,037 142 1 11,066 102 Massachusetts.. 15 49,012 660 18 134,857 1,415 28 445,182 8,840 Michigan 20 76,869 414 22 160,134 1,218 14 179.991 1,833 Minnesota 17 60,608 224 14 102,606 579 7 95,652 751 Mississippi 7 25,449 279 7 45,381 605 9 136.201 2.057 Missouri 21 79,655 429 11 73,763 339 6 88,392 389 Montana 3 11,032 15 5 31,698 81 4 63.926 292 Nebraska 7 26,586 64 7 49,989 181 3 36,060 125 Nevada 1 12,016 164 New Hampshire 4 15,677 72 31,677 193 5 73,947 776 New Jersey.... 32 108,983 3,621 23 168,597 6,184 15 223,587 15,104 New Mexico g 29,990 284 2 14,269 58 1 15,157 240 New York 45 161,983 6,126 25 167,909 4,495 31 464,231 9,948 North Carolina. 15 49,902 380 11 74,813 553 10 153,903 1,514 North Dakota.. 6 22,903 125 3 18,889 608 3 46,447 980 Ohio 29 108,008 514 28 207,326 889 25 391,000 10,777 Oklahoma IS 61,230 228 11 78.968 261 8 113,438 439 Oregon 7 28,301 92 3 20,802 61 2 24,620 112 Pennsylvania. 83 308,709 4,507 60 442,444 6,120 52 819,326 20,616 Rhode Island . 4 14,281 121 2 17,649 135 1 11.375 200 South Carolina. 10 38,677 497 7 50,826 415 4 67,303 369 South Dakota. . 3 9,489 68 5 36,981 121 1 14,537 130 Tennessee 12 43,927 276 4 26,443 131 3 39,349 356 Texas 33 115,667 954 18 119,827 642. 16 218,382 2.045 Utah 3 9,671 52 1 5,282 5 1 10,303 7 Vermont 2 9,792 38 4 27,316 397 3 47,741 1.111 Virginia 7 21,859 194 6 38,805 457 5 67,639 635 Washington.... 9 31,693 135 5 35,937 208 4 56,737 184 West Virginia... 8 49,646 217 6 40.052 335 6 88,494 1,344 Wisconsin 27 97,787 369 11 80,189 277 11 181,029 1.540 Wyoming 1 3,479 4 2 15.631 51 2 25,276 861 Total 727 2,629,125 26,599 489 3,461,978 36.980 399 6.028,991 108,690 176 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK

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GENERAL TABLE F LIST OF PLACES REPORTING JEWS AND NUMBER REPORTED ALABAMA Albany 17 Eufaula 29 Montgomery 3,000 Alexander City 20 Fairfield 11 Parish (Prec. 22) Anniston 125 Florala 14 Walker Co 11 Athens 28 Florence 43 Quinton (Prec. 21) Eben- Bessemer Ill Gadsden 116 ezer Walker Co 12 Birmingham 4,000 Greensboro 12 Brookside 11 Huntsville 68 Selma 281 Cordova 14 Hursboro 15 Sheffield 85 Decatur 47 Jasper 38 Talladega 34 Demopolis 150 Leeds 20 Troy 29 Dothan 47 Marion 25 Tuscaloosa 208 Enterprise 11 Mobile 950 Tuskegee 16 Places having 10 Jews or less: Aliceville. Andalusia, Atmore, Boyles, Brundige, Columbiana, Corona (Preo. 181 Walker Co.. Foley, Girard, Greenville, Hartsell, Heflin, Inglenook, Jackson, Linden, Monroeville, Opp, Pell City, Red Bay, Roanoke, Spring Hill (Prec. 12) Mobile Co., Tarrant City, Union Springs, Uniontown, Wetumpka.

ARIZONA Douglas 108 Mesa 20 Tucson 400 Globe 20 Phoenix ...425 Yuma 18 Jerome 18 Prescott 20 Places having 10 Jews or less: Casa Grande, Clifton, Flagstaff, Holbrook, Superior (Prec. 2) Pinal County. ARKANSAS Altheimer 11 Fort Smith 420 Newport 24 Augusta 19 Helena 400 North Little Rock 500 Blytheville 71 Hot Springs 250 Brinkley 24 Hughes 26 Osceola 32 Camden 54 Jonesboro 94 Paragould 21 Clarendon 12 Lake Village 20 Parkin 28 Conway 15 Little Rock 3,000 Pine Bluff 400 Dumas 20 McGehee 42 Smackover tnsp. Earle 25 Manila 16 El Dorado 124 Marianna 41 Union Co 20 England 31 Marked Tree 11 Stuttgart 15 Eudora 40 Marvel 30 Texarkana 200 Forrest City 27 Morrillton 17 Wynne 60 Places having 10 Jews or less: Arkadelphia, Arkansas City, Bates, Batesville, Corn- ing, Crawfordsville, Danville, Dardanelle, De Vails Bluff, De Witt, Edmonson, Fayette- ville, Holly Grove, Lonoke, Paris, Readland, Sheridan, Turrell (Fogleman Township) Crittenden Co., Van Buren, Wilmot. CALIFORNIA Alameda 400 Colton 20 Huntington Beach 20 Albany \ .12 Compton 33 Huntington Park 60 Alhambra 240 El Monte 25 Lodi 20 Anaheim 20 Eureka 31 Long Beach 1,750 Arcata 18 Fort Bragg 14 Bakersfield 240 Los Angeles 65,000 Benicia 14 Fresno 700 Madera ~T1 Berkeley 300 Fullerton 14 Martinez. ._. .^5 Burbank 24 Glendale 200 Marysville 59 Burlinjame 50 Hayward 46 Merced .T50 Calexico 20 Healdsburg 20 Modesto "330 Chico 90 Hollister 16 Monrovia 45 JEWISH POPULATION OF UNITED STATES, 1927 181

Napa 38 Sacramento 1,100 Santa Monica 700 Oakdale 15 Salinas 55 Santa Paula 24 Oakland 6,000 San Diego 2,000 Santa Rosa 91 Oroville 41 Oxnard 64 San Fernando 42 South Pasadena 30 Pasadena 5,600 San Francisco 35,000 Stockton 1,150 Petaluma 500 San Jose 375 Taft 104 Piedmont 150 San Leandro 48 Tracy 23 Pittsburg 41 San Luis Obispo 11 Tulare 41 Placerville 13 San Mateo 450 Ukiah 12 Pomona 125 Vallejo 80 Redding 15 San Rafael 200 Redlands 50 Santa Ana 300 Venice 400 Redondo Beach 24 Santa Barbara 150 Ventura 50 Redwood City 18 Santa Cruz 90 Visalia 27 Riverside 72 Santa Maria 17 Watts 25 Places having 10 Jews or less: Beaumont, Brea, Colusa, Davis, Dunsmuir, Exeter, Fillmore, Fowler, Gridley, Lompoc, Manteca, Mill Valley, Pleasanton Point Arena, Red Bluff, St. Helena, Sanger, Santa Rosa Township (ex. Santa Rosa) Sonoma Co,, Sunnyvale, Vacaville, Verona (Vernon Township) Sutter Co., Whittier, Yreka.

COLORADO Aurora 30 Grand Junction 12 Montrose 24 Boulder 60 Greeley 100 Precinct 8 Pueblo Co. . 500 Brighton 24 La Junta 33 Precinct 59 El Paso Co. .25 Colorado Springs 500 Pueblo 1,200 Denver 17,000 Lamar 11 Durango 24 Las Animas 51 Rocky Ford 20 Englewood 50 Leadville 40 Salida 21 Fort Collins 75 Littleton 40 Trinidad 110 Fort Morgan 23 Longmont 32 Walsenburg 22 Golden 20 Loveland 18 Westminster 12 Places having 10 Jews or less: Arvada, Ault, Buena Vista, Edgewater, Florence, Lakeside. Monte Vista, Pagosa Springs, Saguache, Silt, Tolland (Prec. 9) Gilpin Co. CONNECTICUT Ansonia 2,400 Greenwich 160 Norwich 1,200 Berlin (Hartford Co.)... 13 Griswold (excl. Jewett Orange (West Haven) Bethel (Fairfield Co.)... 15 City) New London Co.. 16 New Haven Co 150 Bozrah (Yantic) New Groton 25 Portland (Middlesex Co.)34 London Co 110 Guilford 25 Preston Branford 16 Hartford 27,000 (New London Co.).... 35 Branford Borough (New Hebron (Amston) Putnam 100 Haven Co.) 35 Tolland Co 324 Rockville 17 Bridgeport 13,000 Jewett City 87 Shelton 83 Bristol 250 Lebanon (ChestnutHill) Simsbury (Tariffville) Canaan (Litchfield Co.). 25 New London Co 100 Hartford County 20 Canton (North Canton) Marlborough (Marl- Stafford Springs 15 Hartford Co 50 boro) Hartford Co.. . .21 Stamford 5,600 Columbia (Tolland Co.) 110 Meriden 1,750 Stonington 20 Danbury 400 Meriden Trary New Suffield (Hartford Co.).. 20 Danielson 33 Haven Co .200 Torrington 250 Derby 150 Middletown 565 Vernon (excl. Rockville Durham Monroe, (Stepney) City) Tolland County. 51 (Middlesex Co.) 20 Fairfield Co 225 Waterbury 5,300 East Haddam (Moodus) Montville Watertown Middlesex Co 465 (New London Co.)... 169 (Litchfield Co.) 20 Ellington (Tolland Co.) 156 Morris (Litchfield Co.) .. 16 West Hartford Enfield (Thompsonville) Naugatuck 76 (Hartford Co.) 500 Hartford Co 41 New Britain 3,000 Westport (Fairfield Co.) . 43 Franklin New Haven 22,500 Wethersfield (New London Co.) 18 New London 1,600 (Hartford Co.) 18 Glastonbury North Haven Willimantic 340 (Hartford Co.) 27 (New Haven Co.).... 18 Woodbury Graaby (Hartford Co.).. 12 Norwalk 2,000 (Litchfield County)... 17 182 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK

Places having 10 Jews or less: Bethlehem (Litchfield Co.). Bloomfield (Fairfield Co.) East Granby (Hartford Co.), East Windsor (Hartford Co.), Guilford (Leetes Island) New Haven Co., Hampton (Windham Co.,) Ridgefield, (Salisbury) Litchfield Co., Sharon (Litchfield Co.), Windsor (Windsorville) Hartford Co.

DELAWARE Harrington 12 New Castle lfi Seaford 25 Middletown 30 Newark 44 Wilmington 5,000 Milford 92 Georgetown 13 Places having 10 Jews or less: Bridgeville, Delaware City, Elsmere, Hartly, Lewis, Millsboro, Milton, Selbyville, Townsend. DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA Washington 16,000 FLORIDA Chipley 11 Lake City 42 Perry 14 Dade City 14 Lakeland 60 Quincy 41 Daytona 250 Lake Worth 12 St. Augustine 300 DeLand 12 Larkins (Prec. 17) South St. Petersburg 100 Fernandina 27 Miami, Dade Co 25 Sanf ord 60 Fort Lauderdale 75 Live Oak 27 Sebring 60 Fort Pierce 18 Manatee 19 Tallahassee 59 Gainesville 58 Hollywood (Prec. 29) Miami 2,650 Tampa 2,000 Duval Co 30 Ocala 60 West Palm Beach 600 Jacksonville 4,000 Orlando 290 West Tampa 12 Key West 80 Pensacola 1.200 Winter Haven 12 Places having 10 Jews or less: Arcadia, Bartow, Blountstown, Bowling Green, Dania, Homestead, La Belle, Mayo, Monticello, Panama City, Plant City, Wauchula, Winter Garden. GEORGIA Albany 275 Dalton 18 Ocilla 15 Athens 185 Decatur 25 Pelham 22 Atlanta 11,000 Douglas 26 Quitman 16 Augusta 970 Dublin 31 Rome 225 Bainbridge 220 Elberton 21 Sandersville 19 Barnesville 13 Fitzgerald 31 Savannah 3,800 Brunswick 120 Forsythe 11 Statesboro 28 Cairo 17 Fort Valley 37 Tallulah (Rabun Co.)... .12 Camilla 11 Gainesville 26 Thomasville 92 Carrdllton 23 Griffin 33 Tifton 21 Cedartown 20 Hawkinsville 15 Valdosta 81 Cochran 16 Jesup 15 Vidalia 23 Columbus 700 La Grange 47 Washington 12 Cordele 53 Macon 650 Waycross 32 Covington 27 Milledgeville 25 Waynesboro 27 Cuthbert 12 Moultrie 25 West Point 48 Places having 10 Jews or less: Arlington, Bremen, Buford, Cornelia, Doerun, Eaton- ton, Edison, Fayetteville, Glenwood, Lumber City, Manchester, Marietta, Milan, Norman Park, Palmetto, Rochelle, Rockmart, Royston, Soperton, Sylvania, Tennille, Toccoa, Uvalda, Vienna, Woodbury. IDAHO Bedrock Prec. Lewiston 15 Twin Falls (Prec. 5) (Nez Perce Co.) 12 Pocatello 120 Twin Falls County ... 48 Boise 316 Idaho Falls 18 Twin Falls 25 Weiser 17 Places having 10 Jews or less: Ashton, Blackfoot, Buhl, Burley, Eden, Gooding, Hai- ley, Jerome, Montpelier, Rexbury, St. Anthony, Wallace. JEWISH POPULATION OF UNITED STATES, 1927 183

ILLINOIS

Alton 160 Galesburg 150 Oak Park 1,600 Aurora 480 Geneseo 11 O'Fallon 16 Batavia 12 Geneva 41 Olney 11 Belleville 206 Gillespie 21 Ottawa 59 Benld 21 Glen Carbon 12 Pana 26 Benton 21 Granite City 275 Pekin 57 Bloomington 350 Granville 20 Peoria 1,509 Blue Island 42 Harrisburg 17 Peru 40 Cairo 75 Harvard 28 Petersburg 15 Canton 21 Harvey 98 Pittsfield 25 Carlinville 20 Herrin 30 Pontiac 49 Centralia 45 Highland Park 125 Quincy 350 Champaign 300 Homewood 16 Rochelle 11 Chester 15 Joliet 630 Rock Falls 17 Chicago 325,000 Kankakee 120 Rockford 500 Chicago Heights 325 Kewanee 46 Rock Island 1,675 Christopher 20 La Grange 50 St. Charles 22 Cicero 250 LaSalle 69 Sesser 12 Clinton 46 Lawrenceville 21 Springfield 600 Coal City 17 Lincoln 50 Spring Valley 71 Collinsville 72 Litchfield 18 Staunton. . . .' 56 Crystal Lake 29 Marion 17 Sterling 50 Danville 335 Maywood 400 Streator 49 Decatur 85 Mendota 12 Sycamore 15 Dixon 36 Milford 11 Taylorville iz Du Quoin 19 Moline 60 Toluca 18 Dwight 15 Momence 11 Urbana 37 East St. Louis 2,750 Morris 33 Villa Park 20 Elgin 300 Mount Carmel 18 West Chicago 11 Evanston 315 Mount Olive 14 Evergreen Park 58 Mount Vernon 28 West Frankfort 53 Fail-field 14 Murphysboro 32 Woodhull 12 Forest Park 100 Nokomis 15 Woodstock 22 Galena 17 North Chicago 100 Zeigler 18 Places having 10 Jews or less: Abington, Anna, Arcola, Assumption, Athens, Barry, Brown Township (Excl. Fisher Village) Champaign Co., Bushnell, Champaign Town- ship (excl. Champaign City) Champaign Co., Carbondale, Carmi, Cornell, Deerfield, Earlville, East Moline, Elizabeth, Fairbury, Farmington, Flanagan, Flora, Frankfort, Gibson, Glencoe, Glenwood, Greenville, Havana, Hebron, Herscher, Hinsdale, Johnston City, Lake Forest, Lanark, Lyons, McLeansboro, Macomb, Maiden, Manito, Marshall, Marysyille, Maryville, Metropolis, Mound City, Mounds, Mount Morris, Mount Pulaski (Logan Co.), Newman, North Chillicothe, Oglesby, Paxton, Peotone, Pinckney- ville, Plainfield, Plainfield Township (excl. Plainfield), Wills Co., Posen, Princeton, Riverdale, Rock Creek (excl. Lanark City) Carroll Co., St. Anne, Salem, Shelbyville, Silvis, Venice City. Vienna, Villa Grove, Viola, Virginia.JWatseka, Westville, Willisville, Witt. INDIANA Alexandria 36 Greencastle 11 Muncie 131 Anderson 150 Greensburg 15 Attica 51 Hammond 1,200 New AlbanCastley 589 Aurora 14 Hartford City 13 North Manchester 12 Bedford 24 Huntington 42 Plymouth 15 Bloomington 18 Indianapolis 10,000 Portland 22 Clinton 25 Jeffersonville 25 Richmond 45 Columbia City 36 Kendallville 21 Rochester 12 Columbus 40 Kokomo 100 Rockport 12 Connersville 50 Lafayette 350 Seymour 12 Crawford ville 20 La Porte 50 Shelbyville 30 Crown Point 25 Lawrenceburg 39 South Bend 3,000 Dunkirk. 14 Ligonier City 50 South Whitley 11 East Chicago 220 Linton 27 Sullivan 13 Elkhart 102 Logansport 84 Terre Haute 1,000 Elwood 11 Madison 24 Union City 12 Evansville 1,800 Marion 500 Valparaiso 100 Fort Wayne 1,800 Michigan City 300 Vincennes 86 Gary 2,200 Mishawaka 159 Wabash 150 Goshen 51 Mount Vernon 120 Warsaw 39 184 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK

Places having 10 Jews or less: Albany, Albion, Bicknell, Bremen, Brookville, Chur- ubsco, Decatur, Delphi, Earl Park, Ellettville, Fowler, Frankfort, Garrett, Gas City, Greenfield, Huntingburg, Jasonville, Jasper, Kentland, Lakeville, Lebanon, Liberty, Lyons, Martinsville, Milan, Mitchell, Monon, Morocco, North Vernon, Pendleton, Peru, Princeton, Rising Sun. Salem, Sellersburg, Spencer Township (Harrison Co.). Summit- ville, Tipton. Wakarusa, Union County, Washington, Washington Township (Starke County), West Baden, Winamac. IOWA Albia 31 Creston 35 Mason City 1,501 Ames 24 Davenport 690 Monona 11 Anamosa 16 Decorah 12 Muscatine 300 Atlantic 18 Des Moines 4,200 Newton 36 Boone 22 Dubuque 420 Onawa 17 Burlington 107 Emmetsburg 11 Osage 18 Cedar Rapids 697 Fairfield 50 Osceola 12 Centerville 84 Fort Dodge 140 Oskaloosa 73 Charles City 12 Glenwood 16 Sioux City 3,150 Cherokee 13 Grinnell 17 Spencer 17 Clarinda. : 12 Iowa City 151 Valley Junction 23 Clarion 18 Iowa Falls 12 Victor 15 Clinton 41 Keokuk 27 Waterloo 385 Council Bluffs 600 Marshalltown 139 Webster City 12 Places having 10 Jews or less: Ackley, Akron, Algona, Altoona, Anthon, Belle Plaine, Bellevue, Chariton, Charter Oak, Chatsworth, Clear Lake, Columbus Junction, Cushing, De Witt, Dyersville, Eagle Grove, Eldora, Elkader, Estherville, Forest City. Fort Des Moines, Hampton, Independence, Jefferson, Le Mars, Lynn Grove Township (excl. Lynnville and Sully) Jasper Co., Manchester, Maquoketa, Marengo, Marion. Mount Pleasant, Moville, Neola, New London, Oto, Parkersburg, Pocahontas, Red Oak, Riceville, Rock Rapids, Rockwell, Sheldon, Shenandoah, Storm Lake, Stuart, Vinton, Volga, Waukee, Waverly, West Union, Woodbine.

KANSAS Arkansas City 12 Fort Scott 29 Lawrence 25 Augusta 11 Galena 17 Leavenworth 800 Chanute 14 Gardner 12 Manhattan 12 Coffeyville 48 Hutchinson 73 Parsons 17 Eldorado 38 Iola 29 Salina 41 Emporia 14 Junction City 11 Topeka 900 Eureka 12 Kansas City 22,000 Wichita 700 Places having 10 Jews or less: Caney, Dodge City. Florence, Garden City, Girard, Goodland, Great Bend, Holton. Horton, Kiowa, Lacygne, McPherson, Marysville, Ogden, Oskaloosa, St. Marys, Wellington, Winfield.

KENTUCKY Ashland 170 Harlan 33 Newport 600 Bowling Green 30 Harrodsburg 11 Owensboro 49 Central City 23 Hazard 18 Paducah 800 Corbin 30 Henderson 93 Paris 70 Covington 500 Hopkinsville 86 Pineville 41 Cynthiana 29 Lexington 750 Princeton 18 Danville 28 Louisville 12,500 Providence 21 Falmouth 12 Madisonville 21 Russellville 12 Frankfort 74 Mayfield 15 Shelbyville 34 Georgetown 15 Maysville 21 Somerset 18 Greenville 25 Middlesborough 42 Winchester 53 JEWISH POPULATION OF UNITED STATES, 1927 185

Places having 10 Jews or less: Adairville, Anchorage, Augusta, Campbellsville, Catlettsburg, Colombia, Crofton, Elizabethtown, Eminence, Evarts, Flemingsburg, Fulton, Hawesville, Hickman, Hustonville, Jackson, La Grange, Lebanon, Marion, Midway, Mount Sterling, Neon, Nicholasville, Olive Hill, Owenton, Owingsville, Pewee Valley, Pikeville, Salt Lick, Sco'ttsville, Springfield, Stanford, Sturgis, Taylorsville, Uniontown, Vanceburg, Williamsburg.

LOUISIANA Abbeville 28 Houtna 18 Opelousas 75 Kenner 11 Plaquemine 132 Alexandria 560 Rayne 25 Bastrop 29 Lecompte 12 St. Francisville 24 Baton Rouge 750 Lafayette 100 St. Joseph 17 Berwick 13 Lake Charles 320 Shreveport 2,000 Bogalusa 100 Lake Providence ,.39 Tallulah 12 Bunkie 16 Monroe 500 Crowley 48 Ward 1 (excl. Bayou Morgan City 97 Sara and St. Francis- Donaldsonville 80 Napoleonville 14 ville) West Feliciana Farmerville 17 Parish 17 Ward 2 (excl. Natchitoches 60 Vivian Village) Caddo Ferriday 25 Newellton 44 . Parish 12 Franklin 26 New Iberia 42 New Orleans 9,000 Waterproof 25 Gretna 13 White Castle 71 Oakdale 21 Haynesville 13 Winnsboro 24 Places having 10 Jews or less: Baldwin, Elton, Glenmore, Homer, Kaplan, Kinder Mansfield, Mansura, Marksville, Rayville, Ruston, Slidell, Thibodaux, Vidalia Ward (Beauregard Parish), Ward 3 (Oil City) Caddo Parish, Ward 7, (Caddo) Caddo Parish Welsh. Winnfield, Zachary. MAINE Auburn 480 Gardiner 120 Old Town 64 Augusta 45 Hallowell 147 Bangor 1,500 Lewiston 650 Portland 3,500 Bath 300 Millinocket Rockland 100 Biddeford 325 (Penobscot Co.) 14 Rumford Falls 231 Brewer (So. Brewer) 16 Old Orchard Saco 76 Brunswick 35 (York County) 15 Waterville 150 Places having 10 Jews or less: Ashland (Aroostook County), Brownville (Brownville Junction) Piscataquis County, Eastport, Fairfield, Lincoln, Madison, Newport (Pen- obscot County), Oakfield (Aroostook County), Pittsfield, Richmond (Sagadahoc County). MARYLAND Baltimore 68,000 Elkton 43 Laurel 22 Bel Air 29 Ellicott City 40 Mount Rainier 35 Bowie Town 18 Frederick 102 Riverdale (Dist. 19) Brunswick 52 Frostburg 60 Cambridge 32 Prince Georges County. 2 7 Centreville 12 Hagerstown 650 Salisbury 50 Chestertown 35 Hancock 38 Takoma Park 40 Cumberland 720 Havre de Grace 38 Westminster 53 Places having 10 Jews or less: St. Michaels, Snow Hill, Solomons, Taneytown, Thurmont. MASSACHUSETTS Amesbury 81 Cambridge 5,200 Falmouth 43 Amherst 20 Chelsea 20,000 Fitchburg 580 Athol 180 Chicopee 430 Foxborough 33 Attleboro 200 Clinton 105 Framingham 360 Ayer 36 Danvers 60 Gardner 150 Belmont (Waverly) 52 Dedham 49 Gloucester 260 Beverly 1,000 Boston 90,000 Easthampton 24 Great Barrington 80 Brockton 4,000 Everett 200 Greenfield 185 Brookline 7,500 Fall River 5,500 Hampshire County 20 186 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK

Haverhill 3,385 Milford 220 Somerville 2,500 Holliston 75 New Bedford 3,970 Southbridge 4S Holyoke 2,000 Newburyport 300 Southwick Hudson 100 Newton 520 (Hampden County).. .20 Ipswich 29 North Adams 800 Springfield 12,100 Lawrence 3,775 North Attleborough 21 Stoneham 12 Leominster 120 Northampton 500 Stoughton 250 Lexington Norwood 140 Swampscott 150 (East Lexington).... 163 Longmeadow 100 Palmer 25 Taunton 785 Lowell 2,700 Peabody 1.400 Wakefield 105 Ludlow Town (Indian Or- Pittsfield 2,100 Waltham 725 chard) Hampden Co. 14 Plymouth 132 Ware 75 Lynn 9,000 Quincy 1,650 Watertown 102 Maiden 10,000 Randolph 33 West Brookfield Marblehead 40 Revere 8,000 Marlborough 90 (Worcester Co.) 12 Maynard 135 Rockland 48 Westfield 110 Medfield 25 Rockport 12 Whitman 64 Medford 680 Salem 2,400 Winthrop 2,000 Medway 265 Saugus 150 Woburn 100 Middleborough 20 Sharon (Norfolk Co.)... 150 Worcester 13.000 Places having 10 Jews or less: Ashland (Middlesex County), Avon (Norfolk County). Berkley (Bristol County), Deerfield, Holbrook, Holden. Kingston, Ludlow, Marshfield (Plymouth County), Orange, Warren (West Warren), West Bridgewater.

MICHIGAN Adrian 35 Hamtramck 575 Negaunee 32 Albion 38 Hancock 140 Niles 29 Alpena 52 Harbor Springs 16 Norway 13 Ann Arbor 150 Highland Park 1,765 Owosso 42 Bad Axe 15 Holland 40 Paw Paw 18 Bangor 30 Houghton 14 Petoskey 120 Battle Creek 58 Huron County 23 Plymouth 12 Bay City 695 Iron Mountain 130 Pontiac 375 Bellaire, 29 Ironwood 228 Port Huron 180 Benton Harbor 800 Ishpeming 27 Redford 12 Big Rapids 11 Jackson 250 Redford township (excl. Birmingham 19 Kalamazoo 345 Redford) Wayne Co.. . 19 Buchanan 17 Lansing 200 Richmond 13 Boyne City 19 Ludington 40 Rogers 23 Charlotte 13 Manistee 34 Saginaw 410 Detroit 75,000 Manistique 12 Sault Ste Marie 32 Dowagiac 24 Marcellus 19 South Haven 250 East Grand Rapids 30 Marine City 11 Traverse City 34 East Tawas 14 Marquette 43 Trenton 25 Midland 11 Washington Heights.... 24 Escanaba 115 Monroe 140 Washington township Flint 1.100 Mount Clemens 500 (Gratiot County) 24 Geneva Township Munising 16 Wayne 17 (Van Buren Co.) 87 Muskegon 275 West Branch 14 Grand Rapids 1,780 Muskegon Heights 25 Wyandotte 95 Places having 10 Jews or less: Ahmeek, Algonac, Alma, Alpha, Belding, Belleville, Cadillac, Carson City, Caspian, Cheboygan, Charlevoix, Chelsea, Chesaning, Clifford, Curtis Township (Glennie) Alcona County, Custer, Decatur, Dryden township (excl. Dryden village) Lapeer County, Durand, Fruitport, Garden, Gladstone, Greenville, Grout township (Gladwin County) Harbor Beach, Ionia, Kingston, Lake Linden, Lake- view, Lapeer, Lawton, Manton, Menominee, Mikado, Mount Pleasant, Newberry, Niles township (excl. Niles) Berrien Co., Onaway, Otsego, Pigeon, Plymouth township (excl. Plymouth) Wayne County, Port Austin, Richmond township (Palmer) Marquette County, Rose City, St. Clair, St. Ignace, St. Joseph, St. Louis. Scottville. Sebewaing. Shelby, Tawas City, Three Rivers, Utica. Wakefield, West Branch Township (Prescott) Ugemaw Co., Whittemore. JEWISH POPULATION OF UNITED STATES, 1927 187

MINNESOTA Albert Lea 29 Ely 20 Park Rapids 20 Anoka 12 Eveleth 200 Red Wing 28 Austin 32 Faribault 80 Rochester 96 Belle Plaine 15 Fergus Falls 27 St. Paul 13,500 Bemidji 19 Grand Rapids 11 South St. Paul 25 Bovey 16 Hastings 20 Stillwater 22 Brainerd 28 Hector 13 Tracy 15 Buhl 13 International Falls 54 Chisholm 134 Mankato 57 Virginia 160 Crookston 24 Minneapolis 22,000 Windom 11 Crosby 16 Moorhead 22 Winona 51 Duluth 3,480 Northfield 11 Worthington 18 Places having 10 Jews or less: Afton, Aurora, Blackduck, Blue Earth, Breckenridge , Browntown, Bruno, Buffalo, Calumet, Cambridge, Cloquet, Coleraine, Danube, Den- nison, Ellsworth, Foley, Frazee, Fulda, Gibbon, Gilbert, Grasston, Houston, Jasper, Jordan, Kinney, Lake City, Lake Crystal, Le Sueur, Maple Ridge Township (Beltrami Co.), Maple Ridge Township (Isanti County), Marble, Melrose, Montevideo, Mora. Morristown township (Rice Co.), Mountain Iron, New Rickland, North St. Paul, Owatonna, Paynesville, Preston, Proctorknott, (Proctor), Riverton, Royalton village, Ruthton, Sandstone, Sebeka, Staples, Stewartville, Thief River Falls, Two Harbors, Wabasha, White Bear Lake, Willmar, Zumbrota.

MISSISSIPPI Aberdeen 24 Gulf port 22 Okolona 20 Alligator 12 Gunnison 21 Oxford 12 Beat 1: Lula, Coahoma Hattiesburg 148 Port Gibson 48 Co 12 Hazlehurst 25 Rolling Fork 14 Beat 5: (Glen Allen), Holly Springs 27 Ruleville 47 Washington Co 12 I verness 20 Shaw 48 Belzoni 34 Isola 11 Shelby 31 Benoit 12 Jackson 169 Starkville 39 Biloxi 18 Jonestown 30 Sumner 19 Brookhaven 60 Lambert 12 Sunflower 23 Canton 108 Laurel 74 Tunica 38 Clarksdale 200 Leland 24 Vicksburg 467 Columbus 80 Lexington 77 Webb 24 Corinth 29 Moorhead 29 West Point 13 Drew 51 Marks 24 Winona 15 Greenville 375 Meridian 575 Woodville 11 Greenwood 250 Natchez 151 Yazoo City., 88 Places having 10 Jews or less: Anguilla, Beat 3 (Rich) Quitman Co., Beulah, Bude, Coahoma, Como, Flora, Hollandale, Ittabena, Macon, Mayersville, Newton, Pasca- goula, Picayune, Pickens, Polarville, Rome, Shubuta, Summit, Tupelo, Wiggins.

MISSOURI Bonne Terre 17 Elvins 11 Mexico 23 Boonville 21 Excelsior Springs 28 Moberly 24 Cape Girardeau 47 Festus 20 New Madrid 18 Caruthersville 36 Hannibal 88 Portageville 17 Cardwell 14 Hayti 12 Richmond Heights 50 Central township Jefferson City 80 St. Joseph 3,500 (Richmond Heights) Joplin 350 St Louis 50,000 St. Louis County 40 Kansas City 22,000 Sedalia 35 Charleston 12 Kennett 21 Sikeston .23 Chillicothe 14 Kirksville 27 Springfield 360 Clayton 50 Kirkwood 36 Trenton 14 Columbia 115 Lexington 18 Washington 14 DeSoto 24 Louisiana 95 Doniphan 11 Maplewood 92 Webb City 21 East Prairie 13 Marshall 36 Webster Grove 84 188 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK

Places having 10 Jews or less: Bernie, Bowling Green, Bridgeton, Brookfield, Butler, Clarksville, Dexter, Fayette, Fulton, Greenfield, Ironton, Keytesville, King City, Lebanon, Lees Summit, Linneus, Maiden, Marceline, Martinsburg. Maysville, Milan, Morehouse, Neosho, Oronogo, Parma. Panell, Richmond, Salisbury, Slater, Unionville, Warrensburg, Warrenton. MONTANA Anaconda 14 Great Falls 125 Malta 16 Billings 52 Helena 79 Miles City 14 Butte 540 Bozeman 15 Lewistown 35 Missoula 36 Cascade County 12 Livingston 14 Scobey 24 Places having 10 Jews or less: Big Timber, Dillon, Froid, Glendive, Harlowton, Kalispell, Poison, Red Lodge, Roundup. Twin Bridges.

NEBRASKA Alliance 12 Lincoln 1,050 Plattsmouth 14 Beatrice 30 Nebraska City 27 Scottsbluff 22 Columbus 54 Norfolk 35 Grand Island 56 North Platte 27 Sidney 21 Hastings 42 Omaha 11,000 Walthill 19 Places having 10 Jews or less: Allen, Arapahoe, Ashland, Atkinson, Bloomfield, Chadron, Chappell, Clearwater. Dakota City, Decatur, Elk Creek, Ericson. Friend, Fullerton, Gretna, Hartington, Havelock, Hooper, Huntington, Kearny, Laurel. Lyons, McCook, Madison, Mitchell, Neligh, Oakland, Pender, Pierce, Ponca, Schuyler, Spencer, Wakefield, Winnebago, York.

NEVADA Elko. . 20 Reno .164 NEW HAMPSHIRE Berlin 250 Franklin 46 Milford 13 Claremont 100 Keene. .64 Nashua 435 Concord 120 Laconia 117 Newport 26 Derry 39 Lebanon 27 Portsmouth 225 Exeter. .29 Manchester 935 Rochester 20 Places having 10 Jews or less: Canaan (Enfield) Grafton County, Marlow (Cheshire County), Newmarket, Whitefield (Coos County).

NEW JERSEY Absecon 23 Branchville 14 Dumont 49 Alpha 20 Bridgeton 300 East Am well Tnshp. Asbury Park 1,387 Burlington 650 (Ringoes) Hunterdon Atlantic Highlands 45 Caldwell 300 County 31 Atlantic City 12,160 Camden 7,700 East Orange 2,000 Audubon 28 Cape May Point 28 Edgewater 120 Bayonne 12,150 Chatham 12 Egg Harbor 69 Beach Haven 15 Clayton 69 Elizabeth 9,500 Belmar 600 Clifton 625 Elmer 112 Bergenfield 150 Collingswood 40 Beverly 34 Deerfield Township Englewood 750 Blommfield 1,400 (Coromel 100 Englishtown 64 Bogota 25 Rounhayn 200) Flemington 97 Boonton 128 Cumberland Co 300 Fort Lee 70 Bordentown 25 Delaware township Franklin 90 Bound Rock 130

Hackensack 500 Netcong 11 Salem 168 Haddonfield 40 New Brunswick 5,000 Sea Bright 16 Haddon Heights 40 Newark 65,000 Somerville 600 Hasbrouck Heights 55 Newton 100 South Amboy 115 High Bridge 16 North Plainfield 3,200 South Orange 1,000 Highlands 43 North Plainfield Stanhope 21 Highstown 48 township (Watchung) South River 375 Hoboken 2,780 Somerset Co 12 Stockton 32 Irvington 1,295 Nutley 60 Stone Harbor 11 Jamesburg 123 Oaklyn 40 Summit 115 Jersey City 18,000 Ocean City 15 Swedesboro 33 Kearny 750 Orange 1,000 Trenton 11,000 Kenilworth 20 Palisades Park 400 Union 4,000 Keyport 175 Park Ridge 110 Verona 50 Lakewood Tnshp. (Lake- Passaic 9,000 Vineland 700 wood) Ocean Co 400 Paterson 22,300 Warren township Lambertville 46 Paulsborb 94 (Warrenville) Linden 1,800 Pennsgrove 103 Somerset County 120 Little Ferry 20 Perth Amboy 4,500 Westfield 140 Lodi 46 Phillipsburg 82 West Hoboken 1,320 Long Branch 3,000 Pittsgrove Township Westmont 32 Madison 23 (Norma) Salem Co.. .150 West New York 2,410 Magnolia 12 Plainfield 3,000 West Orange Merchantville 95 Point Pleasant Beach. . .52 (Plesantdale) 560 Metuchen 105 Princeton 100 West Paterson 30 Millstone Tnshp. Rahway 500 Westville .45 (Perrineville) Ramsey 12 Westwood 45 • Monmouth County. .160 Raritan 22 Wharton 19 Milltown 14 Raritan township Cro- Wildwood 400 Millville 560 ton (Hunterdon Co.).. 32 Monroe township Woodbine 1,200 (Monroeville) Red Bank 520 Woodbridge township Gloucester Co 150 Ridgefield Park 220 (Woodbridge) Montclair 450 Rockaway 41 Middlesex County... 110 Morristown 850 Roosevelt (Carteret).. .500 Woodstown 33 Places having 10 Jews or less: Barnegat City, Fanwood, Garwood, Hamilton Town- ship (Mays Landing) Atlantic County, Harrison township (Mullica) Atlantic County and Gloucester Co., Helmetta, Linwood, Mount Olive township (Flanders) Morris County, Mountainside, New Providence, Northfield, Rocky Hill, Rumson. Sussex, Tuckerton, Waterford Township, (Atco) Camden County. NEW MEXICO Albuquerque 240 Las Vegas Sante Fe 40 Carlsbad 14 (East Las Vegas) 86 Silver City 12 Clovis 16 Gallup 25 Las Vegas 70 Socorro 12 LasCruces 29 Roswell 18 Tucumcari 41 Places having 10 Jews or less: Carrizozo, Clayton, Deming, Hot Springs, Jemez Springs (Prec. 10) Sandoval County, Lordsburg, Portales, Roy, Santa Rosa, Springer, Vaughn. NEW YORK Albany 9,000 Cairo (Gayhead) Coxsackie 26 Alden 43 Greene Co 21 Depew 11 Amsterdam 720 Callicoon (Jefferson- Deposit , 11 Angola 30 ville) Sullivan Co 120 Dobbs Ferry 43 Auburn 480 Carthage 48 Dolgeville 22 Baldwinsville 260 Castleton 20 Dunkirk 112 Ballston Spa 30 Catskill 200 East Rochester 15 Batavia 126 Cedarhurst 900 Ellenville 425 Bath 14 Chatham 29 Elmira 1,500 Beacon 200 Cohoes 142 Elmsf ord 65 Binghamton 2,500 Corinth 20 Endicott 120 Brewster 37 Corning 60 Fallsburgh (Hurley- Bronxville 25 Cornwall 20 ville and S. Falls- Buffalo 20,000 Cortland 66 burg)Sullivan Co... 1,660 190 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK

Fleischmans Village 100 Lawrence 200 Rome 257 Fort Plain 11 Liberty 300 Riverhead (Suffolk Co.). 127 Freeport 950 Little Falls 112 Rochester 22,500 Friendship 30 Lowville 21 Rockville Center 505 Fulton 27 Lynbrook 1,000 Rye 15 Geneva 64 M alone 45 Sag Harbor 90 Glen Cove 350 Mamakating (Summit- St. Johnsville 1..11 Glens Falls 560 ville) Sullivan Co 29 Salamanca 40 Gloversville 1,500 Mamaroneck 350 Saranac Lake 300 Goshen 34 Margaretville 22 Saratoga Springs 250 Gouverneur 45 Massena 102 Scarsdale 35 Gowanda 27 Mechanicville 66 Schenectady 3,500 Granville 51 Middleburg 12 Saugerties 50 Green Island 11 Middletown 520 Sea Cliff 157 Greenport 96 Monticello 1,200 Seneca Falls 25 Greenwich 29 Mount Vernon 8,000 Shodack (excl. Castle- Hastings on Hudson. .. 130 Newark 19 ton Rensselaer Co 50 Haverstraw 450 New Rochelle 4,500 Spencerport village 24 Hempstead 250 Newburgh 1,735 Spring yalley 900 Hempstead Newburgh Town (Burling- Springville 16 (W. Hempstead, ham), Orange Co 24 Stamford 18 Baldwin, Bellmore, New York 1,765,000 Stephentown Port Washington) Niagara Falls 1,000 (Rensselaer Co.) 42 Nassau County 450 Northport 23 Suffern 250 Henrietta (East Henri- North Tonawanda 40 Syracuse 14,000 etta) Monroe Co 24 Norwich 42 Tarrytown 500 • Herkimer 84 Nyack 250 Ticonderoga 17 Lgdensburg 150 Troy 2,500 Highland Falls 63 Old Forge 21 Hilton 12 Olean 175 Utica 5.000 Holley 14 Oneonta 29 Walden 69 Honeoye Falls 12 Ossining 300 Walton 33 Hornell 33 Oswego 125 Wappinger Falls 11 Hoosick Falls 100 Owego 49 Warwasing Hudson 680 Patchogue 625 (Greenfield Hunter 190 Peekskill 1,000 Dairyland) Huntington Ulster County 276 (Suffolk Co.) 305 Pelham Manor 250 Penfield Monroe Co.)... 12 Waterloo 11 Ilion 32 Pittsford 13 Watertown 450 Ithaca 200 Plattsburg 416 Watkins 20 Jamestown 150 Pleasantville 65 Waverly 47 Johnson City 25 Port Chester 850 Webster 24 Johnstown 50 Port Henry 55 Whitehall 18 Kings Park Port Jervis 260 White Plains 1,700 (Suffolk Co.) 73 Poughkeepsie 1,850 Woodridge 800 Kingston 1,750 Ramapo Monsey) Wurtsboro 36 Lake Placid 62 Rockland County.... 200 Yonkers 7,000 Lancaster 11 Rensselaer 85 Youngstown 50 Places having 10 Jews or less: Adams, Ardsley, Arkville (Delaware County), Bloom- ingdale, Briarcliff Manor, Brightwaters, Brocton, Caledonia, Canisteo, Cattaraugus, Cazenovia Cherry Valley, Clay (Onondaga County), Cobleskill, Cold Spring, De Ruyter, Delhi, De Witt (excl. E. Syracuse and Eastwood) Onondaga County, East Syracuse, Eastwood, Edwards, Fonda, Gardiner (Ulster County), Hancock, Horse- heads, Hudson Falls, Interlaken, Irvington, Jordan, La Grange (Hudson Co.), Man- chester, (Port Gibson) Ontario County, Manlius, Middleport, Millerton, Monroe. Ogden (Spencerport) Monroe Co., Penn, Yan, Perry. Potsdam, Rifton, Rosendale(Binne- water). Rouses Point, Salem, Schuylerville, Silver Creek, South Dayton, Spencer, Taghkanic (E. Taghkanic) Columbia County, Victory Mills, West Haverstraw, Whites- boro, Yorkville. NORTH CAROLINA Ahoskie 21 Dunn 15 Goldsboro 120 Albermarle 24 Durham 375 Greensboro. : 400 Asheville 700 Elizabeth City 16 Hamlet 19 Belhaven 11 Enfield 19 Henderson 190 Brevard 12 Fairmount 19 Hendersonville 115 Burlington 26 Fayetteville 116 Hickory 34 Chapel Hill 13 Forest City 13 High Point 101 Charlotte 400 Gastonia 99 Kinston 40 JEWISH POPULATION OF UNITED STATES, 1927 191

Lenoir 11 Roanoke Rapids (Rose- Statesville 40 Lumberton 27 mary or Roanoke Jet.). Tarboro 38 Marion 14 Halifax. County 15 Mebane 15 Rockingham 51 Thomasville 19 Mooresville 13 Rocky Mount 40 Wallace 18 Mount Airy 22 Rocky Mount Mills 36 Warsaw 13 Mount Gilead 15 Roxboro 21 Washington 22 Mount Holly 12 Salisbury 29 New Bern 60 Salisbury (excl. E. Spen- Weldon 32 Raleigh ISO cer, Salisbury and Spen- Wilmington 390 Reidsville 47 cer City) Rowan Co...42 Wilson .* 140 Roanoke Rapids 15 Sanfor d 20 Winston-Salem 325 Places having 10 Jews or less: Asheboro, Benson, Bessemer City, Biltmore, Edenton, Gatesville (Gates Co.) Greenville, Jacksonville, Laurinburg, Rutherfordton, St. Pauls, Scotland Neck (Scotland) Halifax County, Southern Pines, Troy, Williamston.

NORTH DAKOTA Ashley 29 Fargo 500 Minot 130 Beulah 14 Garrison 17 Tuttle 19 Bismarck 400 GlenUllin 19 Valley City 20 Devils Lake 180 Grand Forks 350 Dickinson 24 Jamestown 28 Williston 49 Dogden 14 Mandan 19 Zap 11 Places having 10 Jews or less: Bowdon, Casselton, Edgeley, Fessenden, Flasher, Fullerton, Golden Valley, Grafton, Halliday, Hankinson, Harvey, Hazen, Hebron, Hillsboro, Larimore, Linton, Milnor, New Salem, Oakes, Palermo, Parshall, Rubgy, Streeter, Tappen, Velva, Wahpeton, White Earth.

OHIO Ada 70 Elmwood Place 12 Mingo Junction 24 Akron 7,500 Elyria 310 Mount Vernon 44 Alliance 208 Fairport Harbor 17 Murray City 14 Ashland 34 Fremont 63 Napoleon 12 Ashtabula 40 Galion 18 Newark 72 Barberton 220 Gallipolis 13 Niles 41 Bellaire 300 Geneva 152 Norwalk 37 Bellefontaine 15 Girard 64 Orrville 10 Bellevue r 15 Grand View Heights.... 15 Painesville 86 Berea 11 Hamilton 450 Piqua 92 Bowling Green 35 Harrisburg 14 Portsmouth 200 Bucyrus 30 Hilliard 12 Salem 40 Cambridge 56 Hubbard 23 St. Marys 27 Canal Winchester 15 Ironton 65 Sandusky 95 Canton 3,600 Johnstown 15 Shaker Heights 300 Chillicothe 58 Lakewood 555 Sidney 26 Cincinnati 23,500 Lancaster 60 Springfield 580 Circleville 52 Lebanon 40 Steubenville 920 Cleveland 85,000 Lima 400 Struthers 60 Cleveland Heights.... 8,000 Linden Heights 50 Tiffin 41 Clyde 40 Lockbourne 15 Toledo 10,000 Columbus 8,500 Lockland 15 Troy 34 Conneaut 28 Lorain 975 Upper Sandusky 13 Coshocton 45 Lowell ville 13 Urbana 15 Crestline 18 Mansfield 160 Wadsworth 12 Cuyahoga Falls 20 Mantua 21 Warren 710 Dayton 4,900 Marietta 100 Wellsville 29 Delaware 29 Marion 49 Westerville 15 Dover 32 Martins Ferry 38 Wilmington 17 East Cleveland 850 Marysville 16 Wooster 101 East Linden 100 Massillon 128 Xenia 45 East Liverpool 500 Medina. . . .' 19 Youngstown 8,000 East Youngstown 14 Middletown 215 Zanesville 260 192 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK

Places having 10 Jews or less: Arcanum, Brunswick (Medina County). Byesville, Caldwell, Canfield, Carey, Carrollton, Corning, Dennison, Dublin, Forest, Flushing, Franklin, Gahanna, Greenfield, Grove City, Groveport, Hanford, Hillsboro, Huron. Jackson, Jamestown, Lisbon, London, Mantua (Excl. Mantua) Portage County, Marble Cliff, Maumee, Miamisburg, Montpelier, New Albany, New Lexington, Pomeroy, Rit- tman. Sebring, Seville, South Euclid, Spring Valley, Thompson (Geauga Co.), Upper Arlington, Van Wert, Wellston, Willard, Worthington.

OKLAHOMA Ada 25 Drumright 22 Oklahoma City 1,250 Anadarko 11 Duncan 23 Okmulgee 125 Ardmore 67 Elk City 11 Pawhuska 27 Atoka 27 Enid 41 Pawnee 19 Bartlesville 46 Erick 15 Perry 28 Blackwell 15 Guthrie 23 Picher 51 Bristow 35 Hartshorne 17 Sapulpa 56 Broken Bow 11 Henryetta 61 Shawnee 35 Chandler 13 Lawton 27 Stillwater 15 Cleveland 11 McAlester 46 Tahlequah 18 Coalgate 18 Muskogee 200 Tulsa 2,400 Cushing 20 Nowata 15 Wetumka 17 Places having 10 Jews or less: Avant, Beaver City, Caddo, Carney, Claremore, Collinsville, Durant, El Reno, Fort Gibson, Frederick, Hennessey, Idabel, Keota Locust Grove, Newkirk, Okemah, Purcell, Ramona, Sentinel, Stroud. Tecumseh. Valliant, Vinita, Wagoner, Weatherford, Wellston, Woodward.

OREGON Albany 24 Eugene 61 Oregon City 12 Astoria 51 Hood River 13 Pendleton 14 Baker City 35 McMinnville 12 Portland 12,000 Burns 20 Marshfield 15 Roseberg 20 Places having 10 Jews or less: Ashland, Hillsboro, (Klamath County) .Klamath Falls St. Helens, Tillamook. PENNSYLVANIA Aliquippa 115 Bristol 120 Columbia 60 Allentown 1,960 Brookville 12 Connellsville 100 Altoona 1,500 Brownsville 400 Conshohocken 80 Ambler 40 Burgettstown 23 Coraopolis 200 Ambridge 200 Butler 300 Corry 55 Archbald 30 Butler twnshp. Cresson 18 Ashland 30 Butler County 25 Danville 140 Ashley 99 California Ill Darby 190 Aspinwall 15 Carbondale 600 Delta 21 Athens 13 Carnegie 422 Derry 12 Avoca 37 Catasauqua 14 Dickson City 150 Bangor 40 Canonsburg 240 Donora 800 Barnesboro 93 Carlisle 61 Doylestown 31 Beaver Falls 300 Carmichaels 11 DuBois 240 Belief onte 44 Carnegie 422 Dupont 41 Bentleyville 68 Castle Shannon 12 Duquesne 920 Berwick 100 Centralia 11 East Pittsburgh 500 Bethel (Broughton) Chambersburg 100 East Stroudsburg 180 Allegheny Co 12 Charleroi 300 Easton 1,500 Bethlehem 1.500 Chester 2,125 Eddystone 130 Blairsville 43 Clearfield 180 Elizabeth 49 Bloomsburg 87 Clymer 29 Ellwood City 150 Boyertown .15 Coaldale 41 Erie 1,575 Braddock 2,000 Coatesville 675 Exeter Boro 150 Bradford 400 Collingdale Fairview 57 Bridgeport 29 (Darby P.O) 110 Farrell 500 JEWISH POPULATION OF UNITED STATES, 1927 193

Fayette City 49 Mechanicsburg 17 St. Clair (Schuylkill Co.) 36 Fell (Simpson) Media 157 St. Marys 32 Lackawanna Co 47 Middletown 100 Sayre 47 Finleyville 13 Milton 52 Scottdale 57 Ford City 68 Miners Mills 83 Scranton 9,000 Forest City 63 Minersville 140 Sewickley 25 Forty Fort 36 Monaca 32 Shamokin 450 Franklin 34 Monessen 265 Sharon 700 Freedom 15 Monqngahela City 142 Sharpsburg 44 Freeland 85 Morrisville 50 Sharpsville 34 Gallitzin 13 Morris (Morristown) Shenandoah 600 Gettysburg 19 Clearfield County.... 600 Shickshinny 12 Glassport 140 Mount Carmel 325 Shippensburg 16 Greensburg 450 Mount Jewett 12 Slatington 25 Greenville 391 Mount Pleasant 197 Slippery Rock 12 Grove City 121 Mount Union 44 Smethport 11 Hanover 28 Munhalk 50 Somerset 30 Harrisburg 5,000 Nanticoke 200 South Brownsville 500 Hawley 44 Nanty-Glo 45 South Fork 48 Hazleton 1,000 Nazareth 28 Homestead 1,100 New Bethlehem 23 Steelton ?00 Honesdale 90 New Brighton 95 Stroudsburg 100 Hooverville 13 Newcastle 750 Sunbury 300 Houtzdale 24 New Kensington 640 Susquehanna Depot 12 Houghesville 15 New Salem 20 Swissvale 150 Indiana 106 Norristown 750 Swoyersville 125 Ingram 23 Northampton 90 Tamaqua 125 Irwin 88 Northampton Heights.. 100 Tarentum 300 Jeannette 200 Northumberland 14 Titusville 400 Jenkintown 250 Oakdale 20 Towanda 50 Jermyn 28 Oil City.. 500 Tyrone 40 Jersey Shore 30 Olyphant 600 Uniontown 1,100 Johnsonburg 13 Osceola Mills 21 Wall 12 Johnstown 1,000 Palmerton 57 Warren 65 Kano 94 Parsons 25 Warrington (Warring- Kennett Square 19 Pen Argyl 15 ton) Bucks County. . .18 Kingston, L 400 Philadelphia 270,000 Warrington (Nesham- Lancaster 1,500 Philipsburg 140 iny) Bucks County... 61 Lansdowne 200 Phoehixville 128 Washington 575 Larksville 35 Pittsburgh 53,000 Waynesboro 47 Latrobe 100 Pittston 160 Waynesburg 27 Lebanon 135 Plymouth 165 Weissport 71 Leechburg 63 Portage. . . 64 Wellsboro 23 Lehighton 325 Portland (Mt. Bethel)... 14 West Chester 350 Lewisburg 19 Pottstown 700 West Eaton 12 Lewiston 150 Pottsville 1,000 Westfield 11 Lock Haven 125 Punxsutawney 125 West View ..12 Luzerne 131 Quakertown 44 West Wyoming 18 McAdoo 38 Reading 2,500 Wilkensburg 200 McDonald 70 Redstone (Fairbank, Wilkes Barre 5,500 McKeesport 5,000 Republic) Williamsport 500 McKees Rock 240 Fayette County .42 Wilson 51 Mahanoy City 200 Renovo 13 Windber 70 Masontown 90 Reynoldsville 14 Winton 50 Mauch Chunk 14 Rochester 62 Wyoming 32 Mayfield 33 Roscoe 33 Wyoming Boro 30 Meadville 80 St. Clair (Allegheny Co.) 50 York 750 Places having 10 Jews or less: Austin, Avondale, Bangor (Martins Creek) North Hampton Co., Bath, Bedford, Bessemer, Blossburg, Buckingham (Forest Grove) Bucks County, Burgettstown Borough (Avilla) Washington Co., Coalport, Curwensville, Daisytown, East Brady, Elizabethtown, Elizabethville, Elmhurst, Emaus, Emlenton, Galeton, German (Adah) Fayette Co., Girardville, Glen Rock, Grata, H«rndon, Juniata, Lumber City, Lykens, Mclntyre (Ralston) Lycoming, Manheim, Meyersdale, Mifflin- town, Milford, Montgomery, Montgomery (Arcadia) Indiana County, Muncy, Narberth, Newport, North York, Penn, Perkasie, Pertolia, Port Carbon. Red Lion, Roseville, Rouseville, Salisbury (Gap) Lancaster Co., Schuylkill Haven, Solebury (Lumberville) Bucks County, State College, Sugar Notch Borough (No-canaqua) Luzerne Co., Suters- ville, Sykesville, Trafford, Tremont (Schuylkill County), Wind Gap, Zelienople. 19-i AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK

RHODE ISLAND Bristol 200 North Providence 50 West Warwick Cranston 400 Pawtucket 570 (Artie), Kent East Greenwich 91 Providence 21,000 Co 79 Newport 750 Westerly 85 Woonsocket 1,350 Places having 10 Jews or less: Barrington, North Smithfield, Tiverton, Warwick (Conimicut). SOUTH CAROLINA Abbeville 18 Darlington 85 Lancaster 22 Aiken 75 Denmark 14 Little Rock 12 Allendale 20 Dillon 39 Manning 38 Anderson 66 Elloree 18 Newberry 27 Andrews 12 Estill 11 Orangeburg 88 Bamberg 19 Florence 28 Rock Hill 17 Batesburg 12 Gaffney 25 St. Matthews 39 Branchville 14 Georgetown 135 Spartanburg 80 Camden 108 Greenville 195 Summerville 31 Charleston 2,150 Greenwood 35 Sumter 200 Chester 23 Johnston 11 Walterboro 50 Columbia 590 Kingstree 31 Whitmire 12 Conway 13 Lake City 18 Williston 18 Places having 10 Jews or less: Belton, Clinton, Clio, Ehrhardt, Eutawville, Hardee- ville, Hillsboro Township (Lake View) Dillen Co., Inman, Kershaw, Lane, Laurens, Liberty, Loris, Mayersville, Norway, Olar, Pickens, Saluda, Sharon, Timmonsville, Wagener. SOUTH DAKOTA Aberdeen 130 Madison 24 Rapid City 2t Deadwood 36 Mitchell 49 Sioux Falls 210 Eureka. .17 Parker 18 Vermilion 40 Huron 17 Parkston 11 Yankton 27 Places having 10 Jews or less: Avon, Avon (Bon Homme County), Blunt City, Canton, Centerville, Dell Rapids, Elk Point, Ethan, Herman (Lake County), Ipswich, Lennox, Leola, Marion, Menno, Platte, Pollock, Redfield, Roscoe, Springfield, Sturgis, Tyndall, Viborg, Wagner, Watertown.

TENNESSEE Bristol 108 Jackson 188 Rutherford County 12 Brownsville 100 Johnson City 60 Somerville 17 Chattanooga 3,385 Knoxville 1,250 Springfield 18 Clarksville 62 Memphis 10,000 Dyersburg 32 Murfreesboro 29 Trenton 16 Fayetteville 19 Nashville 4,000 Union City 21 Harriman 17 Pulaski 33 No. 3 (Obion Co.) 21 Humboldt 27 Ripley 29 No. 12 (Rutherford Co.) 12 Places having 10 Jews or less: Alamo, Cleveland, Cookeville, Dayton, Decherd Dresden, Greenville, Halls, Kenton, Lebanon, Leroir City, Newbern, Paris, Raleigh' Shelbyville, South Pittsburg, No. 16 (Dyer Co.), No. 17 (Wilson Co.).

TEXAS Abilene 31 Brownsville 40 Denison 36 Austin 490 Bryan 60 Dublin 12 Bartlett 12 Calvert 37 Eagle Lake 29 Bay City 42 Cameron 18 Eagle Pass 29 Beaumont 1,150 Clarksville 40 Eastland 21 Beeville 12 Colorado 44 El Campo 41 Big Spring 56 Corpus Christi 200 Electra 14 Brady 22 Corsicana 330 Elgin 24 Brenham 69 Dallas 7,500 El Paso 2,400 JEWISH POPULATION OF UNITED STATES, 1927 195

Ennis 40 Laredo 128 Rosenberg 52 Florenceville 12 Liberty 21 San Antonio 8,000 Fort Worth 2,100 Lockhart 80 San Benito 24 Gainesville 12 Luling 30 San Marcos 12 Galveston 1,940 McAUen 52 Schulenburg 18 Greenville 41 McKinney 20 Seguin 30 Grosbeck City 16 Marlin 24 Sherman 56 Hallettsville 27 Marshall 170 Sour Lake 14 Harlingen 35 Mart 20 Sweetwater 32 Hearne 17 Mercedes 250 Taylor 70 Henderson 14 Mexia 94 Temple 30 Highland Park 11 Midland 17 Terrell 73 Houston 11,000 Mineral Wells 18 Texarkana 175 Itasca (Prec. 2) Mount Pleasant 16 Texas City 19 (Hill Co.) 18 Nacogdoches 19 Tyler 500 Jacksonville 14 Navasota 30 Victoria 96 Jefferson 40 New Braunfels 26 Kenedy 15 Palestine 120 Waco 1.500 Kerens 18 Pharr 11 Wharton 75 Kerrville 11 Port Arthur 173 Wichita Falls 505 Kingsville 16 Robstown 18 Yorktown 16 Places having 10 Jews or less: Albany, Arlington, Athens, Ballinger, Barstow, Bel- ton, Boerne, Brownwood, Carrizo Springs, Caraanche, Coolidge, Cooper, Crockett, Denton, Farmersville, Flatonia, Fort Hancock (Prec. 2) Hudspeth County, Fort Stockton, Freeport, Frost, Granger, Haskell, Italy, Jourdanton, Lampasas, Maypearl, Memphis, Mineola, Nocona, Paris Plainview, Rockdale, Rogers, Rusk, San Angelo, San Diego (Prec. 1) Duval County, Slaton, Smithville, Spur, Weatherford, Weimar, West Columbia (Prec. 2) Brazoria Co., Precinct 4 (Victoria County). Precinct 6 (Matagorda County), Precinct 7 (Jackson County). UTAH

aT":::::: 290 | Park City H | Salt Lake City 2,000 Places having 10 Jews or less: Brigham, Cedar, Lewiston, Provo, Salina, Sandy. Tooele.

VERMONT Barre 51 Fair Haven 13 St. Albans 98 Bellows Falls 24 Montpelier 100 Springfield 24 Bennington 175 Richford 12 Burlington 900 Rutland 160 Winooski 14 Places having 10 Jews or less: Bristol, Enosburg Falls, Hartford (White River Junction) Windsor County, Ludlow, Northfield, Swanton, Vergennes, Woodstock.

VIRGINIA

Alexandria 140 Franklin 24 Petersburg 705 Appalachia 44 Fredericksburg 30 Phoebus 66 Bedford 14 Hampton 144 Pocahontas 26 Bristol 95 Harrisonburg 105 Portsmouth 2,180 Charlottesville 112 Hopewell SO Potomac 30 Clifton Forge 35 Lynchburg 425 Richmond 8,000 Covington 29 Martinsville 46 Roanoke 455 Culpeper 16 Newport News 1,750 Staunton 108 Danville 180 Norfolk 7,800 Strasburg 20 Farmville 20 Norton 15 Suffolk 114 Places having 10 Jews or less: Berryville, Crewe, Galax, Gordonsville, Hemdon, Martinsville District (excl. Martinsville) Henry County, Onancock, Orange, St. Charles, Scottville. 196 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK

WASHINGTON Aberdeen 98 Everett 500 Seattle 10,000 Auburn 25 Kelso 34 Spokane 1,350 Bellingham 200 Lake Bay Prec. (Lake Stephens County 18 Bremerton 54 Bay) Pierre County... 30 Tacoma 1,000 Centralia 90 Olympia 12 Vancouver 40 Chehalis 31 Pasco 12 Walla Walla 59 Colfax 40 Port Angeles 48 Yakima 75 Places having 10 Jews or less: Colville, Ellensburg, Hoquiam, Lynden, Port Townsend Raymond, Republic, Sedro-Woolley, Toppenish, Wapato, Wenatchee, Zillah.

WEST VIRGINIA Bath Dist. (Hancock) Huntington 1,125 Mount Hope 18 Morgan Co 36 Keyser 20 New Martinsville 15 Beckley 51 Keystone 37 Northfork 74 Bluefield 220 Charleston 1,200 Kimball 42 Parkersburg 392 Charlestown 32 Logan 116 Princeton 41 Chester 16 Marlinton 11 Thomas 37 Clarksburg 235 Martinsburg 304 Wellsburg 12 Elkins 25 Montgomery 47 Weston 95 Fairmount 140 Morgantqwn 250 Wheeling 750 Graf ton , 26 Moundsville 33 Williamson 128 Places having 10 Jews or less: Berkeley Springs. Bramwell, Buckhannon, Franklin, Matewan, Piedmont, Richwood, Romney, Sistersville. WISCONSIN Antigo 75 La Crosse 190 Rhinelander 25 Appleton 215 Lodi 15 Rice Lake 35 Arpin (Wood Co.) 20 Madison 1,000 Seymon 11 Ashland 75 Manitowoc 160 Sheboygan Falls 600 Baraboo 16 Marinette 220 Sheboygan 1,075 Barron 20 Marshfield 30 Sparta 18 Beaver Dam 20 Mayville 12 Stevens Point 66 Beloit 125 Merrill 27 Superior 1,050 Burlington 35 Milwaukee 25,000 Thiensville 12 Clintonville 14 Neenah 32 Tomah 15 Eagle River (Vilas Co.).. 15 Oconto 52 Viroqua 20 Eau Claire 280 Oconto Falls 12 Watertown 30 Fond-du-Lac 142 Oconomowoc 28 Waukesha 60 Green Bay 350 Oshkosk 135 Waupaca 14 Independence 17 Phillips 22 Wausau 200 Janesville 22 Port Washington 28 West Aljis 100 Kenosha 900 Racine ..J 735 Wisconsin Rapids 12

Places having 10 Jews or less: Algoma, Amery, Auburndale. Berlin, Black River Falls, Brodhead, Butternut, Clayton, Coleman, Cuba City, Delavan, De Pere, Durand, Florence (Florence County) Fort Atkinson, Fox Lake, Goodrich (Taylor County) Hartford, Hilbert, Hillsboro, Hudson, Jefferson, Kewaunee, Lady Smith, Lake Geneva, Lena (Oconto County), Lisbon (Sussex) Waukesha County, Mauston, Medford, Menasha, Monroe, Mosinee, Necedah, New London, Ontario, Osceola, Park Falls, Redgranite, Richland Center, Rio, Rothschild, Shiocton, Sturgeon Bay, Sun Prairie, Tomahawk, Washburn, West Bend. WYOMING Casper 61 I Cody 150 ITorrington 14 Cheyenne 800 I Rock Springs 34 |Sheridan 17 Places having 10 Jews of less: Evanston, Glenrock, Kemmerer, Lovell, District 20 (Cowley and Deaver) Big Horn Co., District 25, Park Co. JEWISH POPULATION OF UNITED STATES 1927 197 . JEWS IN THE UNITED STATES, 1927 P. C. OF JEWS TO THE TOTAL POPULATION

JEWS IN INCORPORATED,PLACES P. C. OF PLACES HAVING JEWISH RESIDENTS TO TOTAL NUMBER OF PLACES Rural -Urban-

Under 2.500- 5,000- 10,000- 25,000- 2,500 5,000 10,000 25,000 and over Population Groups 198 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK DENSITY OF THE JEWS IN THE UNITED STATES P. C. OF JEWS TO TOTAL POPULATION (CRUDE DENSITY) AND 10 POPULATION OF THE PLACES IN WHICH JEWS RESIDE (SPECIFIC DENSITY) 3 Crude ^^H Specific

-Rural - -Urban -

Unincor- 100,000 porated and svar Population Groups DISTRIBUTION OF THE JEWS IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRIBUTION OF TOTAL POPULATION AND OF JEWS AMONG THE MAJOR DJVISIONS OF THE COUNTRY Rural < Urban > Total Jews Total Jaws Total Jews Total Jews 100% Wfest 90

80 Sooth 70

North 30

2.500 £5.000- 25.00 0 100,000

Population Groups JEWISH CONGREGATIONS IN THE UNITED STATES A Preliminary Statement BY H. S. LINFIELD, PH. D. Director of the Statistical Department of the American Jewish Committee Late in 1927 a canvass was made of Jewish congregations in the country as a part of the United States Census of Reli- gious Bodies. Below are given data for the Jewish congregations, by State. All figures are preliminary and subject to correction. The canvass of the Jewish congregations shows that there are 2,948 permanent congregations in the country: 2,855 congregations are located in urban places (incorporated places of 2,500 inhabitants or more) and 93 congregations, in rural areas. The urban places and the rural areas in which the 2,948 congregations are located, reported a combined number of 4,087,357 Jewish men, women, and children. In another place (see pp. ), the total number of Jews in the country was estimated as 4,228,019. It is thus found that 96.67 per cent (4,087,357 persons) of the Jews in the country live in places where they can be served by the permanent congregations in the places; while 3.33 per cent (140,672 persons) live scattered all over the country in groups too small to have permanent congregations. Some of these 140,672 Jews have, however, "High Holidays congregations" and others have access to permanent congregations in near-by cities. Gener- ally speaking, there exists in the country one permanent congregation to serve every 1,386 Jewish men, women, and children (one congregation for every 1,426 Jewish men, women, and children in the urban places, and one congregation for every 166 Jews in the rural areas). Of the 2,948 congregations, 1,335 reported that they spent during the last fiscal year a total of $16,445,235 for current 199 200 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK expenses, improvements, taxes, loans, etc.: 1,202 urban congregations reported $16,334,214, or an average of $13,589, and 33 rural congregations reported $111,021, or an average of $3,364. Of the total number of congregations, 1,131 reported that the value of their synagogue buildings was $100,890,669: 1,100 urban congregations valued their synagogue buildings at $100,317,169, or an average of $91,197, and 31 rural congregations, $573,500, or an average of $18,500. It may also be stated here that 554 congregations reported Sabbath schools with 4,247 officers and teachers and 69,439 pupils; and 604 congregations reported week-day schools with 2,248 officers and teachers and 64,863 pupils. The figure of 2,948 congregations given above, and the information about them cover only those congregations which were actually reported to us. A thorough canvass was made; but it is not claimed that the results are absolutely complete.

JEWISH CONGREGATIONS IN THE UNITED STATES BY STATES

Value of Expenditures Synagogue No. of ' Mem- Buildings State Con- bership grega- No. No. tions Report- Amount Report- Amount ing ing TOTAL 2,948 4,087,357 1,235 $16,445,235 1,131 $100,890,669 Urban 2,855 4,071,889 1,202 16,334,214 1,100 100,317,169 Rural 93 15,468 33 111,021 31 573,500 NEW ENGLAND: Maine 19 7.582 9 23,480 8 169.500 New Hampshire 8 2,129 3 7,500 3 38,500 Vermont 5 1,433 (**) (**) « Massachusetts 142 213,085 71 748,457 70 4,891,500 Rhode Island 19 23,385 7 139,700 7 684.000 Connecticut :. 66 89,895 31 240,167 24 1.352,200 M IDDLE ATLANTIC : New York 1,126 1,896.593 365 6,720,538 359 44,394,260 New Jersey ..... 184 217,258 79 882,237 71 5,085.000 Pennsylvania 295 392,544 130 1,385,319 119 10,092,583

•States having less than 3 congregations (or less than 3 congregations reporting expenditures or value of synagogue buildings). •"Included in the amount shown for "Other States." THE JEWISH.CONGREGATIONS BY STATES 201

JEWISH CONGREGATIONS IN THE UNITED STATES BY STATES (Continued)

Value of Expenditures Synagogue No. of Mem- Buildings State Con- bership grega- No. No. tions Report- Amount Report- Amount ing ing

EAST NORTH CENTRAL: Ohio ... 109 166,264 46 829,072 46 7,247,100 Indiana 46 23,620 26 193,867 19 946,500 171 338,179 79 936,262 86 7 754 478 62 83,353 35 346,774 34 1,722,300 Wisconsin 34 32,013 18 146,361 16 678,100

WEST NORTH CENTRAL: 33 39,925 14 170,165 10 577,000 26 12,712 14 65,212 9 111,500 Missouri 61 76,604 23 829,184 13 1,468,500 North Dakota 9 1,653 7 16,640 4 213,000 South Dakota 4 380 (**) (**) Nebraska 10 12,141 5 69,626 6 223,500 7 24,473 3 21,500 3 110,000

SOUTH ATLANTIC: 4 5,000 4 48,942 3 128,000 Maryland 66 69,654 32 331,328 29 2,392,400 Dist. of Columbia. . . 5 16,000 5 83,014 4 343,000 28 22,330 13 95,255 12 820 000 West Virginia 17 5,059 9 66,981 6 454,000 North Carolina 22 3,602 10 75,042 8 290,000 South Carolina 15 3,234 7 18,628 6 140,000 Georgia 23 18,366 11 89,308 9 423,000 Florida 28 12,060 17 247,589 13 722,000

EAST SOUTH CENTRAL: Kentucky .. , 18 15,548 10 90,795 8 447,500 Tennessee 15 19.031 6 50,782 6 404.000 21 9,218 15 73,600 10 320,500 Mississippi 19 3,091 8 38,538 8 161,000

WEST SOUTH CENTRAL: Arkansas 15 5,140 7 22,155 5 142,000 23 13,845 9 95,924 6 283,000 Oklahoma .. . 9 4,098 4 46.484 4 215,000 Texas 49 39,237 35 625,874 31 2,215,248

MOUNTAIN: 3 671 (** Colorado 22 18,950 12 105,676 10 470 000 3 351 (•*) (**) 4 933 3 5,650 Utah.... 3 2,290 3 24,200 (**)

PACIFIC : Washington 13 13,090 6 83.348 7 639,000 8 12.000 3 40,406 (**) California . . 75 118,024 33 294,183 30 954,500 Other States* 4 1,314 8 19.472 9 1.167,000

JEWISH NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS IN THE UNITED STATES A. GENERAL ORGANIZATIONS [Note.—The information given below is as of June 30, 1928.] "Indicates that revised data were not furnished upon request. **Indicates that data were collected in the latter part of 1927. ***Taken from Report.

ALEPH ZADIK ALEPH OF THE B'NAI B'RITH Org. 1924. OFFICE: 301 Peters Trust Bldg., Omaha, Nebr. Fifth Annual International Convention, July 16-18, 1928, Denver, Colo. Chapters, 20. Members, 800. PURPOSE: Mental, moral and physical development of Jewish youth. Inculcation of Jewish ideals. OFFICERS: Pres., Sam Beber, Omaha, Neb., First Vice-Pres., Jacob J. Lieberman, Los Angeles, Cal.; Second Vice-Pres., Julius J. Cohn, Chat- tanooga, Tenn.; Third Vice-Pres., Joseph Herbach, Philadelphia, Pa.; Treas., Harry Lapidus, Omaha, Neb.; Sec, I. F. Goodman, Omaha, Neb.; Ex. Sec, Philip M. Klutznick, Omaha, Neb. ALPHA EPSILON PHI SORORITY Org. 1909. OFFICE: 111 W. Jackson Blvd., Chicago, III. Triennial Convention, June 27-July 1, 1927 Ithaca, N. Y. Members, 1,680. PURPOSE: TO foster close friendship between members, to stimulate the intellectual, social and spiritual life of the members, and to count as a force through service rendered to others. OFFICERS: Dean, Gertrude Friedlander, Pittsburgh, Pa.; Sub-Dean, Ida Kellner Youdelman, N. Y. C; Treas., Edna Belle, Diamond, Cleve- O.; Scribe, Ruth I. Wien, Chicago, 111.; Ex. Sec, Sophie A. Aries. ALPHA EPSILON PI FRATERNITY Org. 1913. OFFICE: Suite 2305, 1440 Broadway, New York City. Eleventh Annual Convention, Dec. 25-28, 1927. * Chapters, 11. Alumni Clubs, 5. Members, 700. PURPOSE: A national collegiate Greek-letter fraternity for Jewish students. OFFICERS: Pres., I. L. Rubin, Philadelphia, Pa.; Vice-Pres., Sigmund Steinberg, Philadelphia, Pa.; Treas., David Schlesinger, N. Y. C; Sec, Alexander L. Grossman, N. Y. C.

203 204 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK

ALPHA MU SIGMA FRATERNITY Org. 1914. OFFICE: 531 W. 123d, New York City Annual Convention, Dec. 29, 1926-Jan. 2, 1927, New York City. Next Annual Convention, Dec. 21-25, 1928, N. Y. C. Members, 550. PURPOSE: TO foster and perpetuate the fraternal spirit among its personnel, to cultivate and promote an ideal social relationship among them, to voluntarily give aid to fraters in distress and to perpetuate the ideals which gave origin to its existence. OFFICERS: Grand Chancellor, Irving H. Fisher, N. Y. C; Grand Prior, Maurice Krivit, Jersey City, N. J.; Grand Vice Prior, Arthur Kulick, N. Y.-C; Grand Chancellor of the Exchequer, Harold L. Weinstein, N. Y. C; Grand Scribe, Milton S. Abramson, N. Y. C; Grand Historian, Sidney Svirsky, New Haven, Conn.

ALPHA OMEGA FRATERNITY Org. 1907, Inc., 1909. OFFICE: Secretary, 419 Boylston, Boston, Mass. Twentieth Annual Convention, Dec. 25-27, 1927, Baltimore, Md. Members, 2,500. PURPOSE: Uphold the highest standards of the dental profession, further the causes of Judaism and to promote fraternalism. OFFICERS: Chancellor, A. H. Mendelsohn, Baltimore, Md.; Vice- Chancellors, Victor Bard, Los Angeles, Cal.; J. T. Rothner, Detroit, Mich.; Sol. Vineberg, Waterbury, Conn.; Supreme Scribe, A. M. Flaschner, 419 Boylston, Boston, Mass.; Quaestor, J. W. Malkinson, Hartford, Conn.; Editor, S. Birenbach, N. Y. C.; Historian, Henry Brown, N. Y. C; Marshall, J. J. Glazin, Maiden, Mass.; Macer, Max H. Jacobs, Boston, Mass.

ALUMNI ASSOCIATION OF DROPSIE COLLEGE Org. 1924. OFFICE: Broad and York, Philadelphia, Pa. Annual Meeting, March 11, 1928, Philadelphia, Pa. Members, 38-. PURPOSE: TO advance the interests of the Dropsie College and further spirit of friendship among its graduates. OFFICERS: Pres., Samuel Nirenstein, N. Y. C; Vice-Pres., S. L. Skoss, Phila., Pa.; Sec.-Treas., Joseph Reider, Broad and York, Phila., Pa.

•ALUMNI ASSOCIATION OF THE HEBREW UNION COLLEGE Org. 1889. Hebrew Union College, Cincinnati, O. Annual Meeting, Oct. 19-23, 1925, Cincinnati, O. Members, 200. PURPOSE: TO promote welfare of the Hebrew Union College and to strengthen fraternal feeling among graduates of the college. OFFICERS: Pres., George Solomon, Savannah, Ga.

•Indicates that revised data were not furnished upon request. JEWISH NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS 205

"AMERICAN ACADEMY FOR JEWISH RESEARCH Org. June 15, 1920. OFFICE: Philadelphia, Pa. Members, 14; Honorary member, 1. PURPOSE: TO advance Jewish learning in America. OFFICERS: Pres., Louis Ginzberg, N. Y. C; Treas., Jacob Z. Lauter.- bach, Cincinnati, O.; Sec, David S. Blondheim, 808 Reservoir, Balti- more, Md.

AMERICAN JEWISH COMMITTEE Org. Nov. 11, 1906; inc. Mch. 16, 1911. OFFICE: 171 Madison Av. New York City For report, see p. 271

AMERICAN JEWISH CONGRESS Org. March, 1916. Re-org. 1920. OFFICE: 8 W. 40th, New York City Sixth Meeting, Feb. 20-21, 1927, Washington, D. C. Delegates, 400. PURPOSE: TO further and promote Jewish rights; to safeguard and defend such rights wherever and whenever they are either threatened or violated; to deal generally with all matters relating to and affecting specific Jewish interests. OFFICERS: Pres., Stephen S. Wise; Vice-Pres., Gustave Hartman; Louis Lipsky; Julian W. Mack; A. J. Rongy; Carl Sherman; Mrs. Arch- ibald Silverman; Max D. Steuer; Chairman Exec. Comm., Julius I. Peyser; Treas., Geo. I. Fox; Ex. Sec, B. G. Richards, 8 W. 40th, N. Y. C.

•AMERICAN JEWISH HISTORICAL SOCIETY Org. 1892. OFFICE: 531 W. 123d, New York City. Thirty-fifth Annual Meeting, Nov. 23-24, 1927. Philadelphia, Pa. Members, 450. Has issued thirty volumes of publications and an index to publications 1-20. Maintains a collection of books, manuscripts, and historical objects in fts room in the building of the Jewish Theological Seminary, 531 W. 123d, N. Y. C. OFFICERS: Pres., Abraham S. W, Rosenbach, Phila., Pa.; Vice-Pres., Simon W. Rosendale, Albany, N. Y.; David Philipson, Cincinnati, O.; Max J. Kohler, N. Taylor Phillips, Richard J. H. Gottheil, N. Y. C; Teas., Henry S. Hendricks; Curator, Leon Huhner; Cor. Sec, Albert M. Friedenberg, 38 Park Row; Rec. Sec, Samuel Oppenheim, N. Y. C.

AMERICAN JEWISH JOINT AGRICULTURAL CORPORATION Org. July, 1924. OFFICE: 40 Exchange Place, N. Y. C. PURPOSE: TO assist and give material aid to Jews to engage in agricultural pursuits and to settle upon the land in Russia. OFFICERS: Pres., Joseph A. Rosen; Vice-Pres., E. A. Grower; Samuel Lubarsky: Bd. of Trustees Sec, Joseph C. Hyman.

•Indicates that revised data were not furnished upon request. 206 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK

AMERICAN JEWISH PHYSICIANS' COMMITTEE Org. May 24, 1921. OFFICE: 106 E. 85th., New York City. Eighth Annual Meeting, May, 1928, New York City. Members, 3,000. PURPOSE : To build a medical college and hospital in connection with the Hebrew University in Palestine. OFFICERS: Pres., Nathan Ratnoff; Vice-Pres., Meyer R. Robinson and Albert A. Epstein; Treas., Harry E. Isaacs; Sec, Israel S. Wechsler, N. Y. C; Chairman Exec. Comm., Emanuel Libman, N. Y. C. THE AMERICAN ORT Org. 1922. OFFICE: 331 Madison Av., New York City PURPOSE: Promotion of technical trades and agriculture among the Jews in Eastern and Central Europe. OFFICERS: Chairman, Jacob Panken; Chairman Exec. Com., Henry Moskowitz; Vice-Chairman, Joseph Boskin, Louis B. Boudin, Samuel Ellsberg, Gustave Hartman, B. C. Vladeck; Treas., Morris Berman; Hon. Sec, Herman Bernstein. AMERICAN PRO-FALASHA COMMITTEE Org. Aug. 1922; inc. 1923. OFFICE: 305 Broadway, New York City. PURPOSE: The educational and religious rehabilitation of the Falasha Jews of Abyssinia. OFFICERS: Hon. Chairman, Cyrus Adler, Phila., Pa.; Chairman, Hyman J. Reit; Vice-Chairman, Joseph Rauch; Treas., Elias L. Sol- omon; Sec, J. Max Weis, N. Y. C; Executive Director, Jacques Faitlovitch. AMERICAN ZION COMMONWEALTH Org. 1924. OFFICE: 111 Fifth Av., New York City. Next Annual Convention, June, 1928, Pittsburgh, Pa. Members, 6,000. PURPOSE: Acquisition and sale of Palestinian land and securities. OFFICERS: Pres., Harry S. Medinets; Vice-Pres., Loufe Germain; Treas., Feibus Kobak, Sec, J. S. Adlerblum, N. Y. C. *AVUKAH, AMERICAN STUDENT ZIONIST FEDERATION Org. June, 1925. OFFICE: Union Trust Bldg., Washington, D. C. First Annual Convention, June 27, 1926, Buffalo, N. Y. Members, 1,500. PURPOSE: An intercollegiate organization of undergraduates and alumni to promote the ideals and work of Zionism among the American Jewish academic youth, on the basis of cultural and practical activity, with a view primarily to education and training for Zionist leadership. OFFICERS: Pres., Max Rhoade, Washington, D. C; Vice-Pres., Sam- uel Blumenfield, N. Y. C; Milton Goell, N. Y. C; Isidore Lapson, N. Y. C; Joseph Shubow, Cambridge Mass.; Hymen Smoler, Chicago,

•Indicates that revised data were not furnished upon request. JEWISH NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS 207

III.; Treas., Emanuel Aaronson; Exec. Sec, Nettie Zimmerman, Wash- ington, D. C; For. Sec, Carl Goldenberg, Washington, D. C.

BARON DE HIRSCH FUND Org. Feb. 9, 1891; inc. 1891. OFFICE: 233 Broadway, New York City. Thirty-seventh Annual Meeting, Jan. 29, 1928, New York City. PURPOSE: TO Americanize and assimilate the immigrants with the masses and teach them to become good and self-supporting citizens, and to prevent by all proper means their congregating in large cities. OFFICERS: Pres., S. G. Rosenbaum; Vice-Pres., Samuel Greenbaum; Treas., Simon F. Rothschild; Hon. Sec, Max J. Kohler, 253 Broadway, N. Y. C.

B'NAI B'RITH HILLEL FOUNDATIONS IN AMERICAN COLLEGES Org. 1923. OFFICE: 625 E. Green, Champaign, 111. Foundations, 5. PURPOSE: A Jewish organization devoted to social and religious work among students at the university. ADMINISTRATORS: Acting Dir., Louis Mann, 4600 S. Parkway, Chicago, 111.; Boris D. Bogen, Alfred M. Cohen, H. M. Fisher, Solomon Goldman, James G. Heller, Isaac Kuhn.

BUREAU OF JEWISH SOCIAL RESEARCH, INC. Org. April, 1919. OFFICE: 71 W. 47th, New York City. Merger of Bureau of Philanthropic Research, and the Field Bureau of the National Conference of Jewish Charities, and supported by funds provided by the New York Foundation, Hofheimer Foundation, and the Federations of Jewish Philanthropies throughout the country, in addition to private contributions. PURPOSE: Research into problems of Jewish social and communal life in America and in other centers of Jewry throughout the world. OFFICERS: Chairman, Adolph Lewisohn; Treas., and Chairman Exec. Com., David M. Heyman; Sec, Solomon Lowenstein; Director, Samuel A. Goldsmith.

CENTRAL CONFERENCE OF AMERICAN RABBIS Org. July 9, 1899. OFFICE: Rochester, N. Y. Thirty-sixth Annual Convention, Oct. 19-23, 1925, Cincinnati, O. Members, 268. Has issued thirty-six volumes of its Year Book; and besides, the Union Prayer Book; the Union Hymnal; the Union Haggadah; Prayers for Private Devotion; Army Ritual for Soldiers of the Jewish Faith (1916); and various other publications. OFFICERS: 1925-1926: Pres., Louis Wolsey, Phila., Pa.; Vice-Pres., Hyman G. Enelow, N. Y. C; Treas., Morris Newfield, Birmingham, Ala.; Rec. Sec, Isaac E. Marcuson, Macon, Ga.; Cor. Sec, Joseph L. Fink, Buffalo, N. Y. 208 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK

COUNCIL OF JEWISH WOMEN See: NATIONAL COUNCIL OF JEWISH WOMEN

COUNCIL OF YOUNG ISRAEL AND YOUNG ISRAEL SYNAGOGUE ORGANIZATIONS Org. 1923. OFFICE: 38 Park Row, New York City. Annual Convention, June 17, 1928, Asbury Park, N. J. Members, 5,000. PURPOSE: TO promote traditional Judaism and to further the religious and cultural development of the American Jewish youth. OFFICERS: Pres., Moses H. Homenig; Vice-Pres., Edw. S. Silver; Flora Hyman; Treas., M. Mandell Schachne, Brooklyn, N. Y.; Sec, Jane Heller.

COUNCIL ON AMERICAN JEWISH STUDENT AFFAIRS Org. 1925. OFFICE: New York City. Annual Convention, Dec, 1927, New York City. PURPOSE: Advisory body for discussion of problems of interest to Jewish students at American colleges and universities, and presentation of such recommendations as the Council shall deem wise, proper and constructive, educational and otherwise. OFFICERS: Chairman, Harold Riegelman, N. Y. C; Sec.-Treas., Aaron ,E. Stein, 22 W. 77th St., N. Y. C.

DROPSIE COLLEGE FOR HEBREW AND COGNATE LEARNING Org. 1905. Inc. May 20, 1907. Broad and York, Philadelphia, Pa. Incorporated in State of Pennsylvania. Invested funds about $884,939.28. LIBRARY: Volumes and pamphlets, 35,587. OFFICERS: Pres., Cyrus Adler; Vice-Pres., Horace Stern; Treas., D. Hays Solis-Cohen; Sec, Lessing Rosenwald, Phila., Pa. BOARD OF GOVERNORS: The Officers, and Arthur Bloch, Philadelphia, Pa., Harry Friedenwald, Baltimore, Md.; Isaac Gerstley, Louis Gerst- ley, Philadelphia, Pa.; Louis Marshall, N. Y. C; Simon Miller, A. S. W. Rosenbach, Edwin Wolf, Philadelphia, Pa. FACULTY: Pres., Cyrus Adler (M. A., Pennsylvania; Ph. D., Johns Hopkins; D. H. L. Hebrew Union College); Professor in charge of the Biblical Department, Max L. Margolis (M. A., Ph. D., Columbia); Professor in charge of the Rabbinical Department, Solomon Zeitlin (Th. D., Ecole Rabbinique; Ph.D., Dropsie); Associate Professor His- torical Department, Abraham A. Neuman (M. A., Columbia; H. L. D., Jewish Theological Seminary of America); Associate Professor Depart- ment of Egyptology, Nathaniel Reich, (Ph.D., Vienna); Instructor Biblical Department and Librarian, Joseph Reider (B. A., College of the City of New York; Ph.D., Dropsie); Instructor in Arabic, Solomon L. Skoss (M. A., Denver; Ph.D., Dropsie). JEWISH NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS 209

EDUCATIONAL LEAGUE FOR THE HIGHER EDUCATION OF ORPHANS Org. 1896. OFFICE: 336 Engineers' Bldg., Cleveland, O. Thirty-first Meeting, Oct. 8, 1926, Cleveland, 0. OFFICERS: Pres., Alfred A. Benesch, Cleveland, O.; Vice-Pres., M. J. Mandelbaum, Cleveland, O.; Hon. Vice-Pres., Nathan Cohn, Tenn.; Adolph Freund, Mich.; Milton R. Hart, 111.; Sol. S. Kiser, Inc.; Max S. Schayer, Colo; Treas., Maurice Gusman, Cleveland, O.; Sec, Eugene E. Wolf, Engineer's Bldg., Cleveland, O.

THE EX- PATIENTS' TUBERCULAR HOME OF DENVER, COLO. Org. 1908. OFFICE: 8000 E. Montview Blvd., Denver, Colo. Members, 60,000. PURPOSE: TO care for patients who have been discharged from a Tu- bercular Sanatorium or Hospital who are in need of further treatment, and to rehabilitate the patients through the Industrial Department. OFFICERS: Pres., Edward Grimes; Vice-Pres., Adolph Kiesler; Sec, A. M. Blumberg, P. O. Box 1768; Treas., M. Bronstine. **FEDERATION OF HUNGARIAN JEWS IN AMERICA Org. Nov. 1, 1909. OFFICE: SO Union Square, New York City. Seventh Convention, May 28-29, 1926, New York City. Members, 35,000. Societies, 107. PURPOSE: TO promote the political, educational, social and religious interests of the Hungarian Jews here and in Hungary. OFFICERS: Pres., Samuel Buchler; Vice-Pres., B. J. Feuerstein, Simon Miller, Bernard Price; Treas., Samuel Baum; Acting Sec, Dorothy Buck, N. Y. C. FEDERATION OF ORTHODOX RABBIS OF AMERICA, INC. Org. 1926. OFFICE: 256 East Broadway, New York City. Members, 91. PURPOSE: TO promote Judaism in America. OFFICERS: Chairman, Jacob Eskolsky; Chairman of the Exec. Com., S. L. Hurwitz; Sec, Joseph Peimer. PUBLICATION: Degel Israel. FEDERATION OF POLISH JEWS IN AMERICA Org. 1908. OFFICE: 32 Union Square, New York City. Twentieth Annual Convention, May 12-13, 1928, New York City. Members, 50,000. PURPOSE: Interest in all Jewish matters. Provide for the sick an hospital in case they cannot afford to pay for their treatment; culture work and aims to build centers all over the United States for their members and to erect a Hyam Salomon Monument in New York City. Organ- ized relief committee from the organizations bearing the names of their home towns. Organized fifty-four committees. ••Indicates that data were collected in the latter part of 1927. 210 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK

Publishes a monthly, in Yiddish and English, Der Verband. OFFICERS: Pres., Benjamin Winter; Vice-Pres., Harris Koppelman, Sol. Rosenfeld, Alfred Rosenstein, Jacob I. Steinberg; Treas., Herman Rosenblum; Sec, M. Schafer; Ex. Dir., Z. Tygel. HADASSAH THE WOMEN'S ZIONIST ORGANIZATION Org. 1912. OFFICE: 111 Fifth Av., New York City. Fourteenth Annual Convention, June 27-29, 1928, Pittsburgh, Pa. Chapters, 285. Sewing Circles, 791. Junior Hadassah Groups, 232. PURPOSE: TO promote Jewish institutions and enterprises in Pales- tine, and to foster Zionist ideals in America. OFFICERS: Hon. Pres., Henrietta Szold; Pres., Mrs. Irma L. Lind- heim; Hon, Vice-Pres., Mrs. Nathan Straus; Vice-Pres., Pearl Franklin, Mrs. Edw. Jacobs, Mrs. A. Silverman; Treas., Mrs. H. B. Lefkowitz; Sec, Mrs. Robert Szold. HEBREW SHELTERING AND IMMIGRANT AID SOCIETY OF AMERICA OFFICE: 425 Lafayette, New YorJc City. An amalgamation of the Hebrew Sheltering House Association, organized Nov., 1888, and the Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society, organized 1901. Nineteenth Annual Meeting, March 18, 1928, New York City. Contributors, 125,000. PURPOSE : To facilitate the lawful entry of Jewish immigrants at the various ports in the United States, to provide them with temporary assistance, to prevent them from becoming public charges, to discourage their settling in congested cities, to prevent ineligibles from immigrating to the United States, to foster American ideals, and to instil in them a knowledge of American history and institutions, and to make better known the advantages of desirable immigration, to advise and direct emigrants abroad, to develop new centers for Jewish immigration. OFFICERS: Pres., Abraham Herman, N. Y. C; Vice-Pres., Adolph Copeland, Chicago III.; Harris Poorvu, Boston, Mass.; Leon Kamaiky, N. Y. C; H. H. Cohen, Phila., Pa.; Max Meyerson, N. Y. C; Albert Rosenblatt, N. Y. C.;Leo S. Schwabacher, Seattle, Wash.; Israel Silber- stein, Baltimore, Md.; Harry K. Wolff, San Francisco, Cal.; Treas., Harry Fischel, N. Y. C; Hon. Sec, Aaron Benjamin; General Manager, Isaac L. Asofsky, N. Y. C.

HEBREW THEOLOGICAL COLLEGE Org. 1921. OFFICE: 3448 Douglas Blvd., Chicago, 111 Sixth Annual Meeting, Jan. 3, 1928, Chicago. 111. Graduates, Rabbinical Course, 1927, 9. Whole number of Graduates, Rabbinical Course, 19. Graduates, Teachers Course, in 1928, 4. Whole number of Graduates, Teachers Course, 20. PURPOSE: An Institution for Higher Jewish Learning, and the promotion and perpetuation of Traditional Judaism in America, giving its JEWISH NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS 211 students the opportunity to become the well prepared Rabbis, Teachers, and Leaders of American Israel. OFFICERS: President, Rabbi Saul Silber; Hon. Vice-Pres., Rabbi A. I. Cardon, Vice-Pres., Samuel Ginsberg, Gershon Guthman, Rabbi B. Z. Margolin; Treas., B. Laser; Recording Sec, M. Perlstein; Financial Sec, J. L. Rubin, Ex. Sec, Rabbi Samuel S. Siegel. FACULTY OF THE COLLEGE: Pres., Rabbi Saul Silber; Instructors of Talmud and Codes, Rabbi Chaim Yitzok Korb; Rabbi C. Regensberg, Rabbi H. Rubenstein, Rabbi Z. Starr; for Bible, Hebrew Grammer and Literature, Rabbi Sax, S. Seligman, Rabbi Shulman; for Jewish History and Philosophy, Prof. Meyer Waxman, (Ph.D. Columbia); for Midrash and Homiletics, Rabbi Saul Silber; for Public Speaking, J. R. Tyson; for Yeshivah Etz Chaim, Rabbi Kaplan, Rabbi Miller, Arthur Rabinowitz, Rabbi Menahen B. Z. Sachs; Nusach Hutfiloth, Rabbi S. Siegel; Dean, Rabbi Jacob G. Greenberg.

HEBREW UNION COLLEGE Org. 1875, Inc. Cincinnati, 0. Maintained by the Union of American Hebrew Congregations (q.v.) until 1926. Chartered separately under the laws of the State of Ohio, with the Union of American Hebrew Congregations recognized as a patronizing body. Library: Printed volumes, 80,000; manuscripts, 2,500. Fifty-third commencement, June 2, 1928, graduates, Rabbinical, Course in 1928, 14, whole number of graduates, 289. School for Teachers in New York City, established 1923. Graduates 1928, 24, whole number of graduates 95. BOARD OF GOVERNORS FOR 1928: Chairman, Alfred M. Cohen, Cin- cinnati, O.; Vice- Chairman, Maurice J. Freiberg, Cincinnati, O.; Sec, Benj. Mielziner, Cincinnati, O.; Asst. Sec, Isaac Bloom, Cincinnati, O.; Marcus Aaron, Pittsburgh, Pa.; James H. Becker, Chicago, 111.; Oscar Berman, Cincinnati, O.; Edw. Calisch, Richmond, Va.; Harry W. Ettelson, Memphis, Tenn.; Albert Freiberg, Cincinnati, O.; A. B. Frey, St. Louis, Mo.; Jacob S. Goldbaum, Philadelphia, Pa.; Moses E. Greene- baum, Chicago, 111.; Joseph H. Hagedorn, Phila., Pa.; James G. Heller, Cincinnati, O.; Simon Lazarus, Columbus, O.; David Lefkowitz, Dallas, Tex,; Lee j. Loventhal, Nashville, Tenn.; Alfred Mack, Cincinnati, O.; Ralph W. Mack, Cincinnati, O.; Louis L. Mann, Chicago, 111.; Isaac E. Marcuson, Macon, Ga.; Leslie V. Marks, Cincinnati, O.; Julian Mor- genstern, Cincinnati, O.; David Philipson, Cincinnati, O.; Carl E. Pritz, Cincinnati, O.; Wm. Rosenau, Baltimore, Md.; Murray Seasongood, Cincinnati, O.; Ben. Selling, Portland, Ore.; Chas. Shohl, Cincinnati, O.; Abba H. Silver, Cleveland, O.; Abram Simon, Washington, D. C; Henry Wineman, Detroit, Mich.; Jonah B. Wise, N. Y. C; David I. Wolfstein, Cincinnati, O.; FACULTY: Julian Morgenstern, Ph.D., President and Professor of Bible and Semitic Languages; Jacob Z. Lauterbach, Ph.D., Professor of Talmud; Moses Buttenweiser, Ph.D., D.H.L., Professor of Biblical Exegesis; Henry Englander, Ph.D., Registrar and Professor of Biblical Exegesis; Jacob R. Marcus, Ph.D., Assistant Professor of Jewish His- 212 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK tory; Jacob Mann, D.Litt., Professor of Jewish History; Israel Bettan, D.D., Professor of Homiletics and Midrash; Abraham Cronbach, D.D., Professor of Social Studies; Samuel S. Cohon, B.A., Professor of Jewish Theology; Abraham Z. Idelsohn, Professor of Jewish Music; Sol. B. Finesinger, Ph.D., Instructor in Rabbinics; Sheldon H. Blank, Ph.D., Instructor in Hebrew and Bible. Nelson Glueck, Ph.D., Instructor in Hebrew and Bible. Special Instructors: David Philipson, D.D., LL.D., Lecturer on History of the Reform Movement and the Activities of the Rabbi; Cora Kahn, Instructor in Elocution. Corresponding Members of the Faculty: Aaron Hahn (1887), David Davidson (1892), Adolph S. Oko, Librarian. Walter E. Rothman, Ph.D., Teaching Fellow in Jewish Philosophy; Bernard J. Bamberger, Rabbi Heinsheimer, Fellow. HEBREW UNIVERSITY IN PALESTINE- AMERICAN ADVISORY COMMITTEE Org. April, 1925. OFFICE: 71 W. 47th, New York City. OFFICERS: Chairman, Felix M. Warburg; Hon. Vice-Chairman, Julian W. Mack; Vice-Chairman, Walter E. Meyer; Treas., Maurice Wertheim; Sec, Elisha M. Friedman. HISTADRUTH IVRITH Org. 1916. Re-org. 1922. OFFICE: 111 Fifth Av., New York City. Convention, June 16-17, 1928, Paterson, N. J. Societies, 94. Members, 3,000. PURPOSE: Development of Hebrew culture and Hebrew language. OFFICERS: Pres. Ab. Goldberg; Vice-Pres., P. Churgin; Treas., Philip Wattenberg; Chairman Exec. Comm., Wm. Spiegelman. INDEPENDENT ORDER OF B'NAI B'RITH Org. Nov. 1, 1843. OFFICE: 9 W. 4th, Cincinnati, O. Twelfth Quinquennial Convention, April 20-25, 1925, Atlantic City, N. J. Members, 85,000. Lodges, 500 (in North America, Europe, Asia, and Africa). Districts, 15 (7 in the United States). Institutions founded by the Order in the United States; HEBREW ORPHANS' HOME, Atlanta, Ga.; B'NAI B'RITH CEMETERY, Chicago, 111.; FREE EMPLOYMENT BUREAU, Chicago, 111.; JEWISH WIDOWS' AND OK- PHANS' HOME, New Orleans, La.; TOURO INFIRMARY, New Orleans, La.; HOME FOR AGED AND INFIRM, Yonkers, N. Y.; JEWISH ORPHANS' HOME, Cleveland, O.; B'NAI B'RITH FREE EMPLOYMENT BUREAU, Pittsburgh, Pa.; RELIEF COMMITTEE, Hot Springs, Ark.; B'NAI B'RITH CLUB, San Francisco, Cal.; HOME FOR JEWISH ORPHANS, LOS Angeles, Cal.; IMMI- GRANT SCHOOLS at Kalamazoo, Mich., and Memphis, Tenn.; SABBATH SCHOOLS, at Houghton, Mich.; Trenton, N. J.; Sharon, Pa.; and Madi- son, Wis.; B'NAI B'RITH ORPHANAGE, at Erie, Pa.; LEO N. LEVI HOS- PITAL, Hot Springs, Ark.; UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN and UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA;BOY'S VACATION CAMP, Chicago, 111.; SOCIAL SERVICE BOYS' SUMMER CAMP, Minneapolis, Minn.; B'NAI B'RITH HILLEL FoUNDATiONSvat University of Illinois, University of Wisconsin, Univer- sity of Ohio; NATIONAL JEWISH HOSPITAL FOR CONSUMPTIVES, Denver, JEWISH NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS 213

Colo.; MEXICO IMMIGRATION BUREAU and numerous other institutions. OFFICERS: Pres., Alfred M. Cohen, Cincinnati, O.; First Vice-Pres., Lucius L. Solomons, San Francisco, Cal.; Second Vice-Pres., Archibald A. Marx, New Orleans, La.; Treas., Jacob Singer, Phila., Pa.; Sec, Boris D. Bogen, Cincinnati, O.

INDEPENDENT ORDER BRITH ABRAHAM Org. Feb. 7, 1887. OFFICE: 37 Seventh, New York City. Forty-second Annual Convention, June 17, 1928, Saratoga Springs, N. Y. Members, 135,000. Lodges, 550. OFFICERS: Grand Master, Max Silverman; First Deputy Grand Master, Nathan D. Perlman; Second Deputy Grand Master, Samuel Kalesky; Grand Sec, Max L. Hollander, Grand Treas., Alex Goldberg.

INDEPENDENT ORDER BRITH SHOLOM Org. Feb. 23, 1905. OFFICE: 506-508 Pine, Philadelphia, Pa. Twenty-third Annual Convention, June 3-5, 1928, Washington, D. C. Members, 25,593. Lodges, 197. OFFICERS: Grand Master, Sol. C. Kraus, Phila., Pa.; Grand Sec, Martin O. Levy, Phila., Pa.; Asst. Grand Sec, Adolph Rosenbaum, Phila., Pa.; Grand Treas., Jacob Edelstein, Phila., Pa.

•INDEPENDENT ORDER FREE SONS OF ISRAEL Org. Jan. 18, 1849. OFFICE: 3109 Broadway, New York City. Triennial Convention, May 25, 1924, Atlantic City, N. J. Next Triennial Convention, May 29, 1927, Atlantic City, N. J. Districts, 2. Lodges, 73. Members, 8,468. OFFICERS: Grand Master, Solon J. Liebeskind; First Deputy Grand Master, Leopold Spitz; Second Deputy Grand Master, Monte M. Jacobs; Third Deputy Grand Master, David H. M. Weynberg; Grand Sec, Henry J. Hyman; Grand Treas., Jacob Strauss.

•INDEPENDENT ORDER SONS OF DAVID Org. June, 1905. OFFICE: 828 Market, McKeesport, Pa. Convention, June 28, 1925. McKeesport, Pa. Members, 876. PURPOSE : Life insurance and to further Jewish activities. OFFICERS: Grand Master, Harry Halpert, McKeesport, Pa.; Deputy Grand Masters, D. Hartstein, Swissvale, Pa.; Sam Pollack, McKeesport, Pa.; Grand Treas., Max Lazear, Braddock, Pa.; Grand Sec, S. J. Klein, Swissvale, Pa.; Grand Master-at-Arms, M. J. Sadowsky, Braddock, Pa.; Grand Inner Guard, Jacob Graff, Braddock, Pa.; Grand Outer Guard, Max Newhouse, McKeesport, Pa.

•Indicates that revised date were not furnished upon request. 214 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK

"INDEPENDENT WESTERN STAR ORDER Org. Feb. 13, 1894. OFFICE: 1127 Blue Island Av., Chicago, 111. Annual Convention, Aug. 2-3, 1926, Chicago, 111. OFFICERS: Grand Master, J. Reubens, Chicago 111.; Grand Sec, I. Shapiro, 1127 Blue Island Av., Chicago, 111.

•INDEPENDENT WORKMEN'S CIRCLE OF AMERICA, INC. Org. Dec. 28, 1906. OFFICE: 86 Leverett, Boston, Mass. Nineteenth Annual Convention, May 28-31, 1927, Philadelphia, Pa. Members, 5,933. OFFICERS: Chairman, Hyman Hurwitz, Revere, Mass.; Vice-Chair- man, Jack Shneider, Roxbury, Mass.; Treas., Morris Ricklin, Roxbury, Mass.; Rec. Sec, David Monoson, Roxbury, Mass.; Gen. Sec, Morris H. Tubiash, Boston, Mass.

INTERCOLLEGIATE MENORAH ASSOCIATION Org. Jan. 2, 1913. OFFICE: 63 Fifth Av., N. Y. C. Conference, Jan. 29-31, 1927, New York City. Members, 5,000. Societies, 73. PURPOSE: The promotion in colleges and universities and in the community at large of the study of Jewish history, culture,and problems, and the advancement of Jewish ideals. OFFICERS: Hon. Chairman Board of Governors, Irving Lehman, N. Y. C; Chairman, Leo F. Wormser, Chicago, 111.; Treas., S. W. Straus, N. Y. C; Chancellor, Henry Hurwitz, N. Y. C. Issues the Menorah Journal. MENORAH EDUCATIONAL CONFERENCE Org. Dec. 29, 1918, and composed of University teachers PURPOSE: TO foster and guide Menorah education in American colleges and universities and among university graduates and other men and women in the general community interested in Jewish culture and ideals. OFFICERS: Chairman, Nathan Isaacs, Harvard University School of Business; Vice-Chairman, Wm. Popper, University of California; Sec- Treas., Adolph S. Oko, Hebrew Union College Library.

IOTA ALPHA PI SORORITY Org. 1902. OFFICE: 815 Military Park Bldg., Newark, N. J. Convention, Dec. 20-25, 1927, New York City. Members, 300. PURPOSE: TO establish and maintain a Society among women who are members of colleges, universities, or professional schools. OFFICERS: Dean, Hannah F. Sokobin, Newark, N. J.; Treas., Elva W. Slate, N. Y. C; Sec. Lillian Albert, Prudential Bldg., Newark, N. J.

••Indicates that data were collected in the latter part of 1927. •Indicates that revised data were not furnished upon request. JEWISH NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS 215

JEWISH AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY, INC. Org. Feb. 12, 1900: OFFICE: 301 E. 14th, New York City. Twenty-eighth Annual Meeting, Feb. 8, 1928, New York City Branch Offices: Chicago III.; Philadelphia, Pa.; Ellenville, N. Y. PURPOSE: The encouragemsnt of farming among Jews in the United States. OFFICERS: Pres., Percy S. Straus; Vice-Pres., Lewis L. Strauss; Treas., Francis F. Rosenbaum; Sec, Reuben Arkush, N. Y. C; General Man- ager, Gabriel Davidson.

JEWISH CHAUTAUQUA SOCIETY Org. Apl. 29, 1893. OFFICE: 1305 Stephen Girard Bldg., 21 S. 12th, Philadelphia, Pa. Thirty-seventh Assembly, Dec. 26-30, 1926, Atlantic City, N. J. Correspondence Students, 377. Members, 4,000. OFFICERS: Hon. Chancellor, William Rosenau, Baltimore, Md.; Chancellor, Louis Wolsey, Phila., Pa.; Vice-Chancellors, Harry W. Ettelson, Memphis, Tenn.; Louis Mann, Chicago, 111.; Hon. Pres., Abram I Elkus, N. Y. C; Pres., Athur A. Fleisher, Phila., Pa.; Vice- Pres., Joseph J. Greenberg, Phila., Pa.; Marvin Nathan, Phila., Pa.; Treas., Emil Selig, Phila., Pa.; Sec, Jeanette Miriam Goldberg.

**JEWISH CONSUMPTIVES, RELIEF ASSOCIATION OF CALIFORNIA Org. Sept. 28, 1912. OFFICE: 318 W. 9th, Los Angeles, Cal. Sanitarium at Duarte, Cal. Auxiliary Societies, 15. Members, 75,000. PURPOSE: Sanatorium of 126 beds for treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis. OFFICERS: Pres., Chaim Shapiro; Vice-Pres., Joseph A. Rosenkranz; Sec, Harry K. Cohen; Treas., Irving H. Hellman; Exec. Dir., Abr. Shohan, Los Angeles, Cal.

JEWISH CONSUMPTIVES, RELIEF SOCIETY OF DENVER Org. Jan. 2, 1904. Inc. June 25, 1904. Denver, Colo. Twenty-third Annual Convention, May 21-23 1927, Atlantic City, N. J. Contributors, 100,000. Capacity, sanatorium, 300 beds. Auxiliary Societies, 11. Organized Districts, 9. Publishes: The Sanatorium. OFFICERS: Pres., Philip Hillkowitz, 236 Metropolitan Bldg.; Vice- Pres., I. Rude; H. J. Schwartz; Jos. Durst; Treas., Ben Grimes; Asst. Sec, Ben Friedland, C. D. Spivak.

••Indicates that data were collected in the latter part of 1927. 216 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK

JEWISH INSTITUTE OF RELIGION Org. Oct. 1, 1922. OFFICE: 40 West 68th, New York City. PURPOSE: A school of training for the Jewish Ministry, Research and Community Service. Graduate School and Dept. of Advanced Studies. Incorporated in the State of New York—Invested funds, $408,926.35. Library—20,000 Volumes. Third Commencement, May 26, 1928; Graduates, 8; total number of graduates, 26. Students, 50. OFFICERS: Pres., Stephen S. Wise; Chairman Bd. of Trustees, Julian W. Mack; Treas., H. M. Kaufmann; Asst. Treas., Frederick L. Guggenheimer; Hon. Sec, Nathan Straus, Jr.; Sec, Gertrude Adelstein. BOARD OF TRUSTEES: Julian W. Mack, N. Y. C; Salo Baron, N. Y. C; Charles E. Bloch, Emilie Bullowa, Abram I. Elkus, N. Y. C; Leon Falk, Pittsburgh, Pa.; Mrs. Norman S. Goetz, Sidney E. Goldstein, Richard Gottheil, N. Y. C; M. E. Greenebaum, Chicago, III.; Albert M. Greenfield, Phila., Pa.; Frederick L. Guggenheimer, N. Y. C; Joseph Hagedorn, Phila., Pa.; Maurice H. Harris, Walter S. Hilborn, N. Y. C; Edmund I. Kaufmann, Washington, D. C; H. M. Kaufmann, N. Y. C; Louis Kirstein, Boston, Mass.; Geo. A. Kohut, N. Y. C; Gerson B. Levi, Chicago, 111.; Joseph M. Levine, N. Y. C; Harry S. Lewis, N. Y. C.; Louis I. Newman, San Francisco, Cal.; Mrs. Sol. Rosenbloom, Pittsburgh, Pa.; Henry Schorr, Nathan Straus, Jr.; Israel N. Thurman, Albert Valensi, N. Y. C; Samuel Wasserman, Stephen S. Wise, N. Y. C. FACULTY: President and Professor of Practical Theology and Hom- iletics, Stephen S. Wise, Ph.D., LL.D. (Columbia); Professor of Ethics and Philosophy of Religion, Henry Slonimsky, Ph.D. (Marburg); Dean and Asst. Professor of Hebrew, Harry S. Lewis, M.A. (Cambridge Univ.); Professor of Bible and Semitic Philosophy, Julian J. Obermann, Ph.D. (Univ. of Vienna); Professor of Talmud, Chaim Tchernowitz, Ph.D., (Wiirzburg); Professor in Social Service, Sidney E. Goldstein, B.A. (Chicago University) ;Professor of Hebrew and Literature, Nisson Touroff, Ph.D. (Lausanne); Professor of History and Acting Librarian, Salo Baron, Ph.D. (University of Vienna). INSTRUCTORS: Instructor in Music, Abraham W. Binder; Instructor in Public Speaking, Windsor P. Daggett, Ph.D.; Honorary Instructor in Talmud, Moses Marcus; Instructor in Bible and Hellenistic Literature, Ralph Marcus, Ph.D., (Columbia University). LECTURERS: Samson Benderly, B.A., (American University of Beirut); *Isaac B. Berkson, M.A., Ph.D. (Columbia); Homiletics, Nathan Krass, B.H.L., Litt.D.; Jewish Literature and Philosophy, Harry A. Wolfson, Ph.D. (Harvard); H. St. John Thackeray, M.A. (Cambridge), D.D. (Oxford). LIBRARY STAFF: Acting Librarian, Salo Baron; Assistants, Mary Nover, Isaac Kiev. SECRETARY: Gertrude Adelstein. STUDENT PUBLICATION : Jewish Institute Quarterly. *On leave. JEWISH NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS 217

•JEWISH MINISTERS' ASSOCIATION OF AMERICA Org. Mch., 1917. OFFICE: 74 E. 118th, New York City. Members, 76. OFFICERS: Sec, S. L. Hurwitz, 203 W. 113th, N. Y. C; Chairman of the Executive, S. Buchler, 1800 Seventh Av., N. Y. C.

JEWISH MINISTERS CANTORS' ASSOCIATION OF AMERICA Org. June 1, 1900. OFFICE: Libby's Hotel, Delancey and Christie, New York City. » Convention, May 8, 1927, Newark, N. J. Members, 300. PURPOSE: TO uplift the profession and give aid to cantors in need and to their families. OFFICERS: Pres., Louis Lipitz; Vice-Pres., Chaim Kotyliansky; Sec, Maurice Erstling; Treas., M. Aranoff, N. Y. C. JEWISH NATIONAL WORKERS' ALLIANCE OF AMERICA Org. 1912. OFFICE: 189 Second Av., New York City. Eleventh Biennial Convention, May, 1928, Detroit, Mich. Branches, 122. Members, 6,759. PURPOSE: Fraternal, Social, Beneficial, and Educational Order. OFFICES: Pres., Meyer L. Brown; Vice-Pres., Nathan Zvirin; Treas., Ruben Plattrot; Sec, Louis Segal, N. Y. C. JEWISH PALESTINE EXPLORATION SOCIETY (American Committee) Org. 1922. OFFICE: 2107 Broadway, New York City. Members, 306. PURPOSE: Conducts extensive excavations in special localities in Palestine under the joint supervision of the Jewish Palestine Exploration Society and the Hebrew University. OFFICERS: Chairman, Elisha M. Friedman, N. Y. C;Vice-Chair- man, Rabbi D. de Sola Pool, N. Y. C; Treas., Arthur L. Malkenson, N. Y. C; Sec, J. Max Weis, N. Y. C. JEWISH PUBLICATION SOCIETY OF AMERICA Org. June, 1888. OFFICE: 219 N. Broad, Philadelphia, Pa. For the Report of the Fortieth Year of The Jewish Publication Society of America, see p. 337. JEWISH SABBATH ALLIANCE OF AMERICA, INC. Org. 1905. OFFICE: 302 E. 14th, New York City. Twenty-third Annual Convention, Dec 24, 1927, New York City. PURPOSE: TO promote the observance of the Seventh Day Sabbath in every possible way and manner. To secure employment for Seventh Day Observers where they need not desecrate the Sabbath. To protect and defend the Seventh Day observing storekeeper against the strict Sunday Laws, always working to secure proper exemption for them under such laws. •Indicates that revised data were not furnished upon request. 218 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK

OFFICERS: Pres., Bernard Drachman; Vice-Pres., Isser Reznik; Treas., R. L. Savitzky; Exec. Sec, Wm. Rosenberg, 302 E. 14th, N.Y.C.

JEWISH SOCIALIST LABOR PARTY POALE ZION OF UNITED STATES AND CANADA Org. 1905. OFFICE: 32 Union Square, New York City. Sixteenth Convention, Oct. 12-16, 1927, Chicago, 111. Members, 5,000. PURPOSE: The, restoration of the Jewish people in Palestine; the establishment of a socialistic commonwealth; the organization of the Jewish labor class for its economic and political interests in America; the organization of the Jewish workmen ready to settle in Palestine in co-operative groups for the creation of better living conditions; the education of the Jewish masses in America; the issuing of literature devoted to the interests of the Jewish workmen and of books treating of the new life of the Jew developing in Palestine; the organization of the Jewish labor classes into trade unions. OFFICERS: General Sec, P. Cruso; Treas., S. Siegel, N. Y. C.

JEWISH SOCIALIST VERBAND Crg. 1921. OFFICE: 175 E. Broadway, New York City. Fifth Convention, Dec, 1927, New York City. Members, 2,500. PURPOSE: TO organize the Jewish Socialists for the Socialist Move- ment in America. Publishes weekly, "Der Wecker." OFFICERS: Chairman, Saul Rifkin; Sec, Nathan Chanin.

JEWISH THEATRICAL GUILD OF AMERICA, INC. Org. 1924. OFFICE: 1560 Broadway, New York City. Members, 2,000. PURPOSE: Perpetuating Judaism in the theatre; to aid sick and unfor- tuna'te; to build memorial hall. OFFICERS: Pres., William Morris, N. Y. C; Vice-Pres., Eddie Cantor, Great Neck, L. I.; George Jessel, N. Y. C; S. Silverman, N. Y. C; Treas., Hugo Riesenfeld, N. Y. C; Sec, Harry Cooper; Fin. Sec, Fred Block; Field Sec, L. Haskell, 215 W. 98th, N. Y. C.

JEWISH THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY OF AMERICA Org. 1886. OFFICE: 531 W. 123d, New York City. Incorporated in State of New York. Invested Funds for Seminary, $3,019,245.90; for Teachers' Institute, $196,659.98; for Library, $21,- 988.07. Library: Printed volumes, 80,000; Manuscripts, 6,000. Thirty-fourth Commencement, June 3, 1928. Graduates, Teachers Institute, Teachers Training Course, in 1928, 23. Extension Course, in 1928, 23. Whole number of graduates, Teachers 1928, 8. Institutes, 430. OFFICERS OF THE BOARD: Chairman Board of Directors, Louis JEWISH NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS 219

Marshall; Hon. Sec, Sol. M. Stroock; Treasurers, Lewis L. Strauss; and Arthur Oppenheimer, N. Y. C. DIRECTORS: (for life) Daniel Guggenheim, Adolph Lewisohn, Louis Marshall, Felix M. Warburg, N. Y. C; Philip S. Henry, Asheville, N. C; Cyrus Adle/, Phila, Pa.; Henry A. Dix, N. Y. C; Simon M. Roeder, N. Y. C; Samuel Greenbaum, N. Y. C; (Term expiring 1929); William Fischman, Lewis L. Strauss, N. Y. C; Max Drob, Phila., Pa.; Harry Friedenwald, Baltimore, Md.; David S. Ellis, Boston, Mass. (Term expiring 1930): Irving Lehman, Solomon M. Stroock, William Prager, Israel Unterberg, N. Y. C; William Gerstley, Phila., Pa.; (Term expiring 1931): Arthur Oppenheimer, Jacob Kohn, Henry S. Hendricks, N. Y. C; Felix Fuld, Newark, N. J.; Jacob Solis-Cohen, Phila., Pa. EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE: Louis Marshall, Chairman, Cyrus Adler, Sol. M. Stroock, Simon M. Roeder, Felix M. Warburg. FACULTY: President, Cyrus Adler, Ph.D. (Johns Hopkins); Professor of Talmud, Louis Ginzberg, Ph.D. (Heidelberg); Professor of History, Alexander Marx, Ph.D. (Koenigsberg); Professor of Homiletics, Mor- decai M. Kaplan, M. A. (Columbia); William Prager Professor of Medieval Hebrew Literature, Israel Davidson, Ph.D. (Columbia); Pro- fessor of Codes, Moses Hyamson, B.A., LL.D. (University of London); Sabato Morais Professor of Biblical Literature and Exegesis, Jacob Hoschander, Ph.D. (Marburg); Associate Professor of Hebrew, Morris D. Levine, M. A. (Columbia); Instructor in Talmud and Solomon Schechter Lecturer in Theology, Louis Finkelstein, Ph.D. (Columbia); Instructor, Benjamin Cohen, B.A. (Columbia); Instructor in Hazanuth, Israel Goldfarb, B.S. (Columbia); Hazan, M. Jacobson; Instructor in Public Speaking, Walter H. Robinson. REGISTRAR: Israel Davidson. SECRETARY: Joseph B. Abrahams. LIBRARY OF THE JEWISH THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY OF AMERICA, Incorporated in State of New York, 1924. OFFICERS OF THE LIBRARY BOARD: President, Louis Marshall; Vice- President, Cyrus Adler; Hon. Sec, Sol. M. Stroock; Treasurers, Lewis L. Strauss and Arthur Oppenheimer. DIRECTORS OF LIBRARY: Cyrus Adler, Phila., Pa.; Louis Bamberger, Newark, N. J.; William Gerstley, Phila., Pa.; Louis Marshall, Samuel Greenbaum, Irving Lehman, Mortimer L. Schiff, Felix M. Warburg, Sol. M. Stroock, Simon Roeder, N. Y. C. Abram S. W. Rosenbach, Max Drob, LIBRARY STAFF: Librarian, Alexander Marx; Assistant Librarian, Benjamin Cohen; Cataloguers, Israel Shapira, Saul Gittelson, Isaac Rivkind, Andor Gabor; Assistant in Library, Michael Shapiro; Secre- tary to Librarian, Anna Kleban. TEACHERS INSTITUTE: 34 Stuyvesant. Principal, Mordecai M. Kaplan, 1 W. 89th; Instructors: Morris D. Levine, Joseph Bragin, Leo L. Honor, Paul Chertoff, Zevi Scharfstein, Osher Ovsay, I. S. Chip- kin, Hillel Bavli, Benjamin Silk, S. E. Goldfarb, Milton Steinberg, Samuel Dinin, Leon Liebreich, Samuel Rubinstein, Max Slavin, Anna Grossman, Emanuel Baron, Joshua H. Neumann, Mordecai Soltes, Tillie Weitzman. 220 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK

COMMITTEE ON TEACHERS INSTITUTE: Chairman, Cyrus Adler, Sol. M. Stroock, Mordecai M. Kaplan, Samuel Greenbaum, Irving Lehman, Israel Unterberg, Felix M. Warburg. "JEWISH VALOR LEGION . Org. Feb. 1921. OFFICE: 101 W. 42nd, New York City. Members, 638. PURPOSE: Welfare of the Ex-Service men of Jewish faith; compilation of records of Jewish soldiers in American army in World War. ' OFFICERS: Commander, Sydney G. Gumpertz; Sr. Vice-Commander, Benjamin Kaufman; Jr. Vice-Commander, Abraham Krotoshinsky; Adjutant, David Bernstein, 427 E. 134th, N. Y. C. JEWISH VETERANS OF THE WARS OF THE REPUBLIC Org. 1900, Inc. 1920. OFFICE: 15 Park Row, New York City. Annual Convention, July 2-4, 1927, Troy, N. Y. Next Annual Convention, Sept. 1-3, 1928, Boston, Mass. Posts, 23. Members, 10,300. PURPOSE: TO maintain allegiance to the United States of America; To uphold the fair name of the Jew; To foster comradeship; To aid needy comrades and their familes; To preserve the records of patriotic service of Jews; To honor the memory and shield from neglect the graves of our heroic dead. OFFICERS: Past Commanders-in-Chief, Maurice Simmons, N. Y. C.; David Solomon, Brooklyn, N. Y.; Commander-in-Chief, Morris J. Mendelsohn, Brooklyn, N. Y.; Sr. Vice-Corn.-in-Chief, Sam'l E. Fine, Phila., Pa.; Jr. Vice-Com.-in-Chief, Philip Muskat, Troy, N. Y.; Chief of Staff, Abraham Goldstein, Troy, N. Y.; Judge Adv. Gen., Jacob Rubinoff, Brooklyn, N. Y.; Adj. Gen., Hyman Margulies, Brooklyn. N. Y. JEWISH WELFARE BOARD Org. 1917. OFFICE: 71 W. 47th, New York City. Amalgamated with Council of Young Men's Hebrew and Kindred Associations, July 1, 1921. Affiliated National Organizations, 16. Constituent Societies, 308. PURPOSE: TO stimulate the organization and to assist in the activities of Jewish Community Centers, including Young Men's Hebrew Associations, Young Women's Hebrew Associations, and kindred organizations, and to co-operate with similar bodies in the development of Judaism and good citizenship. To promote the welfare of soldiers, sailors and marines in the service of the United States and disabled veterans and especially to provide for men of the Jewish faith in the Army and Navy adequate opportunity for religious worship and hospitality of Jewish communities adjacent to military and naval posts. OFFICERS: Pres., Irving Lehman, N. Y. C; Vice-Pres., Felix M. Warburg, N. Y. C; Jacob M. Loeb, Chicago, 111.; Jacob K. Newman, N. Y. C; M. C. Sloss, San Francisco, Cal.; Sec, Joseph Rosenzweig, N. Y. C; Treas., Benjamin J. Buttenwieser, N. Y. C. •Indicates that revised data were not furnished upon JEWISH NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS 221

ADMINISTRATION: Exec. Dir., Harry L. Glucksman; Dir. Jewish Center Activities, Louis Kraft; Dir. of Campaigns, Philip R. Goldstein; Dir. Army and Navy Service Dept., Isadore Abelson; Dir. Jewish Extension Education, Mordecai Soltes. JOINT DISTRIBUTION COMMITTEE OF THE AMERICAN FUNDS FOR JEWISH WAR SUFFERERS Org. Nov. 24, 1914. OFFICE: 40 Exchange Place, New York City. Constituent bodies, 3. FUNCTIONAL DEPARTMENTS: Committee on Cultural Affairs: Chair- man, Cyrus Adler; Committee on Reconstruction: Chairman, Herbert H. Lehman; Committee on Medical Affairs: Chairman, Bernard Flexner; Committee on Russia: Chairman, Louis Marshall; Committee on War Orphans: Chairman, Solomon Lowenstein; Committee on Refugees: Chairman, David M. Bressler. Members, 99. PURPOSE: Distribution of funds received by the American Jewish Relief Committee, the Central Committee for the Relief of Jews Suffer- ing Through the War, and the People's Relief Committee. OFFICERS: Chairman, Felix M. Warburg; Vice-Chairman, Herbert H. Lehman, Jas. N. Rosenberg; Treas., Paul Baerwald; Associate Treas., George W. Naumburg; Comptroller, Mrs. H. B. L. Goldstein; Sec, Joseph C. Hyman. KAPPA NU FRATERNITY Org. June 12, 1911. OFFICE: 33 Tyler, Rochester, N. Y. Tenth Annual Convention, Dec. 1926-Jan. 2, 1927, Phila., Pa. Twelfth Annual Convention, Dec, 1928-Jan. 2, 1929, N. Y. C. Chapters, 15. Members, 1,500. PURPOSE: A Greek-letter brotherhood for college men of Jewish consciousness. OFFICERS: Pres., Garson Meyer, Rochester, N. Y.; Vice-Pres., Harry S. Mackler, N. Y. C; Treas., Jacob Rosenzweig, Rochester, N. Y.; Sec, Milton Greenebaum, Saginaw, Mich. LEO N. LEVI MEMORIAL HOSPITAL ASSOCIATION Org. 1911. OFFICE: Hot Springs, Ark. Maintains the Leo N. Levi Memorial Hospital. Members, 1,500. OFFICERS: Pres., Archibald A. Marx, New Orleans, La.; Hon. Vice- Pres., Dan Daniel, Shreveport, La.; Vice-Pres., J. K. Hexter, Dallas, Tex.; Treas., D. Burgauer, Hot Springs, Ark.; Sec, A. B. Rhine, Hot Springs, Ark.; Chairman, Bd. of Managers, E. N. Roth, Hot Springs, Ark. MIZRAHI HATZOIR Org. May, 1920. OFFICE: 31 Union Sq., New York City. Sixth Annual Convention, June, 1927, New York City. Members, 3,000. PURPOSE: TO organize groups of the Jewish youth, both senior and junior, to spread Judaism and a love for Jewish knowledge, to acquaint 222 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK the Jewish youth with the national aspirations of the Jews, and to strive for the rehabilitation of Palestine in accordance with Jewish traditions and in the spirit of the Torah. OFFICERS: Hon. Pres., Meyer Berlin; Pres., Harry Karp; Vice-Pres., Morris Schussheim, Isidor Epstein; Treas., Max Hagler; Sec, Bluma Berman. THE MIZRAHI ORGANIZATION OF AMERICA Org. June 5, 1912. CENTRAL BUREAU: 31 Union Sq., New York City. Convention, Jan. 8-10, 1928, Boston, Mass. Members, 20,000. Organizations, 298. PURPOSE: Rehabilitation of Palestine in the spirit of Jewish Torah and Tradition. Fundamental principle: The land of Israel, for the people of Israel, in the spirit of the Law of Israel. OFFICERS: Hon. Pres., Meyer Berlin; Pres., Gedalia Bublick; Vice- Pres., E. Inselbuch, Wolf Gold; Treas., Max Nadler; Sec, Moses Levene. *MU SIGMA FRATERNITY Org. 1906, Inc., 1925. OFFICE: 220 W. 42d, New York City. Annual Convention, Dec. 26-27, 1926. OFFICERS: Grand Lumen, Wm. Heckler, N. Y. C; Grand Filium, Archibald Kamenkawitz, Bangor, Me.; Grand Fiscus, Leon Kranztohr, Newark, N. J.; Grand Scribe, Maurice J. Dinnerstein, Brooklyn, N. Y.; Grand Ossa, Michael Kaplan, N. Y. C; Chairman Exec. Com., Bernard L. Baron, 220 W. 42d, N. Y. C. NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF JEWISH COMMUNITY CENTER SECRETARIES Org. 1918. OFFICE: 71 W. 47th, New York City. Tenth Annual Convention, May 9-13, 1928, Cincinnati, O. Members, 150. PURPOSE: TO foster and develop an interest in Jewish Center work and to promote friendly and helpful relations among Jewish Community Center workers. OFFICERS: Pres., Louis Kraft, N. Y. C; Vice-Pres., Abraham W. Rosenthal, N. Y. C, Samuel B. Kaufman, Mt. Vernon, N. Y., Mrs. Celia L. Strakosch, N. Y. C; Sec-Treas., Maurice Bisgyer, Washington, D. C. NATIONAL CONFERENCE OF JEWISH SOCIAL SERVICE Org. 1899 as National Conference of Jewish Charities in the United States. OFFICE: 71 W. 47th, New York City. Twenty-ninth Annual Conference, May 9-13, 1928, Cincinnati, O. Members, 210. Societies, 1,000 individuals. OFFICERS: Pres., Samuel A. Goldsmith, N. Y. C; Vice-Pres., Samson Benderly, N. Y. C.; Herman Passamaneck, Pittsburgh, Pa.; Mrs. M. C. Sloss, San Francisco, Cal.; Treas., Ferdinand S. Bach, St. Louis, Mo.; Sec, Hyman Kaplan, N. Y. C.

•Indicates that revised data were not furnished upon request. JEWISH NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS 223

THE NATIONAL COUNCIL OF JEWISH WOMEN Org. Sept. 1893. OFFICE: 2109 Broadway, New York City. Eleventh Triennial Convention, Nov., 1926, Washington, D. C. Sections, 232, Junior Auxiliaries, 84. The Council and its Sections are engaged in Religious, Social Welfare, Civic and Educational Work. Its activities are promoted through Departments of Community Co-operation, Education, Extension and Field Service, Farm and Rural Work, Finance and Budget, Immigrant Aid and Immigrant Education, Junior Auxiliaries, Legislation and Civics, Peace, Religion and Religious Education, Social Service, and Vocational Guidance and Employment. Department of Farm and Rural Work: offices in New York City, 5 Columbus Circle; Department of Immigrant Aid offices in New York City, 799 B'way. Official publication, "The Jewish Woman," issued quarterly, Estelle M. Sternberger, Editor-in-Chief. OFFICERS: (1926-1929) Pres., Mrs. Joseph E. Friend, 1807 Palmer Av., New Orleans, La.; First Vice-Pres., Mrs. Alvin L. Bauman, St. Louis, Mo.; Second Vice-Pres., Mrs. Alexander Wolf, Washington, D. C; Third Vice-Pres., Mrs. S. M. Blumauer, Portland, Ore.; Treas., Mrs. David M. Greenwald, Milwaukee, Wis.; Rec. Sec, Mrs. I. K. E. Prager, Boston, Mass.; Exec. Sec, Mrs. Estelle M. Sternberger, 2109 Broad- way, N. Y. C.

THE NATIONAL FARM SCHOOL Inc. Apr. 10, 1896. SCHOOL AND FARMS: Farm School, Bucks Co., Pa. OFFICE: 1101 Market, Philadelphia, Pa. Thirtieth Annual Meeting, Oct. 9, 1927, Farm School, Bucks Co., Pa. Twenty-eighth Annual Graduation, Mch. 18, 1928. OFFICERS: Chairman Bd. of Trustees, Harry B. Hirsh; Pres., Herbert D. Allman; Vice-Chairman, Jos. H. Hagedorn; Treas., Isaac H. Silver- man; Sec, Miss E. M. Bellefield, 1101 Market, Room 809, Phila., Pa.; Dean, C. L. Goodling, Farm School, Pa.

NATIONAL FEDERATION OF TEMPLE BROTHERHOODS Org. 1923. OFFICE: Merchants' Bldg., Cincinnati, O. Second Biennial Convention, Jan. 17-19, 1927, Cleveland, O. Third Biennial Convention, Feb. 10-15, 1929, San Francisco, Cal. Societies, 120. PURPOSE: TO stimulate interest in Jewish worship, Jewish studies, social service and other kindred activities. To co-operate with Union of American Hebrew Congregations in its national plans. OFFICERS: Pres., Roger W. Straus, N. Y. C; Vice-Pres., Leonard S. Levin, Pittsburgh, Pa.; Arnold M. Schmidt, Brooklyn, N. Y.; Treas., Julius W. Freiberg, Cincinnati, 0.; Exec. Sec, George Zepin, Cincinnati, , O.; Asst. Exec. Sec, Louis I. Egelson, Cincinnati, O.; Arthur L. Rein- hart, Cincinnati, O.

NATIONAL FEDERATION OF TEMPLE SISTERHOODS Org. Jan. 1913. OFFICE: Merchants' Bldg., Cincinnati, O. Seventh Biennial Assembly, Jan. 16-20, 1927, Cleveland, O. 224 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK

Eighth Biennial Assembly, Feb., 1929, San Francisco, Cal. Societies, 340. PURPOSE : Closer co-operation between the various Sisterhoods. The work of the Federation is conducted under the following Commit- tees: Co-operation, Religion, Religious Schools, Propaganda, Scholar- ships, Union Museum, Uniongrams, and State or District Federations, Student Activities and on Peace. OFFICERS: Hon. Pres., Mrs. Abram Simon, Washington, D. C; Pres., Mrs. J. Walter Freiberg, Cincinnati, O.; Vice-pres., Mrs. Maurice Steinfeld, St. Louis, Mo.; Mrs. Jacob Wertheim, N. Y. C; Mrs. Henry Nathan, Buffalo, N. Y.; Rec. Sec, Mrs. Adolph Rosenberg, Cincinnati, O.; Treas., Mrs. Jos. M. Herman, Boston, Mass.; Exec. Sec, George Zepin, Cincinnati, O.; Asst. Exec. Sec, Helen L. Strauss.

NATIONAL FEDERATION OF UKRAINIAN JEWS OF AMERICA Re-org. Sept., 1920. OFFICE: 1 Union Square, New York City. Convention,—June 1928. PURPOSE: Relief work for Ukrainian Jews. OFFICERS: Pres., B. Saphir; Vice-Pres., L. Dinion, New Haven, Conn.; P. Miller, Philadelphia, Pa.; M. Shatzen, Detroit, Mich.; L. Smirnoff, N. Y. C; A. Solovioff, N. Y. C; Treas., H. Shupack; Sec, F. Feingold, N. Y. C.

NATIONAL HOME FOR JEWISH CHILDREN AT DENVER Org. June 12, 1907. OFFICE: Empire Bldg., Denver, Colo. Annual Convention, June 12, 1927, Denver, Colo. Members, 50,000. Auxiliary Societies, 15. PURPOSE: TO shelter children of tuberculous parents, who come to Denver seeking restoration of health. OFFICERS: Pres., Mrs. J. N. Lorber; Yice-Pres., Mrs. B. Willens, Mrs. S. Francis, Mrs. M. Lifshutz; Fin. Sec, Samuel Isaacson; Treas., Morris Cohn; Nat'l Sec, George Greenspun; all of Denver, Colo.

NATIONAL JEWISH HOSPITAL AT DENVER Org. Dec. 10, 1899. OFFICE: 3800 E. Colfax Av., Denver, Col. Twenty-seventh Annual Meeting, Jan. 23, 1927, Buffalo, N. Y. Contributors, 125,000 Individuals; 75 Federations; 200 Lodges and Societies. Capacity, 300; buildings, 14. Collected (1927-1928) ($526,- 025.32. Maintains Research Department and a Preventorium for Chil- dren, predisposed to tuberculosis. Patients treated to July 1, 1928, 5,800. OFFICERS: Hon. Pres., Louis D. Beaumont, N. Y. C; Pres., Wm. B Woolner, Peoria, 111.; Yice-Pres., Wm. S. Friedman, Denver, Colo. David May, St. Louis, Mo.; Harmon August, N. Y. C; B. Flesher Denver, Colo.; Chas. H. Studin, N. Y. C.; Herman Wile, Buffalo, N. Y. Harry H. Lapidus, Omaha, Neb.; Edwin ]. Schanfarber, Columbus, O.; Treas., Benj. Altheimer, N. Y. C; Sec, Mrs. S. Pisko, 3800 E. Colfax JEWISH NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS 225

Av., Denver, Colo.; National Supervisor, Samuel Schaefer, Denver, Colo.

NATIONAL LEGAL FRATERNITY LAMBDA ALPHA PHI Org. 1919. OFFICE: 972 Broad, Newark, N. J. Annual Convention, May, 1928, Newark, N. J. Members, 270. PURPOSE: TO inculcate in Jewish members of the Bar the highest principles of legal ethics in order to maintain the respect of the Bench and Bar. OFFICERS: Supreme Chancellor, David M. Engelson, N. Y. C; Supreme Vice-Chancellor, Michael G. Alenick, Newark, N. J.; Supreme Keeper of the Exchequer, Louis Selenfriend, Newark, N. J.; Supreme Archon, Saul Tischler, Newark, N. J.; Supreme Historian, Gustave L. Goldstein, Newark, N. J.

NU BETA EPSILON FRATERNITY Org. 1919. OFFICE: 1505-77 W. Washington, Chicago, 111. Convention, May 13, 1927, Chicago, 111. Members, 95. PURPOSE: Greek letter Fraternity for Jewish students at credited Law Schools. OFFICERS: Grand Chancellor, Barnet Hodes; Exchequer, Alfred Schwerdlin; Recorder, Seymour Scheffries, Chicago, 111.

**OMICRON ALPHA TAU FRATERNITY Org. 1912. OFFICE: New York City. Annual Convention, Dec. 29, 1926, New York City. Chapters, 20. Members, 1,020. PURPOSE: Greek-letter college fraternity for Jewish students. OFFICERS: Grand-Chancellor, I. Robt. Broder, New Haven, Conn.; Vice Grand Chancellor, Alvin H. Berson; Grand Scribe, Irving N. Levine, 19 Garden Walk, New Rochelle, N. Y.; Grand Bursar, Sid. S. Silverman, Brooklyn, N. Y.; Editor, Mack Morgenstern, Brooklyn, N. Y.

*ORDER KNIGHTS OF JOSEPH Org. Feb. 14, 1896. OFFICE: 1022-28 Engineers Bank Bldg., Cleveland, O. Twenty-seventh Convention, Aug. 22, 1926, Buffalo, N. Y. Members, 10,587. Lodges, 68. OFFICERS: Supreme Commander, H. A. Rocker, Cleveland, O.; First Supreme Vice-Commander, I. Liederman, Chicago, 111.; Second Supreme Vice-Commander, L. Gottlieb, Buffalo, N. Y.;T hird Supreme Vice- Commander, B. Heimovitz, Pittsburgh, Pa.; Supreme Sec, D. J. Zinner, Cleveland, O.; Supreme Treas., Jos. C. Bloch, Cleveland, O. Endowment Treas., A. Silberman, Cleveland, O.

••Indicates that data were collected in the latter part of 1927. •Indicates that revised data were not furnished upon request. 226 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK

ORDER SONS OF ZION Org. Apr. 19, 1908. OFFICE: 111 Fifth Ave., New York City. Eighteenth Annual Convention, June 24-25, 1928, Long Branch, N. J. Camps, 57. Members, 4,000. PURPOSE: Fraternal and Zionistic. OFFICERS: Nasi, Joseph I. Bluestone; Segan Rishon, Max Perlman; Segan Sheni, Louis Hochberg; Gisbor, Max Fanwick; Maskir, Hyman Danelson; Counsel, Samuel Weinstein; Chief Medical Examiner, Solo- mon Neumann. *ORDER OF THE UNITED HEBREW BROTHERS Org. Nov. 15, 1915. OFFICE: World Exchange Bank Bldg., 174 2nd Av., New York City. Quinquennial Convention, Oct. 18, 1925, New York City. Members, 9,309. OFFICERS: Grand Master, Meyer Greenberg, 99 Nassau; Vice-Grand Master, Samuel Hirsh; First Deputy Grand Master, Alb. Halle; Grand Treas., Philip Adler; Grand Sec, Kallman Flus, 174 2nd Av., N. Y. C. •PALESTINE DEVELOPMENT COUNCIL Org. 1921. OFFICE: 27 William, New York City. PURPOSE: The social and economic development of Palestine through the creation of business corporations. OFFICERS: Hon. Chairman, Louis D. Brandeis, Washington, D. C; Chairman, Julian W. Mack, Woolworth Bldg., N. Y. C; Vice-Chair- man, Julius Simon, N. Y. C; Sec, Nathan Straus, Jr., 119 Fifth Av., N. Y. C. PHI ALPHA FRATERNITY, INC. Org. 1914. OFFICE: 917-918 Munsey Bldg., Baltimore, Md. Annual Convention, Dec. 30, 1927-Jan. 1, 1928, New York City. Chapters, 34. Members, 1,413. PURPOSE: Jewish student fraternal relationships in certain American Colleges and Universities where established. OFFICERS: Pres., Samuel M. Dodek, Phila., Pa.; Vice-Pres., Irving Cohen, N. Y. C; Adm. Sec, Alexander Goodman, Baltimore, Md.; Treas., Maurice Levitan, Washington, D. C; Sergeant-at-Arms, Louis B. Fine, Norfolk, Va.; Editor, Irving B. Grandberg, Baltimore, Md. **PHI BETA DELTA FRATERNITY Org. 1912. OFFICE: 67 W. 44th, New York City. Next Convention, Dec. 23-25, 1927, New York City. Members, 1,400. Chapters, 26. OFFICERS: Pres., William Biederman, N. Y. C; Vice-Pres., Isidore H. Schweidel, Phila., Pa.; Leo Selinger, Tulsa, Okla.; Treas., Ira A. Schur, N. Y. C; Sec, Will N. Schleicher, N. Y. C; Historian, Samuel J. Schur, N. Y. C.

•Indicates that revised data were not furnished upon request. ""•Indicates that data were collected in the latter part of 1927. JEWISH NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS 227

**THE PHI BETA FRATERNITY Org. 1920. OFFICE: 111-11 Liberty Av, Richmond Hill, L. I. Seventh Annual Convention, Sept. 1-6, 1926, Hartford, Conn. Members, 497. Chapters, 19. PURPOSE: A national Jewish fraternity with chapters located in High and Preparatory Schools, for boys meeting for educational, social and fraternal purposes. OFFICERS: Hon. Grand Superior, Louis D. Shapiro, Philadelphia, Pa.; Grand Superior, Abe Rosenthal, West New York, N. J.; Grand Vice- Superior, Jack Rottner, Hartford, Conn.; Grand Sec, Herman Cipnic, 111-11 Liberty Av., Richmond Hill, L. I.; Harry Perlmutter, Newark, N. J.; Grand Treas., Morton Crossman, Phila., Pa.; Grand Marshall, Louis Schact, Stamford, Conn. PHI DELTA MU FRATERNITY, INC. Org. 1920. OFFICE: 225 Broadway, New York City. Annual Convention, Dec. 28, 1926, New York City. Members, 225. PURPOSE: TO promote the intellectual, social and spiritual status of Jewish students at colleges in the United States and Canada. OFFICERS: Chancellor, Samuel D. Turk; Vice-Chancellor, Henry Dann; Chancellor of the Exchequer, Jack Davis; Historian, H. Hersehel Goebel; Keeper of the Scrolls, Harry Kisver, 225 B'way, N. Y. C. PHI EPSILON PI FRATERNITY Org. 1904. OFFICE: 506 Witherspoon Bldg., Philadelphia, Pa. Convention, Dec. 28-31, 1926, Chicago, 111. Next Convention, Dec. 29-31, 1928, Atlantic City, N. J. Members, 2,200. PURPOSE: College Fraternities. OFFICERS: Grand Superior, Edward Davis, Philadelphia, Pa.; Grand Vice-Superior, Louis M. Fushan, Pittsburgh, Pa.; Grand Treas., Eman- uel W. Wirkman, Philadelphia, Pa.; Grand Secretary, Alex. J. Whyn- man, 239 B'way, N. Y. C. PHI LAMBDA KAPPA MEDICAL FRATERNITY Org. 1907. OFFICE: 486 E. 4th, Brooklyn, N. Y. Convention, Dec. 24-26, 1926, New York City. Members, 1,000. PURPOSE: Fraternity. OFFICERS: Grand Superior, Louis Edeiken, Phila., Pa.; Grand Scribe, Julius Winston, 5360 W. Arlington, Phila., Pa.; Grand Guardian Exchequer, Max Bernanke, N. Y. C. PHI SIGMA DELTA FRATERNITY Org. 1909. OFFICE: 13 Astor Place, New York City. Next Annual Convention, Dec. 23-25, 1928, Cleveland, O. Members, 1,700. PURPOSE: Promote brotherhood, friendship, good-fellowship, and good character. "^Indicates that data were collected in the latter part of 1927. 228 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK

OFFICERS: Pres., A. Leigh Robbins; Vice-Pres., Marvin J. Laronge; Treas., Benjamin A. Etler; Sec, Joseph Kruger. PHI SIGMA EPSILON FRATERNITY OF THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA Org. 1910. OFFICE: Illinois Merchant's Bank Bldg., Chicago, 111. Convention, Dec. 26-29, 1926, Detroit, Mich. Next Convention, Dec. 26-29, 1928, Toronto, Can. Members, ISO. PURPOSE: A Social and Philanthropic Organization. OFFICERS: Grand Pres., Leon Fischel, Montreal, Can.; Grand Vice- Pres., Sidney Kahn, Toronto, Can.; Grand Treas., Annin Hartman, Detroit, Mich.; Grand Sec, Harold Landau, Chicago, 111. PI TAU PI FRATERNITY Org. Jan., 1909. Sixteenth Annual Conclave, Dec. 27-30, 1927, Cincinnati, O. Members, 600. Chapters, 32. PURPOSE: TO bring into closer relation and promote sociability among the Jewish young men of the country and to aid the less fortunate. OFFICERS: Pres., Albert E. Auer, St. Louis, Mo.; Vice-Pres., Robt. Weiler, Columbus, O.; Treas., Howard Weilar, N. Y. C; Sec, Theo. Rothschild, 1462 1st Nat'l Bank Bldg., Cincinnati, O.; Editor, Roy G. Rosenthal, Seattle, Wash.; Historian, Leonard Nachman, Peoria, 111.; Chaplain, Philip Bookstaber, Harrisburg, Pa.; Senior Counsellor, I. Ed. Tonkon, Dallas, Tex.; Junior Counsellor, L. Kenneth Schoenfeld, Seattle, Wash.; Past Pres., Alfred Mayer, Omaha, Neb. PROBUS CLUB NATIONAL Org. 1926. OFFICE: Hartford, Conn. Members, 450. PURPOSE: TO promote and participate in communal and civic activities; to foster social and intellectual ideals; to encourage friendship among its members in local clubs and other clubs of the organization. OFFICERS: Pres., Samuel L. Calechman, New Haven, Conn.; Vice- Pres., Abr. H. Bayer, Springfield, Mass.; Harry D. Cohan, Hartford, Conn.; Saul S. Cowan, New Haven, Conn.; Chas. J. Goldman, Lynn, Mass.; L. R. King, Bridgeport, Conn.; Israel Nair, New Britain, Conn.; Joseph Talamo, Worcester, Mass.; Treas., Milton Bacharach, Hartford, Conn.; Sec, James M. Kent, 902 Chapel, New Haven, Conn. PROGRESSIVE ORDER OF THE WEST Org. Feb. 13, 1896. OFFICE: 406-7-8 Frisco Bldg., 9th and Olive, St. Louis, Mo. Convention, July 26-28, 1925, Kansas City, Mo. Members, 11,874. OFFICERS: Grand Master, Joseph Schiller, Chicago, 111.; Vice Grand Master, I. D. Goldberg, St. Louis, Mo.; Endowment Treas., Win. H. Goldman, St. Louis, Mo.; Grand Councellor, Louis Joffie, St. Louis, Mo.; Grand Medical Examiner, L. G. Frumson, St. Louis, Mo. JEWISH NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS 229

RABBI ISAAC ELCHANAN THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY AND YESHIVA COLLEGE Org. 1896. Charter amended 1928, to permit the organization of the Yeshiva College, authorized by the Regents of the University of the State of New York to give courses leading to the degrees of B.A. and B.S. OFFICE: 301-3 E. Broadway, New York City. Incorporated in State of New York. Invested funds about $2,400,000. Library: Printed volumes, 18,000, manuscripts, small collection. Entire number of graduates, Rabbinical course, 102; Teachers Insti- tute, 74. PURPOSE: TO disseminate Jewish knowledge; to train rabbis and teachers; to present in a Jewish atmosphere general courses leading to degrees of B.A. and B.S. OFFICERS: Pres., Nathan Lamport; Treas., M. Gottesman. FACULTY: Pres. and Professor of Codes, B. Revel, Ph.D.; Professor of Talmud, S. Polacheck; Instructors of Talmud, B. Aronowitz; A. Burack; J. Kaplan, M.A.; L. Levin, S. Olshevsky; M. Paleyeff; S. Rackovsky; J. Weill; Asst. Prof, of Homiletics, Herbert S. Goldstein, M.A.; Instructor of Bible, N. Klotz, Ph.D. Asst. Prof, of Hebrew, Ph. Churgin, Ph.D.; Lecturer in Jewish History, Solomon Zeitlin, Ph.D.; Lecturer in Jewish Philosophy, Isaac Husik, M.A., Ph.D.; Lecturer in Arabic, S. Gandz, Ph.D. LIBRARY STAFF: Acting Librarian, S. Gandz, Ph.D- REGISTRAR: Samuel L. Sar. RABBINICAL ASSEMBLY OF THE JEWISH THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY OF AMERICA Org. July 4, 1901. Annual Convention, June 25-27, 1928, Long Branch, N. J. Members, 201. • OFFICERS: Pres., Max Drob, N. Y. C; Vice-Pres., Louis Finkelstein, N. Y. C.;Rec. Sec, Max Davidson, Asbury Park, N. J.; Cor. Sec, Abraham Burstein, N. Y. C; Treas., Max Arzt, Scranton, Pa. *RHO PI PHI FRATERNITY, INC. Org. 1912. Annual Convention, July, 1925, New York City. Members, 1,000. Chapters, 11. PURPOSE: Students of Pharmacy. To raise the standard and dignity of the profession scientifically and socially. OFFICERS: Sup. Councillor, Harry Rosenblatt, N. Y. C; Vice-Sup. Councillor, William Schrier, Paterson, N. J.; Fin. Sec, Harold Verman, 150 W. 111th, N. Y. C. SEPHARDIC BROTHERHOOD OF AMERICA, INC. Re-org. 1921. OFFICE: 1720 Madison Av., New York City. Annual Convention, April 3, 1927. Members, 900. Branches, 5. •Indicates that revised data were not furnished upon request. 230 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK

PURPOSE: TO promote the industrial, social, educational and religious welfare of its members and to engage in philanthropic endeavors for the welfare of Sephardic immigrants. OFFICERS: Pres., Leon Saady; Vice-Pres., Daniel Botton; Treas., Edward V. Besso; Fin. Sec, Benzion Grottas; Sec, Hyman M. Nadjari. SIGMA ALPHA MU FRATERNITY Org. Nov. 26, 1909. OFFICE: 15 Park Row, New York City. Eighteenth Annual Convention, Dec. 24-27, 1927, Toronto, Can. Chapters: Undergraduates, 33; Alumni Clufjs, 30. Members, 3,000. PURPOSE: Greek-letter College Fraternity for Jewish students. OFFICERS: Pres., Victor H. Blanc; Vice-Pres., Samuel Shinbach; Treas., H. I. Jacobson; Sec, Samuel Rabinowitch. *SIGMA DELTA TAU SORORITY Org. 1917. OFFICE: 56 Berkeley PI., Buffalo, N. Y. Convention, Dec, 1926. Chapters, 10. Members, 375. OFFICERS: Pres., Miriam H. Jacobs, Ft. Wayne, Ind.; Vice-Pres., Miriam S. Levy, Phila., Pa.; Sec, Olga S. Weil, Cincinnati, O.; His- torian, Leah R. Rudman, Urbana, 111. **SIGMA EPSILON DELTA FRATERNITY Org. 1901. OFFICE: 294 New York Av., Brooklyn, N. Y. Convention, Feb. 21, 1927, New York City. Members, 700. PURPOSE: TO promote the highest excellence in the science and art of dentistry and its collateral branches; to bring about a closer acquaintance among the student body and graduates through fraternal co-operation. OFFICERS: Grand Master, J. A. Boley, Brooklyn, N. Y.; Grand Chaplain, M. A. Heckler, N. Y. C; Grand Scribe, B. Rosenfeld, N. Y. C; Grand Treas., D. M. Arkin, N. Y. C; Grand Historian, A. V. Green- stein, N. Y. C. SIGMA OMEGA PSI FRATERNITY Org. 1916. OFFICE: 200 Fifth Av., New York City. Annual Convention, Dec. 24-27, 1927, New York City. Chapters, 18. Members, 1,250. PURPOSE : Greek letter college fraternity for Jewish students and to foster the spirit of true brotherly love and self sacrifice. OFFICERS: Grand Superior, Louis A. Freedman, N. Y. C; Grand Vice Superior, David J. Sandman, Worcester, Mass.; Grand Exchequer, Wm. M. Raphael, Newark, N. J.; Grand Scribe, Abram Lebson, Palisade, N. J.

•Indicates that revised data were not furnished upon request. ••Indicates that data were collected in the latter part of 1927. JEWISH NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS 231

SYNAGOGUE COUNCIL OF AMERICA Org. 1925. OFFICE: 11 W. 42d, New York City. Members, 36. PURPOSE: TO take council together for the sacred purpose of preserving and fostering Judaism; composed of representatives of national, congregational and rabbinical organizations of America for purpose of speaking and acting unitedly and furthering such religious interests as the constituent organizations and the Council have in mind. OFFICERS: Chairman, Abram Simon, Washington, D. C; Vice- Chairman, N. Taylor Phillips, Elias Solomon, N. Y. C; Treas., Ben. Altheimer, N. Y. C; Sec, Abr. Burstein, N. Y. C; Sec, J. B. Pollak.

*TAU DELTA PHI FRATERNITY Org. 1910. OFFICE: 604 W. 114th, New York City, Annual Convention, Dec. 24-28, 1926, Boston, Mass. Members, 1,500. OFFICERS: Grand Consul, Herman L. Baskin, N. Y. C.; Grand Vice- Consul, Joseph Lang, N. Y. C; Grand Quaestor, Herman S. Kerstein, Boston, Mass.; Grand Custor, Geo. M. Feigin, N. Y. C; Grand Scribe, Hilliard Bernstein, 34 W. 12th, N. Y. C.

TAU EPSILON PHI FRATERNITY Org. Oct. 19, 1910, Inc., 1917. OFFICE: 618 W. 113th, New York City. Convention, Dec. 30, 1927-Jan. 1, 1928, Philadelphia, Pa. Next Convention, Dec. 30, 1928-jan. 1, 1929, Chicago, 111. Chapters, 27 Undergraduate; 5 Alumni. Members, 2,050. PURPOSE: TO foster the spirit of true brotherly love and self-sacrifice. OFFICERS: Consul, Frederic R. Mann; Vice-Consul, Louis S. Leben- thal; Quaestor, Chas. H. Tobias; Tribune, Alf. J. Kleinberger; Annota- tor, Julius Abeson; Praetor Supreme, Sol. Freeman; Editor, Mark Apfel.

THE TAU EPSILON RHO FRATERNITY Org. 1919. OFFICE: 214 Society for Savings Bldg., Cleveland, O. Annual Convention, Dec. 25-27, 1927, Cleveland, O. Undergraduate Chapters, 6; Graduate Chapters, 2. Members, 238. PURPOSE: Legal fraternity with undergraduate chapters in accredited day law schools and graduate chapters in cities. OFFICERS: Supreme Chancellor, Manuel Levine, Cleveland, O.; Supreme Exec. Chancellor, Jerome W. Moss, Cleveland, O.; Supreme Vice-Chancellor, Samuel Goldstock, Pittsburgh, Pa.; Supreme Master of the Rolls, Herman Ellis, Philadelphia, Pa.; Bursar and Pledgor, Baruch A. Feldman, Cleveland, 0.; Supreme Historian, Graham Susman, Denver, Colo.

•Indicates that revised data were not furnished upon request. 232 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK

TRAINING SCHOOL FOR JEWISH SOCIAL WORK Org. 1925. OFFICE: 71 W. 47th, New York City. Members, 25. OFFICERS: Pres., Louis E. Kirstein, Boston, Mass.; Vice-Pres., Lee K. Frankel, N. Y. C; Fred M. Butzel, Detroit, Mich.; Treas., I. Edwin Goldwasser, N. Y. C; Sec, Solomon Lowenstein, N. Y. C.; Chairman Exec. Com., Felix M. Warburg, N. Y. C; Dir., M. J. Karpf; Asst. Dir., Frances N. Harrison.

UNION OF AMERICAN HEBREW CONGREGATIONS Org. 1873. OFFICE: Cincinnati, O. Thirty-first Council, January, 1929, Cleveland, O. Members, 279 congregations. PURPOSE: TO maintain the Hebrew Union College of Cincinnati, O., an institution for educating rabbis; to promote religious instruction and encourage the study of the tenets and history of Judaism. Four Departments: I. Executive and Financial: Chairman of Exec. Bd., Ludwig Vogelstein, N. Y. C.; Hon. Pres., Charles Shohl, Cincinnati, O.; II. Board of Finance: Chairman, David A. Brown, Detroit, Mich.; III. Hebrew Union College: Chairman, Board of Governors, Alfred M. Cohen, Cincinnati, O.; Julian Morgenstern, President, Cincinnati, O.; IV. Board of Managers of Synagogue and School Extension; Chairman, Julius W. Freiberg; Dir., George Zepin, Cincinnati, O. EXECUTIVE BOARD FOR 1927: Chairman of Exec. Bd., Ludwig Vogel- stein, N. Y. C; Hon. Pres., Charles Shohl, Cincinnati, O.; Vice-Pres., Julius Rosenwald, Chicago, 111.; Marcus Rauh, Pittsburgh, Pa.; Maurice D. Rosenberg, Washington, D. C; Jacob W. Mack, Cincinnati, O.; Sec, George Zepin; Asst. Sec, Jacob D. Schwarz, Merchants Bldg., Cin- cinnati, O. UNION OF ORTHODOX JEWISH CONGREGATIONS OF AMERICA . Org. June 8, 1898. OFFICE: 50 W. 77th, New York City. Twenty-eighth Convention, Nov. 19-21, 1927, New York City. OFFICERS: Hon. Pres., Bernard Drachman, H. Pereira Mendes, Julius J. Dukas, N. Y. C; Pres., Herbert S. Goldstein, N. Y. C; Vice- Pres., Leo Jung, M. S. Margolies, N. Y. C; Samuel Feuerstein, Bos- ton, Mass.; Israel S. Gomborov, Baltimore, Md.; Israel Rosenberg, N. Y. C; Moses Seidel, Baltimore, Md.; Treas., M. Boas Lande, N. Y. C; Rec. Sec, Mortimer M. Menken, N. Y. C; Fin. Sec, Morris Engelman, N. Y. C; Corr. Sec, Albert Wald; Exec. Sec, I. L. Bril.

UNION OF ORTHODOX RABBIS OF UNITED STATES AND CANADA Org. Tammuz 24, 5662 (1902). OFFICE: 136 E. Broadway, New York City. Twenty-fourth Annual Convention, May 4-6, 1926, Far Rockaway, N. Y. Members, 315. OFFICERS: Hon. Pres., B. L. Levinthal, Phila., Pa.; M. S. Margolies, N. Y. C; &residium, L. Silver, Springfield, Maes.; B. Revel, N. Y. C." JEWISH NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS 233

J. Konwitz, Newark, N. J.; I. Siegel, Bayonne, N. J.; Sec, J. L. Seltzer, N. Y. C; Treas., Ch. I. Bloch, Jersey City, N. J.; Fin. Sec, Sh. Karlin- sky, N. Y. C; Exec. Sec, A. B. Kahan, N. Y. C. •UNITED ORDER "TRUE SISTERS" Org. Apr. 1846, as Independent Order of True Sisters. OFFICE: 309 W. 109th, New York City. Seventy-sixth Annual Convention of the Grand Lodge, Dec. 7, 1926, New York City. Lodges, 32. Members, 11,100. Publishes a monthly, The Echo, editor, Mrs. Esther Davis. OFFICERS: (For December, 1925, to December, 1927) Grand Mon- itress, Mrs. Julia Levy; Grand Pres., Mrs. Juliet B. Howard; Grand Vice-Pres., Mrs. Amelia Oppenheimer; Mrs. Henriette Prinstein; Grand Sec, Mrs. Rose Baran; Grand Financial Sec, Mrs. Flora H. Fish; Grand Treas., Mrs. L. Schwarzkopf; Grand Mentor, Mrs. Rose Deutsch- berger; Grand Warden, Mrs. Martha Gould. UNITED ROUMANIAN JEWS OF AMERICA OFFICE: 799 Broadway, New York City. Nineteenth Annual Convention, Jan. 29, 1928, New York City. PURPOSE; TO further, defend and protect the interests of the Jews in Roumania, to work for their civic and politicakemancipation and for their economic reconstruction and rehabilitation; and to represent and further the interests of the Roumanian Jews in the United States and Canada. OFFICERS: Pres., Bennett E. Seigelstein; Vice-Pres., Peter Ferester, Leon Fischer, Morris Florea, Abraham Hirsh, Samuel Kanter, Paul R. Silberman; Treas., Haimi Haimowitz; Sec, Herman Speier. UNITED SYNAGOGUE OF AMERICA Org. Feb. 23, 1913. OFFICE: 531 W. 123d, New York City. Sixteenth Annual Convention, April 29-May 1, 1928, Chicago, 111. PURPOSE: The promotion of traditional Judaism in America. FOUNDER: Solomon Schechter. OFFICERS: Hon. Pres., Elias L. Solomon, N. Y. C; Pres., S. Herbert Golden, N. Y. C; Vice-Pres., Louis Ginzberg, N. Y. C; Jacob Kohn, N. Y. C; Charles E. H. Kauvar, Denver, Colo.; H. P. Koppleman, Hartford, Conn.; Rec. Sec, Sol. Mutterperl, N. Y. C; Cor. Sec, Chas. I. Hoffman, 624 High, Newark, N. J.; Treas., Nathan Levy; Executive Director, Samuel M. Cohen, N. Y. C. UPSILON LAMBDA PHI FRATERNITY Org. 1916; Inc. 1917. OFFICE: 217 Brighton Av., Perth Amboy, N. J. Ninth Annual Convention, Aug., 1926, Asbury Park, N. J. Chapters, 31. Members, 1,300. PURPOSE: An International Fraternity laying particular stress on Judaism, open to male students of the Jewish faith in the high and preparatory schools, with the purpose of uniting them socially and fraternally. •Indicates that revised data were not furnished upon request. 234 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK

OFFICERS: Master Ulp, Nathaniel Weltchek, Elizabeth, N. J.; Deputy Master Ulp, J. Bernard Saltzman, Passaic, N. J.; Fin. Ulp, S. Leon Israel, Phila., Pa.; Sec. Ulp, Jacob H. Bernstein, 217 Brighton Av., Perth Amboy, N. J. WOMEN'S BRANCH OF THE UNION OF ORTHODOX JEWISH CONGREGATIONS OF AMERICA (Affiliated with the Union of Orthodox Jewish Congregationsof America) Org. Apr. 19, 1924. OFFICE: 50 W. 77th, New York City. PURPOSE: The uniting of all the Orthodox women and organizations of the country into one strong body; the intensification and furtherance of Orthodox Judaism in the home, the religious school, amongst students in institutions of higher learning; the dedication of a dormitory for the students of the Rabbi Isaac Elchanan Yeshiva. OFFICERS: Pres., Mrs. Herbert S. Goldstein; Hon. Vice-Pres., Mrs. Joseph Mayer Asher, Mrs. Moses Hyamson, Mrs. N. Taylor Phillips, Vice-Pres., Mrs. Isadore Freedman, Mrs. Mark Hurewitz, Mrs. Leo Jung, Mrs. Abraham Levitan, Mrs. Jacob Rabinowitz; Treas., Mrs. Adolph Schwarcz; Cor. Sec, Mrs. Edwin Kaufman; Rec. Sec, Mrs. Ralph Harte. WOMEN'S LEAGUE OF THE UNITED SYNAGOGUE OF AMERICA Org. Jan. 21, 1918. OFFICE: 531 W. 123d, New York City. Eleventh Annual Convention, April 29-May 1, 1928, Chicago, 111. PURPOSE: TO advance traditional Judaism by furthering Jewish education among women, by creating and fostering Jewish sentiment in the home, by promoting the observance of Jewish dietary laws and home ceremonials, Sabbath and Festivals, and by generally strengthening the religious institutions of the home. FOUNDER: Mrs. Solomon Schechter. OFFICERS: Hon. Pres., Mrs. Chas. I. Hoffman, Newark, N. J.; Pres., Mrs. Samuel Spiegel, N. Y. C; Vice-Pres., Mrs. Cyrus Adler, Phila., Pa.; Mrs. J. Bienenfeld, Syracuse, N. Y.; Mrs. Benj. Davis, Chicago, 111.; Mrs. Joseph Herzog, N. Y. C; Sarah Kussy, Newark, N. J.; Mrs. Morris Lurie, N. Y. C; Mrs. Sol. Rosenbloom, Pittsburgh, Pa.; Treas., Mrs. Louis Gottschall, N. Y. C; Rec. Sec, Mrs. Leon M. Solis- Cohen, New Rochelle, N. Y.

WOMEN'S ORGANIZATION FOR THE PIONEER WOMEN OF PALESTINE Org. 1926. OFFICE: 32 Union Square, New York City. Convention, Oct. 29-31, 1926, New York City. Members, 3,000. PURPOSE: TO help the Pioneer Women's Co-operatives in Palestine. OFFICERS: Treas., Mrs. Leah Brown, N. Y. C; Sec, Leah Biskin, 901 E. 179th, N. Y. C.

THE WORKMEN'S CIRCLE Org. Sept. 4, 1900. OFFICE: 175 East Broadway, New York City. Twenty-seventh Convention, May 3-7, 1927, Cleveland, O. JEWISH NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS 235

Members, 78,000. PURPOSE: Fraternal insurance and mutual aid. OFFICERS: Pres., J. Weinberg; Treas., Jacob Fishman; Sec, Joseph Baskin.

*YOUNG JUDAEA Org. 1908. OFFICE: 114 Fifth Av., New York City. Eighteenth Annual Convention, May 28-31, 1926, Long Branch, N. J. Number of Circles, 900. PURPOSE: TO advance the cause of Zionism; to further the mental, moral and physical development of the Jewish youth; and to promote Jewish culture and ideals in accordance with Jewish tradition. OFFICERS: Pres., David de Sola Pool; Chairman Exec. Com., Sam'l J. Borowsky, Vice-Pres., David Tannenbaum, Sylvan H. Kohn; Treas., Theodore R. Racoosin. YOUNG PEOPLE'S LEAGUE OF THE UNITED SYNAGOGUE OF AMERICA Org. 1921. OFFICE: 531 W. 123d, New York City. Sixth Annual Convention, Feb. 10-13, 1928, New York City. Members, 15,000. Societies, 130. PURPOSE: TO bring the Jewish youth nearer to traditional Judaism and to the Synagogue. OFFICERS: Pres., Herbert J. Roeder, N. Y. C; Vice-Pres., Jos. Fishberg, Trenton, N, J.; Henry Landau, N. Y. C; Sam'l A. Margolis, Boston, Mass.; Henry N. Rapaport, N. Y. C; Joseph Warren, Phila- delphia, Pa.; Treas., Emanuel R. Polack, N. Y. C.

. YOUNG POALE ZION Org. 1915. OFFICE: 32 Union Square, New York City. Sixth Annual Convention, Sept. 2-5, 1927, Toronto, Can. Members, 1,200. Branches, 35. PURPOSE: Junior; Socialist and Zionist education and activities. OFFICERS: Sec, Ben. V. Codor.

ZETA BETA TAU FRATERNITY Org. 1898; Inc. 1907. OFFICE: 551 Fifth Av., New York City. Twenty-eighth Annual Convention, Dec. 24-26, 1926, New York City. Next Annual Convention, Aug. 2-5, 1928, Los Angeles, Cal. Members, 4,000. Ranking as an intercollegiate Greek-letter fraternity with chapters in thirty-two universities and colleges, open to Jewish university men. OFFICERS: Sup. Nasi, Grover M. Moscowitz, Brooklyn, N. Y.; Sup. Vice-Nasi, I. Emanuel Sauder; Sup. Sophar (Sec.) Michael B. Wagen- heim, Norfolk, Va.; Sup. Gisbar (Treas.), Samuel R. Firestone, N. Y. C; Sup. Historian, Walter M. Barnett, Jr., New Orleans, La.; Sec. of Supreme Council, George Macy, 551 Fifth Av., N. Y. C.

*Indicates that revised data were not furnished upon request. 236 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK

ZIONIST LABOR PARTY "HITACHDUT ZEIRE ZION" OF AMERICA Org. 1920. OFFICE: 425 Lafayette, New York City. Annual Convention, May 30-June 2, 1926. Members, 2,000. PURPOSE: TO help in creating a Jewish free working community in Palestine and to renew the life of the Jewish people in the Diaspora on the basis of work and Hebrew culture.

ZIONIST ORGANIZATION OF AMERICA Org. 1897; Reorg. 1918. OFFICE: 111 Fifth Av., New York City. Twenty-ninth Annual Convention, June 27-29, 1926, Buffalo, N. Y. Members, 65,000. Central Fund, United Palestine Appeal, comprising Keren Hayesod, Jewish National Fund, Hadassah Medical Organization and Hebrew University Fund. Constituent Organizations: Hadassah, Order Sons of Zion, Young Judaea, American Zion Commonwealth, Inc. PUBLICATIONS: The New Palestine, a weekly for members, in English, Dos Yiddishe Folk; a weekly in Yiddish; Hatoren, a monthly, in Hebrew; Young Judean, a monthly for the Jewish youth, in English. OFFICERS: Pres., Louis Lipsky, N. Y. C; Hon. Vice-Pres., Henrietta Szold, N. Y. C; Joseph Barondess, N. Y. C; Reuben Brainin, N. Y. C; Max Heller, New Orleans, La.; Hirsch Mfesliansky, N. Y. C; David A. Lurie, Boston, Mass.; Vice-Chairman, Bernard A. Rosenblatt, N. Y. C; Max Shulman, Chicago, III.; A. H. Silver, Cleveland, O.; Abr. Goldberg, N. Y. C.;Mrs. Norvin R. Lindheim, N. Y. C; Mrs. Archibald Silver- man, Providence, R. I.; Treas., Isaac Meister, N. Y.; Assoc. Treas., Harry P. Fierst, N. Y. C; Hon. Sec, David J. Kaliski, N. Y. C; Sec, Meyer W. Weisgal, N. Y. C. JEWISH PERIODICALS IN THE UNITED STATES APRIL 1, 1928 [NOTE.—• indicates that revised data were not furnished by request]

THE AMERICAN HEBREW. 71 W. 47th, New York City. Weekly. Est. 1879. THE AMERICAN ISRAELITE. N. W. cor. 7th and Elm, Cincinnati, O. Weekly. Est. 1854. THE AMERICAN JEWISH WORLD. Palace Building, Minneapolis, Minn. Weekly. Est. 1912 as THE JEWISH WEEKLT. DER AMERIKANER (The Jewish American—Woman's Magazine and Gazette). 77 Bowery, New York City, Yiddish. Weekly. Est. /904. APIRYON. 2 Palisade Av., Flagg Bldg., Yonkers, N. Y. Hebrew. Monthly. Est. 1923. * ATLANTIC WEEKLY. 15. S. Congress Av., Atlantic City, N. J. Yiddish and English. Weekly. Est. 1922. B'NAI B'RITH MAGAZINE. 40 Electric Bldg., Cincinnati, O. Monthly. Est. 1886. B'NAI B'RITH MESSENGER.- 2d and Hill, Los Angeles, Cal. Weekly. Est. 1896. THE BOSTON JEWISH AMERICAN AND WOMEN'S MAGAZINE. Boston, Mass. Yiddish. Weekly. Est. 1908. BROOKLYN REVIEW. 201 Montague, Brooklyn, N. Y. Weekly. Est. 1927. THE BUFFALO JEWISH REVIEW. 35 Pearl, Buffalo, N. Y. Weekly. Est. 1912 as THE AMERICAN JEWISH REVIEW. CALIFORNIA JEWISH REVIEW. Ill W. 4th, 305 I. W. Hellman Bldg., Los Angeles, Cal. Weekly. Est. 1921. CHICAGO CHRONICLE. 35 N. Dearborn, Chicago, 111. Weekly. Est. 1918. THE CHICAGO ISRAELITE. 116 S. Michigan Av., Chicago, 111. Weekly. Est. 1853. CONNECTICUT HEBREW RECORD. 251 Causeway, Boston, Mass. Weekly. Est. 1920. THE DAILY JEWISH CALL. Chicago, 111. Yiddish. Daily. Est. 1900 DER TEGLICHER YIDDISHER KOL. *THE DAILY JEWISH COURIER (Der Taeglicher Juedischer Courier). 1214 S. Halsted, Chicago, 111. Yiddish. Daily. Est. 1887. THE DAY. 183 E. Broadway, New York City. Yiddish. Daily. Est. 1914. THE DETROIT JEWISH CHRONICLE. 525 Woodward Av., Detroit, Mich. Weekly. Est. 1916. EMANU-EL. Hardie Bldg., 222 Kearney, San Francisco, Cal. Weekly. Est. 1895. EVERY FRIDAY. 430 Reading Road, Cincinnati, O.. Weekly. Est. 1927. 237 238 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK

FAR'N FOLK. 425 Lafayette, New York City. Yiddish. Bi-monthly. Est. 1923. DIE FREIE ARBEITER STIMME (Free Voice of Labor). 48 Canal, Xcw York City. Yiddish. Weekly. Est. 1899. *FREIHEIT. 30 Union Square, New York City. Yiddish. Daily. Est. 1922. *DER GROISER KUNDES (The Big Stick). 201 E. Broadway,' New York City. Yiddish. Weekly. Est. 1909. HADOAR. Ill Fifth Aw, New York City. Hebrew. Weekly. Est. 1921. 1921. HEBREW WATCHMAN. 266 Vance, Memphia, Tenn. Weekly. Est. 1925. HUDSON JEWISH NEWS. 92 Montgomery, Jersey City, N. J. Yiddish and English. Weekly. Est. 1922. THE INDIANA JEWISH CHRONICLE. 819 Meyer-Kiser Bank Bldg., Indianapolis, Ind. Weekly. Est. 1921. IN SICH. 771 Grote, New York City. Yiddish. Monthly. Est. 1925. INTERMOUNTAIN JEWISH NEWS. 1950 Curtis, Denver, Colo. Weekly. Est. 1915 as DENVER JEWISH NEWS. THE JEWISH ADVOCATE. 251 Causeway, Boston, Mass. Weekly. Est. 1897. THE JEWISH CENTER. 71 W. 47th, New York City. Quarterly. Est. 1922. Issued by the Jewish Welfare Board. THE JEWISH CHRONICLE. 190 Badger Av., Newark, N. J. Weekly. Est. 1921. THE JEWISH CRITERION. 1003 Clark Bldg., Pittsburgh, Pa. Weekly. Est. 1895. JEWISH DAILY BULLETIN. 611 Broadway, New York City. Daily. Est. 1924. THE JEWISH EXPONENT. New Public Ledger Bldg., Philadelphia, Pa. Weekly. Est. 1887. JEWISH FARMER. 301 E. 14th, New York City. Yiddish and English. Monthly. Est. 1908. THE JEWISH FORUM. 2000 Broadway, New York City. Monthly. Est. 1918. THE JEWISH INDEPENDENT. 731 Bolivar Rd., Cleveland, Ohio. Weekly. Est. 1906. THE JEWISH INDICATOR (Vegviser). 1520 Center Av., Pittsburgh, Pa. Yiddish and English. Weekly. Est. 1884 as JEWISH VOLKSFREUND. Reorg. 1921. JEWISH INSTITUTE QUARTERLY. 40 W. 68th, New York City. Quar- terly. Est. 1924. THE JEWISH LEDGER. 938 Lafayette, New Orleans, La. Weekly. Est. 1895. JEWISH LEDGER. 1239 Granite Bldg., Rochester, N. Y. Weekly. Est. 1924. THE JEWISH MONITOR. 287 W. 10th, Forth Worth, Texas. Weekly. Est. 1914. THE JEWISH MORNING JOURNAL—Yiddisher Tageblat (Der Morgen Journal and the Jewish Daily News) 77 Bowery, New York City. Yiddish. Daily. Est. 1901. Amalgamated with Jewish Daily News (Est. 1885) April, 1928. JEWISH PERIODICALS 239

JEWISH MUSICAL WORLD AND THEATRE MAGAZINE. 5 Beekman, New York City. Yiddish. Monthly. Est. 1923. JEWISH PRESS. 490 Brandeis Theatre Bldg., Omaha, Neb. Weekly. Est. 1920. THE JEWISH PRESS. 576 12th, Milwaukee, Wis. Yiddish and Eng- lish. Weekly. Est. 1919. THE JEWISH QUARTERLY REVIEW. S. E. cor. Broad and York, Phila- delphia, Pa. New Series. Est. 1910. Published by the Dropsie College for Hebrew and Cognate Learning. *THE JEWISH RECORD (Der Yiddisher Record). 1127 Blue Island Av., Chicago, 111. Yiddish. Weekly. Est. 1909. THE JEWISH RECORD. 5030 Eaton Av., St. Louis| Mo. Yiddish. Weekly. Est. 1913. •JEWISH RECORD. 119 W. Nueva, San Antonio, Tex. Weekly. Est. 1924. THE JEWISH REVIEW. 906 Union Trust Bldg., Providence, R. I. Weekly. Est. 1920. THE JEWISH REVIEW AND OBSERVER. 1150 W. 3d, Cleveland, Ohio. Weekly. Est. 1888. JEWISH SOCIAL SERVICE QUARTERLY. 330 S. 9th, Philadelphia, Pa. Quarterly. Est. 1924. THE JEWISH TIMES. Suite 911, Lexington Bldg., Baltimore, Md. Weekly. Est. 1919. JEWISH TRANSCRIPT. 1616 8th Av., Seattle, Wash. Weekly. Est. 1924. THE JEWISH TRIBUNE. Cowan Bldg., 57O-7th, Av., New York City. Weekly. Est. 1903 at Portland, Ore., moved to New York City, 1919. HEBREW STANDARD (est. 1882) amalgamated with THE JEWISH TRIBUNE, 1922. JEWISH VETERAN. 15 Park Row, New York City. Monthly. Est. 1925. Published by Jewish Veterans of the Wars of the Republic. ' THE JEWISH VOICE. 28 Nicholson, Newark, N. J. English-Yiddish. Weekly. Est. 1924. JEWISH VOICE. 239 Peyton Bldg., Spokane, Wash. Weekly. Est. 1928. THE JEWISH WOMAN. 2109 Broadway, New York City. Quarterly. Est. 1921. Published by The National Council of Jewish Women. THE JEWISH WORLD. 50th and Woodland, Cleveland, Ohio. Yiddish. Daily. Est. 1908. THE JEWISH WORLD. 223 S. 5th, Philadelphia, Pa. Yiddish and English. Daily. Est. 1914. THE JEWISH WORLD. 1824 Washington Av., St. Louis, Mo. Yiddish and English. Weekly. Est. 1928. THE KANSAS CITY JEWISH CHRONICLE. 304 W. 10th, Kansas City, Mo. Weekly. Est. 1920. MENORAH JOURNAL. 63 5th Av., New York City. Monthly. Est. 1915. Published by the Intercollegiate Menorah Association. DER MILWAUKER WOCHENBLATT (The Milwaukee Weekly). 576 12th, Milwaukee, Wis. Yiddish and English. Weekly. Est. 1914. THE MODERN VIEW. 210 Olive, St. Louis, Mo. Weekly. Est. 1901. 240 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK

THE NEW PALESTINE. Ill 5th Av., N. Y. C. Weekly. Est. 1921. Successor to THE MACCABEAN, Est. 1901. Organ of the Zionist Organization of America. OHIO JEWISH CHRONICLE. 508 Schultz Bldg., Columbus, O. Weekly. Est. 1920. OIFKUM. 84 Bowery, New York City. Yiddish. Monthly. Est. 1925. PASSAIC JEWISH RECORD. 625 Main Av., Passaic, N. J. Yiddish and English. Weekly. Est. 1926. PHILADELPHIA JEWISH TIMES. S. W. cor. 9th and Chestnut, Phila- delphia, Pa. Weekly. Est. 1925. REFLEX. 250 W. 57th, New York City. Monthly. Est. 1927. THE REFORM ADVOCATE. 7 S. Dearborn, Chicago, 111. Weekly. Est. 1891. THE SCRIBE. 625 Railway Exchange Bldg., Portland, Ore. Weekly. Est. 1919. THE SENTINEL. 116-124 S. Clinton, Chicago, 111. Weekly. Est. 1910. SHRIFTEN (Writings). 425 Lafayette, New York City. Quarterly. Est. 1912. SPRINGFIELD HEBREW RECORD. 251 Causeway, Boston, Mass. Weekly. Est. 1923. STARK COUNTY JEWISH NEWS. 1333 Shorb Av., N. W., Canton, O. Bi-monthly. Est. 1921. TEXAS JEWISH HERALD. 41 iyi Fannin, Houston, Texas. Weekly. Est. 1908 as THE JEWISH HERALD. THE TOLEDO ISRAELITE. 614 Spitzer Bldg., Toledo, Ohio. Monthly. Est. 1915. Published by the Union of American Hebrew Congregations. UNION TIDINGS. Merchants' Bldg., Cincinnati, Ohio. Monthly. Est. 1919. Published by the Union of American Hebrew Congregations. UNITED SYNAGOGUE RECORDER. 531 W. 123d, New York City. Quarterly. Est. 1921. Organ of the United Synagogue of America, the Women's League, and the Young People's League. THE VANGUARD. 32 Union Square, New York City. Monthly. Est. 1927. LA YARA. 7 Rivington, New York City. Judeo-Spanish. Weekly. Est. 1922. VORWARTS (Jewish Daily Forward). 175 E. Broadway, New York City. Yiddish. Daily. Est. 1897. WISCONSIN JEWISH CHRONICLE. 383 Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wis. Weekly. Est. 1920. Dos YIDDISCHE FOLK. Ill Fifth Av., New York City. Yiddish. Weekly. Est. 1909. Yiddish Organ of the Zionist Organization of America. YIDDISHER ARBEITER. 32 Union Sq., New York City. Yiddish. Weekly. Est. 1923. YOUNG ISRAEL. Merchants' Bldg., Cincinnati, Ohio. Monthly. Est. 1913. Published by the Department of Synagogue and School Extension, Union of American Hebrew Congregations. JEWISH PERIODICALS 241

YOUNG JUDAEAN. Ill Fifth Av., New York City. Monthly. Est. 1910. Published by Young Judaea. DIE ZUKUNFT (The Future). 175 E. Broadway, New York City. Yiddish. Monthly. Est. 189S. JEWISH NEWS AGENCY THE JEWISH TELEGRAPHIC AGENCY, 611 Broadway, New York City. Est. 1920.

JEWISH MEMBERS OF THE CONGRESS OF THE UNITED STATES

PAST

ANSORGE, MARTIN C, 1882- . Rep. from N. Y., 1921-1922. BENJAMIN, JUDAH PHILIP, 1812-1884. Sen. from La., 1853-1861. CANTOR, JACOB A., 1854-1920. Rep. from N. Y.( 1913-1915. EINSTEIN, EDWIN, 1842-1906. Rep. from N. Y., 1879-188L EMERICH, MARTIN, 1847-1922. Rep. from 111., 1903-1907. FISCHER, ISRAEL F., 1858- . Rep. from N. Y., 1895-1899. FRANK, NATHAN, 1852- . Rep. from Mo., 1889-1891. GOLDFOGLE, HENRY M., 1856- . Rep. from N. Y., 1901-1915, 1919- 1921. GOLDZIER, JULIUS, 1854-1925. Rep. from 111., 1893-1895. GUGGENHEIM, SIMON, 1867- . 'Sen. from Colo., 1907-1913. HART, EMANUEL B., 1809-1897. Rep. from N. Y., 1851-1853. HOUSEMAN, JULIUS, 1832-1891. Rep. from Mich., 1883-1885. JONAS, BENJAMIN FRANKLIN, 1834-1911. Sen. from La., 1879-1885. KAHN, JULIUS, 1861-1924. Rep. from Cal., 1889-1902, 1905-1924. KRAUSS, MILTON, 1866- . Rep. from 111., 1917-1922. LESSLER, MONTAGUE, 1869- . Rep. from N. Y., 1902-1903. LEVIN, LEWIS CHARLES, 1808-1860. Rep. from Pa., 1845-1851. LEVY, DAVID. See YULEE, DAVID LEVY. LEVY, JEFFERSON MONROE, 1852-1924. Rep. from N. Y., 1899-1901, 1911-1915. LITTAUER, Lucius NATHAN, 1859- . Rep. from N. Y., 1897-1907. LONDON, MEYER, 1871-1926. Rep. from N. Y., 1915-1917, 1921-1923. •MARX, SAMUEL, 1867-1922. Rep. from N. Y., 1922. MAY, MITCHELL, 1871- . Rep. from N. Y., 1899-1901. MEYER, ADOLPH, 1842-1908. Rep. from La., 1891-1908. MORSE, LEOPOLD, 1831-1892. Rep. from Mass., 1877-1885; 1887-1889. PERLMAN, NATHAN D., 1887- . Rep. from N. Y., 1920-1927. PHILLIPS, HENRY MYER, 1811-1884. Rep. from Pa., 1857-1859. PHILLIPS, PHILIP, 1807-1884. Rep. from Ala., 1853-1855.

*Died before taking his seat. 243 244 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK

PULITZER, JOSEPH, 1847-1911. Rep. from N. Y., 1885-1886. RAYNER, ISADOR, 1850-1912. Rep. from Md., 1887-1895. Sen. from Md., 1905-1912. ROSENBLOOM, B. L., 1880- . Rep. from Wheeling, W. Va., 1921. ROSSDALE, ALBERT B., 1878- . Rep. from N. Y., 1921-1922. SIEGEL, ISAAC, 1880- . Rep. from N. Y., 1915-1922. SIMON, JOSEPH, 1851- . Sen. from Ore., 1897-1903. STRAUS, ISIDOR, 1845-1912. Rep. from N. Y., 1894-1895. STROUSE, MYER, 1825-1878. Rep. from Pa., 1863-1867. VOLK. LESTER DAVID, 1884- . Rep. from N. Y., 1921-1923. WOLK, HARRY B., 1880- . Rep. from Md., 1907-1909. YULEE, DAVID LEVY, 1811-1886. Del. from Fla., 1841-1845. Sen. from Fla.. 1845-1851, 1855-1861.

PRESENT (MEMBERS OF THE SEVENTIETH CONGRESS) BACHARACH, ISAAC, Republican, Representative, Atlantic City ,1915— BERGER, VICTOR L., Socialist, Representative, Milwaukee, 1923— BLOOM, SOL., Democrat, Representative, New York City, 1923- CELLER, EMANUEL, Democrat, Rspresentative, New York City, 1923- COHEN, WM. W., Democrat, Representative, New York City, 1926— DICKSTEIN, SAMUEL, Democrat, Representative, New York City, 1923- GOLDER, BENJAMIN,M. Republican, Representative, Philadelphia, 1924— JACOBSTEIN, MEYER, Democrat, Representative, Rochester, 1923- KAHN. FLORENCE PRAG (MRS. JULIUS), Republican, Representative, San Francisco, 1925- SABATH, ADOLPH ]., Democrat, Representative, Chicago, 1907- SIROVICH, WM. I., Democrat, Representative, New York City, 1926— STATISTICS OF JEWS

BY H. S. LINFIELD, PH. D., Director, Statistical Department of the American Jewish Committee

INTRODUCTORY NOTE

The present article on statistics of Jews is largely a reprint of the writer's article published in the preceding volume of the AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK. Every table, however, has been revised and brought up-to-date. With regard to Jewish population statistics, it should be borne in mind that the figures arrived at on the basis of a religious or nationality census are likely to be inaccurate to some extent. This is partly due to the fact that there is sometimes a tendency on the part of census enumerators to minimize the number of persons of a minority religion or nationality, and partly because some Jews report their nationality as that of the majority population, or decline to answer the question as to religion or nationality.

245 246 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK

A LIST OF THE COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD AND THEIR JEWS' The total in Jews of the world is over 15,324,515 persons scattered over the whole earth. Almost every country in the world has its Jews. The table below gives a list of the countries, the number of the Jews which is known. TABLE I Name of Country Number of jews Name of Country Number of Jewa Abyssinia 50,000 Morocco (French) 117,512 Aden and Perim 3,747 Morocco (Spanish) 8,000 Afghanistan 18,135 Netherlands2 150,000 Alaska 500 New Zealand2 2,380 Algeria 100,000 Norway2 1,457 Arabia 25,000 Palestine2 157,800e Argentina2 200,000 Panama 25e Australia2 21,615 Panama Canal Zone.... 750 Austria 350,000 Paraguay2 400 Azerbajdjan 24,676c Persia 40.000 Belgium 44,000 Peru 300e Brazil 30,000e Philippine Islands 500 British Empire 514,442 Poland2 2,854,000 British Malaya 703 Porto Rico 200 Bulgaria 43,209 Portugal 1.000 Canada2 126,196 Portuguese East Africa.. 100 Chile2 2,000 (Mozambique) China2 12,000 Rhodesia (Northern).... 110 Congo (Belgian) 177 Rhodesia (Southern).... 1,289 Crimea2 51,516 Roumania2 900,000 Cuba 8,200 Russia (R. S. F. S. R.)2. . 518.260 Curacao 565 Russia (R. S. F. S. R.) in Cyprus 195 Europe2 2,662,139 Czecho-Slovakia2 354,342 Russia (U. S. S. R.)..... 2,820,429 Danzig2 9,239 Russia (U. S. S. R.) in Denmark2 5,947 Asia2 114,953 Dominican Republic. .. 55 Saar Region 4,554 Egypt2 59,581 Serb-Croat-Slovene Sta. 64,159 Esthonia 4,566 Siberia 44,725 Finland 1,715 S. W. Africa 200 France 200,000 Spain 4,000 France and Possessions. 551,000 Surinam (Dutch Guiana) 818 Georgia 23,433e Syria and Lebanon2 35,000 Germany 564,379 Sweden 6,469 Gibraltar2 1,123 Switzerland2 20,979 Great Britain 297,000 Tanganyika (German Greece 125,000 East Africa) 10 Guiana (British) l,786e Tangier Zone 15,000c Hawaii 77 Trans-Caucasian Rep.... 57,608 Hong Kong 150 Tunisia2 65,000 Hungary 473,310 Turkey in Asia 70,000 India 21,778 Turkey in Europe 120,000 Indo-China (French)2. . 1,000 Ukraine2 1,795,540 Iraq 87,488 Union of South Africa'.. . 62,103 Irish Free State2 5,148 United States (Contin'l). 4,228,029 Italy 50,000 United States and Jamaica 1.250 Possessions 4,229,401 Japan 1.000 UruRtiay 150 Kenya 100 Uzbek and Turcoman Latvia 2,120 Republics 25,683 Kirghizia2 95.675 Venezuela 411 Libya2 43,000 Virgin Islands 70 Lithuania2 155,125 WVn Russia (Gov't of Luxemburg2 1,353 Witebsk) 115,613 Malta 35 White Russia 395,184 Mexico 16,000 'Basel on trie- l.ircst official census or authoritative estimate. For details aee tables III to VII. See also explnnatory notes following Table VIII. 2See notes on Tables I—VIII. STATISTICS OF JEWS 247

A. JEWS IN THE UNITED STATES The Government of the United States and the Governments of the States, in making their various censuses, take no account of the religious affiliations of the inhabitants. There are therefore, no official statistics of the number of Jews in the country, and such figures as have been used from time to time were all based on estimates. In 1927, new estimates were compiled according to methods described elsewhere in this volume. (See pp. 000.) These figures are the first compiled on a comprehensive scale since 1917. For various detailed tables the reader is referred to these pages. Below we present only a summary table giving the number of Jews in continental United States and in the outlying possessions.

TABLE II

JEWS IN CONTINENTAL UNITED STATES AND OUTLYING POSSESSIONS (Estimated, 1927)

Total Jews Per Cent Population

Continental United States 118,628,000 4,228,029 3.5 Outlying Possessions: Alaska , 55,036' 500* 255,912 775 22.8581 25' Porto Rico 1,299,809 200» 10,350,640* 500« Virgin Islands 26,051> 70« Total Outlying Possessions 12,010,306 1,372 .01 Grand Total 130,638,306 4,229,401 3.2

'Census of 1920 'Estimate of 1917 !Census December 31, 1918 'Estimate of 1926 'Census November 1, 1917 •Estimate of 1923

The table given above shows that in 1927 Jews formed 3.5% of the total population in continental United States compared with 3.2% estimated in 1917. The number of Jews in the outlying possessions, however, was small compared with the total populations of those possessions, the percentage of Jews being 0.01. 248 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK B. JEWISH POPULATION OF THE WORLD Although Jews live all over the world, the density of the Jewish population varies. Of the 15,324,515 Jews in the world, nearly two-thirds live in Europe and over 30% live in North and South America. Asia, Africa, and Australasia together have but 7.45% of the total Jewish population: Asia, 3.85%, Africa, 3.41%, and Australasia, 1.1%. TABLE III DISTRIBUTION OF THE JEWS OF THE WORLD BY CONTINENTS

Continent Jewish Population Per Cent of Total Europe 9,570,118 62.45 4,617,705 30.13 Africa 522,182 3.41 Asia 589,938 3.85 Australasia 24,572 .16 Total 15,324,515 100.00 AMERICA Of the Jews who live on the American continent, 4,381,250 dwell in North America and the West Indies, where they constitute 2.96% of the total population, and 236,455 in Central and South America, forming 0.42% of the total population. In North America the Jews are concentrated in Continental United States (3%) and in Canada (1.43%). In South America more than 92% of the Jews live in Argentina, where, however, they constitute only 2.09% of the total population. TABLE IV DISTRIBUTION OF JEWS OF AMERICA BY GEOGRAPHICAL DIVISIONS AND COUNTRIES Gen. Jewish Per Name Population Yr. Population Yr. Cent

NORTH AMERICA AND WEST INDIES Canada3 8,788.483c. 1921 126,196c.' 1921 1.43 United States (Continental) 118,628,OOOe. 1927 4,228,029e. 1927 3.5 Alaska 55.036c. 1920 500e. 1917 Cuba 2,889,004c. 1918 8,2OOe. 1925 Dominican Republic 897,405c. 1921 55c. 1921 .006 Jamaica 858,188c. 1921 1.250c. 1921 .14 Mexico 14.234,799c. 1921 16,000e. 1927 Panama Canal Zone 22,858 75Oe. 1926 Porto Rico 1,299,809c. 1920 200e. 1917 Virgin Islands 26,051c. 1917 70e. 1923 Total. 147,699,633 4,381,250 2.96

SOUTH AND CENTRAL AMERICA Argentina1 9,548,092c. 1924 200,000e. 1924 2.09 Brazil 30,635,605c. 1920 30,000e. 1927 Chile2 3,754.723c. 1920 2,000e. 1924 Curacao 56,371c. 1923 565c. 1920 Guiana (British) 297.691c. 1921 l,786e. 1925 Panama 442,522e. 1923 25e. 1926 Paraguay 1,000,000c. 1917 400e. 1924 Peru 5,S5O,OO0e. 1921 300e. 1927 Surinam 133,561c. 1923 818c. 1923 .13 Uruguay l,S64,620c. 1922 150c. 1910 Venezuela 3,026,878e. 1926 411c. 1894 Total. 56,010,063 236,455 .42 Grand Total 203,709,696 4.617,705 2.27 •The letter "c" following a figure indicates that it is based on a census, "e" that it is based on an estimate. !See notes on Tables I—VIII. STATISTICS OF JEWS 249

EUROPE The bulk of the Jews of Europe live in a group of adjacent countries located in the center of the continent, which region may be designated as the "Jewish" Central Europe. In it the Jews form 6.58% of the total population. In the countries to the north of this "Jewish" Cent- ral Europe, Jews form not more than .33 % of the total population; while in the countries to the west and south of that region the Jewish numbers represent .65% of the total population. TABLE V DISTRIBUTION OF JEWS OF EUROPE BY GEOGRAPHICAL DIVISION AND COUNTRIES Gen. Jewish Per Name Population Yr. Population Yr. Cent

WESTERN AND SOUTHERN EUROPE Belgium 7,666,055e. 1923 44,000e. 1921 5,483,125c. 1926 43,209c. 1926 310,715c. 1921 195c. 1921 .79 Danzig2 383,995c. 1924 9,239c. 1924 2.4 Denmark2 3,267,831c. 1921 5,947c. 1921 .18 40,743,851c. 1926 200,000e. 1926 62,348,782c. 19?S 564,379c. 1925 .09 Gibraltar2 22,018c. 1921 1,123c. 1920 42,918,253c. 1921 297,000e. 1924 5,536,375c. 19?0 125,000e. 1925 2.25 Irish Free State2 2,972,802'c. 1926 4,555e. 1911 .17 Italy 38,755,576c. 1921 50,000e. 1924 260,767c. 197? 1,353c. 1922 .52 224,680c. 1921 35e. 1920 Netherlands2 6,865,314c. 19?0 150,000e. 1925 Portugal 6,032,991c. 1970 1,000e. 1921 773,764c. 1976 5,000e. 1920 5.1 Serb-Croat-Slovene State 12,017,323c. 1920 64,159c. 1920 .53 Spain 21,347,335c. 1970 4,000e. 1970 .02 3,888,320c. 1920 20,979c. 1920 .54 Turkey (Eur.)2 1,203,151c. 1927 12O,000e. 1923 Total 263,023,023 1,711,320 .65

CENTRAL EUROPE 6,535,759c. 1923 35O,OOOe. 1920 Czecho-Slovakia2 13,613,172c. 1971 354,342c. 1921 2.7 7,987,143c. 1970 473,310c. 1970 6.0 1,844,805c. 1925 95,675c. 1925 5.18 2,203,312e. 197S 155,125c. 1971 Poland2 27,192,674c. 1921 2,854,00Oe. 1921 10.49 17,700,OOOe. 197S 900,000e. 1925 5.5 Russia (U.S.S.R.) in Europe2 Crimea2 7,616,000e. 1971 51,516c. 1920 West Russia (Gov't of Witebsk)2. 1,353,078c. 1920 115,613c. 1920 7.15 White Russia2 2,444,675e. 1974 395,184c. 1970 Ukraine2 26.178,O0Oe. 1924 1.795,540c. 1920 Total 114,668,618 7,540,305 6.58

NORTHERN EUROPE 1,110,538c. 197? 4,566c. 1977 .41 3,558,O59e. 19?fi l,715e. 1926 .05 2,646,306c. 1970 1,457c. 197(1 .06 Russia (R. S. F. S. R. exclusive of Crimea and West Russia) * 82,850,000e. 1924 304,286c. 1920 5,904,489c. 1920 6,469c. 1920 .11 Total 96,069,392 318,493 .33 Grand Total 473,761,033 9,570,118 2.02 'Preliminary figure. 250 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK

ASIA On the continent of Asia the Jews live in concentrated numbers only in Palestine and in the Arabic-speaking countries to the north, east, and south of Palestine. In this region the Jews form 1,95% of the total population. In the adjacent countries of Asia Minor, Central Asia, and Northern Asia, the Jews constitute .4% of the total population. In the countries to the east and south, namely, India, China, and Japan, the number of Jews is comparatively very small, being only .005% of the total population. However, the percentage of the Jewish population to the total white population is considerable in some of those countries.

TABLE VI

DISTRIBUTION OF JEWS OF ASIA BY GEOGRAPHICAL

DIVISIONS AND COUNTRIES

Gen. Name Yr. Jewish Per Population Population Yr. Cent PALESTINE AND NEIGHBORING COUNTRIES Palestine2 887,OOOe. 1926 157,8OOe. 1926 17 79 10.000,000e. 1921 25,000e. 54,923c. 1920 3,747c. 1911 6.82 Iraq 2.849,282c. 1921 87,488c. 1920 3.1 Syria and Lebanon' 2,046.857e. 1926 35,OOOe. 1922 Total 15,838,062 309,035 1.95 ASIA MINOR, CENTRAL AND NORTHERN ASIA 12,000,000e. 1925 18.135e. Azerbajdjan % 2,205,2O0e. 1976 24,676c. 1971 Georgia , 2.541,4O0e. 1926 23,433c. 1922 Kirghizia2 5,058,553c. 1923 2,120c. 1920 Persia . . . 10.000,000e. 40.000e. Siberia 11,069,550c. 1920 44,725c. 1920 .4 Turkey in Asia 12,446,794e. 1927 70,000e. 1923 Uzbek and Turcoman Republics2.. 5,194.7OOe. 1926 25,683c. 1923 Total. 60,516,197 244,272 0.4

EASTERN AND SOUTHERN ASIA British Malaya 3,358,054c. 1971 703c. 1921 .02 China1 318,653,000e. 1911 12,000e. 1921 625,166c. 1921 150e. 1920 India, States and Agencies 318,942.480c. 1921 21,778c. 1921 .01 Indo-China (French)2 16,813,000c. 1914 l.OOOe. 1924 Japan 59,460,252c. 1922 l,000e. 1922 .001 Total 717,851,952 36,631 .005 Grand Tota! 794,206,211 589,938 STATISTICS OF JEWS 251

AFRICA

The great majority of the Jews of Africa live in the northern part of the continent in the Arabic-speaking countries along the Mediter- ranean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean. The combined population of these countries, of 26,508,315 includes 408,093 Jews, 1.53%. There are also Jewish communities in the central part of the African continent, the so-called Black Africa, where the Jews constitute a considerable percentage of the white European populations. This is especially the case in the Union of South Africa where the Jews form 4.1% of the white population of 1,519,488 in that country. There are said to be 50,000 Falashas in East Africa (Abyssinia).

TABLE VII

DISTRIBUTION OF JEWS OF AFRICA BY GEOGRAPHICAL DIVISIONS AND COUNTRIES

Gen. Jewish Per Name Population Yr. Population Yr. Cent

NORTHERN PART (ARABIC- SPEAKING COUNTRIES) Algeria 6,064,865c. 1926 lOO.OOOe. 1926 Egypt1 12,750,918c. 1917 59,581c. 1917 Libya' 765,000 1921 43,000 1921 Morocco (French)1 4,216,824e. 1926 117,512e. 1926 Morocco (Spanish) 55O,OOOe. 1921 8,000e. 1927 Tangier Zone 100,000e. 1927 15,000e. 1927 23.08 Tunis2 2,059,708c. 1926 65,OOOe. 1926 3.1

Total 26,508,315 408,093 1.53

EASTERN PART Abyssinia 10,000,000e. 1925 50,000e. 1922

SOUTHERN PART (BLACK AFRICA) Congo (Belgian) 8,510,037 177e. 1923 Kenya 2,344,000e. 1921 lOOe. 1924 Portuguese East Africa (Mozambique) 3,120,000e. lOOe. 1923 Rhodesia: North Rhodesia 931,500e. 1921 110c. 1921 .16 South Rhodesia 803,620c. 1921 1,289c. 1921 .01 South-West Africa 227,732e. 1921 200e. 1925 Tanganyika (German East Africa). 4,107,000c. 1921 lOe. 1923 Union of South Africa2 6,928,580c. 1921 62,103c. 1921 Total 26,972,469 64,089 .24 Grand Total 63,480,784 522,182

5See notes. 252 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK

AUSTRALASIA Only 24,645 Jews live in Australasia, constituting .14% of the total population. Of that number, 21,615 Jews live in Australia, where they constitute .37% of the total population. TABLE VIII DISTRIBUTION OF JEWS OF AUSTRALASIA BY COUNTRIES Name Gen. Jewish Per Population Yr. Population Yr. Cent Australia2 5,777,262c. 1921 21,615c. 1921 .37 255,912c. 1920 77c. 1926 New Zealand2... 1,284,873c. 1921 2.380c. 1921 .19 Philippine Islands 10.350,640c. 1918 SOOe. 1917 Grand Total 17.668.687 24,572 .14 2See notes on Tables I-XI. TABLE IX LIST OF IMPORTANT CITIES AND THEIR JEWS1

Gen. Jewish Per Name Population Yr. Population Yr. Cent

Alexandria 450,000 1920 29,207 1920 6.5 Algiers 206,595 1921 15,943c. 1921 7.7 Amsterdam 647,427c. 1920 67,249c. 1920 10.4 Antwerp 334,000 1921 22,OOOe. 1921 6.5 Bagdad 250,000c. 1920 50,000c. 1920 20.0 Brussels 685,000 1921 20,000e. 1921 2.9 Budapest 925,724c. 1920 217,545c. 1920 23.5 Cairo 795,000 1920 24,885 1920 3.1 Copenhagen 561,344 1921 5,875c. 1921 1.04 Cracow 183,706 1921 45,192 1921 24.6 Czernowitz 91.852c. 1919 43,555c. 1919 47.4 Ghomel 64,786 1917 30,320 1917 46.8 Haifa 24,469 1922 6,230 1922 25.4 Jaffa 47.709c. 1922 20,152c. 1922 42.2 Jerusalem 62,578c. 1922 33,971c. 1922 54.7 Johannesburg 288,131 1921 22,335c. 1921 7.75 Kiev 272,573 1923 128,141 1923 47. Kovno 91.302c. 24,691c. 27.04 Lemberg 219,388 1921 76.854 1921 35. Leningrad 1,018,630 1923 52,370 1923 5.14 Lodz 452,079 1921 155,860 1921 34.5 Minsk 152.587 1917 67,599 1917 44.3 I Montreal 618,506 1921 42,817 1921 6.9 Moscow 1,424,854 1923 86,171 1923 6.04 Prague 676,657c. 1921 31,751c. 1921 4.69 Rabat 30,953c. 1921 3,004c. 1921 9.7 Riga 181,443c. 1920 39,443c. Rome 600,000 11,000 1922 Safed 8,760c. 1922 2,986c. 1922 34.1 Sofia 154,431c. 1920 20,000 1920 12.9 Tallinn (Revel) 1,929c. 1922 Tiberias 6,950c. 1922 4.427c. 1922 63.7 Toronto 521,893 1921 34.619 1921 6.6 Tripoli 64,759c. 1918 12,951c. 1918 20.0 Tunis 79,175c. 1921 19,029c. 1921 24.0 Vienna" 1,856,780c. 1923 201,513c.1 1923 10.8 Warsaw 936,046c. 1921 309,165c. 1921 33. Winnipeg 179,087 1921 14,449 1921 8.1 'See notes on Tables I—VIII STATISTICS OF JEWS 253

NOTES ON TABLES MX

ARGENTIN \. The figure for the Jewish population is the estimate of the Jewish Colonization Association. AUSTRALIA. The figure for the Jewish population is exclusive of the possible number of Jews among the 20,544 enumerated in 1921 as of "no religion" and 92,258 as of "unknown" religion. AZERBAJDJAN. The figure for the Jews is that for those who were enumerated in the towns in the census of 1923. No Jews were enumerated in the country places. BRITISH MALAYA. The figure for the general population includes 14,954 Europeans. CANADA. The figure for the Jewish population is on the basis of nationality. It has been estimated that the Jewish population numbered 140,000 in 1921. CHILE. The figure for the Jewish population is an estimate of the number of Jews who lived in Santiago, Valparaiso, Concepcion, and Temuco in 1924. CHINA. The figure for the Jewish population is an estimate of the number of Jews who lived in 1920 in Harbin, Tientsin, Shanghai, Haitar, Chang-Blung, Dairen (Baluy), and Kiarta Hankow. CRIMEA. See the note on the UNION OF SOCIALIST SOVIET REPUBLICS. CUBA. The figure given for the Jews includes 2,700 Sephardic Jews and 5,500 Ashkenasic Jews. CZECHO-SLOVAKIA. The figure for the Jewish population is on the basis of religion and it is exclusive of the possible number of Jews among the 724, 507 enumerated in 1921 as of "no religion," 522,333 not included in the religious census, and 238,808 aliens. DANZIG. The figure for the Jewish population is exclusive of the possible number of Jews among the 2,815 enumerated in 1924 as of "no religion," or of "unknown" religion. DENMARK. The figure for the Jewish population is exclusive of the possible number of Jews among the 12,744 enumerated in 1921 as of "no religion." 254 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK

EGYPT. The figure for the Jewish population is exclusive of the possible number of Jews among the 8,814 enumerated in 1917 as being of "unknown" religion. GIBRALTAR. The figure for the Jewish population is that of the ecclesiastical return of the four synagogues of the city of Gibraltar for 1920. GEORGIA. The figure for the Jews is that for those who were enumerated in the towns in the census of 1922. No Jews were enumerated in the country places. INDO-CHINA. The figure for the Jewish population is an estimate of the number of Jews who lived in Haiphong, Hanoi, Tourane, and Saigon in 1924. IRISH FREE STATE. The figure for the Jewish population is that of the census of 1911 and includes the number of Jews who lived in 1911 in Northern Ireland. KENYA. The figure for the general population includes 9,651 Euro- peans and 10,102 Arabs. KIRGHIZIA. See the note on the UNION OF SOCIALIST SOVIET RE- PUBLICS. LIBYA. The figures given include 571,000 enumerated in the district of Tripolitania in 1921 with an estimated number of 40,000 Jews, and 195,000 enumerated in the district of Cyrenaica in 1926 with 2,997 Jews in the town of Benghazi. LITHUANIA. The figure for the Jewish population is exclusive of the number of Jews in the District of Memel of 141,274 inhabitants, January 1, 1925. (In the census of 1923, 155 were enumerated as Karaites.) LUXEMBURG. The figure for the Jewish population is exclusive of the possible number of Jews among the 10,300 enumerated in 1922 as of "no religion," or, "unknown" religion. MEXICO. The figure given for the Jews includes about 10,000 oriental Jews and about 6,000 European Jews. MOROCCO. The figure for the Jews in the French Zone includes 107,512 native Jews enumerated in the census of 1926 and 10,000 European Jews estimated to live in all of Morocco; the figure for the Jews in Spanish Morocco includes only those estimated to live in the four cities of Alcazar, Arzila, Larache, and Tetuan; and the figure for the Jews in Tangier Zone includes only those living in the city of Tangier. STATISTICS OF JEWS 255

NETHERLANDS. The figure for the Jewish population is an estimate for the year 1925. In 1920 the census return was 121,167 Jews, exclusive of the possible number of Jews among the 533,714 enumerated as of "no religion" and 1,010 as of "unknown" religions. NEW ZEALAND. The figure for the Jewish population is exclusive of the possible number of Jews among the 5,329 enumerated in 1921 as of "no religion" and 43,302 of "unknown" religion. NORWAY. The figure for the Jewish population is exclusive of the possible number of Jews among the 17,780 enumerated in 1920 as of "no religion," or "unknown" religion. PALESTINE. The figure for the Jewish population is the official estimate for 1926. PANAMA CANAL ZONE. The figure given for the Jews includes 175 men of the army and navy and 25 civilian employees of the American government. PARAGUAY. The figure for the Jewish population is an estimate of the number of Jews who lived in 1924 in Villarrica, Borche, Cabaliero, Ipcarai, Caifunto and Encarmaaion. POLAND. The figure for the Jewish population is exclusive of the possible number of Jews among the 105,000 enumerated in 1921 as of "unknown" religion or as of "other religions." In the census of 1921, the returns gave 2,829,456 Jews, exclusive of the number of Jews among the 318, 452 persons who were in the army on the day of the census. PORTUGUESE EAST AFRICA. The figure for the total population includes about 9,000 white Europeans. RHODESIA (NORTHERN). The figure for the total population includes 3,750 Europeans. ' RHODESIA (SOUTHERN). The figure for the total population includes 33,620 Europeans. ROUMANIA. The figures given are official estimates. In 1918, the religious census returned 9,696,714 as belonging to the Orthodox Church; 1,456,147, Greek Orthodox; 1,482,391, Roman Catholics} 1,344,970, Protestants; 44,087, Mohammedans; 17,586, Armenians; 834,344, Jews; total, 14,876,789, leaving 2,516,360 unaccounted for. RUSSIA (RSFSR). The figure for the Jewish population in the Euro- pean governments of the Russian Socialist Federated Soviet Republics is exclusive of the civil Jewish population enumerated in 1920 in the district of Ghomel, which district was later ceded to White Russia. 256 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK

SIBERIA. See the note on UNION OF SOCIALIST SOVIET REPUBLICS. SOUTH WEST AFRICA. The figure for the total population includes 19,432 Europeans. SWITZERLAND. The figure for the Jewish population is exclusive of the possible number of Jews among the 35,656 enumerated in 1920 as of "no religion" and 3,200 as of "unknown" religion. SYRIA AND LEBANON. The figure for the Jewish population is an estimate. In 1921-1922, the census returned 16,145 Jews. The latter figure was exclusive of those among the 71,566 enumerated as "aliens," 50,000 "recent immigrants from Turkey," and 350,000 classed as "nomads."

TANGANYIKA (GERMAN EAST AFRICA). The figure for the total population includes 2,447 Europeans. TUNIS. The figure for the Jewish population is an estimate. In 1926, the census returned 54,243 Jews, exclusive of the number of Jews among the "Europeans."

UKRAINE. See the note on the UNION OF SOCIALIST SOVIET REPUB- LICS.

UNION OF SOCIALIST SOVIET REPUBLICS. The figure for the total number of Jewish population in the Union includes 43,337 Jews who were in the army and in the navy at the time of the census of 1920. The figures for the Jewish population of Crimea, Kirghizia, Siberia, Ukraine, West Russia, and White Russia are those of the civil Jewish population enumerated in the census of 1920, as are also the figures given for the total number of Jewish population of the Union in Europe and of that in the Union in Asia.

UNION OF SOUTH AFRICA. The figure for the total population includes 1,519,488 whites. The figure for the Jewish population is exclusive of the possible number of Jews among the 8,775 enumerated in 1921 as of "no religion," or of "unknown" religion.

UZBEK AND TURCOMAN REPUBLICS. The figure given for the Jews is that of those Jews who were enumerated in the towns in 1923. No figures are available for those who live in the country places. VIENNA. The figure for the Jewish population is exclusive of the possible number of Jews among the 33,087 persons enumerated in 1923 as of "no religion." STATISTICS OF JEWS 257

C. JEWISH IMMIGRATION INTO THE UNITED STATES JEWISH IMMIGRATION 1881-1921 Little is known, statistically, of the earlier waves of Jewish immigration to the United States, the immigration of Spanish, Portuguese, and Dutch Jews and of German Jews. We are in possession of satisfactory figures relative to Jewish immigration from 1881 onward.

TABLE X

A SUMMARY OF JEWISH IMMIGRATION TO THE UNITED STATES, 1881-1927

Year Number 1881-1898 Not deducting departures or adding admissions through ports other than New York, Philadelphia, and Baltimore 533,478 1899-1907 Gross increase (departures not deducted) 829,244 1908-1927 Net increase (departures deducted) 987,478 Total 2,350,200

If we assume that during the period of 1881-1898 the number of Jew- ish departures equalled the number of Jewish admissions through ports other than New York, Philadelphia, and Baltimore, and if we neglect for the moment the number of Jewish departures during 1899-1907, the net increase of Jewish immigration to the United States during 1881— 1927 amounts to 2,350,200.

TABLE XI

NUMBER OF JEWISH IMMIGRANTS ADMITTED AT THE PORTS OF NEW YORK, PHILADELPHIA, AND BALTIMORE, 1881-1898

Number Number Year Admitted Year Admitted

1881-84 74,310 1892... 60,325 1885 19,611 1893... 32,943 1886 29,658 1894... 22,108 1887 27,468 1895 .. 32,077 1888 31,363 1896... 28,118 1889 23,962 1897... 20,684 1890 34,303 1898... 27,409 1891 69,139 Total 533,478 258 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK

From 1881 to 1898, 533,478 Jews entered at the ports of New York, Philadelphia, and Baltimore. No figures are available for Jewish immigrants who entered the United States through other ports during these seventeen years, but it is believed that the number of these immigrants was inconsiderable. Beginning with 1899 we possess figures for the total Jewish immigration at all ports, but up to 1907 no statistics of departures were kept by the United States authorities. The total number of Jews admitted from 1899 to 1907 was 829,244, which is 11.9% of the total number of immigrants admitted during the same period.

TABLE XII

TOTAL NUMBER OF IMMIGRANTS AND NUMBER OF JEWISH IMMIGRANTS ADMITTED TO THE UNITED STATES, 1899-1907

Year Total Jews Per Cent of Jews to Total 1899 311.715 37,415 12.0 1900 448,572 60.764 13.55 1901 487,918 58,098 11.9 1902 643,743 57,688 8.96 1903 857,046 76,203 8.9 1904 812.870 106.236 13.1 1905 1,026,499 129,910 12.7 1906 1,100,735 153,748 13.9 1907 1,285,349 149,182 11.6 Grand Total.. 6.974.447 829.244 11.9

During 1908-1927, for which years we possess complete statistical data, 1,040,628 Jews were admitted to the United States, constituting 8.97% of the total number of immigrants admitted. During the same period, 53,150 Jews departed from the United States. The last figure forms 5.1% of the number of Jews admitted; while the percentage of total departures to total admissions was 32.94%. The net increase of the Jewish immigration during this period was 987,478 or 12.7 % of the total net increase as against 8.97% of Jewish admissions to total admissions. With the year ending June 30, 1925 we have probably begun a new period in Jewish immigration. Under the immigration law of 1924, only a limited number of Jews can be expected to enter the country. During the year ending June 30, 1927, only 11,483 Jews entered, and 224 Jews left the country, leaving an increase of only 11,259. STATISTICS OF JEWS 259

TABLE XIII

TOTAL NUMBER DF IMMIGRANTS1 AND NUMBER OF JEWISH IMMIGRANTS, ADMITTED, DEPARTED, AND NET INCREASE, 1908-192^*

Admissions Departures Net Increase

Year P.C. P. C. Jews Per Cent to Jews Total Jews to Total Jews Admissions Total Jews to Tot. Total Jews Tot.

1908 782,870 103,387 13.2 395,073 7,702 50.46 7.44 387,797 95,685 24.2 1909 751,786 57,551 7.6 225,802 6,105 30. 10.60 525,984 51,446 9.7 1910 1.041,570 84,260 8.1 202,436 5,689 19.43 6.8 839,134 78,571 9.3 1911 878,587 91,223 10.4 295,666 6,401 33.67 7.01 582,921 84,822 14.5 1912 838,172 80,595 9.6 333,262 7,418 39.76 9.20 504,910 73,177 14.4 1913 1,197,892 101,330 8.5 308,190 6,697 25.7 6.60 889,702 94,633 10.6 1914 1,218,480 138,051 11.3 303,338 6,826 24.89 4.94 915,142 131,225 14.3 1915 326,700 26,497 8.1 204,074 1,524 62.46 5.75 122,626 24,973 20.3 1916 298,826 15,108 5.1 129,765 199 43.42 1.31 169,061 14,909 8.8 1917 295,403 17.342 5.8 66,277 329 22.43 1.89 229,126 17,013 7. 1918 110,618 3,627 3. 94,585 687 85.51 18.9 16.033 2,940 18.3 1919 141,132 3,055 2.6 123,522 373 87.51 12.2 17,610 2,682 15.2 1920 430,001 14,292 3.3 288,315 358 67.05 2.5 141,686 13,934 9.8 1921 805,228 119.036 14.7 247,718 483 30.76 4.1 557,510 118,553 21.2 1922 309,556 53,524 17.3 198,712 830 64.2 1.5 110,844 52,694 47.5 1923 522,919 49,719 9.5 81,450 413 15.57 .83 441,469 49,306 11.16 1924 706.896 49,989 7. 76,789 260 10.8 .52 630,107 49,729 7.89 1925 294,314 10,292 3.5 92,728 291 31.51 3. 201,586 10,001 5. 1926 304,488 10,267 3.3 76,992 341 25.2 3.3 227,496 9,926 4.3 1927 335,175 11,483 3.4 73,366 224 21.8 1.9 261,809 11,259 4.3 G.T. 11,590,613 1,040,628 8.97 3,818,060 53,150 32.94 5.1 7,772,553 987,478 12.7

• In the tables which follow, the words "Immigration" and "Immigrant" refer to alien immigration and alien immigrants only. • Year ending June 30.

During 1899-1927, for which years we possess statistical data, 29,979, Jews were debarred from entering the United States, 1.6% of the number of Jews who were admitted; while the percentage of total debarred to the total admitted was 2.36%. During the same period of time, 3,732 Jews were deported after having been admitted. The latter figure includes 2,429 Jews who were deported during 1911-1927, during which years the Jewish deported constituted but 0.32% of the net increase of Jewish immigration, while the percentage of the total deported to the total net increase was 4.4%. During 1927 the percentage of the total deported to the total net increase was 1.26%, while the percentage of deported Jews was only 1.6%. 260 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK

TABLE XIV

TOTAL NUMBER OF IMMIGRANTS AND NUMBER OF JEWISH IMMIGRANTS REJECTED ON APPLICATION FOR ADMISSION AND THOSE DEPORTED FROM THE UNITED STATES AFTER ADMISSION, 1899-1927

Debarred Deported

Year Per Cent to Per Cent to Number Admission Number Net Increase Total Jews Total Jews Total Jews Total Jews

1899-1910 116,255 10,785 1.2 1.0 12,177 1,303 1911. 22 349 1 999 2.5 2.1 2,788 209 .5 .2 1912 16 057 1 064 1.9 1.3 2,456 191 .4 .2 1913 19,938 1,224 1.6 1.2 3.461 253 .4 .2 1914. 33 041 2 506 2.7 1.9 4,137 317 .4 .2 1915 24,111 1 398 7.3 5.2 2.670 68 2.1 .2 1916 18,867 949 6.3 6.2 2.906 79 1.8 .5 1917 16 028 607 5.4 3.5 1,918 46 .9 .3 1918 7,297 222 6.5 6.0 796 27 4.9 .9 1919 8 626 199 6.1 6.5 3,102 17 17.6 .7 1920 11,795 268 2.7 1.8 2,762 53 1.9 .4 1921 13,779 1,195 1.7 1.0 4,517 134 .8 .1 1922 .. 13 731 1 256 4.4 2.3 4,345 214 3.9 .4 1923 20.619 1,455 3.9 2.9 3,661 99 .82 .02 1924 30,284 1,754 4.3 3.5 4,294 113 .68 .2 1925 25 390 1 137 8.6 11.1 9,495 250 4.7 2.5 1926 20.550 871 6.7 8.4 10.904 175 4.7 1.7 1927 19,755 1,090 5.9 9.4 11,662 184 4.4 1.6 Total 1889-1927. 438,472 29,979 2.36 1.6 88,051 3,732 Total 1911-1927. 75,874 2,429 1.26 0.32

JEWISH IMMIGRATION DURING THE YEAR ENDED JUNE 30, 1927 During the year ended June 30, 1927, 11,483 Jews were admitted to the country, about as many as during the previous year; the number of Jews that departed was insignificant, namely, 224; and the net increase through immigration was thus only 11,259. The Jewish immigrants constituted 3.4% of the total. But the number of Jewish immigrants who departed amounted to only 1.9% of the total number of Jewish immigrants admitted, as against 22.5% for the non-Jews. The increase of Jewish immigrants admitted over Jewish immigrants departed was, as a result, 4.4% of the total increase.

'Of the 224 Jewish emigrants who departed, 76 went to Palestine, 21 to Poland, 35 to Canada, 17 to Great Britain and Northern Ireland, 7 to Roumania, and 68 to more than 22 other countries. Of these 224 Jewish alien emigrants, 146 came from the State of New York and the remainder from sixteen other States. STATISTICS OF JEWS 261

Unlike the years prior to 1924, and evidently as a result of the operation of the Immigration Law of 1924, the percentage of Jewish immigrants debarred during the year under review was larger than that of the non-Jewish immigrants, the respective percentages being 9.4% for the Jewish immigrants, and 5.76% for the non-Jewish immigrants. How- ever, the percentage of the number of deported Jewish immigrants after having been admitted, continued to be smaller than the percentage of the number of the deported non-Jewish immigrants. Only 184 Jews were deported during 1927 as against 11,478 non-Jews, constituting 1.6% and 4.58% respectively of the net increase of Jewish and of non- Jewish immigrants.

TABLE XV

TOTAL NUMBER OF IMMIGRANTS, NUMBER OF NON-JEWISH IMMIGRANTS, AND NUMBER OF JEWISH IMMIGRANTS, ADMITTED, DEPARTED, INCREASE, DEBARRED, AND DEPORTED, YEAR ENDED JUNE 30, 1927

Admis9 ons Departures Increase Debarred Deported % % % % 07 No. of No. of No. of No. of No. of Tot. Adm. Tot. Adm. Incr

Non-Jews.... 323,692 96.6 73,142 22.5 250,550 95.6 18,665 5.76 11,478 4.58 Jews 11,483 3.4 224 1.9 11,259 4.4 1,090 9.4 184 1.6 Total 335,175 100.0 73,366 21.8 261,809 100.0 19,755 5.9 11,662 4.4

Table XVI below shows the distribution of the Jewish immigrants on the basis of the states of destination given by the Jewish immigrants at the ports of their admission. 262 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK

TABLE XVI

DISTRIBUTION OF TOTAL NUMBER OF IMMIGRANTS, AND JEWISH IMMIGRANTS ON THE BASIS OF THE DESTINATION, YEAR ENDED JUNE 30, 1927

P. C. of total no. Number Per Cent admitted to U.S. States Non- Non- Non- Total Jews Jews Jews Jews Total Jews Jews

California. . 26.029 25,815 214 99.16 .84 7.77 7.98 1.86 Connecticut 6,321 6,166 155 97.55 2.45 1.88 1.90 1.35 20.723 19,961 762 96.33 3.67 6.18 6.17 6.64 Maryland .... 1,241 1,140 101 92.00 8.00 .37 .35 .88 Massachusetts 25,907 25,522 385 98.57 1.43 7.73 7.88 3.35 28,104 27,634 470 98.32 1.68 8.38 8.54 4.09 New Jersey 17,059 16,535 524 96.92 3.08 5.09 5.11 4.56 87,864 80.796 7,068 91.96 8.04 26.22 24.96 61.57 Ohio . . 9,126 8,857 269 97.91 2.09 2.73 2.74 2.34 Pennsylvania 20,097 19,310 787 96.14 3.86 5.99 5.96 6.85 Other States 92,333 91,586 7471 99.09 .91 27.55 28.30 6.51 Total States and Ter- ritory of Alaska... 334,804 323,322 11,482 96.57 3.43 99.89 99.89 100.00 Total Outlying Pos- sessions of Hawaii, Porto Rico. Philip- pine Islands and Virgin Islands 371 370 1 100.00 * .11 .11 * Grand Toral 335,175 323,692 11,483 96.57 3.43 100.00 100.00 100.00

*Less than .01%.

•The 747 Jews went to the following States: Alabama (12), Alaska (1), Arizona (1) Arkansas (2), Colorado (15), Delaware (13), District of Columbia (33), Florida (33)' Georgia (19), Idaho (4), Indiana (51), Iowa (29), Kansas (5), Kentucky (7), Louisiana (6), Maine (17), Minnesota (80), Mississippi (12), Missouri (73), Montana (2), Ne- braska (28), Nevada (1), New Hampshire (5). North Carolina (21), North Dakota (7), Oklahoma (8), Oregon (22). Rhode Island (34) South Dakota (3), Tennessee (11), Texas (42), Utah (3), Vermont (20), Virginia (12). Washington (47), West Virginia (4), Wisconsin (64). STATISTICS OF JEWS 263

Table XVII below shows the countries whence the immigrants came. Of the total of 11,483 Jewish immigrants more than half, 5,187, came from Poland; 1,268 came from Canada; 921 from Russia; 690 from Rou- mania; 546 from Germany; and 2,871 from 42 other countries. Jewish immigrants came from every continent: 9,361 came from Europe, 1,666 from the Western Hemisphere, and 462 came from Asia, Africa, and Australasia. We also note that the Jews constituted 87.9% of the number of immigrants who came from Russia; 58% of those who came from Poland and 49.8% of those who came from Roumania.

TABLE XVII COUNTRIES OF ORIGIN OF THE TOTAL NUMBER OF IMMIGRANTS, NON-JEWISH IMMIGRANTS, AND JEWISH IMMIGRANTS, YEAR ENDED JUNE 30, 1927

Per Cent of Number Total Immi- Distribution Countries gration. Non- Non- Non- Total Jews Jews Jews Jews Total Jews Jews

Canada 81,506 80,238 1,268 98.44 1.56 24.32 24.79 11.05 Cuba 3,020 2,826 194 93.58 6.42 .90 .87 1.69 3,540 3,282 258 92.71 7.29 1.05 1.01 2.25 4,405 4,223 182 95.87 4.13 1.31 1.31 1.59 48,513 47,967 546 98.87 1.13 14.48 14.82 4.76 Great Britain and Nor- 24,160 23,674 486 97.99 2.01 7.21 7.31 4.24 813 652 161 80.20 19.80 .24 .20 1.40 403 154 249 38.22 61.78 .12 .05 2.17 Lithuania 770 458 312 59.48 40.52 .23 .14 2.72 Palestine 464 131 333 28.23 71.77 .14 .04 2.90 Poland 9,211 4.024 5,187 43.76 56.24 2.75 1.24 45.13 Roumania 1,270 580 690 45.67 54.33 .38 .18 6.01 1,183 262 921 22.15 77.85 .35 .08 8.02 155,917 155,221 696' 99.55 .45 46.52 47.96 6.07 Total 335,175 323,692 11,483 96.57 3.43 100.00 100.00 100.00 168,368 159,007 9,361 94.44 5.56 50.23 49.12 81.53 3,669 3,261 408 88.88 11.12 1.10 1.01 3.55 520 472 48 90.77 9.23 .16 .14 .41 746 740 6 99.20 .80 .22 .23 .05 Western Hemisphere... 161,872 160,212 1.660 98.97 1.03 48.29 49.50 14.46

1696 Jews came from the following Countries: Albania (1), Austria (68), Australia and appertaining islands (6), Belgium (71), Brazil (44), Bulgaria (1), China (36), Free City of Danzig (16), Denmark (10), Egypt (18), Esthonia (6), Greece (25), India (2). Irish Free State (14), Italy, including Sicily and Sardinia (10), Japan (l), Jugoslavia (7), Mexico (70), Netherlands (62), Newfoundland (3), Norway (7), other Africa (30), other Asia (11), other Central America (3), other Europe (1), other South America (75), other West Indies (3), Portugal, including Azores, Cape Verde and Madeira Islands (2), Spain, including Canary and Balearic Islands (1), Sweden (9), Switzerland (17). Syria (23), Turkey in Asia (2), Turkey in Europe (41). 264 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK

Tables XVIII and XIX show that the Jewish immigration during the year ended June 30, 1927, included 24.81% children, while only 15.09% of the total number of non-Jewish immigrants admitted were children. Similarly 18.60% of the total Jewish immigrants were men and women of 45 years of age and over, while only 8.27% of the non-Jewish immigrants belonged to this age group. The percentage of immigrants between 16 and 44 years of age was consequently smaller among Jews (56.59%) than among the total number of non-Jewish immigrants (76.64%). With regard to sex, as in the previous year, the number of Jewish females exceeded the number of Jewish males (54.24% and 45.76%); while among the non-Jewish immigrants the number of males exceeded the number of females (58.37% and 41.63%).

TABLE XXVIII

AGE OF TOTAL NUMBER OF IMMIGRANTS, OF NON-JEWISH IMMIGRANTS AND OF JEWISH IMMIGRANTS, ADMITTED DURING THE YEAR ENDED JUNE 30, 1927

Number Distribution Age Non- Non- Total Jews Jews Total Jews Jews

Under 16 51,689 48,840 2,849 15.42 15.09 24.81 16-44 254,574 248,077 6,497 75.95 76.64 56.59 28,912 26,775 2,137 8.63 8.27 18.60 Total 335,175 323,692 11,483 100.00 100.00 100.00

TABLE XXIX

SEX OF TOTAL NUMBER OF IMMIGRANTS, OF NON-JEWISH IMMIGRANTS, AND OF JEWISH IMMIGRANTS, YEAR ENDED JUNE 30, 1927

Number Per Cent of Admission Sex Non- Non- Total Jews Jews Total Jews Jews

194,163 188,908 5,255 57.92 58.37 45.76 Females 141,012 134,784 6,228 42.08 41.63 54.24 Total 335,175 323,692 11,483 100.00 100.00 100.00 STATISTICS OF JEWS 265

During the year ended June 30, 1927, 95.96% of the Jews admitted came to join relatives and only 1.99% came to neither relatives nor friends, as compared with 78.84% and 17.16% respectively, among the non-Jewish immigrants.

TABLE XX TOTAL NUMBER OF IMMIGRANTS, NUMBER OF NON-JEWISH IMMIGRANTS, AND NUMBER OF JEWISH IMMIGRANTS WHO CAME TO JOIN RELATIVES, FRIENDS, AND THOSE WHO HAD NO RELATIVES OR FRIENDS, YEAR ENDED JUNE 30, 1927

Number Distribution Persons Joined Non- Non- Total Jews Jews Total Jews Jews Relatives 246,791 235,773 11,018 73.63 72.84 95.96 Friends ... 30,867 30,631 236 9.21 9.46 2.05 None , 57,517 57,288 229 17.16 17.70 1.99 Total 335,175 323,692 11,483 100. 100. 100.

JEWISH IMMIGRATION DURING JULY-DECEMBER, 1927 Statistics for the year ended June 30, 1928, were not available when this article was compiled, but as the figures for the second half of 1927 are at hand, a summary table based on these is given herewith. During July-December, 1927, only 6,215 Jews were admitted to the country, 3.77% of the total.

TABLE XXI TOTAL NUMBER OF IMMIGRANTS, NUMBER OF NON-JEWISH IMMIGRANTS' AND NUMBER OF JEWISH IMMIGRANTS, ADMITTED, DEPORTED, INCREASE, DEBARRED AND DEPORTED, DURING JULY- DECEMBER, 1927.

Admissions Departures Increase Debarred Deported % % % % No. of No. of No. of No. of No. Tot. Adm. Tot. Adm 3 Incr. Non-Jews.... 158,450 96.23 44,386 28.02 114,064 94.95 9,666 6.1 5,788 5.07 Jews 6,215 3.77 149 2.4 6,066 5.05 479 7.71 120 1.98

Total 164,665. 100. 44,535 27.07 120,130 100. 10,145 6.16 5,908 4.92 266 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK

D. JEWISH IMMIGRATION INTO CANADA During; 1901-1927, 106,846 Jews were admitted to Canada, 2.04% of the total immigration. The figure given for the Jews does not include the number of Jews who immigrated from the United States. During 1927, taken separately, the Jewish immigration via ocean ports constituted 3.11% of the total. TABLE XXII TOTAL NUMBER OF IMMIGRANTS AND NUMBER OF JEWISH IMMIGRANTS ADMITTED TO CANADA Jews Per Cent Jews Per Cent Year Total (via ocean Jews to To- Year Total (via ocean Jews to To- ports) tal ports) tal 1901 49,149 2.765 5.6 1915.. 144,789 3,107 2.1 1902 67,379 1,015 1.5 1916. 48.537 65 .1 1903 128,364 2,066 1.6 1917. 75,374 136 .1 1904 130,331 3,727 2.8 1918. 79,074 32 .04 1905 146,266 7,715 5.2 1919. 57,702 22 .04 1906 189,064 7,127 3.8 1920. 117,336 116 .09 1907 124,667 6,584 5.2 1921. 148,477 2,763 1.9 1908 262,469 7,712 2.9 1922. 89,999 8,404' 9.3 1909 146,908 1,636 1.1 1923. 72,887 2.793» 3.8 1910 208,794 3,182 1.5 1924. 148,560 4.255 2.8 1911 311,084 5,146 1.6 1925. 111,362 4,459 4. 1912 354,237 5,322 1.5 1926. 96,064 3,587 3.7 1913 402,432 7,387 1.8 1927. 143,991 4,471 3.11 1914 384,878 11,252 2.9 Total. 5,240,174 106,846 2.04

E. JEWISH IMMIGRATION INTO ARGENTINA During 1913-1915 and 1919-1926, 64,757 Jews entered Argentina. About 7,534 Jews were admitted during 1926.

TABLE XXIII TOTAL AND JEWISH IMMIGRATION INTO ARGENTINA, 1913-1915 AND 1919-1926 Per Cent Year Total Jews Jews to To- tal 1913 302,047 10,860 3.5 1914 284.449 3,693 1.3 1915 137,716 606 .4 1919 69,879 280 .4 1920 155,332 2,071 1.3 1921' 108,591 4,095 3.8 1922'. 139,953 7,198 5.2 1923' 195,063 13,701 7.0 19241 159,939 7,799 4.8 1925' 125,365 6,920 5.5 1926' 135,111 7,534 5.6 Total 1,813,445 64,757 3.6

•Communicated by ICA. STATISTICS OF JEWS 267

F. JEWISH IMMIGRATION INTO PALESTINE, 1917-1927 From the date of the British occupation of Palestine, December 9,1917, to the end of 1927,100,780 immigrants entered the country. Of that number 96,601 were Jews and 4,179 were non-Jews. But the government kept no statistics of the religion of the 14,101 persons who entered the country during December 9, 1917-May, 1921, with the result that the number of Jews given includes an indefinite but probably small number of non-Jews and the number given for the non-Jews is a minimum. The proportion of non-Jewish immigrants fluctuated between 1.6% during June-Decem- ber of 1921 and 7% in 1923. Statistics of emigration are incomplete. During 1922-1926, 16,522 Jews, 22% of the number of Jews admitted, left the country, leaving an increase of 57,380, or 76.4% of the number of Jews admitted. In compiling the statistics for some of the years, the writer had the valuable and courteous cooperation of the Controller of the Permits Sec- tion of The Palestine Government.

TABLE XXIV

SUMMARY OF IMMIGRATION AND EMIGRATION OF JEWS AND NON-JEWS, 1917-1927

A. NUMBER

Immigration Emigration Increase Year Non- Non- Non- Total Jews Jews Total Jews Jews Total Jews Jews Dec. 9,1917-May, 1921 14,101 14,101 * • * * • June-Dec. 1921 4,861 4,784 77 * * • * * * Total 18,962 18,885 77 1922 8,128 7,844 284 2,939 1,503 1,436 5,189 6,341 1,152' 1923 7,991 7,421 570 4,947 3,466 1,481 3,044 3,955 911' 1924 13,553 12,856 697 2,511 2,037 474 11,042 10,819 223 1925 .14,641 33.801 840 4.100 2,151 1,949 30,541 31,650 1,109' 1926 13,910 13,081 829 9,429 7.365 2,064 4,481 5,716 1,235' 1927 3,595 2,713 882 6,978 5,071 1,907 3,383i 2,358' 1.0Z5' Total 1922-1927.. 81,818 77,716 4,102 30,904 21,593 9,311 50,914 56,123 5,209 Grand Total 100,780 96,601 4,179

•Figures not available. 'Decrease. 268 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK

B. PERCENTAGES

Immigration Emigration Year Non- Non- Total Jews Jews Total Jews Jews Dec. 9,1917-May, 1921 100.0 100.0 He * * June-Dec. 1921 100.0 94.4 1.6 * * Total . ... 1922 100.0 96.5 3.5 100.0 51.1 48.9 1923 100.0 93.0 7. 100.0 70.0 30.0 1924 100.0 87.3 12.7 * * 1925 100.0 97.6 2.4 100.0 52.4 47.5 1926 100.0 94. 6. 100.0 78.1 21.9 1927 100.0 75.46 24.54 100.0 72.67 27.33 Total 1922-1927 100.0 94.99 5.01 100 69.87 30.13 f.ranrf Tntal 100. 95.85 4.15

Table XXV below gives the number of immigrants by month and shows that the monthly immigration was irregular.

TABLE XXV

TOTAL NUMBER OF IMMIGRANTS BY MONTHS, 1922-1927

A. NUMBER

Year Month 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927

January.. .. 905 955 357 1,775 1,711 181 February... 890 831 336 1,730 1,476 218 March 736 871 500 3,154 2,323 265 April 788 839 775 2,585 1,485 329 May 689 849 597 2,819 1,599 330 June 498 700 1,311 3,758 1,308 376 July 349 386 1,350 2,717 783 273 August 487 558 1,879 3,333 873 283 September.. 712 452 2,055 3,415 677 362 October.... 577 561 1,017 3,838 641 310 November.. 829 520 1,705 2,832 521 415 December. . 641 379 1,665 2,685 513 253 Total. . 8,101 7,901 13,553 34,641 13,910 3,595 Average 675 66 1,129 2,887 1,159 300 STATISTICS OF JEWS 269

B. DISTRIBUTION

Year Month 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927

January... 11.17 11.95 2.7 5.1 12.3 5.03 February.. 10.99 10.39 2.5 5.0 10.6 6.06 March 9.09 10.89 3.7 9.1 16.7 7.39 April 9.73 10.49 5.7 7.5 10.7 9.15 May 8.50 10.63 4.4 8.1 11.5 9.18 June 6.15 8.76 9.7 10.8 11.8 10.45 July 4.31 4.84 . 10. 7.8 5.6 7.59 August... . 6.01 6.98 13.9 9.6 6.3 7.88 September. 8.79 6.78 15.2 9.8 4.9 10.07 October. .. 7.12 7.03 7.5 11.2 4.6 8.63 November. 10.23 6.51 12.5 8.2 3.7 11.54 December. 7.91 4.75 12.2 7.8 3.7 7.03

Total 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00

Table XXVII below gives the number of immigrants and emigrants, Jews and non-Jews, and the number of persons refused admittance during 1927, by month. With regard to emigration, it will be noted that the government of Palestine classifies persons who permanently leave the country in two groups, viz.: (1) emigrants, Palestine citizens, and (2) returning immigrants, aliens who are permanently returning to their countries of origin. 270 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK

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I II 1 1 I £ £ 2 .9 s 4-1 2 TWENTY-FIRST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE AMERICAN JEWISH COMMITTEE

OFFICERS AND EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE

OFFICERS President, LOUIS MARSHALL CYRUS ADLER ] JULIUS ROSENWALD j Vice-Presidents, Treasurer, ISAAC M. ULLMAN

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE CYRUS ADLER (1931) Chairman Philadelphia, Pa. JAMES H. BECKER (1931) Chicago, 111. DAVID M. BRESSLER (1931) New York, N. Y. LEO. M. BROWN (1929) Mobile, Ala. ABEL DAVIS (1929) Chicago, III. ABRAM I. ELKUS (1928) New York, N. Y. ELI FRANK (1931) Baltimore, Md. FELIX FULD (1931) Newark, N. J. MAX J. KOHLER (1929) ., New York, N. Y. IRVING LEHMAN (1929) ' New York, N. Y. LOUIS MARSHALL (1929) New York, N. Y. A. C. RATSHESKY (1929) Boston, Mass. MILTON J. ROSENAU (1929) Boston, Mass. JULIUS ROSENWALD (1930) Chicago, 111. HORACE STERN (1930) Philadelphia, Pa. LEWIS L. STRAUSS (1930) New York, N. Y. CYRUS L. SULZBERGER (1930) New York, N. Y. ISAAC M. ULLMAN (1929) New Haven, Conn. SECRETARY MORRIS D. WALDMAN ASSISTANT SECRETARY HARRY SCHNEIDERMAN, 171 Madison Ave., New York City. 271 272 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK

To THE MEMBERS OF THE AMERICAN JEWISH COMMITTEE: Your Executive Committee begs leave to present a brief account of the most important of the matters related to the objects of the Committee, to which attention has been devoted during the past year.

A. DOMESTIC MATTERS

1. IMMIGRATION At the Annual Meeting last year, your Executive Com- mittee called attention to the fact that there was then pending in both Houses of Congress a bill, the purpose of which was to afford relief to those lawfully admitted aliens whose wives and minor children are still abroad, being unable to join them owing to the restrictions established under the quota law of 1924. The bill referred to had been introduced in the Senate by the Honorable James W. Wadsworth of New York and in the House of Representatives by the Honorable Nathan D. Perl- man of the same state. It provided for the admission outside of the quota of the wives and minor children of aliens who had been legally admitted as permanent residents to the United States prior to July 1, 1924, and who had declared their intention to become citizens. Thanks to Senator WadswortK's persistence in the face of what appeared to be certain failure, the bill was passed by the Senate as an amendment to another bill on a cognate subject which had already been adopted by the House and was likely to pass the Senate. In the confusion of the closing days of the session this measure with many others succumbed to the filibuster. It is not unlikely that this measure will be brought up again for consideration in the Seventieth Congress which will open its sessions in December. There are many individuals as well as civic organizations holding the vi^ws which your Committee has expressed from the beginning, that the quota law is causing unmerited hardship to aliens who were admitted prior to its going into effect and to the members of their families who are still abroad. The oppo- nents of this remedial measure come entirely from the ranks REPORT OF AMERICAN JEWISH COMMITTEE 273 of those who advocate laws even more drastically restrictive than any that have gone before and who have hardened their hearts to any proposal, however logical or humane, •-vhich would have the effect of increasing to even a limited extent the number of persons who are admitted to the United States even though it be to meet a temporary emergency. They argue that these aliens ought to have familiarized themselves with the possibilities of the quota legislation before its enactment and should have known that they would find it difficult to have their relatives join them. The Commissioner General of Immigration, the Honorable Harry E. Hull, in a recent statement to the press, has voiced the same view, saying that much of the fault for the separation of families may be attributed to the immigrants themselves, that they know the law, and "yet they leave their wives and families to come here on the gamble that they will be able to slip in in the next monthly quota." Whatever may be said of immigrants admitted after the passage of the Immigration Law of 1924, it is unreasonable to apply the same argument to those who came earlier, under the previous less restricted quota law which was expressly limited in its duration and who would not have anticipated the complete departure by Congress from the established legislative policy of nearly a century. President Coolidge had in his message to Congress in December, 1925, declared with regard to the immigration situation that it should "be carefully surveyed, in order to ascertain whether it is working a needless hardship upon our own inhabitants." He went on to say: "If it deprives them of the comfort and society of those bound to them by close family ties, such modifications should be adopted as will afford relief . . . we should not be forgetful of the obligations of a common humanity." In his message of December, 1926, the President again referred to this subject, pointing out that the purpose of restriction of immigration was to confer economic benefits upon the United States, but that "it ought not to cause a needless separation of families and dependents from their natural source of support, contrary to the dictates of humanity." Your Committee fervently hopes that the incoming Con- gress will heed the advice of President Coolidge and that 274 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK an amendment to the law may be passed which shall moderate the harshness and obviate the injustice of this phase of the present law. Little effort was made at the last session of the Sixty- ninth Congress to push through the proposals for the compulsory registration of immigrants. In his Annual Report for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1926, the Honor- able James J. Davis, Secretary of Labor, did not as in previous years again recommend the passage of such an act. Instead, he suggested that registration be made voluntary and that it should constitute the basis for cer- tificates of arrival for use in naturalization proceedings and other kindred purposes. A bill somewhat along these lines was introduced in the House of Representatives, but was not reported. On the other hand a drastic deporta- tion bill was strongly urged and was opposed, because of its unjustifiable stringency which would have made it the medium of blackmail and persecution.

2. NATURALIZATION Serious difficulties of various kinds prevent the naturalization of many thousands of foreign-born residents. This is largely due to a failure to provide adequate facilities in New York City and in other important centres, where naturalization has been wholly taken over by the over- crowded federal courts, due to insufficient personnel, to crowded calendars and insufficient accommodations. An- other cause has been the application of harsh and often arbitrary and unreasonable educational tests to those seeking citizenship. This has resulted in serious increases in the percentage of rejections by recent legislation. To a marked degree this is attributable to the fact that responsibility has been shifted practically from the judges to bureaucratic examiners. But in addition to this, in passing on the legal qualification of applicants, it is believed that the statute has been erroneously interpreted in various courts, whose dicta are apt to be regarded as law by the lay examiners and to govern their action. A ruling which was obiter has been made recently by one of the federal courts approving of the contentions of the Labor Depart- REPORT OF AMERICAN JEWISH COMMITTEE 275 ment as to the supposed non-naturalizability of residents of the United States whose wives and minor children are still abroad being unable to join them here. This theory was considered at length in our Annual Report ofNovem- ber, 1925 (reprinted in the American Jewish Year Book for 1926-7, pages 454-467). The remarks to which we refer are contained in an opinion rendered in which it was said: "In this connection I cannot help but call attention to the fact that the provisions of the immigration law which confer privileges and immunities upon aliens desiring to enter this country by virtue of judicial action under the naturalization laws clearly was the inducting cause for the reprehensible conduct of this alien. It has been with a sense of deep concern that I have noted the large number of aliens seeking naturalization who have wife and minor children abroad.. Some of them who have come into court before me have frankly admitted that the reason they seek naturalization is to be able to bring members of their family from foreign countries, who are unable to meet the requirements of the immigration law, but who would be privileged were the applicant a citizen of the United States. An alien who approaches our courts, asking that he be made a citizen, with no higher purpose than to circumvent the immigration law, clearly is dis- qualified. He has not met the requirements of our naturalization law, nor the ideals of the American people with reference to that subject." We permit ourselves to say that there are those who believe that the converse of this reasoning seems to be more persuasive, namely, that an applicant for naturalization who does not desire or who would falsely assert that he does not wish to have his family join him, would thereby demonstrate himself to be unworthy of American citizenship. It is to be hoped that this proposition may soon be subjected to the critical scrutiny of a federal apellate court. Another recent naturalization decision is likely to cause much hardship. It was rendered by the U. S. Circuit Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit in the case of U. S. vs. Maney, reported in 21 Fed. (2) 28, where a divided court reversed the decision of the U. S. District Court in favor of naturalization. There, applicant's certificate of arrival was not attached to his petition for naturalization when filed, as it should have been; but twenty days later, the Department of Labor caused it to be filed. When the application for naturalization subsequently came up for 276 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK hearing, the naturalization examiner asked for the dis- missal of the proceeding for the reason that the landing certificate was not attached to the application when originally filed. The District Court, however, amended the proceeding by ordering the certificate to be regarded as filed with the petition. Naturalization having been granted, the Government instituted a proceeding to cancel the decree of naturalization upon this technicality. The proceedings of the Government were dismissed in the Dis- trict Court in an able opinion (13 Fed. (2) 662). On appeal, however, the majority of the Circuit Court of Appeals held this defect to be fatal, and vacated the naturalization on a literal interpretation of an obscurely phrased clause of the naturalization law. In ex parte naturalization proceedings, in which applicants are rarely represented by counsel, innumerable petty technical errors of no significance have arisen from time to time, through inadvertence and without fault on the part of the applicants. It, therefore, is to be feared that this decision, if not reversed, may lead to many cancellations of naturalization. This Committee has urged the counsel in charge of the case to apply to the U. S. Supreme Court for a writ of certiorari in order that there may be an authoritative determination of this important proposition. Such an application is now pending.

3. RELIGIOUS AND RACIAL INTOLERANCE In respect of religious and racial intolerance in our country, the past year witnessed the practical cessation of all organized anti-Jewish propaganda. In January, the attention of the Committee was called to the fact that the announcer of a New York City radio broadcasting station maintained by Mrs. Augusta E. Stetson and a group calling themselves Christian Scientists frequently delivered himself of scurrilous remarks aimed at Roman Catholics and Jews. The President of your Committee looked into the matter and the following correspondence ensued: January 10, 1927. DEAR MRS. STETSON: I am informed that Radio Station WHAP is conducted under your auspices or those of the organization to which you belong. I have recently heard your readings from that station. It has become REPORT OF AMERICAN JEWISH COMMITTEE 277

notorious that for some time past addresses have been delivered from this station by one Ford and others, consisting of violent attacks upon Jews and Catholics. They are persistent, malignant and vicious. I would scarcely have believed the reports as to the character of these attacks had I not with my own ears listened to one of them some weeks ago. It seemed extraordinary to me that anybody would venture in this free land to indulge in such vituperation. What accentuates the evil of such an act is the fact that the speaker was acting under the auspices of a religious body, a branch of the Christian Science Church. Judging from your readings, its fundamental idea seems to be that salvation is to be attained through the science oTxeligion, which is to bring about mental and physical health. /But how can^that b_e_accomglished_when the very air is poisonea^nd rendered mephiticby the emanations of hatred,, prejudice anb^rmrolerance"which proceed from the station which your organization is maintaining? It would seem to me that you would advance the cause of mental and moral hygiene by abating this nuisance. Very truly yours, (Signed) Louis MARSHALL. Mrs. Augusta E. Stetson, 7 West 96th Street, New York City. January 13, 1927. Mr. Louis Marshall, 120 Broadway, New York City. DEAR MR. MARSHALL: Your letter in regard to Station WHAP was received. You are correct, in your estimate of the readings, which are given by me from the writings of Mary Baker Eddy, the Discoverer and Founder of Christian Science, and my forever Leader and Teacher, as well as the readings from my books and those of my student practitioners, given by my students. The purpose of these readings is, to bring healing to the world. This healing includes the three-fold work of the Messiah,'or Christ, the eternal Son of God, namely, the healing of sin, sickness, and death. Your letter protests against certain denunciatory addresses, delivered from Station WHAP, which you say are directed against Roman Catholics and Jews. I have been taught, dear Mr. Mar- shall, by my Leader and Teacher, Mary Baker Eddy, from my earliest touch with her, that the healing of sin involves and requires the denunciation of sin and the sinner. There is no other way under heaven whereby sin can be destroyed; neither is the healing of sickness and so-called death possible, except through the destruction of iin. It is written in the Scriptures: "Without holiness, no man shall see God." Christ Jesus did not hesitate to denounce sin and sinners, in the strongest language, to the end, that the sin and evil . which hold the world in bondage, shall, and must be destroyed. 278 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK

However, these denunciations are never personal, but are directed against any system which teaches, encourages or allows the committing of evil, in any form. The Roman Catholic system, under its pope and hierarchy, does teach, encourage and allow the committing of evil, in all its forms, and this system is designated in Holy Scripture as "anti-Christ," "the great red dragon," and similar names, symbolic of its evil character. (See Revelation.) This system, in its practice and teaching, perpetuates the propagation of flesh and blood, which constitutes the belief of life in matter, which is the foundation of all evil, since God is spirit, and He is not the author of flesh and blood. There is no (one) on the earth, who can successfully contradict this statement. Mrs. Eddy writes: Man is not material; he is spiritual. (Science and Health, page 468.) Therefore, Station WHAP does denounce and condemn Roman Catholicism, its pope and hierarchy, its prelates, its ecclesiastical and lay militant orders, and its entire membership, as well as its practice; and this Station will continue so to denounce and condemn Roman Catholicism, until the entire system of popery is expelled from America. This is the command of Christ. The case is somewhat different with Jewry. I have, among my body of Christian Science students, many Jews, who are noble, good, true, pure men and women, and who are living lives in accordance with the highest ideals of Christ's Christianity. I count them among my best students. There are many Jews in the outside world, also, who recognize the value of the pure Christian idealism for which America stands, and which is essentially involved in American citizenship, and fundamental thereto. Nevertheless, there is another class of Jew, unfortunately, who seeks, for some unaccountable reason—perhaps from the common perversion of the natural man—to break down American ideals of purity in morals, honesty in business, and refinement and culture in society. We have evidence a-plenty of this evil tendency on the part of these evil-minded Jews, in the growth of vile literature, including popular magazines, the increase of lewd plays and moving pictures, the corrupt practices in the business world, and the lower- ing of the American standards of social refinement and culture. Dear Mr. Marshall, I, as a follower of Christ Jesus and Mary Baker Eddy, and as an American, whose ancestors were among the Pilgrim fathers and mothers, who came to America, in the May- flower, in 1620, to "find freedom to worship God,"—I may say, that I am descended from Captain Myles Standish, and also from John Alden and Priscilla Mullins—I have the right, as a Christian Scientist and an American citizen, to denounce evil and all evil- doers, and I shall not flinch from this imperative duty, until all evil shall depart from America, and from the world. To those who earnestly desire the healing which comes through the beneficient ministration of Christian Science, and who are willing to obey the loving command of Christ, who, when he healed, said, "Go, and sin no more." I and my students stand ready to speak the word and give the healing of which the world today REPORT OF AMERICAN JEWISH COMMITTEE 279 stands in so great need. My books are a record of my work for forty years, and they attest, upon unimpeachable authority and evidence, that I and my student body have freely bestowed this healing work upon thousands of people, which work we are today extending to millions, by means of the radio, through station WHAP. With kindest regards, dear Mr. Marshall, I am, Sincerely yours, (Signed) AUGUSTA E. STETSON. JAMES P. B. HYNDMAN, Assistant Secretary. January 15, 1927. DEAR MRS. STETSON: I am in receipt of yours of the 13th instant, in answer to mine regarding Station WHAP. I have likewise received various books explanatory of Christian Science, which I shall be very glad to keep for further study and future reference. I must confess that I am greatly surprised that you justify the denunciation and condemnation of Roman Catholicism and of Jews who are not included in what you describe as your "body of Christian Science students." All through the books which you have sent me there runs the thought of the Fatherhood of God and that God is Love. I tuink it is proper to quote your own words from the book entitled "Greetings and a Message to the Dear Children." There you say (pp. 9, 10): "You know that you must love your little brothers and sisters and be unselfish and kind, and share with them the good things you have if you wish to be happy, and make your earthly father and mother and home happy. As you grow older you will see, that if there is but one God, one creator, and this God is Life and Love, that every one must be your brother or sister and you must love them, because God is Life and Love, and He made them like Himself,—good, and that they are all His good children, whom He made in 'His own image.' " I also note that throughout your books you quote Scripture, including not only the so-called New Testament, but also the Old Testament. I do not therefore imagine that you repudiate the words of Malachi, that have thundered down through the ages: "Have we not all one father? Hath not one God created us? Why do we deal treacherously every man against his brother, By profaning the covenant of our fathers?" There seems to be a great gap between what you have preached and what you are now saying and doing. You seek to justify yourself by saying that Mary Baker Eddy, the founder of Christian Sci- ence, has declared that the healing of sin involves and requires the denunciation of sin and the sinner. What you are doing is not to denounce individual sinners or individual wrongdoing. You are attacking the Roman Catholic Church, the Pope and the hierarchy, and its entire membership, and you calmly say that Station WHAP "will continue so to denounce and condemn Roman Catholicism un- 280 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK

til the entire system of popery is expeclled from America." You are thus permitting yourself to sit in judgment upon the opinions and convictions of your brothers and sisters of the Catholic Church. Your characterize them as "anti-Christ" and by other names, which you say are "symbolic of evil character." Upon analysis it would seem that the real ground of your attack is that the doctrines and teachings of Mrs. Eddy are not accepted by the Roman Catholics. But are they accepted by Episcopalians, Presbyterians, Baptists and Methodists to refer to only a few of the many Christian sects? And are they adopted by the hundreds of millions of human beings who live in Asia and Africa and other parts of the world? Do you seriously believe that you and the members of the Christian Science Church, whose very existence dates back but a few decades, have the right to condemn and threaten with expulsion from America millions of other Christians who do not see eye to eye with you? Have you any better right to regard them as "anti-Christ," whatever that may mean, than they have to make the same charge against Christian Science? You are assuming a tremendous responsibility. You say that the case is somewhat different, with Jewry. In what respect? We are not even Christians. /We do not accept Christ. We have entertained these views for .fifty centuries. jWe have given to the world the very Bible upon which" you baSfi-your faith. You say that you have in your body of Christian Science students many Jews "who are living lives in accordance with the highest ideals of Christ's Christianity." Of course you count them among your best students, and yet you still call them Jews and through your station are attacking them as well as those who do not recognize Christian Science. You then proceed to say that there is another class of Jews who "break down American ideals of purity in morals, honesty in business and refinement and culture in society." Has it occurred to you that these people whom you call Jews, are merely individuals who have no regard for Judaism or for any other faith, just as there are millions of so-called Christians who have no regard for any form of Christianity? They are condemned by Jews, not only for their wrongdoing, but also because of the stain which is placed upon the name of the Jew in consequence of the perverted ideas of many non-Jews who attribute the sins of an individual to the race or creed to which the ancestors of such persons may have been attached. You would at once rebel at the thought that, because there are some Christian Scientists who are evil-doers; their sins should be laid at the door of Christian Science. I can assure you that, so far as purity in morals, honesty in business and refinement and culture in society are concerned, the Jews need not be ashamed of comparison with the descendants of the Pilgrim fathers and mothers, or with any other section of the American people. If you wish to denounce sin and the sinner, do so, provided we really know what is meant by those terms; but in the name of all that is sacred do not disregard the lesson that you yourself have REPORT OF AMERICAN JEWISH COMMITTEE 281

taught to little children in the passage which I have quoted from your book. It does not seem possible that you think it consistent to teach the doctrine of brotherhood and love to little children, and at the same time inculcate in them the thought that when they grgBL-up they may turn their faces against that humane doctrine. (My mind is so constituted that I have no patience with meta- physics or ecclesiastical refinements. I believe that all of us have the right to seek salvation in our own way, without let or hindrance. So long as we observe the laws of the state and the rules of decency and morality, we should be free from wanton attacks and insults. That is my interpretation of the doctrine of the Fatherhood of God and the Brotherhood of ManTTYour philosophy, led to its logical conclusion, would justify the extermination by Christian Scientists, if they were strong enough, of all Roman Catholics and all Jews who are unwilling to accept the revelation of Mary Baker Eddy.' Apparently it will do no good, but as an American citizen who believers in the sanctity of the Constitution, and as a human being who believes in the sanctity of humanity, I protest against the dangerous practice that you have adopted of instilling in the public mind hatred and enmity against Roman Catholics and Jews because their religious beliefs differ from yours. Such actions are to my mind the very acme of sin. Very truly yours, (Signed) Louis MARSHALL. Mrs. Augusta E. Stetson, 7 West 96th Street, New York City. This correspondence was followed by a cessation of the anti-Jewish attacks, but there was no abatement of the virulence of those directed against the Roman Catholic Church. You have already been informed of the proceedings which culminated, on June 30, 1927, in the publication by Mr. Henry Ford of Detroit, of a statement whereby he retracted the anti-Jewish charges published from time to time since May, 1920, in his weekly the Dearborn Inde- pendent and in pamphlet form under the title the Inter- national Jew, apologized to the Jewish people for having permitted the publication of these charges, promised to withdraw from circulation the pamphlets which have been distributed throughout the country and in foreign lands, and to make it known in every way possible that these charges have his unqualified disapproval. The documents relating to these negotiations between the representatives 282 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK of Mr. Ford and your President are appended to this report.* The correspondence was widely published and com- mented upon in the press not only of the United States but also of practically every country of the world. Your Committee believes that Mr. Ford's step will go a long way toward counteracting the evil done by the dissemination of the libels which had been published in the Dear- born Independent and collected in pamphlet form. There is no doubt, however, that anti-Jewish propagandists will continue to use much of this voluminous material, and to this extent the harm done is irreparable. Shortly after the issuance of Mr. Ford's statement of June 30, 1927, in which, among other things he announced that the pamphlets which have been distributed throughout the country and in foreign lands would be withdrawn from circulation, the notorious anti-Semitic agitator Theodor Fritsch and the Hammer Verlag of Leipzig, Germany, with which he appears to be connected, publicly denied that Mr. Ford had made the statement, adding: "Were it true, Mr. Ford would have withdrawn from me the publication rights of the International Jew," thus asserting that he claimed to possess such publication rights. In a subsequent statement he announced that the publication and distribution of the pamphlet would be continued, and in- dulged in a series of falsehoods which were an insult not only to the Jews, but also to Mr. Ford. Your president called these facts to the attention of Mr. Ford, who, under date of November 1, 1927, sent the following letter to Fritsch: Dearborn, Mich., Nov. 1, 1927. THEODOR FRITSCH, Koenigstrasse 17, Leipzig, Germany. DEAR SIR: On June 30, 1927, I issued a statement regarding articles concerning the Jews which had appeared in the Dearborn Independent and some of which had been reprinted in pamphlet form under the title "The International Jew." Being satisfied that these publications were unwarranted and that consequently it was my duty as • an honorable man to retract the charges against the Jews con-

* See AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, Vol. 29, pp. 383-389. REPORT OF AMERICAN JEWISH COMMITTEE 283

tained in these publications and to withdraw the publications from circulation, I gave this statement the fullest publicity, and took it for granted that my wish in this regard would be scrupu- lously observed. I am enclosing a correct and authorized copy of that statement. All of the copies of "The International Jew" in the possession or under the control of the Dearborn Publishing Company have been destroyed at my instance. I am informed through the public prints that you are still publishing and circulating these pamphlets in various European countries in a number of languages, using my name in connection therewith and asserting that the publication rights thereof have not been withdrawn. In order that there may be no misunderstanding as to my wishes in this regard, you are accordingly notified that whatever rights you have or claim to have to publish "The International Jew" anywhere or in any language whatsoever, are hereby revoked and terminated, and that the publication, sale or other distribution of "The International Jew" and the use of the name of Henry Ford or of the Dearborn Publishing Company in connection therewith, by you or by any person or corporation claiming under you or acting by your authority as agent, licensee or otherwise, are hereby forbidden. In acknowledging this letter will you kindly inform me of your assurance that you will in all respects acquiesce in this demand. Yours truly, HENRY FORD. An identical letter was sent to Hammer-Verlag of Leip- zig, the publishers of the foreign editions of "The Inter- national Jew." In September, the Executive Board of the National Federation of Temple Brotherhoods called your Com- mittee's attention to the activities of an organization called the Industrial Defense Association, Inc., having its headquarters in Boston, Mass., which was disseminating anti- Semitic literature, in the form of an official publication entitled What's What and leaflets put out by The Britons, an anti-Semitic organization in England. As the most prominent name on the Advisory Board of the Industrial Defense Association, Inc., was that of General Clarence R. Edwards, your President sent the foliowing letter to him to the address of the Association : September 21, 1927. DEAR GENERAL EDWARDS : My attention has been called to Vol. I, No. 3, of a publication entitled "What's What," also to a pamphlet entitled "The Future Domination" purporting to be published by The Britons Publish- 284 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK

ing Society, and to another pamphlet entitled "White Labor Versus Red," with a Synopsis of "The Protocols," both stamped "Distri- buted by Industrial Defense Asso., Inc., 7 Water St., Boston." It appears from the official publication of that association that you are one of its Advisory Board and that Mr. Edward H. Hunter is the Executive Secretary. I will assume that you do not intend to give your sanction to the circulation of forgeries, but I can say without hesitation that all that is said in these two pamphlets with regard to the so-called Protocols and to a pretended discourse claimed to have been delivered_by a Rabbi with the authority of one "Sir John Red- cliffe"Hs an unqualified fabrication. j^That has been established by disclosures fiiady s>eveitft years ago "By The London Times. That is likewise established by the intrinsic evidence of the alleged .Proto- cols. In brief the facts are these: About 1865 one Joly, a Catholic lawyer of Paris who was inimical to Napoleon III, who was then the Emperor of France, and who desired to make him appear in a despicable light, wrote an imaginative work called "The Discourse in Hell Between Machia- velli and Montesquieu." In the course of this dialogue Machiavelli, who was intended to represent Napoleon III, made use of expres- sions as indicating his policy, which are identical with those contained in the Protocols, which are claimed to have been written a third of a century later. Some years after the July book was written one Goedsche, a German who had been convicted of forgery, wrote a book called "Paris-Biarritz" under the pseudonym of Sir John Red- cliffe. In this book appeared a fantastic chapter purporting to give an account of a meeting held in a cemetery at Prague at which rep- representatives of the Twelve Tribes of Israel, ten of which had been lost for centuries, reported at midnight what they had done during the previous century for the purpose of carrying out a plot to obtain world power for the Jews. Anybody who reads this chapter and believers a word of what there appears must be in~ a psychopathic condition. Some years later this chapter of Goedsche's novel based on Joly's book was transformed into a pretended discourse by a Rabbi who never existed, and was published in a number of anti- Semitic newspapers, but was so absurd that no attention was given to it at the time of such publication. Still later the Secret Police of Russia, for the purpose of carrying out their usual plan of making the Jew a scapegoat for the sins of the Russian autocracy, caused one Nilus to create, on the basis of these several concoctions, the so- called "Protocols of the Wise Men of Zion." In their present form they have undergone various changes, and the account of how the so-called documents came into the possession of Nilus is utterly preposterous. The Joly book had been forgotten until it was discovered in Constantinople, some time in 1923, by a correspondent of The London Times. He immediately recognized its practical identity with the Protocols, which had recently been published. He called the subject to the attention of his newspaper, which on making REPORT OF AMERICAN JEWISH COMMITTEE 285 inquiry at the British Museum found that a copy of the Joly book was in that library. In consequence of this discovery The London Times, which had previously been somewhat impressed by ths Protocols, denounced them as a base forgery. Now your organization, using your name as one of its sponsors, is circulating what it calls a Synopsis of this vile forgery, is making it the basis of an attack upon the Jews, and is lending support to the extraordinary theory that the Jews are not only seeking to dominate, but are actually dominating, capital and labor. In other words fifteen million people, of whom the greater part are in abject poverty as a result of age-long persecution to which they have been and still are being subjected, are controlling the one billion five hundred million and more of the inhabitants of the earth. Your organization is likewise making it appear that the mythical Sir John Redcliffe was a reality, and by his alleged authority is distributing the so-called discourse by a Rabbi who never existed, which is nothing more or less than a re-hash of the blood and thunder story of the forger Goedsche, whose inspiration comes from the Joly book, which, as I have said, has no relation to the Jews and was merely a satire against Napoleon III. As an honorable man I am confident that with these facts brought to your attention you will put an end to this wanton attack upon your fellow-citizens of the Jewish faith Let me call your attention to the fact that in the Dearborn Inde- pendent and in the pamphlets called The International Jew, based upon articles contained in the Dearborn Independent, these same Protocols were made the starting point of a long continued attack upon the Jews. You must be aware of the fact that on June 30, 1927, Mr. Henry Ford, the owner of the Dearborn Independent and the publisher of The International Jew, having as a result of a careful investigation satisfied himself that the charges made in those publications against the Jews were false, confessed the wrong that he had done, retracted the charges made, and asked forgive- ness of those whom he had greatly injured by the dissemination of the wicked accusations contained in these publications. For your information I am handing you a pamphlet in which will be found Mr. Ford's statement, which was forwarded to me at his instance, and my reply thereto. I earnestly hope that the Industrial Defense Association, Inc., will follow the example of Mr. Ford and will cease to issue such literature as that to which I have referred. "The Britons" or "The Britons Publishing Society," whose imprint your pamphlets bear, is an organization with which men like you should be unwilling to affiliate. Very cordially yours {Signed) Louis MARSHALL. GEN. CLARENCE R. EDWARDS, Care Industrial Defense Association, Inc., 7 Water Street, Boston, Mass. 286 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK

Upon learning that this letter had not been forwarded to General Edwards, a copy was sent to him to his home. This brought the following reply: September 28, 1927. MY DEAR MR. MARSHALL: I did not receive your letter of September 21st. I hasten to tell you that early this summer somebody came here and mentioned that the Industrial Defense Association was making charges that could not be substantiated and I immediately told them to take my name off of their letterhead. In fact my connection with the Association came through Gen- eral Bisbee, one of my old Generals who brought me up. He was the head of it and he told me that they were working to defeat this radicalism and "Peace at any Price" even "Peace with dishonor but Peace." At the time I told them I was so busy I could not be active . . . and would have to count on General Bisbee and his Board of Directors to be very careful of their statements. I must say that I have only read one or two of their circulars as I did not think they would put me on their Board when I said that I could not be active. As regards my attitude toward the Jew it is rather amusing. Rabbi Wise will tell you that because in my Division I had some 1500 or 1600 Jews, 85 of whom were killed and about 300 wounded, I have made several addresses paying tribute to their valor like other Americans and always praising the doing away of the antipathy relating to race, religion and class. So I am sorry that I have been supposed to endorse anything of that nature. As Mr. Hunter has already told you that I have resigned I do not think there is anything more to say except that I am awfully sorry this has happened. Sincerely yours, (Signed) C. R. EDWARDS. In response to this, your President wrote: September 30, 1927. DEAR GENERAL EDWARDS: I wish to thank you for your very satisfactory letter of the 28th instant. I was confident that you could not possibly entertain such views as those which are advocated by the Industrial Defense Association and that you would not sanction the circulation of such demonstrated falsehoods as were contained in the publication of The Britons and The Briton Publishing Company. One who has seen the Jews in action in times of peril, as you have, and has beheld them fighting for our country's flag and laying down their lives for the perpetuation of its institutions, knows how impossible it is for the Jews in time of peace to do anything which would militate against our country's welfare. Nothing can be more hostile to that spirit of unity which should exist among our citizens than to stir up REPORT OF AMERICAN JEWISH COMMITTEE 287

hatred, prejudice and antipathy because of differences of race, religion or social position. With best regards, I am, Very cordially yours, {Signed) Louis MARSHALL. Gen. C. R. Edwards, Doneroving, West wood, Mass.

4. JEWISH POLITICAL CLUBS Recently, the President of your Committee received a letter from the secretary of a so-called "Hebrew" Demo- cratic Club, containing the information that the club had been organized in July of this year and that within three months thereafter an active membership of more than 250 men had been built up. "The objects of our organization," wrote the secretary "are to promote the welfare of the Jewish people, to take an active part in civic welfare and betterment, charitable interests, and to get behind those Jewish young men who are deserving of political recognition." He went on to inform Mr. Marshall that there had been some discussion "in regard to the use of the name 'Hebrew' in connection with a political organization" and the club was desirous of obtaining the views on that question of leading Jews. In response to the secretary's request that Mr. Marshall give his impartial opinion on the matter, he wrote the letter which follows: DEAR SIR: I am in receipt of yours of the — instant, in which you ask my opinion as to the propriety of using the word "Hebrew" in connection with a political organization. I am very glad to embrace this opportunity to express to you my views on this important subject. To my mind nothing can be more objectionable than to resort to such practice. It is undignified, it is un-American, it is un-Jewish. In this country, where there is a separation of Church and State, where freedom of conscience is guaranteed by State and Federal Constitutions, where every dweller in the land may unquestionably observe his religious belief, where we are all one people, to desig- nate a political club as Hebrew, Jewish, Catholic, German, Irish or Italian, is an evidence of shockingly bad taste and of a lack of appreciation of what America stands for. Whenever I hear of any body of men who thus brand themselves politically, I immediately ask myself what is their game, whose political chestnuts are they seeking to pull out of the fire, what is their conception of citizenship and politics, whose collar are they wearing and what boss are they .288 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK

seeking to influence? Every decent-thinking man when confronted with such a situation recoils in disgust. I approve of political clubs, whether they be Republican, Demo- cratic or Independent, provided they are devoted to the serious study of political and governmental principles, to the education of their members in the organic law of the State and Nation and in matters of public concern. But when such a club is called either the Hebrew Republican Club or the Hebrew Democratic Club, it at once gives rise to the impression that the men in the club are influenced by sordid reasons and not by those elevated considerations which should lead to the formation of such an organization. The non-Jew at once entertains suspicion of such an organization and loses respect for its members. Even politicians gauge the club by the name which it adopts and draw inferences which are not complimentary to the sponsors. We Jews especially owe a duty to ourselves to occupy a dignified attitude toward public questions—not to cheapen our name, not to permit it to be dragged through the mud of ward politics. It should have to us a sacred connotation and should not be placed in danger of being soiled and contaminated. Moreover, why should we Jews give rise to any inference that we have a special ax to grind, that our politics have a selfish tinge, and why should we, who in the past suffered because of our religion, now create even a suspicion that we are entering into politics under the banner of separatism? We are opposed to the Ku-Klux-Klan, we were opposed to the A. P. A. and to the Know Nothings, but we are imi- tating them when we call ourselves Hebrew Democrats and Hebrew Republicans, and Hebrew this and Hebrew that I have at various times been approached by men high in political life with the question, What can be done to gather in "the Hebrew vote?" I have told them invariably that there is no Hebrew vote, that we are American citizens, and that we adopt the principles of one or the other of the parties in accordance with our idea as to what best contributes to the welfare of the country. I have also told them that if I ever heard of any attempt by my own party to differentiate between its members on the basis of their religious faith, I would denounce it as being hostile to the spirit which should prevail in our country. On every occasion these gentlemen have apologized and have thanked me for the opinions expressed. I am perhaps speaking more vehemently than is necessary, but I regard this to be a matter of vital importance. I am probably impelled to do so the more by that part of your letterhead which reads: "Hebrew Democratic Club of X for the Interest of Hebrew Citizens of X." Can anything be more damning than such an expression? What is the interest of the Hebrew citizens of X as distinguished from the interest of all the citizens of X—Jewish, Catholic or Protestant? Suppose our Catholic friends should form a club and call it the Catholic Republican Club of X for the Interest of the Catholic Citizens of X, or some of our Protestant friends should call a club the Presbyterian Democratic Club of X for the Interest of the Presbyterian Citizens of X. Who would protest REPORT OF AMERICAN JEWISH COMMITTEE 289

loudest under such circumstances? I venture to say that it would be the citizens of the Jewish faith, and they would be entirely justified unless by their own example they encouraged such forms of organization. Coming to the second paragraph of your letter, I feel shocked. You say: "The objects of our organization are to promote the welfare of the Jewish people,'to take an active part in civic welfare and betterment, charitable interests, and to get behind those Jewish young men who are deserving of political recognition." I do not understand why you differentiate between "the welfare of the Jewish people" and "civic welfare and betterment." Does not the promotion of the latter promote the welfare of the Jewish people as fully as it deserves to be promoted? I do not know what "charitable interests" have to do with a political club. I know that there are some political clubs which during election time seek charitable contributions from political candidates. To me this is a degradation of one of the noblest sentiments of humanity. And then to form a club for the purpose of having it advance the interests of "Jewish young men who are deserving of political recognition." You are playing with fire and with edged tools when you announce this as the ultimate purpose of your organization. This idea of getting political recognition because one is a Jew is, to me, unspeakably shameful. Men will get their deserts without that kind of boosting. Let the Jewish young men become good citizens, perform their public and private duties, gain a reputation for integrity and ability and modesty, and it will not be necessary to form a club to hoist them into public office. I earnestly hope that your organization will revise its purposes and change its name without delay. By doing so its members would honor the Jewish name instead of debasing it. Very truly yours, (Signed) Louis MARSHALL.

5. BUREAU OF JEWISH SOCIAL RESEARCH During the past year, the Committee continued to maintain its connection with the Bureau of Jewish Social Re- search in which the Bureau of Statistics, formerly maintained by the Committee, merged, and toward the support of which the Committee as for several years past, made an annual contribution of $8,500. The Department of In- formation and Statistics of this Bureau, under the direction of Doctor H. S. Linfield, has been performing the functions which had formerly been the work of the Bureau of Statistics; these include the maintenance of information files and indices, and the preparation of statistical tables, directories and other data for the American Jewish Yeaj 290 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK Book; this department also prepared for the Committee a Summary of Events of Jewish Interest which appeared as a monthly from September 8, 1921 to May 31, 1926, and since then has been a quarterly publication. During the year, your Committee and the Trustees of the Bureau of Jewish Social Research, in the course of conferences to discuss the work of the Bureau, agreed that it would be to the best interest of both the Bureau and the Committee if the existing arrangement were terminated and that such work as was being done for the Committee by the Bureau, be continued under the direct auspices of the Committee. Accordingly, it has been mutually agreed that the present arrangement come to an end with the close of 1927, it being understood that the Statistical Depart- ment of the Committee is not to duplicate the functions of the Bureau, and that whenever this is practicable the services of the Bureau are to be employed in such surveys or investigations as the Committee may decide to have made from time to time. Your Committee will, in the meantime, determine to what extent the statistical work heretofore done under the auspices of the Bureau shall be continued by the Committee. 6. CENSUS OF JEWISH CONGREGATIONS Since April of the present year, a special staff under the supervision of Doctor Lin field, has been cooperating with the United States Bureau of the Census in obtaining the information as to Jewish religious organizations required for the decennial census of religious bodies. It was estimated, as we informed you at our last meeting, that the minimum cost of this work would not be much below $35,000. An endeavor was made by the Committee to raise the necessary money, and to this end the following special contributions were secured: Paul Baerwald, $500; Henry Ittleson, $250; Ludwig Vogelstein, $100; Felix Fuld, $1,700; Joseph Leblang, $500; New York Foundation, $3,500; Felix M. Warburg, $500; A. M. Heinsheimer, $200. In addition, a number of our sustaining members responded to the Committee's plea for additional funds to carry on this work and to enable the Committee to engage REPORT OF AMERICAN JEWISH COMMITTEE 291 in other activities by increasing their contributions. This subject will be further discussed under finances. In all but eleven cities, it will be possible by correspondence to secure the information required by the Census Bureau which will prove also of great importance to our own community. In the following cities, however, special methods involving the employment of canvassers will have to be worked out in cooperation with the leaders of the local communities: Baltimore, Boston, Chicago, Cleveland, Detroit, Los Angeles, Newark, New York, Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, and St. Louis. Inasmuch as the information to be gathered in these cities is likely to be of value to the local communities, it is hoped that it may be possible to have the work financed by each of these communities so as to relieve the Committee of the financial burden involved. A memorandum on the scope and progress of the work of this Census will be presented later and appended to this report.*

7. THE AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK The twenty-ninth volume of the American Jewish Year Book which was published last September was, as were nineteen of its predecessors, prepared in the office of the Committee. In addition to biographies of the late Oscar Sblomon Straus and Israel Zangwill, the Year Book contains as a special feature an article on the Jews of Hungary based on the Census of 1920 and prepared by Doctor Lin- field. The data included in the article will be found of great interest as reflecting the life of Jews in another country, especially those statistics which bear upon birth, marriage and divorce, conversion and apostasy, death, and especially, in view of the existence of the legal restriction upon the enrollment of Jews in universities, those bearing upon that feature. The Year Book also contains the usual Survey of the Year and the various directories of organizations, lists and tables which were all painstakingly revised and brought up to date. The Twentieth Annual Report of the American Jewish Committee is published in permanent form in this volume.

* See pages 00 to 000. 292 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK B. CONDITION OF JEWS IN FOREIGN COUNTRIES During the past year, there were several events of a dis- tressing nature affecting Jews in various countries. Your Committee believes, however, that these are merely temporary set-backs and that the trend toward better times noted in the reports rendered to you at the Nineteenth and Twentieth Annual Meetings, has not been hindered. In Palestine, there was a severe unemployment crisis which is still continuing; in Russia there has been an increase of anti-Semitism not among the masses, but among the communist factory workers; in Poland the economic stagna- tion has been disheartening although there are definite indications of improving conditions; in Roumania there were outbreaks of violence against Jews; in Germany and in Austria, there were manifestations of bigotry and intolerance. At the same time, these untoward events were not regarded with apathy by the enlightened public opinion of the various countries involved, and there is reason to expect that though there may at times transpire recurrencs of these unfortunate incidents, with the improvement of economic conditions, the life of the Jewish people in foreign lands will become more tolerable.

1. WESTERN AND CENTRAL EUROPE In Norway, the bill for the prohibition of Shehitah, the Jewish method of slaughtering animals for food, which had been introduced in the Norwegian Diet last year, and was the subject of correspondence last year between your President and the Secretary of State, was re-introduced during the past spring. Two of the organizations represented in this Committee, the United Synagogue of America and the Rabbinical Assembly of the Jewish Theological Seminary of America, adopted resolutions on the subject. Following the transmission of these resolutions to the Nor- wegian government, through its minister at Washington, and similar action by organizations abroad, it appears that the proposal was either withdrawn or allowed to lapse. In Germany, there were during the past year numerous indications of the existence of a more or less planned anti- REPORT OF AMERICAN JEWISH COMMITTEE 293

Jewish propaganda. The Berlin section of the German Alpine Association, a sports organization, decided to expel from its membership all Jews, including men prominent in public life, some of whom had been members for many years. At the recent celebration of the anniversary of the Battle of Tannenberg, arrangements to have a rabbi participate in the ceremonies were cancelled as a result of press- ure on the part of influential persons of anti-Jewish leanings who threatened to disturb the celebration if the rabbi were permitted to speak. There have occurred numerous instances of the desecration of Jewish cemeteries, by the over- turning of gravestones and the mutilation of monuments. Other outbreaks of even more violent character were prevented by the timely action of the civil authorities. These sad happenings have, in some Jewish quarters, brought about a spirit of discouragement. This was vividly indicated at an annual conference of the Federation of Ger- man Students of the Jewish Faith, which took place in Freiburg in August. At the meeting, the speakers complained that while the Jewish youth had done its full duty during the War, they had lost their Fatherland, and must begin all over again the struggle for their rights as citizens. In Austria anti-Jewish feeling is largely a by-product of political conflict between the Christian Socialists who control the national government, and the Social Democrats who are masters in Vienna, and among whom Jews are prominent. This fact explains in part the student riot at the University of Vienna last spring in which brass-knuckles, iron-tipped canes, and cudgels were lavishly employed; eleven students were seriously injured and other scores hurt, and the authorities were compelled to close the institution. There was also the protest of the students against the appointment of Professor Hupka, a Jew, as dean of the College of Law, the attempt to establish an "Aryan" theatre, whence everything and everybody "Semitic" was to be excluded, and the disgraceful propaganda of the Volkskampf, organ of the Hakenkreuzler, to spread the "ritual" murder myth, during the weeks before Passover. In Hungary, the victory of the anti-Semitic Party in the Budapest municipal elections was greeted by the pealing of church bells. Here the appointment of a Jewish surgeon 294 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK who had performed great services for members of the government, to a chair in the University of Budapest was a signal for rioting. Not satisfied with the numerus clausus, which has reduced the Jewish enrollment at the institu- yions of higher learning to less than twenty-five per- centum of what it was before the law went into effect, the Minister of Education even proposed a percentage norm for admission of Jews to the bar. This proposal was, however, condemned at a meeting of the Budapest Bar Asso- ciation. Numerus clausus is so fashionable in Hungary that the municipality of Kecskemet put one into effect at the municipal theatre, by restricting Jews to only five per- centum of the seats. Evidently the non-Jews did not take full advantage of this regulation for the theatre was compelled to close its doors for lack of support, and appeal was made to the Jews to forgive and forget. Only a few weeks ago, the Hungarian government began the wholesale expulsion of aliens, almost all of them Jews, without having given them sufficient time to liquidate their affairs. Many of these exiles have reached Cracow, Paris, and other cities, where they present a most pitiable appearance. About a month ago, Premier Bethlen announced that the government intended to introduce at the forthcoming session of Parliament an amendment to the numerus clnusus law, limiting its application only to certain facul- ties. This announcement was the signal for vociferous protests on the part of the so-called "race purifiers," and riots broke out in Budapest in which students of the university played a leading part. It is reported that they maltreated many Jewish students, tearing the clothes from their backs, forcing them to show their credentials, and then expelling them from the university building.

2. EASTERN EUROPE In Poland, as a result of a coup d' etat by Marshal Josef Pilsudski in July, 1926, referred to in our last report, a government with liberal tendencies is still in power. Ap- parently, this government is anxious to make the lot of the Jews easier, but it is hampered by the fact that it lacks a REPORT OF AMERICAN JEWISH COMMITTEE 295 strong backing in the Parliament and must therefore act cautiously if it would remain in power. Although the Jewish deputies in the Sejm are dissatisfied with the lack of progress made in Jewish reforms, it cannot be denied that the Pilsudski government has taken a number of positive and beneficial steps. For one thing, it definitely abolished the illegal numerus clausus instituted arbitrarily by the Minister of Education of a previous regime. It has ameliorated the conditions affecting Sunday closing for Jewish small traders and artisans who employ no help, by permitting them to remain open a few hours on that day. Its educational commission reported against any restriction of enrollment for Jews and recommended the recognition of Yiddish and Hebrew schools which meet certain requirements. The government has also postponed putting into effect the law which sought to deprive their present holders, mostly Jews, of licenses to deal in tobacco and other com- modities of state monopoly. It has ruled that trials in which Jews are involved shall not be held on Saturdays or Jewish holidays, and has publicly condemned the anti- Jewish boycott propaganda. On the other hand, it has not satisfied Jewish demands in three directions, to wit, the admission of Jews to state employment, the abolition of the old Czaristic laws, and the recognition of existing Jewish schools by granting them a subsidy. The undoubted good will of the government could not altogether prevent outbreaks showing that the lower strata of the Polish populace have not suppressed their hatred of the Jews so sedulously cultivated by the Czarist regime and by the Polish reactionaries. There was even a "ritual" murder scare in two towns, but this was quickly cleared up and an official was dismissed for failure to suppresss the agitation with sufficient promptitude. The accusation of well-poisoning was also raised against the Jews, when a number of soldiers in a certain garrison became ill after drinking the water of a nearby well. As might be expected, investigation proved that the water was polluted. In Lemberg, toward the end of June, a student riot in which Jews were beaten and the office of Chwila a Jewish Polish newspaper, was raided, was vigorously suppressed by the police. Recently, the govern- 296 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK ment closed the bank established by the anti-Semitic organization, Rozvoj, for the purpose of financing the boycott agitation a'gainst the Jews. An official investigation dis- closed that the funds of depositors had been misused and the accounts of the bank falsified. The economic life of the Jews of Poland is still far from satisfactory, but there has been some improvement. The cooperative movement is growing apace, and the funds provided through the American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee are helping many traders and artisans who lacked neither energy nor skill, but only capital, to become self-sustaining. A suggestion that Jews be helped to go on the land was not welcomed by the government which pointed out that in Poland there was no appreciable amount of vacant arable land. The subject is, however, receiving due consideration. In Lithuania, in the summer of 1926, as a result of a national election, a liberal government came into power. During the life of this government the conditions of the Jews who had been harassed by the preceding reactionary regime, were ameliorated. Documents were brought to light which showed that the former government had itself circulated anti-Jewish propaganda. The new government also took steps to recognize the Jewish schools and to amend the compulsory Sunday rest law which was un- necessarily burdensome in some of its provisions. This liberal government was not long-lived, however, for after scarcely six months of existence it was overthrown in December, 1926, by a coup d' etat executed by Smetona, formerly president of the republic, who established a new cabinet under Professor Valdemaras, which abandoned the liberal policy toward Jews and other minorities. As a result, the present condition of the Jews is no better than it was before June, 1926.

3. ROUMANIA In Roumania the Averescu government, which many had hoped would not pursue the anti-Jewish policies of former regimes, turned out to be even worse than its predecessors. One of its first acts was to reinstate Alexander Cuza, apostle of anti-Semitism, in the faculty of the University REPORT OF AMERICAN JEWISH COMMITTEE 297 of Jassy, over the protests of the other members. The offices of Jewish organizations and of individuals were raided and searched, in vain of course, for treasonable documents. No help was extended to the Jewish school system in the educational budget. The numerus clausus was not introduced, but at the baccalaureate examinations for admission to the universities, discrimination was prac- ticed against Russian, Hungarian, or Jewish students, and a virtual numerus clausus was thus effected. The situation was most flagrant in Czernowitz, Bukowina, where seventy per cent of the non-Roumanian students were "flunked." The leaders of a public demonstration which grew into a riot were arrested, and at the court hearing, one Nicholas Totu, a Roumanian student, whipped out a revolver and shot David Falik, one of the accused. This cold-blooded murder created a tremendous sensation and filled the Jews of Bukowina with dread. Many Rouman- ian lawyers offered to conduct the defense of the murderer, who was acquitted on the ground that his act was the result of "patriotic zeal." After that, the students, appreciating that they were immunized, redoubled their efforts to embitter the lives of Jewish students with the result that in some of the universities a virtual numerus clausus came into effect. This paved the way for the student excesses beginning on December 2, in Kishineff, perpetrated by about three hundred students who were invited to visit the city after attending a student conference at Jassy. En route they had beaten all the Jews traveling on the same train, and at every way station they h#d assaulted Jews who were unlucky enough to be on the platforms. Arrived at Kishin- eff, they beat up Jews, or those who looked like Jews, in the railway station and then marched to the Cathedral, where a service was held. This was followed by a sight- seeing trip, in the course of which they attacked Jews, tore down store-signs, smashed shop windows. Terror reigned in the city, and troops were called to suppress the students. Later, they broke out again, damaging synagogues, dragging Jews off street cars, and beating them. On the way back to the station they encountered a squad- ron of cavalry which attempted to disperse them, and 298 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK several were thrown down and trampled by the horses. At the station, they repeated their former tactics. On the way to their homes in other cities, the students stopped the train at Kalarash and perpetrated excesses in the Jewish quarter of the town. All over the world these events which were, in the beginning, somewhat exaggerated in press reports, aroused indignation, and meetings of protest were held in many countries. Through the good offices of Mr. William Nel- son Cromwell of New York City, President of the organization Friends of Roumania, a meeting was arranged in January last between your President and Mr. George Cretziano, Roumanian Minister to the United States. At this meeting the situation of the Jews of Roumania was thoroughly discussed. While regretting the violence with which Roumania had been attacked recently in the press, the Roumanian Minister admitted, to his great regret, that the anti-Semitic party in Roumania had violently and un- justly attacked the Jews. He was anxious to put an end to the unfortunate controversy and he was sure that his government was desirous of protecting the Jews against the attacks of the anti-Semites. Your President took occasion to make a complete statement of the grievance of the Jews and presented suggestions as to what could be done to put an end to the indignities from which they were suffering. The Minister received these/emarks in good part and Mr. Cromwell endorsed them strongly. The Minister requested Mr. Marshall to furnish him with a copy of the letter written to Mr. Titulescu a year ago, which is set forth in our Twentieth Annual Report. Mr. Marshall promptly complied with this request and correspondence with the Roumanian Minister ensued, in the course of which, Mr. Marshall from time to time called the Minister's attention to a number of flagrant instances of anti-Jewish propaganda, which the Minister promised to bring to the attention of his government. This correspondence follows: REPORT OF AMERICAN JEWISH COMMITTEE 299

I. MR. MARSHALL TO M. CRETZIANO YOUR EXCELLENCY: January 31, 1927. In conformity with your request I am handing you a copy of the letter which I wrote to His Excellency, M. Nicholas Titulescu on January 5, 1926, regarding the relations of the Roumanian Govern- ment and the Jews of Roumania. We had previously discussed the subject orally at a small dinner in honor of M. Titulescu at the Lotos Club, at which Hon. Julian W. Mack and Rev. Dr. Stephen S. Wise were also present. For that reason their signatures were appended to the letter. M. Titulescu thought it would be helpful if I reduced to writing what I had said orally on the basis of official documents and various books, pamphlets and newspaper publications which I had with me. He sent me a radiogram from the steamship Berengaria on his return voyage to London, in which he said: "Recois momente embarquer votre memoire. Examinerai et transmittrai Gouvernment." I received no further communication from him. I wish to express my great appreciation for the pleasant evening at your apartments and for the fine spirit of cooperation manifested by you and by Mr. Cromwell looking toward an amicable and •effective solution of existing misunderstandings. From my point of view, based on the experience of the United States with its citizenship derived from fifty nationalities, as well as on the conclusions that I have derived from the teachings of history, it is certain that whatever redounds to the happiness of the Jews of Roumania will inure to the welfare of Roumania, and that whatever leads to the prosperity of the country will inevitably bring about the happiness of its people. I know that the Jews of Roumania are loyal to Rou- mania, as the Jews are to every country in which they live. They have demonstrated this to a remarkable degree in the United States. They are recognized as a great asset. They have developed important industries and are engaged in every form of commeice. The Roumanian Jews who came to this country have become valuable citizens. Those who remain in Roumania will, if given •equality of opportunity and protection against the onslaughts of anti-Semitism, unquestionably prove a blessing to the country. Wherever any considerable part of the citizenry under any government are the victims of discrimination and the objects of hatred, •contempt or suspicion, evils are certain to develop and injury to the nation is sure to follow. The best results have always been consequent upon a spirit of unity and friendship and mutual confidence. I shall be very glad at any time to confer with you further on this subject and to do whatever lies within my power to bring about a complete rapprochement between the various elements of the population of Roumania. The country is rich in natural resources, it is fortunately located, and it has expanded its boundaries and its population to an extraordinary extent. What is most important for its growth and progress is the utilization of its human resources and the favorable opinion of the world. I am, with great respect, Very Cordially yours, (Signed) Louis MARSHALL. 300 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK

II. M. CRETZIANO TO MR. MARSHALL. Legatiunea Regalia a Romaniei, Washington, D. C. February 3, 1927. MY DEAR MR. MARSHALL: Let me first express to you my gratitude for your kind note of January 31, 1927, and for the copy of your letter of January 5, 1926, addressed to His Majesty Nicolas Titulescu, the contents of which I did not fail to communicate to my Government, calling their attention to this very important question. In the meantime, through a strange coincidence, as you will see from the enclosed communication, no less than Rabbi Niemirower himself, in his position as Senator by right, declared before the Roumanian Parliament that he "protested and still protests categorically against the exaggerations and the intrigues of foreigners against Roumania," and, therefore, without any doubt confirmed the statement of my Government concerning the campaign lately launched against Roumania in such a violent and subversive spirit. As we are, I hope, due to your splendid reconciliatory spirit, just on the road to new cooperation, hand in hand, for leveling, or, at least, for smoothing the difficulties still existing in this question, permit me (based on the "dementis" always given by the facts, and, this time, by the declarations of such an authority in this matter as Rabbi Niemirower) to suggest that, in future, when such sensational and malicious stories are launched against my Country, I can count on your precious assistance, before starting such a campaign, to previously ask for the established facts, either through me or through the American Minister in Bucharest, or, even directly, through the most authorized co-religionists in Roumania (according to your choice "ad libitum.") I count on your known loyalty, not only in the interest of Roumania, but also, and especially, in the interest of the loyal Jewish population in Roumania, which forms an important part of good Roumanian citizenry. In the hope that our thoughts will meet entirely on this way of loyal and devoted collaboration for the common welfare of the Roumanian Jewish cause, I am, with great consideration. Yours very sincerely, (Signed) G. CRETZIANO. Louis Marshall, Esq., 120 Broadway, New York, N. Y.

[Enclosure] COMMUNICATION RECEIVED FROM THE PRESS BUREAU OF THE MINISTRY OF FOREIGH AFFAIRS IN BUCHAREST, FEBRUARY 1, 1927. The Jewish newspapers of Roumania accentuate the importance of the declarations made by the new Senator, by right, Rabbi Niemirower, before the Roumanian Parliament: "We Israelites living in this Country know how pacific and good- hearted the Roumanian people are. We know that we cannot REPORT OF AMERICAN JEWISH COMMITTEE 301 make the Roumanian people responsible for the excesses of an isolated anti-Semitic party. "There is a difference between the Israelites of the Old Kingdom, who are happy to have become entirely Roumanian citizens, and the Israelites of the reunited provinces, who are not all yet in the frame of this Country. I can testify that I have protested and still protest categorically against the exaggerations and the intrigues of foreigners against Roumania."

III. MR. MARSHALL TO M. CRETZIANO. FEBRUARY 7, 1927. YOUR EXCELLENCY: I am in receipt of yours of the 3rd inst. containing communication regarding declarations made by Chief Rabbi Niemirower before the Roumanian Parliament. My attention has been previously called to his statement. I am well acquainted with him, having met him in Paris in 1919 during the Peace Conference, and have a very high opinion of him. I have also read editorials from Jewish newspapers, published in Roumania, in which they take exception to publications which have been made in other countries to the effect that there have been pogroms in Roumania. This the articles deny, but they nevertheless call attention to various abuses of the anti-Semites, some of which I referred to in my letter to his Excellency M. Titulescu. I have just received a copy of Curierul Israelit of January 15th, 1927, which I enclose. You will find on the first page a reproduction of a part of a pamphlet which is in general circulation throughout Roumania, of the most obnoxious and dangerous character. It purports to portray a pretended ritual murder, a charge against the Jews which has been exploded over and over again, and which was finally dealt with in the cele- brated Beilis case, which was tried in Kief shortly before the war. You will also observe the Swastika, which is the symbol of the anti-Semites. Both Mr. Titulescu and I happen to have had in our possession at the time of our conference copies of this pamphlet, of which the illustration which is reproduced is only one of many others equally offensive and equally calculated to arouse hatred, animosity and intolerance against the Jews. On the third page appears a contrast to the infamous attack made upon the morals and the honor and the loyalty of the Jews. The last page referred to, gives an account of the services held in the Cathedral of St. John of New York, in which I had the honor to participate, at which our Christian fellow-citizens launched a campaign for the raising of funds to help the unfortunate Jews of Eastern Europe who were suffering from disease, famine and extreme poverty. I am confident that you sympathize in every way with that high- minded movement launched by Catholics and Protestants in aid of the Jews and at which General Pershing, who was the Com- mander-in-Chief of the American troops during the late war, General O'Ryan, one of the division commanders of our Army, Dr. Cadman, one of the leading divines of America, and Bishop Man- 302 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK

ning, the head of the Episcopal Church of New York, participated. These gentlemen know what the Jews have done and are doing for America and their testimony should be accepted all over the world. In the address which I delivered on that occasion I said that it was entirely unimportant whether the campaign which they were con- ducting would result in small or large contributions, the very fact that it was demonstrated that the people of the United States treated the Jews as on an equality and as human beings, was all sufficient. I fully appreciate the importance of preventing the spread of sensational stories reflecting upon Roumania, and that it is necessary that the exact facts be in every case ascertained. I shall be happy to cooperate with you in this direction. The best way, however, of preventing misunderstanding is to avoid the occasion of it.. The Government of Roumania is powerful enough to prevent such libels of a whole people as those to which I have called your attention and the other abuses which have been particularized. When that has been accomplished then a friendly feeling, coupled with one of appreciation and gratitude, will take the place of that discontent and unhappiness which now exists. Mischief-makers, whoever they may be, would thereby be disarmed. With best regards to you, Very cordially yours, (Signed) Louis MARSHALL.

IV. M. CRETZIANO TO MR. MARSHALL. Legatiunea Regalia a Romaniei, Washington, D. C. February 9, 1927. MY DEAR MR. MARSHALL: Many thanks for your letter of February 7th, the contents of which interested me in a high degree. I was very pleased to see that you know personally and appreciate Chief Rabbi Niemirower who, as a Senator by right, high minded and moderate as he is, will be able to obtain much for the amelioration of the Jews in Roumania. I think that the fact that our new Constitution has provided for a permanent seat in the Senate for a representative of the Jewish religion means real progress. I trust that rest will come by degrees with mutual good will. It would certainly be an ideal to see one day in Roumania, manifestations of human solidarity like the one which took place in the Cathedral of St. John in New York, as detailed by "Curierul Israelit" that you sent me. This is the future which I hope to see one day, and if not I, at least my children may see it. I must confess that the present as discussed in the first page of said paper is very far from it, but one must not despair. I wired to my Government, drawing its attention on the infamous anti-semitic libels, and I hardly can imagine that no measures have been taken to prevent their circulation. I also trust that my Gov- REPORT OF AMERICAN JEWISH COMMITTEE 303 ernment will give full attention to the remarks contained in your memoir to Minister Titulescu, of which I sent him a copy. In my opinion it would constitute a good base for discussions between the government and the Chief Rabbi. Very cordially yours, (Signed) G. CRETZIANO.

V. MR. MARSHALL TO M. CRETZIANO. March 5, 1927. YOUR EXCELLENCY: Availing myself further of your suggestion that I bring to your attention my additional information that I may have regarding the treatment accorded the Jews of Roumania, I enclose a translation of a number of newspaper articles and manifestos which have been circulated recently in Roumania. They include an article which appeared in Carpatii, the organ of the Christian League of National Defense, the head of which I understand to be Mr. Cuza. This article, of which I can send you a photostatic copy, is entitled "UCIDE," which I understand to mean "Kill." By this publication the readers are incited to kill the Jews. They are told that to do so is not a crime, but "the greatest honor of the Roumanians." So far as I have been able to learn nothing has been done by the Government to deal with so incendiary a document or to punish the offenders. What does silence under these circumstances por- tend? Would not one infer that silence gives consent? The next article is a manifesto issued by the Committee of the Christian League in Bucharest, which asks Christians to rid the country of Jews, "who," it is said, "like spiders, suck the blood and vitality out of the poor Roumanian Christian, who is struggling to extricate himself from the clutches of death." The third is a manifesto issued by another section of the League and distributed in the various towns and villages, which seeks to arouse animosity and hatred against the Jews among the various classes of Roumanian citizens. Still another urges Roumanians to employ the economic boycott against the Jews. All this is most painful, because there can be no doubt that the constant repetition and reiteration of foul slanders and libels and appeals to hatred and prejudice, cannot result otherwise than in infinite harm to the State as well as to the individual. As you know, it is my earnest desire to bring about a friendly feeling between the Roumanian Government and the Jews. But you must concede that an unreproved and unpunished continuance of such dangerous appeals and incitements as those to which I have called your attention in my several communications, cannot but alarm the Jews of Roumania and arouse the indignation of the Jews and all right-thinking men and women everywhere. With best regards, I am, Very cordially yours, (Signed) Louis MARSHALL. 304 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK

VI. M. CRETZIANO TO MR. MARSHALL. Legatiunea Regala a Romaniei, Washington, D. C. March 8, 1927. Louis MARSHALL, ESQ., 120 Broadway, New York, N. Y. MY DEAR MR. MARSHALL: As soon as I received your letter of March 5, I cabled its contents to Bucharest, drawing the attention of my Government to the facts related. I could not certify that these new and regrettable manifestations are not partly a consequence of the campaign started abroad against Roumania under the pretext of pogroms, a pretext which has, at last, been abandoned, as it appears to me from the reports of the Jewish Congress in Washington, after having been carried on for three months at several meetings and assemblies, in order to raise the public opinion and to provide the intervention of the American Government. At any rate, my Government has taken measures to prevent any excesses on the part of students against the Jewish population, as results from the enclosed letter (rendered public) of the Premier General Averescu to the Minister of Public Instruction, and I hope that no new incidents will occur, as the Jewish question in Rou- mania can be solved only in an atmosphere of peace and serenity. Very cordially yours (Signed) GEORGE CRETZIANO, Minister of Roumania.

[Enclosure] ROMANOLEG, WASHINGTON. I transmit to you the following note addressed by the Prime Minister to the Minister of Public Instruction: "Mr. Minister: I beg to bring to the knowledge of all the students in the country —by the means which you will deem advisable—to abstain from all manifestations. The Government has no need of any help— outside of the legal means at its disposal—to guarantee the national interests as well as the public order and any inmixtion on the part of the uncalled for is illegal and cannot but be punished with all the severity of the laws. It is well not to forget that in several parts of the country, including the capital, the guaranteeing of peace and order imposes upon us the necessity of maintaining the martial law which does not admit any exception and the government has no right to depart from the general rule in anyone's favor. [Signed] GENERAL AVERESCU." MITILINEU REPORT OF AMERICAN JEWISH COMMITTEE 305

VII. MR. MARSHALL TO M. CRETZIANO. March 10, 1927. YOUR EXCELLENCY: I am in receipt of yours of the 8th instant and am glad to learn that you have cabled the contents of my letter of March 5th to Bucharest. I also note the communication addressed by the Roumanian Prime Minister General Averescu to the Minister of Public Instruc- tion, which urges the latter to bring to the knowledge of the Rou- manian students the desire on the part of the Government that they abstain from all manifestations against the Jewish population. It is particularly pleasing to observe the statement that the Rou- manian Government "has no need of any help, outside of the legal means at its disposal, to guarantee the national interests as well as the public order" and that any intrusion on the part of the students is uncalled for and illegal and must be punished with all the severity of the laws. To my mind this is an evidence of the adoption of a sound policy. It is a recognition by the Government that it has the power to prevent the objectionable manifestations that have taken place and that it can and will protect the public interests and maintain public order. Referring to that part of your letter in which you intimate that the manifestations referred to may partly result from action taken abroad against Roumania, I can only say that Roumania is too great a nation to permit the action of a small number of irresponsible hotheads to lead her to justify the shameful treatment to which the Jews of Roumania have been subjected, not merely by irresponsible hotheads, but by cool, calculating anti-Semites like Prof. Cuza and his political party. As you know, I have deplored the actions of the men to whom you have referred and have been diligent in seeking to counteract their proceedings. I am not a member of the American Jewish Congress. Nevertheless I have used my influence in such a way as to moderate, at least, the action that it was intended by these hotheads to take at the Jewish Congress. I am sure that through your good offices and those of Mr. Crom- well, and of the enlightened men of Roumania who appreciate that the welfare of their beloved country depends upon the maintenance of mutual confidence and cooperation by all of the citizens of the country, so that its prosperity and happiness may be advanced by the prosperity and happiness of its entire population, the misunderstandings of the past will speedily disappear. You have my positive assurance that the great body of Jews in the United States entertains these views and will not be carried away by the ill-considered words or acts of a small group. You will appreciate, however, that every right-thinking Jew in this country is greatly concerned in everything that pertains to the welfare of his core- ligionists in Roumania, that he is not indifferent to any suffering or injustice to which they may be subjected, and that he regards the outbursts of anti-Semitism as directed not only against the 306 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK

Jews of Roumania, but against the Jews everywhere. He has, however, an abiding conviction that if Roumania exercises the powers which she possesses as a great nation, she will be able in short order to put an end to all complaints, and to benefit not only from the loyal support, the intelligence and the industry of her own Jews, but also from the friendship, appreciation and respect of the Jews of America. Since dictating the above I have received yours of the 10th instant, in which you inform me that you received a cablegram from Premier General Averescu stating that three consecutive numbers of "Carpatzi," containing incitation to murder, have been confiscated by the police, and that a new bill relating to the press is to be proposed shortly in order to deal with like abuses. I am gratified beyond words at this evidence of what has been done and of what is intended to be done, and I congratulate you upon the part that you have taken in bringing about such prompt action. With best regards, I am. Very cordially yours, (Signed) Louis MARSHALL. His Excellency, M. George Cretziano, Roumanian Legation, Washington, D. C.

VIII. M. CRETZIANO TO MR. MARSHALL. LAGATIUNEA REGALA A ROMANIEI, WASHINGTON, D. C. March 10, 1927. My DEAR MR. MARSHALL: Continuing my letter of March 8th, I am glad to inform you that, today, I received a cablegram from Premier General Averescu stating that, by his order, three consecutive numbers of the paper "Carpatzi," containing incitation to murder, were confiscated by the police. I understand that more could not be done due to the actual state of our press legislation, but a new bill on this matter will be proposed shortly, in order to limit the abuse of excessive liberty in publications. Yours very cordially, (Signed) GEORGE CRETZIANO, Minister of Roumania. After the fall of the Averescu cabinet, early last summer, it transpired that Octavian Goga, a poet, who had been Minister of the Interior, had not concealed his satisfaction with the anti-Jewish agitation and outbreaks regarding them with the enthusiasm of a perverted nationalist. The present government, headed by loan Bratianu, came into power after a national election held last July, REPORT OF AMERICAN JEWISH COMMITTEE 307 preceding which Jewish leaders reached an understanding with Bratianu that the government, in return for the suff- rages of the Jews, and their support in Parliament, would grant certain of their demands. Nine out of the ten anti-Semites including Cuza who served in the preceding Parliament, were re-elected. Eight Jews were, however, elected to parliament, four to the Senate and four, including Dr. William Filderman, to the Chamber of Deputies. It remains to be seen how this compact will be observed. Within the past fortnight the Roumanian Ministry has rendered a most important decision which involves the immediate reopening of all Jewish schools which were closed by the Averescu Government; granting the right to all Jewish schools to observe Saturday and annulling a contrary regulation of the former government; the taking of such steps as will accelerate favorable action upon the demands of the Jewish schools for conformity with the requirement of the public law with respect to Jewish schools. This is a progressive step which augurs well for the future. 4. RUSSIA In Russia, anti-Semitism is spreading among the workers. The communist press frequently refers to the matter and urges the Soviet government to embark upon a campaign against it. Lunacharsky, People's Commissar for Education, delivered a public address on the subject. Bucharin, members of the Executive of the Party, placed much of the blame for the spread of the plague on so-called Jewish jokes. A conference of Jewish workingmen in the Kiev District held last March, expressed deep concern over the matter Numerically Jews are not active in the Soviet government. Last December, official figures were published showing that only 30,000 Jews are members of the Party, in a membership of over a million. At the end of April when the Communist Party held its elections, no Jew was chosen on the Council of People's Commissars (Cabinet) of eleven, and only twenty of the 450 members elected to the Central Executive Committee of the Party are of Jewish birth. 308 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK

After the breach in Anglo-Russian relations last spring there was a marked increase in anti-Jewish propaganda from monarchist sources, which sought to fix the blame for the breach upon the Jews. In the Ukraine this was so noticeable that a committee of Jews appealed to the authorities to stamp it out. August 30, 1927, marked the completion of three years of activity by the Comzet, the government commission for the settlement of Jews on the land. According to a report rendered at that time, a total of 15,729 Jewish families, from 60,000 to 75,000 souls, have been settled on the land under the supervision of this Commission. According to the recent report of Dr. Joseph Rosen, agent of the Ameri- can Jewish Joint Agricultural Corporation (Agro-Joint) a total of 35,000 Jewish families have settled in 180 agricultural-colonies; of this number 27,000 were assisted by the Agro-Joint. The total area devoted to this purpose was 295,917 desiatin, or. about 800,000 acres, in thirteen regions. The cost of this work borne by public agencies was 13,656,000 gold roubles, of which 7,349,000 were contributed by the Agro-Joint, which is financed by the Amer- ican Jewish Joint Distribution Committee; the State contributed 2,403,000 roubles, besides 2,993,000 from bank credits and other government sources, while the balance, 1,011,000 roubles came from the lea and the Ort. Accord- ing to many witnesses, the colonies are in a throving condition; the success of this project has greatly encouraged the various cooperating agencies, and the work is to be continued. During the past few months, the Hilfsverein der Deutschen Juden has decided also to cooperate in this work. In the meantime, the Soviet government, appreciating that it cannot reconstitute the economic life of the Jews solely on the basis of land settlement, has begun to take steps to assist them to enter industry, and instructions to that effect have been given to the Comzet.

5. PALESTINE Among the most important happenings having to do with Palestine were the passage by the British Parliament of an act authorizing the floating of a loan of $22,500,000 by REPORT OF AMERICAN JEWISH COMMITTEE 309 the Palestine government, to be guaranteed as to principal and interest by the British treasury, for railroad, telephone, highway, harbor, and other improvements; the establishment by Nathan Straus of a Health Center in Jerusalem and of a Children's Sanitarium at Tel Aviv; and the founding, by Nathan Lamport of New York, of a Free Loan Association. On the other hand, there has existed an unemployment crisis due in part to credit inflation and over-activity in urban building, themselves the result of too rapid immigration. During the past year, the government finally approved the organization of the Palestine Electric Company, which has control of the so-called Rutenberg Concession for the generation of power from the Jordan and its tributaries. The Palestine Economic Corporation of the United States announced that it had expected to participate to the extent of £150,000 (approximately $750,000) in the completion of the hydro-electric station on the River Jordan. The Corporation also decided during the year to make available $200,000 for credits to workingmen for the building of homes in Palestine, to place $100,000 with the central bank and cooperative institutions in Jerusalem for loans to agricultural and other groups in Palestine; and to buy certain obligations of Jewish farmers to the Keren Hayesod so as to make additional operating capital available for the latter. All of these decisions have not as yet been carried into effect. Although not much more than two years has elapsed since the Hebrew University on Mount Scopus was dedi- cated, the progress that has been achieved in the development of that Institution as shown in the announcement issued by the University in May, 1927, has been substantial. The furthest advanced department in the Uni- versity is, naturally enough, the Institute of Jewish Studies, which has a considerable endowment, and has been able to secure a larger Faculty than any other department. While not yet completely organized, it has added during the past year, lectureships in mediaeval Hebrew poetry and Jewish sociology, and in co-operation with the Jewish Exploration Society and Institutions in America, has also carried on interesting archaeological researches. The School of Ori- 310 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK ental Studies has undertaken two pieces of research work in the realm of Arabic literature and Islamic culture. The Institute of Microbiology has made some useful discoveries which while adding to the world's fund of knowledge on parasites peculiar to Palestine, have also been of practical benefit to the country and its population. Good work has also been begun by the Institute of Chemistry and of Pal- estine Natural History. The Department of Hygiene, which is being supported partially from funds received through the American Joint Distribution Committee, has been engaged in researches connected with the sandfly fever, typhoid, dysentery and malaria. The Institute of Mathematics was opened at the beginning of the present academic year. The University Library which, in 1920, had 32,000 volumes on its shelves, now has 180,000, and has been named official depository for the publications issued by the League of Nations, the World Court, and other important public bodies. A new building to house this collection is now in course of construction. During the year further progress was made toward the proposed enlargement of the Jewish Agency for Palestine, to include non-Zionists. In January, an agreement was reached between Doctor Chaim Weitzmann, President of the International Zionist Organization and Louis Marshall, Chairman of the Non-Partisan Conference of American Jews, to Consider Palestine Problems, whereby as a preliminary step a joint commission was to be designated "to make a thorough survey and investigation of conditions in Palestine, including an expert study of the resources and of the agricultural, industrial, commercial and other economic possibilities of Palestine and neighboring territory and to acquire a complete conspectus of Jewish activities and achievements in the Holy Land." Later in the year the Commission, consisting of Sir Alfred Mond of London, England, Doctor Oscar Wasserman of Berlin, and Messrs. Felix M. Warburg and Doctor Lee K. Frankel of New York City was appointed, and aided by a staff of experts began the investigation. The experts include: Professor Elwood Mead, Agriculture; Professor Jacob G. Lipman, Agricul- REPORT OF AMERICAN JEWISH COMMITTEE 311 ture; Professor Frank Adams, Agriculture; Professor Knowles A. Ryerson, Agriculture; Professor A. T. Strahorn, Agriculture; Mr. C. K. Henriques, Water Supply and Irri- gation; Dr. Leo Wolman, Labor-Industry; Sir John Camp- bell, Colonization; Dr. Ernst Kahn,-Banking; Price, Water- house & Co., Accountants; Mr. R. D. Kesselman, Account- ant; Dr. Maurice B. Hexter, Secretary to the American Commissioners; Dr. Milton J. Rosenau, Public Health; Dr. Charles F. Wilinsky, Public Health. The Terms of Reference and the accompanying specifications giving in detail the lines along which the survey is to be made are given in full. Upon the basis of the report of the experts and of the Commission which will be ready by the spring of 1928, it is expected that the program of work to be undertaken by the Jewish Agency will be arranged and steps taken to effect the proposed enlargement of the Agency.

6. THE RIGHTS OF MINORITIES In our Nineteenth Annual Report attention was called to the fact that in the summer of 1925 the President of the Committee, while at Geneva, submitted to the Secre- tariat of the Council of the League of Nations a memorandum in which he called attention to the desirability of amending the procedure with respect to the presentation of complaints on behalf of minorities of infractions of the so-called Minority Treaties and urged that wherever the Government against which complaint might be made had lodged an answer to the complaint, the terms of such answer should be communicated to the complainants, who in turn should be permitted to reply to it and to indicate wherein they agreed or disagreed with the Government's contentions as to the law or the facts, and that they should likewise be made cognizant of the conclusion reached by the so-called Committee of Three appointed by the Council to consider the complaint. It is gratifying to know that this subject has received attention from the International Law Association, an organization composed of experts in that branch of the law. The suggested amendment in procedure was fully set 312 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK forth in the address of R. E. L. Vaughan Williams, Esq., Chairman of the committee of the Association dealing with the subject of Minorities. A sub-committee consisting of Prof. Brunet, Professor of the Faculty of Law of Caen, and of Mile. Marthe Huet, submitted a report to like effect. Thereupon the following resolution was adopted: "The Committee, convinced of the advantages of publicity in respect to petitions on behalf of minorities, urges the Council tihat it shall provide that answers submitted by Governments be communicated to the petitioners, and that they may, if they so desire, present their comments on such answers." The manifest fairness of such amended procedure will, it is confidently hoped, be recognized by the League of Nations. If the proposed change should be adopted, it will add to the effectiveness of the Treaties and go far toward the elimination of existing difficulties in respect to their enforcement.

7. TURKEY At the preceding Annual Meeting your Committee referred to the action taken in August, 1926, by a group of Jews in Turkey. Following negotiations with the Turkish Government on the subject of the reorganization of Jewish communities in Turkey, this group of so-called Notables adopted resolutions proclaiming "the complete renunciation by Turkish Jewry of all national minority rights guaranteed by the Treaty of Lausanne." At that time your Presi- dent characterized this to be a blow at the principle of the rights of minorities and as not only utterly futile but unspeakably cowardly and disgraceful as well, and expressed the belief that by taking this action the Jewish notables had placed in jeopardy the welfare of the entire Jewish population. Since that time, reports which have been received from Turkey indicate that the situation of the Jews has become difficult in the extreme, and that they have undergone numerous vexations as a result of a strong chauvinistic- nationalistic movement. Charges of disloyalty have been trumped up against them and a newspaper campaign of REPORT OF AMERICAN JEWISH COMMITTEE 313 vilification has been going on. Whereas, Greek, German and other tongues are permitted as languages in the schools of minorities, and the Ashkenazic community is permitted to use German in its schools, the use of Spaniola (a Judeo- Spanish tongue prevalent among the Sephardic Jews,) is restricted in schools maintained by them. The right to travel freely throughout the country possessed by all other Turkish nationals is withheld from the Jews, who are required to secure special passports every time they wish to proceed from the cities into the interior, and these passports are obtained only with difficulty. Although many Jews are engaged in commerce and trade, not a single Jew is a member of a Chamber of Com- merce. It is also practically impossible for a Jew to enter the legal profession, as all candidates, after passing an examination are required to serve for two years as clerks to a government official, and the government accepts only "real," i. e., Moslem Turks for such clerkships. Annoying obstacles have also hampered Jewish effort in commercial and other fields of activity. In short, the Jews who have always been and still are one of the most loyal and useful sections of the population of Turkey are being degraded to second class citizenship in violation of the obligations which the Turkish Republic assumed when it entered into the Treaty of Lausanne.

8. EMERGENCY WORK FOR JEWISH REFUGEES In our report last year we referred to the condition of those intending immigrants who were stranded in various European ports because of the drastic reduction of the quotas from the countries from which they had emigrated, and we informed you that their distress had been considerably relieved, thanks to the work of an Evacuation Com- mittee established in Europe by the American Emergency Committee for Jewish Refugees, which comprises representatives of various Jewish organizations in this country, including the American Jewish Committee. For the purpose of making accessible a further record of these activities attention is called to the following additional facts:— During the year, the work of settling these stranded 314 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK refugees located in various centers and ports in Europe has gone on apace, and the latest report of Doctor Bern- hard Kahn, the representative on the Evacuation Commit- tee of the American Emergency Committee, shows that the number of such stranded refugees has diminished considerably, and, except for those in Bucharest, almost to the vanishing point. Some of them were repatriated, others were permitted to remain in the countries of their temporary sojourn, while still others were enabled to start life anew in other lands. Doctor Kahn advises us that there is every reason to believe that during the coming year this phase of the refugee problem will have been liquidated. The work of the Emergency Committee on behalf of the immigrants, some 5,000 in number, who were induced by steamship agents to go to Cuba, was continued during 1927, though on a reduced scale. These immigrants have now been in Cuba from three to six years, and through aid extended to them successively by the Joint Distribution Committee, the Hebrew Sheltering and Immigrant Aid Society, the Council of Jewish Women and, for the past three years, by the Emergency Committee, they have been materially assisted to become self-supporting and to adjust themselves to their new surroundings. For almost three years, the Committee has had a well-equipped office in Havana under competent leadership, in close touch, at all times, with the immigrants, serving their needs in almost every direction. They have been aided with temporary immediate relief, have been taught trades; schools for both children and adults have been created for general educational purposes, and, in the case of adults, there have been classes in Spanish, the language of the country. A self- support fund has been made available to such men and women as required a loan to start a business on their own account, and, above all, it was the aim of the Committee, through its director in Cuba, to organize the community in such a way that it would begin to function, as most organized communities do, for their own religious, social and philanthropic needs. During the past year such a community organization has been established and gives promise that within a reasonable period of time, it will become adequate to meet the needs of the population. REPORT OF AMERICAN JEWISH COMMITTEE 315 Aside from the desirability of ending the supervision of the Committee over the activities of the local community and training it to meet their own responsibilities and problems, it may be fairly said that after several years' residence in Cuba, this group of the Jewish population of Cuba can no longer be dealt with as immigrants. They have had several years of residence in their new home, and while their material progress has been necessarily slow, their problems can no longer be regarded as requiring the type of help which the Emergency Committee was organized to render. Doubtless, there is still occasion for continuing in their behalf some of the activities hitherto conducted, it is also true that the Cuban activities of the Emergency Committee have already consumed a considerable share of the entire fund raised by the Committee for all purposes, including that of helping the many thousands of stranded refugees in Europe—and latterly of those who have settled in Mexico. After a thorough investigation, completed in September of this year, the Committee decided to adhere to its original program, to liquidate its Cuban activities by November 1, 1927, a decision which was communicated to the Cuban community in the latter part of 1926. However, the Com- mittee voted to continue some of the more important activities, but on a reduced scale, for a further period ending November 1, 1928. The almost complete exhaustion of the funds raised by the Emergency Committee has made it impossible to pursue any other course. In 1925, the Independent Order B'nai B'rith established a Bureau in Mexico City, to aid recently arrived refugee immigrants who had been induced by steamship company agents to go there. They required aid to adjust themselves to their new surroundings and to tide them over the period of their adjustment. Upon representation of a committee of the I. O. B. B. and after careful investigation by a representative of the Emergency Committee, who was sent to Mexico for that purpose, the Committee granted a subsidy of $50,000 to the I. O. B. B. to enable its Bureau more thoroughly to carry out its program on behalf of the refugee immigrants, utilizing the grant made by the Emergency Committee almost exclusively for the creation of a self- support and loan fund. Doctor Boris D. Bogen, executive 316 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK secretary of the I.O. B. B., is directing the work of the Mexico Bureau. His reports of the progress of the immigrants along all lines is most encouraging, and indicates that by the end of another year, the need for continuing the bureau will have disappeared.

C. ORGANIZATION MATTERS 1. DEATHS The Executive Committee is grieved to report that since our last meeting, five members passed away. These were Julius Levy of Baltimore, Maryland, who died on Novem- ber 22, 1926, Jules E. Mastbaum of Philadelphia, who died on December 7, 1926, A. J. Sunstein of Pittsburgh, who died on December 8, 1926, Horace J. Wolf of Rochester, who died on February 17, 1927, and C. D. Spivak of Denver, who died on October 16, 1927. On behalf of the Committee, the Executive Committee has adopted the following resolutions as expressive of the esteem in which these men were held by us and by the community at large: Julius Levy of Baltimore The Executive Committee of the American Jewish Com- mittee has learned with deep sorrow of the death of Julius Levy of Baltimore, Maryland, a member of the General Committee since 1920. Mr. Levy always took an active interest in the organization, responding to all calls for aid or advice, and gave the Committee at all times the full benefit of his influence and standing in his own community. The Committee regards his death as a distinct loss, and extends to his widow its sympathy in their bereavemept. Jules E. Mastbaum of Philadelphia The Executive Committee of the American Jewish Com- mittee has learned with deep sorrow of the death of Jules E. Mastbaum of Philadelphia, Pa., who was a member at large of the Committee since 1922. Mr. Mastbaum was beloved by the entire population of his native city, which profoundly mourned the sudden death of a distinguished citizen. He was a leader in Jewish educational and philanthropic activities both here and abroad, giving to them without stint of REPORT OF AMERICAN JEWISH COMMITTEE 317 his means and his time. It has truly been said of him that while his public benefactions were numerous, his private benevolences were conducted on a large scale of which only a few intimate friends were aware. He was a man of great personal charm with a genius for friendship. During the years of his membership in this Committee, he was keenly interested in and contributed generously to its work. The Committee regards his death at the early age of 54 as a great loss not only to the Jewish people, but to humanity as a whole. We extend to his mother, his widow, and his children, a sincere expression of our sense of loss and of our sympathy with them in their bereavement. A. J. Sunstein of Pittsburgh The Executive Committee of the American Jewish Com- mittee has learned with deep sorrow of the death of A. J. Sunstein of Pittsburgh, a member of the Committee since 1923. Mr. Sunstein was highly respected and esteemed in his own city, being an active worker in its commercial and philanthropic affairs. At the same time, he was deeply interested in the welfare of his co-religionists in all parts of the world, and was an active member of the Committee, participating in its councils and extending material support to its work. We extend to his family our heartfelt sympathy in their bereavement. Horace J. Wolf of Rochester The Committee has learned with deep sorrow of the death of Rabbi Horace J. Wolf of Rochester, New York, a member of the Committee since 1917. Rabbi Wolf was regarded with affection and esteem by the people of Roches- ter, of which city he had been a public-spirited citizen since 1910, participating actively as a member and officer in many civic and philanthropic bodies. His splendid services to the community at large endeared him to Jew and Gentile alike, and he was a noble representative of the best qualities of Jewish manhood. We extend to his bereaved family our heartfelt sympathy. C. D. Spivak of Denver The Executive Committee of the American Jewish Com- mitted has learned with deep sorrow of the death of Doctor 318 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK Charles D. Spivak of Denver, Colorado, a member of the Committee since 1914. As a physician, Doctor Spivak devoted his entire life to the alleviation of suffering. He was especially interested in the condition of the Jewish tuberculous and for the last twenty-three years of his life served unselfishly as a member of the medical staff as well as secretary of the Jewish Consumptives Relief Society of Denver. At the same time he maintained an active interest in Jewish community life, and helped to promote all constructive causes. He spent a considerable period in Poland in connection with the medical work of the Joint Distribu- tion Committee where he rendered meritorious service. His death removes from our midst a man of lovable personality and a self-sacrificing humanitarian. We extend to his family the sincere expression of our heartfelt sympathy.

2. MEMBERSHIP Your Committee is pleased to state that all the gentlemen who were elected to membership at the last Annual Meeting and whose names are listed in the Twentieth Annual Report on pages 10 and 11, have agreed to serve. Your Committee wishes to report further that, in order to fill the vacancies caused by the death of Julius Levy of Baltimore and Horace J. Wolf of Rochester, it has elected Albert Berney of Baltimore and Henry M. Stern of Roches- ter, respectively. In accordance with the provisions of the By-Laws, the President appointed the following Nominating Committee, which was asked to make nominations for representatives to succeed those members whose terms expire today and to fill vacancies wherever they exist: District I. Lionel Weil, Goldsboro II. Nathan Conn, Nashville III. Barnett E. Marks, Phoenix IV. Charles Jacobson, Little Rock V. Louis M. Cole, Los Angeles VI. Henry M. Butzel, Detroit VII. General Abel Davis, Chicago VIII. David Philipson, Cincinnati REPORT OF AMERICAN JEWISH COMMITTEE 319

IX. Morris Wolf, Philadelphia X. Siegmund B. Sonneborn, Baltimore XI. Colonel Isaac M. Ullman, New Haven XII. David M. Bressler, New York City (Chairman) XIII. Simon Fleischmann, Buffalo XIV. Felix Fuld, Newark Following is a list of the nominees suggested by this Committee, and who have agreed to serve if elected: District I. Leonard Haas, Atlanta, Ga., to be reelected. IV. Simon Binswanger, St. Joseph, Mo., to be reelected. V. Ben Selling, Portland, Ore., to be reelected; Leo J. Falk, Boise, Idaho, and Samuel Platt, Reno Nev., to fill existing vacancies. VI. Isaac Summerfield, St. Paul, Minn., Nat Stone, Milwaukee, Wis., to be reelected. VII. Bernard Horwich, Chicago, 111., to be reelected. VIII. Isaac W. Bernheim, Louisville, Ky., and Paul L. Feiss, Cleveland O., to be reelected. IX. Alfred W. Fleisher, Philadelphia, Pa., to be reelected. X. Edward N. Calisch, Richmond, Va., to be reelected. XI. Henry Lasker, Springfield, Mass., A. C. Ratshesky, Boston, Mass., to be reelected; Jacob B. Klein, Bridgeport, Conn., to succeed Louis Raffel, Waterbury, Conn.; George Newman, Pittsfield, Mass., to succeed Benjamin England, Pittsfield, Mass. XII. Elias A. Cohen, Irving Lehman, Joseph Silverman, I. M. Stettenheim, Lewis L. Strauss, New York City, to be reelected. XIII. Eugene Warner, Buffalo, N. Y., to be reelected. XIV. Isaac Alpern, Perth Amboy, N! J., Isaac W. Frank, Pittsburgh, Pa., to be reelected; Michael Hollander, Newark, N. J., to succeed Milton M. Adler, New- ark, N. J.; Philip Dimond, Paterson, N. J., to succeed Lewis Straus, Newark, N. J.; Irvin F. Lehman, Pittsburgh, Pa., to fill existing vacancy. 320 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK

These nominations were submitted to the Sustaining Members, who were asked to make independent nominations if they chose to do so. The list of independent nominees who agreed to serve if elected, follows: District IV. Harry Block, St. Joseph, Mo., to succeed Simon Binswanger, St. Joseph, Mo., whose term expires today. VI. Gustavus Loevinger, St. Paul, Minn., to succeed Isaac Summerfield, St. Paul, Minn., whose term expires today. Ballots were prepared and issued, which will be canvassed today and the results reported by the tellers appointed by the President, in accordance with the provisions of the By- Laws. Your Committee recommends the election of the following to membership at large: Louis Bamberger, Newark; James Becker, Chicago; Leo M. Brown, Mobile; Benjamin N. Cardozo, New York City; Abel Davis, Chicago; Jacob Epstein, Baltimore; S. Marcus Fechheimer, Cincinnati; Eli Frank, Baltimore; Herbert Friedenwald, Washington; Sol. Kline, Chicago; Louis E. Kirstein, Boston; Jacob M. Loeb. Chicago; Nathan J. Miller, New York City; Milton J, Rosenau, Boston; Victor Rosewater, Philadelphia; Henry Sachs, Colorado Springs; Murray Seasongood, Cincinnati; Horace Stern, Philadelphia; Solomon M. Stroock, New York City; and Frederick W. Wile, Washington. Your Committee recommends that at this meeting an amendment to the by-laws be approved providing that the term of District Members which is now five years, be reduced to three years.

3. FINANCES During the past year a systematic effort was made during a number of months to increase the Sustaining Mem- bership and revenues of the Committee, in harmony with your unanimous vote at our last meeting that the budget of the Committee for the year be made up on a basis of a fund of $100,000. Under the direction of the Finance Com- REPORT OF AMERICAN JEWISH COMMITTEE 321 mittee assisted by Mr. Victor Rosewater, an endeavor was made to secure the cooperation of the District Members to secure such a fund. Your Committee regrets that it cannot report more than partial success. The total of new sustaining members enrolled was 490, and their aggregate contribution $13,498.83. In addition, 233 former contributors who in 1926 gave $2,923.50, this year gave $6,554.00, a net increase from this source of $3,630.50. The cost of these accretions which are to a great extent, likely to be repeated annually was $4,456.19, covering salaries, printing, postage, mailing, etc. Your Committee has reached the conclusion that it needs a permanent Membership Secretary, whose sole function shall be, under the supervision of the Finance Committee, to carry on continuously the work of enlisting new Sus- taining Members and obtaining from other sources as well, the funds needed for the support of the Committee. Following is a list of the Districts showing the total amount received from each during the fiscal year just closed, compared with the total contributed during the preceding year: Contributions Contributions Received Received for Fiscal for Current Year Ended Year Ended District Territory Oct. 31, 1926 Oct. 31,1927 Increase I. Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina $295.50 $949.00 $653.50 II. Alabama, Mississippi, Ten- nessee 302.00 327.00 25.00 III. Arizona, Louisiana, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Texas 414.50 555.50 141.00 IV. Arkansas, Colorado, Kansas, Missouri 839.50 1,595.00 755.00 V. California, Idaho, Nevada, Oregon, Utah, Washing- ton.. 783.50 1,060.00 276.50 VI. Iowa, Michigan, Minnesota Montana, Nebraska, North Dakota, South Da- kota, Wisconsin, Wyom- ing 706.00 2,099.33 1,393.33 VII. Illinois 3,416.00 1,707.00 —1,709.00 VIII. Indiana, Kentucky, Ohio, West Virginia 1,108.00 1,633.00 525.00 IX. City of Philadelphia 2,191.00 2,884.00 693.00 322 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK

X. Delaware, District of Co- lumbia, Maryland, Vir- ginia 1,003.00 1,137.50 134.50 XI. Connecticut, Maine, Massa- chusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, Vermont.. 1,123.00 1,470.50 ^347.50 XII. New York City 8.961.20 16,402.20 7.441.00 XIII. New York (exclusive of the City 1,146.00 1,985.50 839.50 XIV. New Jersey, Pennsylvania (exclusive of Philadelphia) 1,858.50 4,044.50 2.186.00 Canada 10.00 15.00 5.00 $24,157.50 $37,865.03 $13,707.33 It will be noted that there were considerable increases in the amounts received from Districts I, IV, V, VI, XII, XIII, and XIV. These increases were due to the personal efforts of members and sustaining members in these districts. In District Number VI, which includes the State of Michigan, the amount for 1927 is actually greater by $2,500 than the amount stated above. An arrangement, however, has been made for quarterly installments of the contribution of the Detroit Jewish Welfare Federation of $3,333.33, and only one-fourth of this had been paid at the time this report was made up. Much of the increase in District Number XII was a result of the personal efforts of Mr. David M. Bressler. In District Number XIV, the increase noted was due almost entirely to the contribution from Mr. Felix Fuld. In connection with the Census of Jewish organizations which the Committee has been financing, several contributions are deserving of special notice here. The New York Foundation, which has cooperated with the Committee on several previous occasions agreed to contribute $3,500, one- tenth of the estimated cost of the work. Other special contributions, made in view of the increasing needs of the Com- mittee, were $3,333.33 from the Jewish Welfare Federation of Detroit, Michigan, $2,000 from Mr. Felix Fuld, of New- ark, New Jersey, $500 from Mr. Paul Baerwald, $500 from Mr. Henry Ittleson, $250 of which is to be regarded as an annual contribution, $200 from Mr. Ludwig Vogelstein, of which $100 is to be regarded as an annual contribution, $500 from Mr. Joseph Leblang, $700 from Mr. Felix M. Warburg, of which $200 is to be regarded as an annual con- REPORT OF AMERICAN JEWISH COMMITTEE 323 tribution, and $400 from Mr. A. M. Heinsheimer, $200 of which is to be regarded as an annual contribution. The report of the auditor of the Committee's accounts is appended to this report. It shows that there were received from Sustaining and Contributing members a total of $35,865.03. The contribution of $2,000 from the New York Foundation, interest on bank balances and income from other sources totalled $2,148.13, making a total of $38,013.16. Of this sum $17,699.38 was expended for the maintenance of the Com- mittee's office. This amount does not include 4,456.19 which was the cost of the effort to increase the sustaining membership and revenues; expenditures for other purposes include: 1. The Committee's appropriation to the Bureau of Jewish Social Research. . . 8,500.00 2. Our contribution to the Foreign Language Information Service 500.00 3. Miscellaneous expenses in connection with compilation of the American Jewish Year Book 156.86 4. Expenses in connection with the printing and distribution of pamphlet on Henry Ford's retraction and apology 1,624.92 5. The cost of the Census Work 5,832.82 6. Salary of Committee's agent at Geneva.. 750.00 7. Miscellaneous Special expenses 254.28 The total expenses paid and accrued were $39,774.45 Being in excess of the receipts of the year. 138,013.16 By $1,761.29 Since the close of the fiscal year, however, the sum of $3,730 has been received from Chicago, as a result of the efforts of Mr. Rosenwald, and $1,393 has been received from the State of Connecticut as a result of the efforts of the district members in that State. Furthermore, there are still $2,500 due on account of the contribution of the Jewish Welfare Federation of Detroit, and $1,500 due on account of the appropriation of the New York Foundation. Had 324 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK these sums been received before the close of the fiscal year, there would have been a credit balance of $7,361.71. Your Committee takes this occasion to thank all those who contributed toward its support, and especially those members who made personal efforts to secure contributions. It is hoped that the example of these members will be followed by others during the coming year, to the end that the Committee may be able to carry forward the important tasks upon which it is engaged or may during the year assume. Respectfully submitted, The Executive Committee.

APPENDIX I CENSUS OF JEWISH ORGANIZATIONS

HARRY S. LINFIELD, Ph.D., Director, Department of Information and Statistics. Bureau of Jewish Social Reserch. 1. THE PROGRESS OF THE WORK.—The census of the Jewish denomination is a part of the United States decennial census of the denominations of the country. The preliminary work of the census of Jewish denomination began in June, 1925. In April, 1926, Doctor Cyrus Adler, accompanied by the writer, conferred with the United States Director of the Census, and at this conference the work of the census of the Jew- ish denomination was arranged. Early in July, 1926, the writer was appointed United States Agent. In October, 1926, a memorandum on the probable cost of the census of Jews, totaling $30,000, was presented to the American Jewish Committee. Finally, in April, 1927, a staff was employed and the actual work of the census begun. 2. THE IMMEDIATE OBJECTIVES.—The census of the Jewish denomination seeks primarily to ascertain the names and addresses of Jewish bodies (congregational, educational, charitable, social, etc.), together with certain other data including "membership," and the names and addresses of rabbis. For us the work involves the following: (a) Supply to the Government of correct and full information on the Jewish denomination for the Government's forthcoming publication on the denominations in the United States; (b) The revision of our own directories of Jewish national organizations, of local organizations, of rabbis, etc.; (c) The gathering of statistics of Jews in the country and their distribution. Recently it has been decided to add: (d) The publication in the forthcoming American Jewish Year Book of two articles to be written by Doctor Linfield which will summarize the results of the census. REPORT OF AMERICAN JEWISH COMMITTEE 325

3. THE WORK COMPLETED.—By November 8, 1927, a total of 3,145 schedules were received: 2,508 from congregations and other Jewish societies; 462 schedules giving the number of Jews in the towns but stating that there are no Jewish societies in those towns; and 175 schedules conveying the information that the Jewish societies about which we inquired are out of existence, or never existed, or are private organizations, and the like. The schedules received from the Jewish organizations contain information about their respective branch societies, or affiliated societies, if any. Numerous schedules sent to us by federations, national organizations, and important local organizations contain lists of non-affiliated societies known to them to exist in their respective cities. The field work is not yet completed, but we hope to complete it by the middle of December. In the meantime the schedules are being edited and tran- scribed with the view to tabulation and summarizing. 4. OUR SPECIFIC TASKS AT THE PRESENT MOMENT.—In addition to the editing of the schedules and their transcription, the following tasks specially engage our attention at the present time: (a) Census of Jews in Small Communites. In 1916 only 825 localities reported Jewish inhabitants. Our lists of such localities have increased to 2,300, as a result of the cooperation of the Jewish national organizations and our use of directories. This figure is exclusive of over 1,000 rural places (towns of 2,500 inhabitants or less). Each of the urban or rural places on our lists contains the name of a Jewish resident with whom we correspond. Concerning the towns which have small Jewish communities, but task is to find out, through correspondents, the number of Jews in the localities which are on our lists and to estimate, by the use of statistical methods, the number of Jews in the localities which are not on our lists. Special attention is being paid to those localities which are sitnated in territory adjacent to large cities. (b) Census of Jews in Large Communities. The ascertainment of the number of Jews in the large Jewish communities offer difficulties. This is especially the case with the City of New York, Chicago, Philadelphia, and seven or eight other cities, having 50,000 Jews or more. To date, information is available, to determine, on the basis of school attendance, the number of Jews in the following cities: New York, Philadelphia, Detroit, Cleveland and Pittsburgh. Dr. Mann of Chicago has promised to send data for the City of Chicago. No such data will be available for the cities of Baltimore and Los Angeles. The case of a few other cities is not yet determined. Our present task is to examine all the available statistical information for each city which has a large number of Jewish inhabitants, with a view to determining the number of Jews on the basis of all the data which is available for the respective cities. (c) Enumeration of Jewish Organizations. It is our plan to use canvassers to complete the enumeration of the Jewish organizations in the ten or eleven large communities, namely, New York, Chicago, Phila- delphia, Cleveland, Detroit, Pittsburgh, St. Louis, Boston, Baltimore, Newark, and possibly Los Angeles. The preliminary work of the preparation of our lists of Jewish societies by the use of city directories, etc., has been completed. We are now engaged in zoning those cities and in allocating the Jewish societies to their respective zones. Each can- 326 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK yasser, when engaged, will be assigned a zone or zones together with a list of the known Jewish organization situated therein, so that he may be in a position to verify and to complete our information and to search out new Jewish societies. In all cities other than the eleven cities enumerated above, we are enlisting the services of a correspondent for the work of verifying and completing our information and for searching out new organizations. 5. CO-OPERATION WITH JEWISH ORGANIZATION.—We are continuing to receive the co-operation of Jewish organizations, specifically the national organizations, the federations, and important local organizations. The growth of our lists of Jewish societies and of towns having Jewish inhabitants, was due chiefly to their co-operation. At present we are especially calling on the co-operation of the Rabbis in the various communities. 6. COMPLETION OF THE WORK.—The actual work of the census did not start until April 1, 1927. Only a portion of the work could be done during the summer months. Since the fall our staff has been greatly enlarged and the writer has been giving a great deal of his time to the work. It is hoped to complete the work by the end of the present calendar year. APPENDIX II JOINT PALESTINE SURVEY COMMISSION TERMS OF REFERENCE New York, June 1, 1927. To the Right Hon. Sir ALRED MOND, Bart., M. P., Dr. LEE K. FRANKEL, FELIX M. WARBURG, Esq., and Dr. OSCAR WASSERMAN. GENTLEMEN : A Joint Palestine Survey Commission, upon which you have had the goodness to accept membership, has been created, pursuant to an agreement entered into by the undersigned, for the purpose of ascertaining, by means of a survey and investigation conducted on scientific lines, the resources, economic conditions and possibilities of Palestine, to facilitate the framing of a comprehensive and systematic programme for future constructive work in Palestine and for the guidance of a reorganized Jewish Agency. With this end in view, the Commission is requested to inquire into and report upon the following subjects, and any other related matters, which, in its discretion, it may deem to come within the scope of the purposes for which it has been formed, special reference being had to the annexed specifications, which are made a part hereof:

I. GENERAL SURVEY. (a) The economic resources of Palestine. • (b) The present state and future prospects of: (i) agriculture; (ii) mining; (iii) industry; (iv) commerce. REPORT OF AMERICAN JEWISH COMMITTEE 327

(c) The nature, extent and results of Jewish activities in Palestine during the past ten years, including the activities of (i) the Zionist Organization and its subsidiaries; (ii) other public bodies and institutions; (iii) private undertakings. The Commission is requested to make or cause to be made an accurate and detailed examination of all available records with a view to ascertaining the receipts for the past ten years of the various Jewish bodies engaged in activities in or for Palestine and the sources of such receipts, the expenditures of such bodies, their plan of organization, methods of management and operation, and their respective assets and liabilities, and to report thereon.

II. IMMIGRATION. The selection, transport, reception and distribution of immigrants, with special reference to the separate requirements of (a) immigrants without means; (b) immigrants with means.

III. AGRICULTURAL COLONIZATION. (a) The possibility and desirability of acquiring additional land for colonization: (i) in areas where Jewish colonization has already begun; (ii) in other parts of Palestine; (iii) in any neighboring territory in which suitable land may be, or may become, available. (b) Methods of facilitating the advantageous acquisition of land. (c) Methods of colonization, with special reference to (i) the prospects and relative advantages of cereal-farming, fruit-farming, dairy-farming, poultry-farming, and other branches of agriculture; (ii) the relative advantages of the various types of settlement; (iii) the relations, including in particular the financial relations, between the settler and the colonizing agency. (d) Irrigation, dry-farming and afforestation. (e) Agricultural education, experiment and research. (f) Generally, the means by which further progress can be made with close settlement by Jews on the land as contemplated in Article 6 of the Mandate for Palestine.

IV. INDUSTRY. (a) Openings for the investment of capital in industries, large or small (including fisheries), providing employment for Jewish labor. (b) The feasible measures which can be taken to encourage the development of Jewish industry in Palestine, with special reference to the needs of industrialists possessing moderate capital. 328 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK

V. THE CO-OPERATIVE MOVEMENT. The development of the co-operative movement in its various branches, its place in the economic life of the Jews in Palestine, and the practicable measures, if any, which can be taken to strengthen the movement and increase its ability, including measures designed to promote the establishment on a co-operative basis of small industries pro- ducing goods for local consumption.

VI. BANKING AND CREDIT. The adequacy of the existing machinery for the provision of credit, and the measures, if any, which can safely be taken to make credit more readily available for (a) agriculture; (b) industry; (c) commerce; regard being had to the activities of existing financial institutions, including co-operative credit institutions, both urban and agricultural.

VII. PUBLIC HEALTH. The nature, extent, cost and results of Jewish activities in the field of public health, and the division of responsibility between the various Jewish organizations concerned, and between those organizations and the official public health authorities.

VIII. LABOR. The relations of employer and employed and the problems existing or to be anticipated with respect thereto in agriculture, industry (including the building trades), and commerce are to be specially considered.

IX. FINANCE. (a) The Commission is requested to prepare a budget in which shall be set forth an itemized estimate of the expenditure reasonably required to give effect to its recommendations, so far as such expenditure can at present be computed. (b) The Commission is also requested to make such recommendations as it may think fit with regard to the means by which the necessary financial resources are to be provided, and the machinery by which they are to be administered, the object in view being to insure the utmost degree of efficiency and economy and the elimination of every form of waste. In such recommendations the revenue and administrative machinery of such financial institutions as the Palestine Foundation Fund (Keren Hayesod) and the Jewish National Fund (Keren Kaye- meth) are to be taken into account for the time being. It is earnestly hoped that you may be able as speedily as is consonant with the importance of the inquiry which you are to institute and the far-reaching results which will follow from your action, to render an exhaustive report upon the several subjects referred to you, embodying your findings and recommendations with respect thereto. REPORT OF AMERICAN JEWISH COMMITTEE 329

It is scarcely necessary to add that the recommendations of the Commission should take, into account among other things the conditions peculiar to Palestine and the distinctive characteristics of its population: Sincerely yours, (Signed) Louis MARSHALL, Ch. WEIZMANN.

SPECIFICATIONS A Joint Palestine Survey Commission having been designated pursuant to agreement to make a scientific and thorough survey and investigation of the agricultural, industrial, commercial, economic and financial conditions of Palestine and adjacent countries, and related subjects, it has been determined that the general lines of inquiry to be pursued are the following:

I. PHYSIOGRAPHICAL AND GEOLOGICAL. (a) The general climatic conditions of the region throughout the year as affecting agriculture, horticulture, fruit growing and animal husbandry, and in their relation to the public health, are to be studied. (b) The topography and geological and other characteristic features of Palestine and adjacent countries, as bearing on the economic development of the region, are to be carefully noted. This will embrace a geographical study, including a consideration of the diversifiedcharacter of the land extending from the sea plain to the mountains, of the various harbors and water courses, of the highway system, the facilities for advantageous inland and foreign transportation, the possibilities of developing hydro-electric power, of obtaining water adequate for irrigation, and of increasing the now available potable and commercial water supply by the sinking of artesian wells and otherwise and the construction of reservoirs and aqueducts. (c) Soil analysis. This will involve the ascertainment of the nature, qualities and characteristics of the soil in the various parts of the region, its chemical and mineral constituents, its adaptability for the growth of forests, orchards, cereal and other crops, truck farming, forage, and such other products for which markets ekist or can be created. (d) Mining and other possibilities. This relates to the ascertainment of the sub-surface resources in the various regions, including the development of oil wells, quarries, and the production of minerals, metals and other substances possessing valuable physical or chemical properties. This would include a consideration of the utilization of the waters of the Dead Sea and the feasibility of reforesting the mountain slopes and other lands not adapted for agriculture. In respect to each of these subjects it is important to secure the fullest statistical information available, which it is appreciated will be dependent, to a large extent, upon data to be derived from Government and other authoritative reports. 330 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK

II. DEMOGRAPHY. (a) An accurate account of the inhabitants of Palestine and adjoining regions, dealing with the composition and characteristics of the population, its various race stocks, their relations to each other, their respective standards of living, occupations pursued, languages spoken, and the literacy of the several elements. (b) Vital statistics; giving such information in tabular form as is accessible relating to births, deaths, marriages, divorces and health conditions. (c) Tabular information as to immigration and emigration annually during the past ten years, according to sex, age, lands of nativity and occupations, the present method of distributing immigrants, their employment, living conditions, economic status and financial resources.

III. AGRICULTURAL RESOURCES AIYD POSSIBILITIES. The ascertainment of the area of land in Palestine and adjacent countries suitable for productive and profitable use and cultivation for: (1) cereal and other usual crops; (2) the growth of citrus and other fruits, including dates, figs, olives, bananas, and small fruits; (3) vegetable and other products of truck farming; (4) grazing, pasturage and forage; (5) dairying; (6) the growth of sugar, cotton, tobacco and grapes (7) the incidental manufacture of wine, cigars and cigarettes and of vegetable oils, and the canning or preserving of fruits; (8) animal husbandry, including poultry farming and the extent to which these several forms of cultivation and other related activities are economically practicable. In each instance statistical information so far as accessible, or such data as are available, should be collected for the purpose of determining to what extent these various forms of agriculture and allied industries have been conducted in the past, the cost of the land and buildings employed therein, the expense of development, the methods pursued and the results attained, and the use, cost, need and availability of fertilizers; also to what extent additional arable cultivable or grazing lands are available, and at what cost, for additional development, and the districts where such lands are located The quality and marketability of the various products enumerated, the extent to which they may be respectively improved and the degree to which the methods heretofore adopted may be advantageously varied: or modified, should be ascertained, due regard being had to the suitability of the soil in the various districts for that particular form of agriculture now practical or which may be advantageously substituted with a view to the introduction of such methods as will best correlate soil and products. Information should also be secured as to the character of farming and other implements used in connection with the various agricultural activities, the extent to which irrigation is now employed or is necessary REPORT OF AMERICAN JEWISH COMMITTEE 331 or practicable or may be successfully extended, to what degree and how existing methods of irrigation may be improved and at what cost to the distributor and the user of the water supplied. The feasibility of dry farming in the various districts should also be carefully investigated, •with a statement of the results to be reasonably anticipated and the probable cost incident to the system recommended. Attention should especially be directed to the establishment of proper standards for the maintenance of a high quality of products and to the introduction of the most approved forms of planting, harvesting, packing, grading, storing, transporting, and of domestic and foreign marketing. In connection with cattle-raising and dairying, attention should be given to the breed of cattle best adapted for home and other markets, their suitability to climatic conditions and their susceptibility to or im- munity from cattle diseases. This also applies to the raising of horses, donkeys, sheep and goats. It is also desirable to ascertain the amount now invested by Jewish organizations and Jewish settlers in land, buildings, improvements, equipment, tools and live-stock; the nature of the prevailing land- tenure and the general provisions of the contracts under which settlers are operating; the living conditions of the settlers; the total area under cultivation, the yield per acre of the various kinds of products, the unit prices obtained and amounts realized for crops, fruits, dairy products, cattle and other of the animals above specified, during each of the past five years. Special attention should be given to the various classes: laborers, their efficiency, and their rate of compensation.

IV. INDUSTRIAL AND COMMERCIAL POSSIBILITIES OF PALESTINE AND ADJACENT REGIONS. This involves a study of: (1) the existing industry and commerce of Palestine; (2) the raw materials, native and imported, available, and their cost, compared with like materials in other countries; (3) the amount of capital involved in industry and commerce; (4) the supply of suitable labor and its cost; (5) foreign and domestic markets for manufactured products. This will necessitate a classification of such industries as are now or which have been carried on in Palestine during the past ten years, the extent and the degree to which the various undertakings in that field have proven successful or unsuccessful, and the reasons for such failures as may have occurred, so far as ascertainable; the number of Jewish and Arab workmen now engaged in the various industries, and the average number employed in the various industrial establishments. The labor problem generally and particularly in connection with these several classes of industry, including the building and other trades, should also be thoroughly considered in its various aspects. This includes a consideration of the several classes of labor available and the cost and efficiency of each, the standards of living of the various classes of employees, their hours of labor, their expertness, and the cost of the various classes of labor, and especially by way of comparison with 332 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK

the cost of like labor in those countries where goods similar to those produced in Palestine are manufactured for disposition in markets with which Palestine will have to compete. In respect to Palestinian commercial activities, it is desirable to ascertain to what extent merchandise has been or can be profitably disposed of at home and abroad. It would also be useful to ascertain to what extent hydro-electric power produced or about to be produced will be available and at what cost to the consumer. Careful attention should be given to the relative extent of urban as contrasted with agricultural development, and consideration given to the special problems growing out of past experience in connection with building operations and with respect to unemployment.

V. BANKING AND FINANCE. This calls for the ascertainment of the capital resources as supplied by: (1) banks of loan and deposit; (2) land or mortgage banks; (3) public or private trust companies; (4) credit facilities. In each instance it is desirable to secure reliable information as to the amount of capital available, the terms and conditions on which loans are made or credit is extended, including the cost of obtaining loans, the rate of interest and the security required, the relation of demand and supply, the term for which loans are obtainable, the percentage of losses sustained by the lenders, and the promptitude with which payments have been made by the borrowers. This also necessitates an inquiry regarding the extent to which the introduction of new and improved methods of banking and the extension of credits may be feasible without involving substantial risks to the lender. It will likewise be desirable to ascertain whether, and if so to what extent, a co- ordination of the various capital resources is practicable.

VI. PUBLIC HEALTH AND HYGIENE. This will involve a study of climatic and other conditions affecting public health, the maintenance of an appropriate Jewish health service co-operating with governmental and other agencies, a survey of hospitals, clinics and dispensaries, of nursing, public and private; the extent to which endemic diseases exist or have been ameliorated, the adequacy and potability of the milk and the water supply, and the possibilities of public health education in personal and public hygiene; the development of adequate facilities for infant and child hygiene, and other methods of sanitary control, and the subject of sewage disposal.

VII. ACCOUNTING, AUDIT AND BUDGET. There is to be a detailed examination, with a report thereon, by qualified accountants of all available records to ascertain the receipts, the sources whence derived and the expenditures made in connection with the carrying on of the various official Jewish activities conducted in or for Palestine during the past ten years, their plan of organization, methods of management and operation, and their respective assets and liabilities. A budget is also to be prepared which will so far as practic- REPORT OF AMERICAN JEWISH COMMITTEE 333 able indicate the expenditures reasonably required to carry into effect such a programme as may be regarded as necessary and practicable to effectuate the conclusions reached by the Commission as the result of the survey to be made as herein provided.

The above enumeration of subjects to be investigated and of details mentioned under the several heads is not to be regarded as exclusive, but may be added to or modified from time to time

CORPORATE MEMBERSHIP I. DISTRICT MEMBERS DIST. I: FLORIDA, GEORGIA, NORTH CAROLINA, SOUTH CAROLINA. 4 members: Simon Benjamin, Jacksonville, Fla. (1931); Leonard Haas, Atlanta, Ga. (1930); Lionel Weil, Goldsboro, N. C. (1931); August Kohn, Columbia, S. C. (1928). DIST. II: ALABAMA, MISSISSIPPI, TENNESSEE. 3 members: Moses V. Joseph, Birmingham, Ala. (1928); Ben H. Stein, Vicksburg, Miss. (1930); Nathan Cohn, Nashville, Tenn. (1928). DIST. Ill: ARIZONA, LOUISIANA, NEW MEXICO, OKLAHOMA, TEXAS. 6 members: Barnet E. Marks, Phoenix, Ariz. (1929); Max Heller, New Orleans, La. (1929); Ivan Grunsfeld, Albuquerque, N. Mex. (1928); Isaac H. Kempner, Galveston, Tex. (1931); J. K. Hexter, Dallas, Tex. (1928). DIST. IV: ARKANSAS, COLORADO, KANSAS, MISSOURI. 6 members: Chas. Jacobson, Little Rock, Ark. (1929); Henry Wallenstein, Wichita, Kan. (1928); Simon Binswanger, St. Joseph, Mo. (1930); Aaron Wald- heim, St. Louis, Mo. (1931); A. C. Wurmser, Kansas City, Mo. (1929). DIST. V: CALIFORNIA, IDAHO, NEVADA, OREGON, UTAH, WASHING- TON. 8 members: Louis M. Cole, Los Angeles, Cal. (1928); Harry C. Camp, Oakland, Cal. (1929); Max C. Sloss, San Francisco, Cal. (1931); Leo J. Falk, Boise. Ida. (1930); Samuel Platt, Reno, Nev. (1930); Ben Selling, Portland, Ore. (1930); Daniel Alexander, Salt Lake City, Utah (1928); Emanuel Rosenberg, Seattle, Wash. (1929). DIST. VI: IOWA, MICHIGAN, MINNESOTA, MONTANA, NEBRASKA, NORTH DAKOTA, SOUTH DAKOTA, WISCONSIN, WYOMING. 13 members: Eugene Mannheimer, Des Moines, Iowa (1930); David A. Brown, Detroit, Mich. (1931); Henry M. Butzel, Detroit, Mich. (1929); Meyer S. May, Grand Rapids, Mich. (1931); Joseph H. Schanfeld, Minneapolis, Minn. (1930); Isaac Summerfield, St. Paul, Minn. (1930); Harry A. Wolf, Omaha, Neb. (1929); D. M. Naftalin, Fargo, N. D. (1929); David B. Eisendrath, Racine, Wis. (1928); Nat Stone, Milwaukee, Wis. (1930). DIST. VII: ILLINOIS. 8 members; James Davis (1929); M. E. Greenebaum (1928); B. Horwich (1930); Julian W. Mack (1928): Julius Rosenwald (1930); Joseph Stolz, Chicago, 111. (1929); W. B. Woolner, Peoria. 111. (1931). DIST. VIII: INDIANA, KENTUCKY, OHIO, WEST VIRGINIA. 11 members: Samuel E. Rauh, Indianapolis, Ind. (1930); Sol S. Kiser, Indian- apolis, Ind. (1929); Isaac W. Bernheini, Louisville, Ky. (1930); Samuel Ach, Cincinnati. O. (1929); Edward M. Baker, Cleveland, 0. (1928); 334 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK

David Philipson, Cincinnati, O. (1929); Sigmond Sanger, Toledo, O. (1928); Paul L. Feiss, Cleveland, O. (1930); D. A. Huebsch, Cleveland, O. (1931); Louis Horkheimer, Wheeling, W. Va. (1930). DIST. IX: CITY OF PHILADELPHIA, 6 members: Cyrus Adler (1928); Alfred W. Fleisher (1930); Win. Gerstley (1929); B. L. Levinthal (1930); M. Rosenbaum (1930); Morris Wolf (1928). DIST. X: DELAWARE, DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA, MARYLAND, VIRGINIA, 6 members: David Snellenburg, Wilmington, Del. (1929); Fulton Bry- Iawski, Washington, D. C. (1930); Albert Berney, Baltimore, Md. (1931); Jacob H.Hollander, Baltimore, Md. (1930); Siegmund B. Sonne- born, Baltimore, Md. (1930); Edward N. Calisch, Richmond, Va. (1930). DIST. XI: CONNECTICUT, MAINE, MASSACHUSETTS, NEW HAMPSHIRE, RHODE ISLAND, VERMONT. 20 members: Philip N. Bernstein, Water- bury, Conn. (1930); Nestor Dreyfus, New London, Conn. (1931); Jacob B. Klein, Bridgeport, Conn. (1930); Isaac M. Ullman, New Haven, Conn. (1931); Isidore Wise, Hartford, Conn. (1930); Gordon F. Gallert, Augusta, Me. (1931); Jacob Asher, Worcester, Mass. (1931); Louis Baer, Boston, Mass. (1929); David A. Ellis, Boston, Mass. (1928); Lewis Goldberg, Boston, Mass. (1928); A. Hartman, Haverhill, Mass. (1930); Henry Lasker, Springfield, Mass. (1930); David A. Lourie, Boston, Mass. (1931); George Newman, Pittsfield, Mass. (1930); A. C. Rat- shesky, Boston, Mass. (1930); Felix Vorenberg, Boston, Mass. (1929); Chas. Wineapple, Salem, Mass. (1930); Edward M. Chase, Manchester, N. H. (1929); Archibald Silverman, Providence, R. I. (1930); Barnett Frank, Burlington, Vt. (1931). DIST. XII: NEW YORK CITY. 31 members: Benjamin Altheimer (1929); Herman Bernstein (1931); Nathan Bijur (1930); David M. Bressler (1928); Elias A. .Cohen (1930); Abram I. Elkus (1930); H. G. Enelow (1930); William Fischman (1930); Lee K. Frankel (1928); Henry M. Goldfogle (1929); Maurice-H. Harris, (1928); Henry Ittleson (1931); Max J. Kohler (1929); Jacob Kohn (1931); Joseph Leblang (1931); Irving Lehman (1930); Adolph Lewisohn (1930); William Liebermann (1929); Judah L. Magnes (1930); Louis Marshall (1930); Alexander Marx (1931); Edgar J. Nathan (1928); S. Rottenberg (1929); Bernard Semel (1929); Joseph Silverman (1930); I. M. Stettenheim (1930); Lewis L. Strauss, Jr. (1930); Cyrus L. Sulzberger (1931); Israel Unter- berg (1928); Ludwig Vogelstein (1929); Felix M. Warburg (1928). DIST. XIII: NEW YORK (EXCLUSIVE OF THE CITY). 8 members: Mortimer Adler, Rochester, N. Y. (1929); Moses F. Aufsesser, Albany, N. Y. (1929); Simon Fleischmann, Buffalo, N. Y. (1930); Louis J. Kopald, Buffalo, N. Y. (1931); Henry M. Stern, Rochester, N. Y. (1928); Benjamin Stolz, Syracuse, N. Y. (1929); Eugene Warner, Buffalo, N. Y. (1930); Herman Wile, Buffalo, N. Y. (1928). DIST. XIV: NEW JERSEY AND PENNSYLVANIA (EXCLUSIVE OF PHILA- DELPHIA). 17 members: Isaac Alpern, Perth Amboy, N. J. (1930); A. J. Dimond, East Orange, N. J. (1928); Philip Dimond, Paterson, N. J. (1928); Felix Fuld, Newark, N. J. (1929); Michael Hollander, Newark, N. J. (1930); David Holzner, Trenton, N. J. (1930); Frederick Jay, Newark, N. J. (1928); William Newcorn, Plainfield, N. J. (1929); Joseph B. Perskie, Atlantic City, N. J. (1931); B. S. Pollak, Newark, N. J. (1928); Lewis Straus, Newark, N. J. (1930); Isaac W. Frank, REPORT OF AMERICAN JEWISH COMMITTEE 335

Pittsburgh, Pa. (1930); William Harris, Allentown, Pa. (1930); Irvin F. Lehman, Pittsburgh, Pa. (1930); A. L. Luria, Reading, Pa. (1928); Isaiah Scheeline, Altoona, Pa. (1929); Isador Sobel, Erie, Pa. (1931); A. Leo. Weil, Pittsburgh, Pa. (1929).

II. MEMBERS-AT-LARGE (Elected for one year.) Louis Bamberger, Newark, N. J.; James H. Becker, Chicago, 111.; Leo M. Brown, Mobile, Ala.; Benjamin N. Cardozo, New York City; Abel Davis, Chicago, 111.; Jacob Epstein, Baltimore, Md.; S. Marcus Fechheimer, Cincinnati, O.; Eli Frank, Baltimore, Md.; Herbert Friedenwald, Washington, D. C; Sol. Kline, Chicago, 111.; Louis E. Kirstein, Boston, Mass.; Jacob M. Loeb, Chicago, 111.; Milton J. Rosenau, Boston, Mass.; Victor Rosewater, Philadelphia, Pa.; Henry Sachs, Colorado Springs, Colo.; Horace Stern, Philadelphia, Pa.; Solomon M. Stroock, New York City; Frederick W. Wile, Washington, D. .C.

III. DELEGATES FROM NATIONAL JEWISH ORGANIZATIONS AMERICAN JEWISH HISTORICAL SOCIETY, A. S. W. Rosenbach; FED- ERATION OF HUNGARIAN JEWS IN AMERICA, Samuel Bettelheim and Samuel Buchler; HADASSAH, Miss Alice L. Seligsberg; HEBREW SHEL- TERING AND IMMIGRANT AID SOCIETY OF AMERICA, Harry Fischel, Abraham Herman, Leon Kamaiky, Jacob Massel and Albert Rosen- blatt; INDEPENDENT ORDER BRITH ABRAHAM, Max Eckman, Gustave Hartman, Max L. Hollander, Aaron J. Levy and Adolph Stern; INDE- PENDENT ORDER BRITH SHOLOM, Sol. C. Kraus and Martin O. Levy; INDEPENDENT ORDER FREE SONS OF ISRAEL, Solon J. Liebeskind; INDEPENDENT WESTERN STAR ORDER, Joseph Rubens; NATIONAL CON- FERENCE OF JEWISH SOCIAL WORK, Fred M. Butzel; NATIONAL COUNCIL OF JEWISH WOMEN, Mrs. Estelle M. Sternberger; ORDER BRITH ABRA- HAM, Alexander M. Katsky, Adolph Solomon and Geo W. Leisersohn; ORDER OF THE UNITED HEBREW BROTHERS, Meyer Greenberg; PRO- GRESSIVE ORDER OF THE WEST, Samuel Epstein; RABBINICAL ASSEMBLY OF THE JEWISH THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY, Mordecai M. Kaplan; UNITED ROUMANIAN JEWS OF AMERICA, Solomon Sufrin; UNITED SYNAGOGUE OF AMERICA, Samuel C Lamport; WOMEN'S LEAGUE OF THE UNITED SYNAGOGUE OF AMERICA, Mrs. Charles I. Hoffman.

REPORT

OF THE FORTIETH YEAR

OF THE JEWISH PUBLICATION SOCIETY OF AMERICA 1927-1928

THE JEWISH PUBLICATION SOCIETY OF AMERICA

OFFICERS

PRESIDENT SIMON MILLER, Philadelphia

FIRST VICE-PRESIDENT ADOLPH S. OCHS, New York

SECOND VICE-PRESIDENT HORACE STERN, Philadelphia

TREASURER LIONEL FRIEDMANN Philadelphia

SECRETARY JULIUS GRODINSKY, Philadelphia

EDITOR ISAAC HUSIK, Philadelphia

TRUSTEES MARCUS)'AARON1 Pittsburgh DR. CYRUS ADLER1 Philadelphia EDWARD BAKER3 Cleveland HART BLUMENTHAL3 Philadelphia LEO M. BROWN3 Mobile HON. JOSIAH COHENS Pittsburgh LIONEL FRIEDMANN1 Philadelphia JOSEPH HAGEDORN2 Philadelphia REV. DR. NATHAN KRASS2 New York S. CHAS. LAMPORT2 New York Louis E. LEVINTHAL1 Philadelphia FELIX H. LEVY3 New York HOWARD S. LEVY1 Philadelphia HON. WM. M. LEWIS1 Philadelphia REV. DR. LOUIS L. MANN2 Chicago SIMON MILLER3 Philadelphia •Terms expire in 1929. Terms expire in 1930. 'Terms expire in 1931. 339 340 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK

ADOLPH S. OCHS' New York PHILIP B. PERLMAN3 Baltimore CARL H. PFORZHEIMER2 New York DR. A. S. W. ROSENBACH3 Philadelphia JACOB RUBEL1 , Philadelphia DR. FRANK I. SCHECHTER2 New York JOSEPH SCHOENTHAL2 Columbus RABBI ABBA HILLEL SILVERS Cleveland MEIR STEINBRINK2 Brooklyn HON. HORACE STERN3 Philadelphia CYRUS L. SULZBERGER2 New York LUDWIG VOGELSTEIN3 New York A. LEO WEIL1 Pittsburgh JULIUS S. WEYL1 Philadelphia EDWIN WOLF1 Philadelphia MORRIS WOLF1 Philadelphia RALPH WOLF3 New York

HONORARY VICE-PRESIDENTS ISACC W. BERNHEIM1 Cincinnati REV. DR. HENRY COHEN2 Galveston HON. ABRAM I. ELKUS1 New York HENRY FERNBERGER2 Philadelphia REV. DR. MAX HELLER3 New Orleans S. W. JACOBS2 Montreal Louis E. KIRSTEIN2 Boston HON. JULIAN W. MACK2 New York HON. SIMON W. ROSENDALE3 Albany MURRAY SEASONGOOD1 Cincinnati HON. M. C. SLOSS1 San Francisco SIGMUND B. SONNEBORN3 Baltimore REV. DR. JOSEPH STOLZ1 Chicago

PUBLICATION COMMITTEE DR. CYRUS ADLER, Chairman Philadelphia DR. DAVID S. BLONDHEIM Baltimore DR. SOLOMON SOLIS-COHEN ; Philadelphia REV. DR. H. G. ENELOW New York REV. DR. HARRY W. ETTELSON Memphis FELIX N. GERSON Philadelphia DR. ISAAC HUSIK Philadelphia RABBI MAX D. KLEIN Philadelphia DR. JACOB KOHN New York OSCAR LOEB Philadelphia DR. MAX L. MARGOLIS Philadelphia DR. ALEXANDER MARX New York SIMON MILLER , Philadelphia LEON S. MOISSEIFF New York DR. JULIAN MORGENSTERN Cincinnati •Terms expire in 1929. Terms expire in 1930. 'Terms expire in 1931. JEWISH PUBLICATION SOCIETY 341

REV. DR. DAVID PHILIPSON Cincinnati DR. JOSEPH REIDER Philadelphia DR. A. S. W. ROSENBACH Philadelphia DR. FRANK I. SCHECHTER New York REV. DR. SAMUEL SCHULMAN New York SAMUEL STRAUSS New York HENRIETTA SZOLD Jerusalem

JEWISH CLASSICS COMMITTEE DR. CYRUS ADLER Philadelphia DR. SOLOMON SOLIS COHEN, Chairman Philadelphia DR. ISRAEL DAVIDSON New York REV. DR H. G. ENELOW New York DR. LOUIS GINZBERG New York DR. JACOB Z. LAUTERBACH Cincinnati DR. ALEXANDER MARX New York REV. DR. DAVID PHILIPSON Cincinnati REV. DR. SAMUEL SCHULMAN New York 342 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEET FOR YEAR ENDING DECEMBER 31, 1927

Assets Fixed Assets: Plant, Hebrew Press $13,770.00 Dies and Plates 1,000.00 Furniture and Fixtures 1,000.00 $15,770.00 Current Assets: Cash $ 3,620.75 Investments 20,843.75 Accounts Receivable 20,020.60 Loans Receivable 140.00 Pledges 4,150.00 Inventory 22,368.80 Work in Process, Hebrew Press.. 6,450.00 $77,593 90 $93,363.90 Liabilities Current Liabilities: Accounts Payable $25,802.59 Loans Payable 1,000.00 $26,802.59 Funds: Classic Fund $39,460.65 Friedenthal Fund 2,000.00 Citternvin Fund 4,487.01 Hackenburg Fund 500.00 Levy Fund 3,000.00 LoebFund 13,127.23 $62,574.89 Surplus - 3,986.42 $93,363.90

INCOME STATEMENT FOR YEAR ENDING DECEMBER 31, 1927 Revenue: Dues $42,514.30 Sales 71,663.35 Donations 8,349.72 $122,527.37 Expenses: Administrative Expenses $41,577.45 Manufacturing Expenses 44,617.76 Surolus 36 332.16 $122,527.37 JEWISH PUBLICATION SOCIETY 343

Statement of Membership

Life , Sus- Friend Patron Library taining Annual

Alabama.... * 4 I 30 Arizona I 9 Arkansas 11 California 14 7 16 225 Colorado 1 51 Connecticut 1 81 Delaware 3 27 Washington , D. C. 3 6 27 Florida 1 22 Georgia 2 29 Idaho 1 Illinois 2 1 34 401 Indiana 4 71 Iowa 1 2. 34 Kansas 10 Kentucky 1 46 Louisiana 1 3 60 Maryland 15 264 Maine 11 Massachusetts 1 1 10 230 Michigan 1 13 152 Minnesota 83 Mississippi 18 Missouri 2 5 94 Montana 5 Nebraska 1 2 35 Nevada 1 New Hampshire. . . 1 3 New Jersey 2 21 405 New Mexico 11 New York 20 2 3 22 242 2350 North Carolina.... 2 2 19 North Dakota 14 Ohio 7 1 3 24 407 Oklahoma 21 Oregon 2 20 Pennsylvania 15 1 2 17 107 2199 Rhode Island 1 27 South Carolina.... 2 12 South Dakota 2 Tennessee 1 34 Texas 1 99 Utah 5 Vermont 1 Virginia 2 36 Washington. . . . . • • 3 18 344 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK

Statement of Membership (Continued)

Sus- Library Life taining Friend Patron Annual

West Virginia 2 33 Wisconsin 4 57 Australia and New Zealand.... 19 Belgium 2 British West Indies. 5 Canada 4 2 150 Central America. . . 1 China 1 Cuba 1 Denmark 1 Egypt- 5 England 177 France 1 Germany 3 Hungary 1 India 1 1 Ireland 7 3 Italy 2 Mexico 3 1 Palestine 11 Porto Rico 1 Portugal 1 Scotland 5 Union of South Africa 98 Spain. • 1 Virgin Islands U.S. A 1 Wales 1 16 78 4 6 64 543 8300 3 JEWISH PUBLICATION SOCIETY 345 THE ANNUAL MEETING OF THE JEWISH PUBLICATION SOCIETY OF AMERICA The Fortieth Annual Meeting of the Jewish Publication Society of America was held at Dropsie College, Broad and York Streets, Philadelphia, Pa., on Sunday evening, March 25, 1928. The feature of the evening was a fascinating discussion by the eminent English novelist, Mr. Louis Golding, on the subject of Creative Art in Jewish Life. Mr. Golding called particular attention to the remarkable help which the Jewish Publication Society has given to creative authors the world over. He emphasized the fact which has been inadequately appreciated, that the storehouse of knowledge which the Society has made available serves as an invaluable guide for the Jewish artists in all lands. The work of the Society during the preceding year was reviewed by Dr. Cyrus Adler, the Chairman of the Publica- tion Committee, in the absence of the President of the Society, who was unfortunately taken ill. The last annual meeting of the Jewish Publication Society of America was largely given over to the interesting ceremonies connected with the publication of the History of the Jewish People, at which Mr. Abraham Erlanger and the authors, Professors Max L. Margolis and Alexander Marx, were the special guests of the evening. At the present meeting, therefore, it is due to the members that they have a report of the publications and some of the other activities of the past two years. Since the meeting held in March, 1926, the Society has published the following works, exclusive of reprintings: An English translation of Sholom Ash's novel, Kiddush Ha- shem; the History, already alluded to; the very interesting work on Travels in North Africa by Nahum Slouschz; the two Year Books, volumes 28 and 29; and two works in the Schiff Classics Series, the Hebrew Ethical Wills by Israel Abrahams, and the Ta'anit of the Babylonian Talmud by Professor Henry Malter. The earlier volumes mentioned were distributed to all the members. The volumes of the Classics are published in a small edition and are sold to the members and to others. There has likewise appeared the 346 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK sixth volume of Ginzberg's Legends of the Jews, completing his Notes to that very valuable work and leaving a seventh volume, which will be a very careful index, thus making this important collection really accessible to all readers and scholars who are interested in the great legendary literature of the Jewish people. You will observe that of the publications of these two years, one was an historical novel, and one a book of travels. The History covered in a single volume the entire record of the Jewish people from the beginning to modern times. Both of the Year Books contained notable contributions in addition to surveys and statistical matter. That for 1926-27, being the year of the Sesqui-Centennial, had a brief outline of the History of the Jews of America from their settlement in this country in 1654 to 1787, and a well illustrated article on the architecture of the Synagogue, beside biographies of Israel Abrahams, Kaufmann Kohler, Henry Maker and Ephraim Lederer, all of whom had been intimately connected with the work of the Society. The 29th volume contained biographies of Oscar S. Straus and Israel Zangwill. In passing I want to point out that there is no annual volume of equal significance for Jewish reference purposes published anywhere. The History was of course our most notable production of the past two years and has evoked a great number of reviews and letters. There have been criticisms here and there of particular points, principally in the modern period, always dangerous to treat, but upon the whole we feel satisfied that an important contribution has been made not only to Jewish literature in the English language but to the entire Jewish world. The interest in the book is evidenced by the fact that we have received applications for its translation into French and into Hebrew. We have entered into an arrangement with a well-known publishing firm in Paris, at their request, and likewise with a publishing house in Jeru- salem. In the latter case the publication in Hebrew is aided by the Society through the continued generosity of Mr. Abraham Erlanger. The Classics Volumes too, now that they total five in number, are beginning to be increasingly appreciated. Abra- hams' volume of Ethical Wills has brought to the attention JEWISH PUBLICATION SOCIETY 347 of the world a type of literature which is almost exclusively Jewish and of the finest import, and Maker's Ta'anit is textually an epoch-making work, whilst the translation itself is charming and gives the reader an insight into one of the most interesting tractates of the Talmud. The Society contemplates publishing in the near future a volume of essays by Professor Louis Ginzberg, and a juve- nile book by the late Abraham S. Isaacs. The Year Book for 1928-29 is likewise in preparation. The efforts in the direction of publishing the Series of popular commentaries to the Bible and the Jewish Community Series are now being revived. These plans, formed many years ago, had to be suspended owing to our then financial conditions. While we are by no means affluent I am happy to say that we meet this year under better financial circumstances than any time in the course of the past five or six years, and I gladly ascribe much of this improvement to the energetic and able conduct of our office by our Secretary, Doctor Julius Grodinsky, who has been with us since July, 1926. The balance sheet, as of December 31, 1927, will be presented to you. It indicates a surplus for the year of $3,986.42 and lest you get a wrong impression from this statement I would point out that at the end of December, 1927, our total debts were in the neighborhood of some $60,000, and as these were more than $80,000 in the previous year, it means that we have carried on our work and reduced our indebtedness during the year about $20,000. Since January 1, 1928, we have further reduced our indebtedness by $8,000. and we hope to progressively reduce this debt during the course of the present year. The total membership at the end of the year was about 8,995 and we have made arrangements which I trust will increase both our membership and our sales, particularly in the large city of New York. There has always been a considerable turn-over in the membership and during the year 1927, about 1000 new members were added to our rolls. Mr. Miller has on frequent occasions referred to the need of a proper working capital, the absence of which has always been our most serious handicap, and he suggested the sum of $100,000. as requisite for this purpose. While but a very limited effort has been made thus far we have received indi- 348 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK vidual subscriptions in the amount of $1,000 each, to a total of $25,000, conditioned upontheentireamountbeingsecured. Speaking now only for the year 1927, there were distributed to the members about 25,000 volumes, and in addition thereto, the Society sold another 25,000 volumes. It is interesting to consider the kind of books that people buy because after all this represents their voluntary act and not the choice of the Publication Committee. Among these 25,000, of course, the largest number was the Bible, but the new History was entirely sold out and a second edition was published; Graetz's History is still a good seller; among the miscellaneous books the biographies, even,though they are old publications, sold the best, and altogether the general theory that novels or childrens' books are most popular is not borne out by our experience. The people who want to read Jewish books apparently want to read serious ones. Since the creation of the Society, forty years ago, there have been 138 separate titles which contain our imprint and as some of these books range from two to five volumes you will see that we have probably averaged durjng the whole period nearly four volumes a year. I am not prepared to state on the basis of any definite statistics how many copies we have actually distributed but I am quite sure that it would run well over two million volumes. The number alone is significant. Of these, 140,000 have been the Translation of the Bible, which has now reached its seventh impression. I have briefly referred to all the departments of our work except the Press. Our own volumes of the Classics are printed on it and we have executed orders for the Jewish Theological Seminary, the Hebrew Union College, the Dropsie College, Brown University, Harvard University, the United Syna- gogue of America, besides private publishing firms who have given us their Hebrew work to do. This Press is a distinct addition to the Jewish cultural life of America and not yet fully appreciated. The endeavor has been made in this report to state the facts without either undue optimism or pessimism. Had the conditions been rosy the Trustees would probably have felt like making the fortieth annual meeting a celebration. We prefer, however, to leave it to our successors to celebrate the fiftieth anniversary. JEWISH PUBLICATION SOCIETY 349

This Society is one of the most potent factors in the educational movement of the Jewish people in America, and indeed has a distinguished place in the entire English-speaking world. In spite of its ups and downs it has for forty years steadily continued to issue publications which, in average distinction, will compare favorably with the output of any Society or publishing house in the world. One of our Trus- tees, Mr. Julius Weyl, at a meeting a few years ago said that the greatest gamble in any business was in the publishing business. The wisest professional readers never know whether a book is going to take or not. Our proportion of books which take has been very high. For an educational institution the aid granted us has been less, I think, than for any other Jewish institution in America. We have gone along under severe handicaps, it is true, with occasional distinguished gifts, but always without capital. I feel that we have not been granted the support financially and morally to which we are entitled. On the other hand, we gratefully acknowledge the unselfish labors of the Publi- cation Committee and the Classics Committee who plod their way through dozens of manuscripts before one is accepted. The Synagogue, the School, the fraternal order, every movement in Jewish life will find us their best aid if they are willing to make use of us, because in the last analysis these institutions will break down unless the elders and the youth of the community have a knowledge of the history and literature of their people. An ignorant Jewry is inconceivable and we are prepared to furnish the information if only the Jewish public is willing to receive it. We are publishers, not propagandists, but we feel that we have the right to expect every Rabbi, every teacher and every communal leader in America to be our propagandists even without asking them. 350 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK

MEMBERS

ALABAMA Alexander City Mobile Schoenbaum, O., Box 57 LIFE MEMBERS Brown, Leo M., Box 953 Andalusia Hammel, Mrs. M., 930 Government Berman, S. M. Kahn, S., 250 Church Bessemer ANNUAL MEMBERS Adler, J. G., Box 303 Erlick, Sam, 1701 Clarendon Av. Brown, H., 106 St. Michael Gabriel, Heyman, 73 N. Reed Av. Birmingham Hess, Henry, P. O. Box 406 Abelson, F. A., 1311 N. 24th Kohn, M., 55 S. Bayon Abelson, I., 2306 1st Av. Lowenstein, Mrs. A., 256 Rapier Av. Abramson, H., 2306 2d Av. N. Schwartz, Leon, City Hall Adler, Ike, 11f>! j N. 21st Shaaray Shomayim Cong. 19 S. Water Birmingham Heb. Schl. Lib'y- Emanu El Congr. S.S. 2150 16th Av. S. Montgomery Feldstein, J., 1620 S. 15th Av. LIFE MEMBER Friedman, J., 2126 16th Av. S. Schloss, Mrs. B. Katz, Rabbi S., 1215 Maplewood Av. S. Newlield, Rabbi M., 2150 16th Av. S. LIBRARY MEMBER Shevinsky, F., 210 N. 18th Greil, M. L., Box D Shugerman, Dr. H. P., 1131 S. 30th ANNUAL MEMBERS Y. M. H. A. Ass'n., 900 N. 18th Loeb, Lucien S., 912 S. Perry Moritz, Chas. F., 424 S. Perry Ensley Mount, Dr. B., Bell Bldg. Goldstein, S., 1720 Av. G. Weil, Bert C, Carter Hill Road Gads den Selma Frank, Ferd, 802 Chestnut Cong. Mishkan Israel Freibaum, Lee Tuscumbia Hecht, Hugo H. Perry, Harry

ARIZONA Bisbee Phoenix Frankenberg, B. Bergen, B., 1404 W. Van Buren Marks, B. E., 33 W. Willetta Douglas Kline, M., P. O. Box 1079 Tucson Levy, B., 1100 10th Rosenfeld, B., 446 S. 3d Nogales Bracker, Chas. J. Young Route Chernin, H. G., Morely Av. Steinman, Rev. Dr. I., F. O. Bar Rochlin, J., P. O. Box 39 Ranch c/o Bostrom

ARKANSAS Fort Smith Hot Springs Cohen, Louis, 923 N. 6th Fellheimer, H., Box 85 Langfelder, L., P. O. Box 49 Leo M. Levi Memorial Hospital Assn., Marks, M. H., 1217 N. 13th Nat'l Park Teitelbaum, Rabbi S., United Heb. Little Rock Cong. Back, Wm., 201 E, 15th B'ne Israel Congr. Sabbath School Helena Lasker, Mrs. II., 2200 Arch Leiser, Rabbi, J., 714 Liberty Safferstone, I. L.. 2205 Arch JEWISH PUBLICATION SOCIETY 351

CALIFORNIA Berkeley Cahen, Dr. C. G., 1220 Westlake Av. Blochman, L. E., 1325 Spruce Cahn, Henry S., 629 S. Norton Av. B'nai B'rith Hillel Foundation, 2600 Cal. Jewish Voice, 317 W. Pico Bancroft Way Cohen, H. A., 1240 S. Olive Kay, Joseph, 1200 Glenn Av. Cohen, H. K., 402 Bryson Bldg. Popper, Dr. Wm., 529 The Alameda Cohn, M. M., 125 W. 48th Radin, Prof. M., 2597 Buena Vista Cole, Luuis M., 1815 Sacramento Way Cushner, Chas. I., 535 W. Pico Deutsch, Jacob, 1040 S. Los Angeles Beverly Hills Edelman, Dr. D. W., 1052 W. 6th Laemmle, C, 1051 Benedict Canyon Enisman, Sig., 1071 Dundas Rd. Farbstein, J., 949 Date Magnin, Rabbi E. F., 615 Walden Dr. Feigilman, L, 331 W. 3rd Rosenberg, A. P., 513 Rexford Dr. Feldraan, Rabbi M. J., 4264 S. Har- vard Bd. Chico Fisch, A., 2040 N. Berendo Goldstein, J. O., 1310 Esplanade Formaker, B., 240 N. Main Tochterman, D. Frank, M., 695 S. Wilton PI. Friedman, W., 2921 Van Buren PI. Folsoin Gerecht, E. F., 418 Fay Bldg. Wahrhaftig, P. S. Route 1 Gillman, A., 1053 Dundas Goldman, A., 418 S. Boyle Av. Fresno Goodfriend, Mrs. S. E., 842 S. Syca- Tyre, Ben, 1458 Poplar more Goodrich, T., 3470 E. 5th Hollywood Gordon, D., 932 Windsor Blvd. Breitstein, M., 1326 Sycamore Av. Gordon, M. j., 926 W. 50th Kirstein, L., 1743 N. Kenmore Av. Gumbincr, H. L., B'way & 8th Louis, A. L., 840 N. Corson Av. Haber, P. R., 1742 Westmoreland Blvd. Hackel, Aaron Wm., 203 S. Citrus Av. Huntingdon Park Haiman, J. H., 1816 W. 38th PI. Harrison, F., 3009 Ganahl Greenfield, J., 8014 Seville Av. Hellman, Irving H., 7th & Spring Taffe, L., 3333 Santa Ana Hendler, M. A., 2807 S. Western Av. Levin, B., 353 S. Miles Hollzer, Judge H. A., 245 S. Norton Mathews, F. D., 126 N. Pacific Blvd. Av. Isenstein, Chas., 1247 Arapahoe Long Beach Jonas, Tos. L., 830 Traction Av. * LIBRARY MEMBER Kahn, P. M., 502a S. Hobart Blvd. Cohen, I. J., 3811 E. 4th Karl, P., 207 S. Main Keen, W., 1938 N. Berendo ANNUAL MEMBER Kerner, M., 1309 Martel Av. Leibert, Rabbi J. A., 206 Euclid Krohn, Dr. H. N., 1104 Edwards & Wildey Bldg. Los Angeles Lerner, Leo., 2435 Michigan Av. Levine. H., 140 S. Rio PATRON Levy, J. C. 220 S. Berendo Schulberg, B. P., 525 Lorraine Blvd. Lick'er, M. L., 627 S. Soto LIBRARY MEMBERS Lieberman, J. J., 1005 Pacific N. B. Dolcart, L., Box 62, Arcade Station Bldg. Isaacs, 1... 725 S. Broadway Ltnce, T. B., 512 N. Rossmore Av. Lazard, Mrs. E. M., 547 S. Kingsley Lindenbaum, Morris, 1443 W. 11th Dr. Lindenberger, H., 201 Currier Bldg. Los Angeles Lodge 487, I. O. B. B. Lissauer, H., 631 S. Manhattan PI. Newmark, M. R., 977 Arapahoe Lissner.Dr. H. H., 318 W. 9th Salinger, N., 1256 S. 7th Loeb, Joseph P., 610 Pacific Mutual Bldg. ANNUAL MEMBERS Loewenthal, M., 1833 S. Flower Adelman, M. L., 812 N. Sycamore Los Angeles Public Library Arkush, J. R., Ill S. Citrus Av. Lyon, R., 600 N. Temple Arnold, J. R., 3715 W. 1st Maharam, Mrs. E., 222 S. Gramercy Bakerman, Dr. B., 207 Higgins Bldg. PI. Beaver, Ch., 1225 W. 5th Malsman, S.. 454 S. Rossmore Av. Behrstock, I., 402 Title Guar. Bldg. Marks, D. H., 412 S. Main Brown, Ira L., 136 W. 7th Naumoff, I., 415 Metropolitan Bldg. 352 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK

Newmark, M. H., 905 Beacon Oakland Lodge, No. 252 I. O. B. B. Norrtlinger, L. S., 515 S. Lorraine Rosenson, A., 1966 B'wav Blvd. Samuels, Dr. H. J., 1319 Central Bk. Norton, S. T., 66 Fremont PI. Bldg. Potter, D. M., 511 Chapman Bldg. Sapper, H. J., 732 14th Preluzsky, Jos. I., 460 S. Spring Schneider, Morris N., 348 Grand Av. Rapt.rel, I., 206 S. Mansfield Silverstein, B., Tribune Tower Reinhart, M. H., 3227 E. 5th Religious Sch. B'nai li'rith., 9th & Ocean Park Hope Rich. Louis, 444 N. Gower Feldstein, M., Merritt Jones Hotel Riche, Aaron. 4619 Rosewood Av. Rittenberg, Mrs. W. B., 515 S. Cum- Ontario mings Sellers, Jos. M., 105 S. Euclid Av. Rosenbium, A., 314 S. Alexandria Rosenthal, H., 226 Rosemont Av. Pasadena Rothschild, L., 418 S. Boyle Av. Jasin, Dr. Jos., 273 S. Hudson Av. Savetnick. D., 1021 S. Plymouth Blvd. Saylin, Dr. G. J., 2202 Brooklyn Av. Piedmont Scher, A. C, 704 Los Angeles Schireson. ]., 337 S. Westminster Av. Camp, H., 25 King Av. Schireson, L., 2907 Hillcrest Dr. Schultz, M. B., 258 S. Harvard Blvd. Sacramento Shabo, Dr. Geo., 1744 W. 6th Elkus, Albert, 9th & King Shalitt, R., 804 Forest Av. Kauffman, M., 309 "K" Shapiro, J., 609 S. Gramercy PI. Lubin, S. J., 1300 39th Shapiro & Shapiro, 1307 Edgecliffe Dr. Silverman, Rev. A., 319 S. Berendo San Bernardino Silverman, Wm., 2030 N. Edgemont Sinai Rel. Schl., 438 S. Hobart Blvd. Lindenbaum, W., 588 3d Smith, Sam S., 436 N. Norton Av. Sohmer, Theo., 237 S. Los Angeles San Diego Steinberg, J., 134 S. Van Ness Av. PATRON Strasburg, M., 2994 W. 9th Hillkowitz, S., Box 223 Tanner, H. B., 536 S. B'way Temple Emanu El, 631 S. Manhatan ANNUAL MEMBERS PI. Fox., S. I., 1004 24th Trattner, Rabbi E. R., 1035 S. Rimpan Wolf, Hytnan S., 524 "F" Blvd. Wellington, Rev. S. A., 619 N. Kings- San Francisco ley Dr. F.hrman, M., 2618 Jackson Zeitlin, M. G., 835 S. B'way Gross, D., Bellevue Hotel Jacobs, Isidor, 1811 California Los Gatos Levi, J., Jr., c/o H. Levi Co. Neustadter, Mrs. J. H., Hotel St. Lesser, A. M., 35 Jackson Francis Rosenthal, I. L., 177 Post Marysville Weinstock, Harris, 19 Presidio Ter. Cheim, H., 620 D Weil, L. P., c/o Buckingham & Hecht Merced PATRON Wolf, George B'nai B'rith Library, 149 Eddy Oakland LIBRARY MEMBER PATRON Cerf. Dr. Alvin E., 1080 Flood Bldg. Lavenson, A. S., 3921 Harrison Jewish Educ. Society, 745 Buchanan Redlick, Henry, 98 Jordan Av. LIBRARY MEMBERS Kahn, Helen L., 3933 Harrison ANNUAL MEMBERS Oakland Jewish Federation, 732 14th Alter Marcus, 235 Clay Bender, Albert M., 1369 Post ANNUAL MEMBERS Benfield, B., 711 Kohl Bldg. Coffee, Rabbi R. I., 28th & Webster Bernstein, Wm., 1165 Davisadero Fiat, N., 13th & Brush Braun, P. A., 387 Ellis Joslyn, M. A., 502 E. 16th Cohn, Miss Pauline, 1732 Geary Miller, D., Sheridan Rd. Dinkelspiel, H. G. W., 901-8 De Young Mosbacher, B. L., 517 14th Bldg. JEWISH PUBLICATION SOCIETY 353

Fried, Rev. Michael, 295 14th Av. Santa Ana Goldman, Heim, 302 Mills Bldg. Gruhn, J. M., 1916 Pine Hurwitz, Sam'l, 1620 N. Broadway Heineberg, T. A., 16 California " ' S. A., 1119 Fillmore Santa Monica 1916 California Pehr, M. H., 973 Sumac Lane 1901 California Personal Ser., 436 O'Farrell Santa Rosa Kahn, Wm., 1707-35 Howard Rosenberg, Max, 511 B Lesser, J., 2856 Washington Trackman, Dr. H. J., Box 95 Levey, E. C, 114 Sansome Levinson, J. B,, 2420 Pacific Sierra Madre Levy, M. H., 436 O'Farrell Meto, J., 3933 Clay Schlesinger, T., 153 S. Hermosa Av. Newman, Juda, 110 Market Newman, Rabbi L. I., 125 Jordan Av. Sonora Oppenheimer, J., 1262 Russ Bldg. Gibbs, Henry Peyser, J. M., Fairmount Hotel Rinder, R. R., 3877 Jackson South Pasadena Roeder, S. M., 1302 Humboldt Bk. Blackstone, W. E., 1525 Columbia Bldg. Samuelson, S., 30 Cornwall Stockton Savannah, M., 1830 Clay Schmulowitz, N., 625 Market Ryhim Ahoovim Congr., P. O. Box Schwabacher, L. A., Hotel St. Francis 405 Sinsheimer, Henry, 110 Market Seville, E., 1440 N. Commerce Sloss, Mrs. M. C, 1830 Jackson, Stamer, Dr. J. A., 702 F. & M. Bldg. Apt. F. Stein, I. F., 33 S. Eldorado Sommer, P. S., 593 Market Temple Eman. E. Rel. School, Lake & Torrance Anguella Blvd. Isenstein, P., 2067 Carson Tuchler, Dr. A. S., 703 Van Ness Av. Waiss, Milton, 216 Market Weisinger, Chas. I., 256 Sutter Van Nuys Wolff, Harry K., 408 Bolfour Bldg. Trachtenberg, Marck Wolkow, I. Leo, 516 Van Ness Y. M. and Y. W. H. A., 121 Haight Zussman, Dr. S., 1411 Scott Venice Liknaitz, Dr. D. L., 745 Amorosa San Jose Franklin, Rabbi H. B., 251 Singletary Yolo Av. Borach, B., Box 7

COLORADO Colorado Springs Emerson, Myer, 700 Knox Ct. Feldman, Jos. S., 1574 Irving Lifton, J. R., 234 Conejos Friedman Rabbi W. S., 733 E. 8th Av. Newman, A., 1221 N. Cascade Av. Frumess, H. H., 1220 Clayton Schaefer, Dr. S. W., 1029 N. Nevada Gerstein, Rabbi I., 2649 Gaylord Av. Goldberg, S. M., Ernest & Cranmer Denver Bldg. PATRON Greenfield, D. H., 564 Emerson Bernheim, I. W., 825 York Grimes, J., 3631 E. 7th Av. Heller, Simon J., 515 E. & C. Bldg. ANNUAL MEMBERS Hillkowitz, Dr. P., 236 Metropolitan Adelman, DT. Louis, 1240 Ogden Bldg. B. M. H. Religious School, ' 16th & Jaffa, Jos., 822 Foster Bldg. Gaylor Kauvar, Rabbi C. H., 1220 Elizabeth Braun, M., 1944 Logan Kolinsky, Is. J., 1619 Lawrence Bronfin, Dr. I. D., 3800 E. Colfax Av. Kwartin, Rev. G., 1440 Williams Chernoff, H, 951 Steele Lorber, J. N., 1689 Adams Cowen, A. B., 636 Symes Bldg. Miller, Dr. L. I., Metropolitan Bldg. Dveirin, Dr. H. E., 650 Corona Morris, Ernest, 815 Symes Bldg. 354 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK

Nat. Jew. Hosp. Cun., 3800 E. Colfax Strauss, M. J., 1300 Lafayette Av. Striker, Nathan, 1357 York Neusteter, Meyer, 1243 Filmore Denver National H. for Jew. Children Priess, S., 645 Madison The Expatients Tubercular Home Radetsky, M. S., 768 Gilpin Waskin, J. M., 1637 Lawrence Radinsky, A. D-, 3025 W. 21st Av. Yaker, M., 324 W. 13th Av. Robinson, M. H., 2300 Lawrence Zigmond, Jos., 1232 Pearl Rosenbaum, C, 3021 E. 10th Av. Rude, Mrs. I., Colburn Hotel Schaeffer, Mrs. S. H., 716 Monroe Ft. Collins Schayer, M. M., 1209 Elizabeth Klein, J., 718 W. Mountain Av. Schayer, M. S., Empire Bldg. Connecticut] Schlesinger, M. H., 1277 Williams Pueblo Schwartz, H. J., 1255 Humboldt Bergman, Rabbi M., 1705 Grand Spiegleman, M. H., 1680 Steele Grunfeld, Dr. R., Colo. State Hospital

CONNECTICUT Ansonia Hershman, S., 27 Colebrook Hoffenberg, Jos. A., 31 Seyms Luria, K., 120 S. Cliff Hoffman, Abraham, 35 Brook Joseloff, M., Box 2108 Bridgeport Katz, Louis H., 20 Lorraine Brody, Sam'l., 138 Parrott Av. Kopplemann, H. P., 83 Canton Elson, Irving, 1401 Fairfield Av. Kovarsky, Freda A., 63 Lenox Goldstein, H. A., 945 Main Levin, H., 33 Congress Hirsch, Marcus, 288 State Levine, Dr. Sinclair S., 69 Windsor Hoffman, M., 209 Knowlton Liftig, Dr. M. D., 524 Albany Av. Klein, J. B., 164 State Nirenstein, E., 1062 Albany Av. Kotler, Rev. H., 1586 North Av. Reichlin, N. 195 Holcomb Lieberthal, Dr. R. H., 186 Laurel PI. Schwalsky, J., 983 Main Lifshiz, Ely, 1629 North Av. Shapiro, A., 336 Trumbull Mellitz, Sam'l., 2681 Fairfield Av. Silverman. Rabbi M., 195 Ridgefield Schine, I. E., 400 Brooklawn Av. Soifer, Dr. M. E., 983 Main Schnee, S. N., 35 Laurel Av. Le Witt, Geo., 85 Russell Silverstone, Harry, 1115 E. Main Wcinstein, B. J., 1865 North Av. New Britain Le Witt. M. C, 295 Main Bristol Saxe, M. D., 74 Hart Appell, D. A., 107 N. Main New Haven Danbury Baker, M. L., 331 East Botwinik, Hyman, 450 Norton Feinson, S., 71 Franklin Caplan, Jacob, 42 Church Friedman, A. M., 207 Orange Fairfield Goldman, B. F., 75 Brownell Marcuse, S., 20 Longview Av. Gordon, Israel, 696 Elm Heyman, J. H., 615 Central Av. Greenwich Hoffman, Bernard E., 293 Division Jacobs, A., 7 Waverly PI. Mendelsohn, Rabbi J. I., 23 E. Elm Kleiner, Isaac L., 188 Livingston Kraft, Herman, 87 Norton Hartford Persky, S., 19 Congress Av. LIFE MEMBER Prince, L.. 190 Ellsworth Av. Herrup, Sol. R., 435 Farmington Av. Sachs, M., 97 Oak Ullman, Isaac M., 558 Whitney Av. ANNUAL MEMPERS Ullman, Jos. H., 115 Linden Cantarow, Dr. J. I., 63 Campfield Av. Wolfe, Isaac, 42 Church Cohen, Dr. G. II., 120 Capitol Av. Y. M. and Y. W. H. A., 304 Crown Donner, Dr. S., 449 Albany Av. Spitz, E., 410 Bank Feldman, Rabbi A. J., 145 Ballard Dr. Finkelstein, Frank, 135 Mansfield Norwalk Freedman, Jos. M., 54 Church Miller, A. J., 43 Orchard Goldenthal, M., 181 Westbourne Pkway. Norwich H.irtman, E. M., 115 N. Oxford Strom, A.. 255 W. Main JEWISH PUBLICATION SOCIETY 355

Sbelton Jennes, J. K., 18 Crescent Krieger, A. Rosengarten, C., 257 Lincoln Schwartz, Rabbi H. E., Cong. Beth Et South Norwalk Spirit, Morris, 129 Willow Gans, Edward M., 92 S. Main Stoll, I., 134 E. Main Stamford Walzer, Chas., 252 Hillside Adler, Noah, 135 Main Altman, L. M., 110 Washington Av. Waterville Siegelbaum, A., 302 Summer Gelman, M. B., 1658 Thomaston Av. Spelke, A., 249 Strawberry Hill Kramer, S., 45 Wheeler Wilk, M. M., 69 Lafayette Waterbury West Haven Berman, Dr. M. D., 220 N. Main Jacobs, Jacob, 29 Martin

DELAWARE Dover Faber, Mrs. Jacob, 700 W. 24th Kelso, J. M., 406 N. Bradford Finger, Aaron, 2305 Harrison Nurock, B. M., 46 S. New Finger, M., 805 W. 23rd Finkelstein, I. B., 1618 Franklin Ginns, O., 424 McCabe Av. Seaford Ginsburg, A., P. O. Box 33 LIBRARY MEMBER Keil, Max, 300 E. 4th Kreshtool, Dr. I. K., 832 Market Van Leer, Chas. Levy, Morris, 708 N. Rodney Mischkind, Rabbi L. A., 911 Washing- Wilmington ton LIBRARY MEMBERS Poland, M. D., 509 Market Himber, J., 517 W. 3d Rich, B. O., 2420 Madison Miller, N., 612 N. Broome Robin, Dr. A., 1011 Washington ANNUAL MEMBERS Rosenblatt, Jacob, 312 W. 14th Barsky, Nathan, 904 West Rosenblatt, Louis, 2206 Jefferson Breuer, Chas. K., 724 Market Schagrin, C. W., 2403 Harrison Breuer, Max, 2601 N. Franklin Topkis, Chas., 1914 Blvd. Cannon, E. S. 328 Del. Tr. Bldg. Tokpis, Harry, 413 W. 21st Caplan, Ph., 705 Church Topkis, Louis, 217 French Cong. Beth. Emeth. School, 911 Wash- Wilmington Institute Free Library ington Wolters, Mrs. R. W., 600 N. Broome

DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA Washington Freedman, J., 1630 Webster, N. W. Gottlieb, L. S., 2814 Conn. Av., N. W. PATRONS Heilprin, G. F., 1329 F, N. W. Berliner, E., 1458 Columbia Rd. Hershfield, I., 1115 Connecticut Av., Cohen; M., 2146 Wyoming Av. N. W. Friedenwald, Dr. H., 1509 Sixteenth, Herzmark, D., 705 Florida Av. N. W. Kaufman, E. I., 1415 H, N. W. LIBRARY MEMBERS Loeb, Rabbi J. T., 222 Eye, N. W. Brandeis, Justice Louis D. Stoneleigh Mintz, I., 938 F, N. W. Ct. Musher, N., 710 14th, N. W. Gichner, F. S., 1214 D. St., N. W. Newhouse, Dr. Benj., 4213 16th, N. W. Hecht, Alex., 515 7th, N. W. Peyser, J. I., 1833 19th, N. W. Lyon, Simon, 2029 Conn. Av. Rhoade, Max, 205 Union Trust Bldg. Rosenberg, M. D., 7th & E. Sabath, Hon. A. J., House of Repre- Sworzyn, G. Jos., 1219 G., N. W. sentatives Selis, A C, 1410 Tavlor, N. W. ANNUAL MEMBERS Selis, Jacob R., 920 O, St., N. W. Behrend, R. B., 1315 F., N. W. Shalowitz, A. L., 124 Webster, N. W. Berg, John, 1022 Nat'l Press Bldg. Simon, Rev. A., 3722 Harrison Bierman, Dr. M. I., 1200 Ouincy, Stein, J. M., 523 13th N. W. Tepper, B. L., 416 5th, N. W. 356 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK

Tepper, J. L., 3733 Northampton Washington Heb. Cong., 816 8th, Tobriner, Leon, 932 Southern Bldg. N. W. Wallack, N. N., 3933 Military Rd.. Wilner, T. A., 2603 Conn. Av., N. W. N. W. Wolpe, J. H., 1402 N. Y. Av., N. W.

FLORIDA Arcadia ANNUAL MEMBERS Rosin, S. Apte, D. J., 94 N. W. 10th Ft. Pierce Covran, M. L., 2120 S. W., 6th Holtsberg, Max Engler, A., 1744 S. Miami Av. Feibelman, H. W., Box 2750 Jacksonville Kaplan, Rev. Dr. J. H., 249 N. 1 Cohen, J. E., 604 Laura Cohen, L. H., 753 Edgewood Av. 17th Ter. Davis, Mrs. D., Margaret Plant, M., 309 12th Finkelstein, Neal, 139 W. Ashey Roth, Nathan, Box 412 Hirschberg, Julius, 1417 Blvd. Zeintz, Louis, Box 458 Kaplan, Rabbi Israel L., Laura & Ashley Pensacola Klepper, S. J., 1711 College Friedmann, Rev. Dr. M., Temple Klepper, Solon, 1744 Laura Beth El Peiser, I., 2142 Pearl Richardson, L., 325 W. Bay Tampa Rubin. Mrs. Max, 2063 Post Katz, A., 1728 7th Av. Katz, M., 2108 7th Av. Miami Maas, Ernest, 835 S. Edison Av. LIBRARY MEMBER Steinberg, C. S., 2112 Marjorie Av. Cohen, Isidore, 1st Nat'l Bk. Bldg. Steinberg, Oscar, 720 South Blvd.

GEORGIA Albany Columbus Landau, Rev. E. A., 511 Commerce LIBRARY MEMBER Stern, Siegmund, 504 Pine Hirsch, Miss Addie, 1341 3d Av. Athens ANNUAL MEMBER Michael, M. G., Box 22 Rosenthal, Rabbi F. L., 1528 4th Av. Morris, Lee, 190 Univ. Dr. Elberton Atlanta Patz, S., College Av. LIBRARY MEMBER Glenwood Frachtenberg, L. J., Morris Bldg. Segall, Joseph ANNUAL MEMBERS Rome Goettinger, B., 160-64 Trinity Av., Hebrew Sunday School, P. O. Box 383 S. W. Goldstein, M. F., 37 Park Lane Savannah Haas, Herbert J., 616 Ponce de Leon Ehrenreich, H. S., 303 W. Gevinett Av. Epstein, L. S., 210 W. 37th Heyman, Arthur, 507 Conolly Bldg. Hornstein, S., 601 W. 37th Hirsch, Harold, 70 Waverly Way Jewish Edu. Alliance, 328 Barnard Jacobs, H. S., Piedmont Av., N. E. Lewin, Geo., 414 Broughton W. Levitas, Louis )., 25 Poplar Lieberis, R., 314 Huntington E. Marx, Rev. D., 1017 St. Charles Av., Pinsker, Wm., c/o Jew. Edu. Alliance N. E. Rosenthal, E. W., 15 E. 36th Montag, Mrs. A., 928 Oakdale Rd. Solomon, G., 19 E. 46th Oberdorfer. E., 1124 Piedmont Av. Saltzman, N. H., 49 Windsor Tallulah Park Wilensfcy, H., 40 W. Alabama Magid, Louis B. West Point Augusta Hagedorn, Mrs. Phillip (Hagedorn) Children's Mite Society Heyman, Miss Bertha JEWISH PUBLICATION SOCIETY 357

IDAHO Pocatella Gottberg, J., 308 W. Center

ILLINOIS Alton Rubovits, T., 4439 Drexel Blvd. Olian, Leo S., 710 E. B'way Schur, Mrs. Herman, 5125 Ellis Av. Smidt, J., 6428 N. Francisco Av. Aurora Sultan, Wm, 7628 Rogers Av. Turner, Rabbi J., 4167 Ogden Av. Joseph, I., 240 Oak Av. Weinberg, M. A., Harris Trust Bldg. Rubenstein, Rabbi N,, 429 Fox Weinfeld, Chas., 6746 Bennett Av. Swimmer, J., 732 Galena Woolner, W. B., 536 People's Gas Zidell, J., 364 Grand Av. Bldg. Belvidere Wormser, L. F., 4912 Woodlawn Av. Silver, L., 311 S. Main ANNUAL MEMBERS Aaron, Chas., 5748 S. Park Av. Bloomfngton Abram, Harry, 3930 Lexington Abrams. M., 722 Independence Blvd. Livingston, Sig., Livingston Bldg. Alter, J., 361 W. Superior Rosenbluth, S., 306 E. Walnut Andalman, M. N., 5528 Indiana Av. Silvers, C. W., 209 S. Main Andalman, Mrs. S. J., 527 W. 62d Antonow, S. L.. 3642 W. 13th Champaign Arkin, Dr. M. L., 4627 N. Monticello Frankel, Rabbi B. M., 623 E. Green Av. Hillel Foundation, 623 E. Green Armin, Mrs. Chas., 1551 W. 69th Jung, Dr. Moses, 623 E. Green Augustus, M., 208 S. La Salle Kuhn, Isaac Baker, I. E., 809 Roosevelt Rd. Chicago Barnett, S. B., 155 N. Clark LIFE MEMBERS Bauer, Lester L., 56 W. Randolph Lidov, Mrs. S. J., 1244 Independence Becker, A., 5038 N. St. Louis Av. Bd. Becker, Mrs. A. G., 137 S. La Salle RosenwaH, Julius, 4901 Ellis Av. Beilin, L., 4941 N. Washtenau Av. Benjamin, A. S., 3623 Leland Av. PATRON Bensinger, B. E., 623 S. Wabash Av. De Lee, Dr. J. B., 5028 Ellis Av. Berkman, Mrs. H., 4745 Kenwood Av. Berkson, E., 10 S. La Salle LIBRARY MEMBERS Berman, J., 1410 S. Turner Ascher, F., 3229 S. Ashland Av. Bernstein, A. L., 6730 Merrill Av. Becker, J. H., 137 S. La Salle Bernstein, Fred, 7025 Cregier Av. Block, Dr. L. H., 1525 Milwaukee Av. Bernstein, G. D., 1120 E. 54th Elkan, L. H., 1521 Webster Av. Bernstein, M. A., 6532 Peoria, S. Frankenstein, W. B., 110 S. Dearborn Birkenstein, H., 377 W. Ontario Glick, L. G., 835 S. Hermitage Av. Birkenstein, L., 444 Wrightwood Av. Goodman, M. D., Ill W. Monroe Bishkow, Dr. I. E., 517 Belmont Av. Grollman, L., 1st Nat'l Bldg. Blair, Saml.. 707 Briar PI. Grossman, M., 32 W. Randolph Bloch, M. N., 3136 Douglas Blvd. Jaffe, E. M., 1020 W. 36th Bloch, S., 4809 Washington Blvd. Kaplan, N. D., 110 S. Dearborn Block, M., 2151 N. Spaulding Av. Klee, Max., 1200 Milwaukee Av. Bloom, David, 144 S. Wabash Av. Leopold, N. F., 1517 Conway Bldg. Blum, H. S.. 646 Bittersweet PI. Levine, Win., 127 N. Dearborn Blumenthal, Dr. A. R., 4721 Ellis Av. Loeb, A. F., 6738 Ridgeland Av. Bollotin, Mrs. D., 3653 Leland Av. Lurie, Max, 1810 Blue Island Av. Boosel, Jos., 3855 N. Francisco Av. Newberger, Dr. Chas., 310 S. Mich. Boten, David, 1323 Independence Blvd. Av. Braude, L., 29 E. Madison Platt, S. P., 3422 W. Monroe Broyde, S., 343 S. Central Pk. Av. Rigot, M., 225 N. Wabash Av. Burr, Maurice, 111 W. Monroe Romberg, Mrs. E., 5492 S. Shore Dr. Buxbaum, J., 4743 Drexel Blvd. Rosenblatt, S. J., 110 S. Dearborn Callner, Jos. M., 6201 S. Park Av. Rosenthal, James, Chicago Beach Chevlen, Mrs. S., 4518 Christiana Av. Hotel Coffman, E. M., 3169 B'way 358 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK

Cohen, A. E., 176 W. Adams Freedman, Dr. I. V., 5816 Kenmore Cohen, Archie H., 3842 W. Jackson Av. Blvd. ' Freehof, Rabbi S. B., 54th & Cornell Cohen, Geo. B., 19 S. La. Salle Av. Cohen, J. A., 7630 Oglesby Av. Fridstein, S. H., 10 S. La Salle Cohen, L., 115 S. Dearborn Fridus, Dr. S. L., 1809 W. 47th Cohen, Louis A., 6451 Sheridan Rd. Friedberg, S., 3918 Jackson Blvd. Cohen, Dr. S. J., 65 E. Chicago Av. Friedland, M. N., 33 S. Clark Cohen, A. A., 5032 Woodlawn Av. Friedlander, H., 169 E. 16th Cohn, J. W., 857 Margate Ter. Frumkin, J., 643 E. 47th Colenian, C. L., 5100 Ellis Av. Gaertner, L., 5227 Drexel Av. Comroe, Dr. Jos. I., 25 E. Wash. Gerngross, L., 1219 Madison Pk. Coner, M. J., 959 E. 55th Gesas, Michael, 5062 Sheridan Rd. Copeland, A., 4919 Wash. Blvd. Goldberg, B., 1326 Blue Island Av. Cowen, Mrs. I., 5125 Drexel Blvd. Goldberg, Dr. J. B., 1208 Indepen- Cristol, M. J., 3105-07 N. Cicero Av. dence Blvd. D'Ancona, A. E., Windermere Hotel, Goldberg, Max, 9009 Commercial Av. E. Goldberg, M., 4420 Ellis Av. D'Ancona, E. N., 1038 Stock Ex. Goldberg, S. B., 115 New Hampshire Bldg. Av. Daiches, EH, Shoreland Hotel Goldblatt, P., 115 N. Kidare Av. David, J. B., 839 County Bldg. Golden, Dr. I. J. K., 2238 W. North Davis, Dr. H. I., 4752 Ellis Av. Av. Davis, I. C, 6752 Evans Av. Goldfine, Dr. A. H. C, 3844 W. Jack- Davis, Tos., 1400 Milwaukee Av. son Blvd. Davis, M., 314-24 W. 43rd Goldman, Louis, 5 S. Wabash Av. Davis, Meyer, 1003 Milwaukee Av. Goldman, Ph., 5522 W. Jackson Blvd. De Leeuw, P., 808 Junior Ter. Goldstein, A. W., 2415 N. Kedzie Delson, Louis J., 32 W. Randolph Blvd. Dentelbaum, Leopold, c/o Chicago Goldstein, I., 140 N. Dearborn Home for Jewish Orphans Goldstein, M., 4635 N. Lawndale Av. Deutsch, Saml., 4936 Ellis Av. Gollen, Dr. I. S.; 2200 W. Division Diamond, Jacob, 11 S. La Salle Green, H., 3149 N. Racine Av. Dottenheim, H. H., 4745 Kenwood Greenfield, Miss G., 4656 N. Spaulding Av. Av. Dulsky, Louis, 29 S. La Salle Grollman, I., 310 S. Racine Av. Durskin, Dr. A. M., 1800 Selden Gross, Louis J., 7719 Phillips Av. Eger, A., 1348 Hyde Pk. Blvd. Gross, M. M., 1356 S. Racine Av. Einstein, D. G., 1419 Conway Bldg. Gross, P. A., 175 W. Jackson Blvd. Eisenstaedt, R., 320 S. Franklin Grossman, B. J., 5108 Glenwood Av. Eisenstein, S., 3243 Douglas Blvd. Gruskin, Mrs. B., 1545 E. 60th St. Elenbogen, H., 3222 Lawrence Av. Gunther, Mrs. S. L., 4752 Virginia Elfenbaum, Dr. A., 2423 Lawrence Av. Av. Guthman, Max, 106 N. La Salle Elkan, H., 833 Haines Halperin, A. Z., 4642 Maiden Elman, Rabbi A., 1037 Hearst Bldg. Hamilton, L., 3248 Hollywood Av. Emanuel Sab. Sch., 701 Buckingham Harrison, Sol, 10 S. La Salle PI. Hebrew League, 3513 Douglas Blvd. Enelow, B. F., 110 S. Dearborn Heldman, J. N., 11 S. La Salle Epstein, Dr. H., 3727 W. Flournoy Herr, Simon, 5339 Calumet Av. Ettelson, Julius, 5016 Sheridan Rd. Hershenson, H. G., 160 N. La Salle Farber, Rev. Dr. R., 3344 Ainslie, Herson, H.. 4520 W. Jackson Blvd. Apt. H-2 Herst, F., 332 S. Michigan Av. Feder, S., 337 S. Market Herst, W., 549 E. 47th Feldman, M. J., 111. Mer. Bk. Bldg. Hevesh, Dr. Jos., 3507 Lawrence Av. Felsenthal, Eli B., 69 W. Wash. Hodes, B., 7025 Chappel Av. Ferguson, I., City Hall Square Bldg. Hollander, H., 4962 N. Spaulding Av. Fienberg, J., 1022 E. 54th Homer, Hon. H., 647 County Bldg. Fisher, H. H., 5412 Ingelside Av. Horwich, A. N., 5049 DTexel Blvd. Fisher, Dr. M., 3300 Douglas Blvd. Horwich, B., 2455 Archer Av. Flaxman, L., 6201 S. Park Av. Horwich, L. J., 5429 Lakewood Av. Fleischman, M., 3347 W. Monroe Israel, M. H., 929 B. 47th Foreman, Oscar G., 30 N. La Salle Jacobs, H. A., 1821 Ins. Exch. Bldg. Fox, Rabbi G., 7215 Jeffrey Av. Jacobs, I., 105 S. La Salle Frazin, A. L., 9119 Commercial Av. Jacobson, F., 3260 Maypole Av. Freed, I. B., 1222 Arthur Av. jadwin, B., 1316 Independence Blvd. JEWISH PUBLICATION SOCIETY 359

Jewish Peoples Institute, 3500 Douglas Levy, Aaron D., 1039 Hollywood Av. Blvd. Levy, Rabbi F. A., 707 Melrose Kadushin, M., 2060 Humboldt Blvd Levy, M., 217 W. Superior Kahn, J., 2122 Potomac Av. Levy, O., 907 Ainslee Kahn, Dr. M., 4627 S. Ashland Av. Lewis, E. J., 701 Junior Ter. Kalish, K., 1213 S. Halsted Lewison, Dr. M., 5800 W. Adams Kaplan, A. L., 1918 Hancock Lib'y of Moody Bible Inst., 153 Inst. Kaplan, I. H., 212 S. Market PI. Kaplan, J., 4759 Drexel Blvd. Lieberman, I. K., 327 S. La Salle Kaplan, Dr. M. I., 3837 "W. Roose- Lieberman, J. L., 5518 Everett Av. velt Blvd. Lieberman, J., 327 S. La Salle Karno, L., 1141 Independence Blvd. Linder, A. T., 1632 Pratt Blvd. Karpen, A., 810 S. Wabash Lipsky, H. A., 1214 S. Halstead Katz, H., 1244 W. Division Loeb, I. A., 155 N. Clark, R. 322 Katz, H., 134 W. La Salle Loeb, J. M., 175 W. Jackson Blvd. Katz, Mayer, 1244 W. Division Loeb, S., 39 S. La Salle Katz, Samuel, 1244 W. Division Loewenberg, M. L., 1317 S. Avers Av, Kaufman, S., 5122 University Av. Lund, I. A.. 6749 Paxton Av. Kehilath Jacob Library, 1447 Hamlin Lustig, A. N., 139 N. Clark Mack, Hon. J. W., 4140 Drexel Blvd. Klein', J., 745 N. Clark Manilow, Dr. L., 851 N. Western Av. Klein, Martin, 1707 Greenleaf Av. Mann, Rabbi L. L., 4622 Grand Blvd. Klein, Morris, 747 N. Clark Margolies, Rev. Dr. J. H., 7631 Yates Koenig, H. D., 726 Conway Bldg. Av. Koenigsberg, D., 2448 W. Division Margolis, H., 697 Milwaukee Av. Koenigsberg, S., 502 Ashland Block Margolis, J., 543 \V. Division Kohn, A. R., 3555 W. Grand Av. Markowitz, Ph., 3934 Pine Grove Av. Komaiko, S. B., 175 W. Jackson Blvd. Marland, B., 5750 Kenwood Av. Kompel, Morris, 102 S. Hamlin Av. Marshall, Dr. N. W., 2634 W. North Konecky, M., 6327 S. Talman Av. Korach, H., 1327 Wash. Blvd. Av. Krakaw, O., 123 W. Madison Mayer, C. F., 7405 Crandon Av. Kramer, N., 5311 Woodlawn Av. Melcher & Landow, 208 W. Adams Kraus, Adolph, East End Park Hotel Meltzer, A., 6720 Merrill Av. Kreeger, M., 213 W. 63d Mendelsohn, Rabbi S. F., 4845 Drake Kremen, B., 669 W. 12th Av. Krinsky, H. H., 1632 S. Clifton Pk. Mendelsohn, Wm., 1213 W. Van Buren Metcoff, Mrs. S., 3818 W. Congress Av. Meyer, J. H., 30 N. La Salle Kurtzon, M., 14th & Talman Miller, I., 3607 Grenshaw Lachman, N., 38 S. Dearborn Minkus, L., 1743 Humboldt Blvd. Lackritz, P. N., 29 E. Madison Minn, Dr. S., 3222 Le Moyne Landfield, H. S., 155 N. Clark Monsby, A., 702 Englewood Av. Lappen, M., 2711 Giddings Morrison, T. S., 2632 N. Spaulding Laser, M. T., 1308 N. Halsted Av. Lasker, I., 139 N. Clark Moskow, H., 6749 Paxton Av. Lassen, Rabbi A. L., 6642 N. Ashland Nechin, H., 1314 S. Troy Av. Nemiro, Dr. A. F., 631 S. Ashland Lassers, I. A., 1828 Euclid Av. Blvd. Lavick, S. B., 4617 N. Lawndale Av. Newberger, H. H., 844 W. Jackson Lavin, Mrs. W., 3436 Douglas Blvd. Newburger, Miss J., Chicago Beach Lazar, S., 6644 Newgard Av. Hotel Lebensohn, Dr. M. H., 800 W. Roose- Newman, J., 11 S. La Salle velt Rd. Nickelson & Berger, 8501 Balto. Av. Lee, Harry, 7806 Bennett Av. Nierman, E. A., 4537 Drexel Blvd. Lehrfeld, Rabbi H., 1352 N. Spring- Ogus, A. L., 1414 S. Albany Av. field Av. Osherman, Miss M. E., 116 S. Michi- Lehrfield Rabbi, L. J., 5511 Congress gan Av. Levin, I. A.. 155 N. Clark- Ovitsky, Dr. P., 3929 W. Arthington Levin, Dr. I. M., 5500 W. Flournoy Av. Levin, Louis, 1340 Carroll Av. Ovson, M., 110 N. Franklin Levinson, Dr. A., 3245 Douglas Blvd. Pann, Judge Hugo, 3843 Mich. Av. Levinson, Miss L., Windermere East Pearlman, Dr. S. J., 180 N. Michigan Hotel Av. Levinson, M. K., 11 S. La Salle Pennish, L. E., 110 S. Dearborn Levinson, Dr. S. A., 3415 W. Monroe Perlstein, Mrs. E.. 430 S. Dearborn Levinstein. E. H., 4930 W. Adams Phillipson, S., 828 W. Roosevelt Rd. Leviton. P. B., 155 N. Clark Pincus, Sam'l. Z., 139 N. Clark 360 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK

Piser, S. S., 3111 W. Roosevelt Rd. Solomon, Mrs. H. G., 2146 Lincoln Pitzele, Nat., 11338 S. Mich. Av. Pk., W. Platt, B. N., 840 La Fayette Pkwy. Sonnenschein, Dr. R., 180 N. Michi- Pollock, S. S., 5823 Winthrop Av. gan Av. Quasser, J. H., 517 Harris Trust Bldg. Sopkin, B., 4601 Wentworth Av. Rabinovich, S., 1426 S. Hamlin Av. Sopkin, L., 4601 Wentworth Av. Reis, Mrs. I.J., 4746 Ellis Av. Spira, S., 2852 Logan Blvd. Richman, S. J., 1402 S. Peoria Spivek, Herman, 1647 Farwell Av. Rhode, A. M., 223 W. Madison Staller, J. H., 3831 W. Adams Rosenbaum, Rabbi D., 1227 Independ- Stein, L., 2852 Logan Blvd. ence Blvd. Steindler, A., 11 N. Green Rosenbaum, H., 323 W. Jackson Blvd. Stern, C. H.. 3258 Douglas Blvd. Rosenberg, A. H., 2052 Pierce Av. Stern, Mrs. H. B 4300 Drexel Blvd. Rosenberg, .B. D., 6165 Winthrop Av. Stern, Max, 833 Haines Rosenberg, H. L., 4928 N. Ridgway Stern, M., 5022 Woodland Av. Av. Stolz, Rev. Dr. J., 5010 Drexel Blvd. Rosenberg, J., 2953 N. Troy Stolz, Rabbi J. H., 5480 Cornell Av. Rosenberg, N., 3544 W. 12th PI. Sulzberger, S. L., 331 S. Peoria Rosenfeld, Mrs. M., "The Drake" Tanon, Rabbi M. N., 902 Margate Rosemnan, Sam'l., 947 Winona Av. Ter. Rosenstein, L., 6716 Clyde Av. Teller, Carrol A., 127 N. Dearborn Rosenthal, J., 1106 Independence Blvd. Teller, Rabbi M., 547 E. 60th Rosenzweig, I., 14 E. Jackson Blvd. The Temple Rel. Schl., 5035 Green- Roth, Adolph, 2936 Wilson Av. wood Av. Ruben, Chas., 1021 E. 53d Thorek, Dr. M., American Hospital Rubin, Mrs. I., 1613 S. Millard Av. Tint, Dr. L., 185 N. Wabash Av. Ruekberg, B. P., Ill W. Monroe Trotzkey, E., 1550 S. Albany Av. Sabath, M., 1914 S. Ashland Av. Van Gelder, M., 5747 Sheridan Rd. Salomon, S. S., 454 Melrose Vinik, H., 6631 S. Green Salzman, Dr. H. A., 3508 W. Roose- Wald, Benedict, 5455 University Av. velt Rd. Walpert, Dr. B. E., 5212 Ingelside Av. Schaar, B. E., 556 W. Jackson Blvd. Wash. Blvd. Temple, 25 N. Karlov Av. Schaffner, R. C, 137 S. La Salle Weil Emanuel, 39 S. La Salle Schanfarber, Rev. T., 5042 Drexel Weinberg, J., 1466 Milwaukee Av. Blvd. Weiner, Abr., 3728 Douglas Blvd. Scheftel, Ben., 1812 S. Clifton Pk. Av. Weiner, M. S. 2007 S. California Av. Schiff, Chas., 423 W. 63d Weinfield, Dr. H., 2758 W. Van Buren Schloesinger, H. J., Standard Club Av. Schloss, Max, 1325 Rosedale Av. Weinger, Sol., 918 Maxwell Schonberger, S., 6 N. Cicero Av. Weiss, S. H., 624 Roosevelt Rd. Schwartz, H., 1209 Hey worth Bldg. Weissenbach, J., 1630 Tribune Bldg. Schwartz, Dr. J. J., 4942 N. Albany Winsberg, Geo., 941 Winona Av. Av. Witz, Samuel, 175 W. Jackson Blvd. Schwartz, S. D., 4600 Grand Blvd. Woldenbere. M., 159 W. Kinzie Seelig, Leo, 443 S. Halsted Wolf, H. M., 830 Oakwood Blvd. Seiden, B. R., 212 S. Market Wolf, J. D., 5119 W. Chicago Av. Seifer, N., 394 Lincoln Way Wolfson, C. J., 307 W. Van Buren Sentinel Publishing Co., 118 S. Yoffe, Dr. S., 6454 S. Campbell Av. Clinton Zucker, S., 231 S. La Salle Shabad, H. M., Sutherland Hotel Zuckerman, M. W., 3654 Lexington Shafer, A. W., 912 Glengyle PI. Shaffner, Chas., 4717 N. Maplewood Christopher Av. Shapiro, I., 3351 Douglas Blvd. Sawyer & Rubin Shulman, B., 5424 East View Pk. Shure, Mandel 5308 University Av. Cicero Shure, Nathan, 237 W. Madison Silberman, A., 69 W. Wash. Shinglman, Dr. J., 4930 W. 13th Silverman, J., 2500 Ogden Av. Silverman, R., 175 W. Jackson Blvd. Evanston Simon, Mrs. A., 3857 W. Van Buren Rosenberg, H. M., 1804 Sheman Av. Singer, Mrs. D., 1108 Independence Salzman, A. L., 2640 Lincolnwood Dr. Blvd. Singer. Rabbi J., 6932 N. Ashland Galesburg Blvd. Gross, Joseph Soble, Aaron, 1903 Humboldt Blvd. Halper, D. C, Ferris & Cedar Soboroff, Saml., 2432 McLean Av. Nirdlinger, S. JEWISH PUBLICATION SOCIETY 361

Geneseo Szold, Jacob, 515 George Waterman, Henry Ullman, C. A., 203 Bradley Av. Wolfner, I. W., 143 High Glencoe Wolfner, Mrs. W. F., High and State Woolner, A'dolph, Jr., 439 Moss Av. North Shore Congregation Harvey Rochelle Marks, I., 202 E. 154th LIBRARY MEMBER Helb, Mrs. Pauline Highland Park Rockford Mandel, Mrs. E., 130 Roger Williams Av. LIBRARY MEMBER Hubbards Woods Seidler, Geo., 1708 Cumberland Frankel, H. D., 1138 Scott Av. ANNUAL MEMBERS Goldman, J., 149 Morgan Joliet Mayer, Sig., care of Hotel Mayer Emdin, Rabbi B., 512 N. Eastern Av. Shanhouse, Chas., 1035 Haskell Av. Udelowich, P., 1622 Harlem Blvd. Kewanee LIBRARY MEMBER Rock Island Szold, A., 611 S. Tremont Gellerman, S., 109 16th Maggid, S., 1500-29^ Morris, Harry, 841 24th La Salle Steward, B. A., 1404 43d Hirsh, Dr. S., 164 Marquette Sesser Moline Jackson, E. J. Dolkart, L., 614 10th Springfield Grossman, N., Leclaire Hotel Katz, Joseph L., 1106 19th Av. Eckstein, M., 1826 S. 4th Sklovsky, Max, 624 10th Greenberg, D., 1150 N. 5th Meyers, J. M., Meyers Bldg. Oak Park Myers, Louis M., 1115 S. 7th Jacobi, H. S., 639 N. East Av. Taylorville Lome, Mrs. P., 528 Clarence Av. Moment, H., 421 S. Grove Av. Schreiber, Jonas Ottawa Urbana Rothbardt, Mrs. G., 820 La Salle Koller, Prof. A. H., 502 W. Penna. Litman, Prof. Simon, 603 W. Green University of Illinois Library Pana Sachar, A. I., 504 S. Mathews LIBRARY MEMBER Tanner, H., 200 E. Wash. Waukegan Blumberg, J., 541 N. Gennessee Peoria Gordon, F., 412 Douglas Av. LIBRARY MEMBER Jacobs, C, 311 Julian Morrison, Chas., 226 Gillette Av. Klein, H., 222 S. Adams Rubin, A. M., 238 Gillette Av. ANNUAL MEMBERS Rubin, M. H., 318 Ridgeland Av. Applebaum, Dr. A., 703 Lehman Bide. Schwartz, S., 36 N. Sheridan Rd. Bloom, Mrs. H. T., 936 N. Glen Oak West Frankfort Cohen, H., 501 W. Park PI. Greenbaum, Dr. Fred'k. Dorfman, Rabbi B. M., 927 Hamilton Blvd. Wilraetta Frankel, H., 704 7th Schneider, B. B., 929 Linden Av. Frankel, H., 631 S. Adams Friedman, D. S., 1518 N. Monroe Winnetka Horwitz, Dr. S., Central Nat'l Bk. Bide. LIBRARY MEMBER Levitin Dr. E. Z., 200 Rebecca PI. Faroll, Mrs. B., 741 Prospect Av. 362 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK

INDIANA Attica Huntington Levor, Mrs. Levi S., 401 E. Jackson Bronstein, P., 1060 N. Byron Bedford Indianapolis Jacobs, Abe S. Bamberger, R., Meyer-Kiser Bldg. Borinstein, L. J., 4137 Meridan, N. Crawfordsville Brill, Henry, 112 S. Penn Pearlman, Co., The George Davis, Lawrence B., 860 B'way Efroymson, G. A., 2036 N. Delaware East Chicago Efroymson, Meyer, 3627 N. Penna. Given, Albert, 602 Chicago Av. Feuerlicht, Rabbi M. M., 3034 Wash. Lewin, A. B., 702 Chicago Av. Bd. Lewin, Milton, 615 Chicago Av. Grossman, L. N., 811 S. Delaware Seifer, L. H., 4237 Magoun Av. Indianapolis Hebrew Cong., 3560 Salem Ellwood Ind. State Library, 47 State House Jewish Federation, 17 W. Morris LIBRARY MEMBER Kiser, Sol. S., 2128 W. Penn Wolf, T., 1121 S. Anderson Lewis, H., 4343 Winthrop Av. Lyman, B., 2028 Central Av. Evansville Mantel, Emil, 205 W. Washington Bernstein, D. S., 1511 S. 2d Medias, C, 721 N. Delaware Dannenberg, S. B., 2842 Division Pinkus, Miss C, 3271 Central Av. Ehrich, Dr. Wm., Citizens' Bk. Bldg. Platt, H. I., 1122 Prospect Fine, I. J., 1309 Powell Av. Rabb, Miss S., 1311 Union Gumberts, F. A., 114 Main Simon, M. N., 121 Penway Hamberg, A., 1412 E. Iowa Wolf, Miss J., 3107 N. Meridian Hamburg, S. C, 1504 E. Virginia Horn, Elias, 1601 Mulberry Ct. Kokomo Levy, Henry, 916 Powell Av. Levi, J. S., 1215 W. Sycamore Loeventhal, H., 529 Wash. Av. Paul, B. N., 716 Wash. Av. Lafayette Ravdin, Dr. B. D., 108J/S Sunset Av. Ravdin, Dr. M., 431 Ravenswood Dr. Bamberger, Rabbi B. J., 916 North Skirball, Rabbi J. H., Wash. Av. Messing, A. L., 516 Columbia Temple Pearlman, Dr. S., Lafayette Life Bldg. Skora, I., 813 Wash. Av. Lyons Weil, E., 1100 Powell Av. Stein, Max Fort Wayne Michigan City Achduth Vesholom Cong. Moritz, M., 602 Spring Cohen, Chas., 135 W. Wash. Hurwitz, Rev. M., 747 E. Wayne Mishawaka Markowitz, Rabbi S. H., 1119 Fairfield Piser, Abr., 225 Smith Av. Gary Muncie LIBRARY MEMBER Roberts, G. D., 613 W. Jackson Koltinsky, M., 610 W. 8th Av. Richmond ANNUAL MEMBERS LIBRARY MEMBER Bloom, I., 945 B'way Harsh, A., 100 S. 3d Feder, William, 1112 B'way Given. H., 650 Wash. ANNUAL MEMBERS Kan, Dr. Alex. M., 3853 B'way Fred, Saml., 710 Main Lieberman, Morris, 2200 B'way Saffer, M., 318 N. Fifth Milgram, Samuel H., 1336 B'way Shelbyville Greencastle Goodman, A., Public Square Sudranski, Sol. L. South Bend Hammond Sandock, Dr. I., Associate Bldg. Schlesinger, S. A., 104 Highland Stern, Rabbi W. M., Box 754 JEWISH PUBLICATION SOCIETY 363

Summitsville Lubin, Mrs. J. M., 1136 S. Center Warner, L. Manfield, Mrs. B., 1230 S. 8th Terre Haute Plost, Mrs. P., 609 S. 5th LIBRARY MEMBER Stem, S. M., 919 S. 5th Blumberg, Ben., Star Bldg. ANNUAL MEMBERS Tatelman, Mrs. J., 1619 S. 4th Levin, Morris L., 626 Walnut Temple Israel Sab. School, 909 S. 5th

IOWA Cedar Rapids Davidson, J., 717 Franklin Av. Braverman, M., 322 S. 3rd Frankel, Mrs. Belle G., 219 37th Goldman, Harry, 115 S. 2nd Ginsberg, H., 508 56th Kahn, M. O., 718 18th Schoen, C, 356 Forest Drive Levitt, J., 922 W. 5th Council Bluffs Mannheimer, Rabbi E., 427 W. 51st Marks, M., 5403 Waterbury Rd. Morganstern, I., 1002 5th Av. Marks, R., 213 W. 3d Mendelson, M., 5200 Schriver Av. Davenport Miller, Dr. S., 836 Penn. Av. PATRON Oransky, L., 505 Walnut Adler, E. P., 2104 Main Panor, S., 5400 Waterbury Rd. LIBRARY MEMBER Prusiner, B. W., 3103 University Av. Betty Adler Waterman, Memorial Sheuerman, H., 533 43rd Library Silver, Marcus, 320 Walnut Decorah Toubes, L., 1309 E. Grand Av. Bear, Ben. Des Moines Iowa City LIBRARY MEMBER Felsenthal, Miss E., Univ. of la. Lib'y Frankel, Mrs. B., 219 37th ANNUAL MEMBERS Sioux City Adelman, J. D., 405 37th Baron, B., 1810 Pearl Blank, A. H., 5206 Waterbury Rd. Courshon, Dr. B., 3315 Jackson Blvd. Blotcky, S. H., 1336 W. 12th Davidson, Dave, 1709 Nebraska Branson, A. A., 417 Walnut Galinsky, A. L., 1524 Summit Av. Kutcher, L. J., 1114 McDonald Brody, D. I., 2832 High Mt. Sinai Library, Ruth Marx, 610 Brody, Tos. A., 930 W. 29th 16th Brody, J. I., 5327 Shriver Av. Cohen, M. H., Register & Tribune Waterloo Bldg. Kanofsky, J., 124 F.. !5th Cohen, O., 607 Grand Av. Krensky, H., 1429 Coommercian l

KANSAS El Dorado Topeka Abels, D.. P. O. Box 110 Galitzski, Mrs. S., 1185 College Av. Bennett, L. L., P. O. Box 731 Hutchinson Wichita Gottlieb, I., 212 A. East Bronstein, Rabbi D., 207 S. Holyokf Av. Kansas City Croney, S., 121 S. Main Lustig, L., 26 N. James Glickman, J., 920 Buffum Kamen, S., 147 S. Erie Leavenworth Semryck, B., 1041 N. St. Francis S. S. Liby, Temple-B'nai Jeshurum Wallenstein, H., 832 N. Topeka Av.

KENTUCKY Ashland Frankfort Jossclson, A., 2916 E. Bath Av. Davis, I., 328 St. Clair Bowling1 Green Henderson Nahm, Chas. S., 420 Main Grusin, S. H., Powell & Letcher 364 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK

Lexington Morris, C. W., M. E. Taylor Bldg. Ortner, E. H., 1373 1st Ades, D., 249 E. Main Ratnm, A., 2331 Alta Av. Bernstein, Mrs. J., 520 Sayre Av. Rauch, Rabbi J., Temple Adath Israel Levy, M. L., 720 Bullock PI. Rosenthal, L. A., 1211 S. 2d Newburger, B., 113 State Schulman, M. W., 1109 S. 1st Seidenman, J. I., 641 W. Main Louisville Selligman, Alfred, 2130 Edgeland Av. LIBRARY MEMBER Selligman, Jos., 1521 S. 4th Lang, J., 1462 S. 2d Shaffet, A. J., 303 E. Madison Simon, J., 715 S. Preston ANNUAL MEMBERS Simon, M., 411 E. Chestnut Adath Israel Cong., 834 3d Simons, L. L., 1317 Highland Av. Bazell, Rabbi L. N., 2nd and College Simmons, M. L., 1427 S. 2d Av. Slote, O., 542 W. Market Blieden, I., 628 W. Market Spiegel, C, 1630 S. First Brith Sholom Relig. School, 1525 3rd Steinfeld, E., 119 W. Burnett Cohen, J. A., 1908 S. 1st Strull, Chas., 2100 Murray Av. Ehrman, Hilraar, 1230 S. 3d Switow, M., 408 4th Feitelson, P., 2824 W. Chestnut Waldman, M., 110 W. Hill Frank, L., 40 Reeser Ct. Washer, B. T., 1335 2d Gittleman, Rabbi J. J., 1376 Ouer- Y. M. H. A., 729 S. 2d backer Ct. Goldberg, L. L., 1868 Alfresco PI. Newport Grossman, Louis, 1312 S. 2d Horvitz, M., 606 Realty Bldg. Jacobs, Herman, 807 Monmouth Isaacs, L., 2130 Maryland Av. Lobel, Rabbi A., 639 Maple Av. Isaacs, Minnie D., 1023J4 S. Brook Levy, Sol., 209 E. Jefferson Paducah Linker, Barnet, 110 W. Ormsby Marks, M., B'way Louisville Free Public Library Richmond, Rabbi H. Mandel, M., 1225 2d Simon, Moses, 335J4 N. 7th Meyer, Herman, 1525 3rd Temple Israel Cong., B'way

LOUISIANA

Alexandria ANNUAL MEMBER Bauer, Geo., Box 551 Kaplan, Saml., 416 Grammont Ginsberg, G. J., 204 Com. Bldg. Hochbaum, Mrs. W., 1807 White Morgan City Simon, A. E. Straus, Dr. H. C, The Temple Goldman, Mrs. J. J-., Box 267 Weil, S., 529 9th New Iberia Baton Rouge Dreyfus, Leon, Main Cohen, M., 1046 Convention Mayer, B. S., 315 North New Orleans Peiser, Rabbi W., Cong. B'nai Israel LIFE MEMBER Rubenstein, I. M., Rosenfield D. G. D. G. Lodge, I. O. B. B., 212 Whit- Co. ney C. B. The Temple Library Weil, J., 207 Dreks Av. LIBRARY MEMBERS Bonart, Sam, Paydras & Rampart Crowley Julius Weis Home, 3516 Prytania Frankel, J. Simon, L. C, 500 Canal Donaldsonville Weil, H. B., 18 Audubon PI. Netter, Adolph ANNUAL MEMBERS Barkoff, H., 5414 Magazine Lake Charles Binstock, Rabbi L., 2107 Calhoun I. O. B. B. Lodge, Box 796 Bratman, H., 1410 Broadway Brener, P., 1633 Josephine Monroe Cohen, J., 221 Chartres Cohn, D. L., 800 Canal LIBRARY MEMBER Dresner, J. D., 211 Camp Meyer, Mrs. Sol., 128 Catalpa Feldman, Wm., 2504 Chestnut JEWISH PUBLICATION SOCIETY 365

Godchaux, Mrs. P. L., 1237 Jackson Shreveport Av. SUSTAINING MEMBER Goldberg, Rabbi M. H., 1763 Jackson Av. Herold, S. L., 1st Nat'l. Bk. Bldg. Heller, Rev. Dr. Max, Bienville Hotel Jewish Orph. Home, St. Charles & ANNUAL MEMBERS Peters Av. Abrams, S., 1449 Buna Vista Kaiser, H. W., 524 Canal Bk. Bldg. Abramson, Dr. L., 1130 Louisiana Av. Leipziger, Rev. Dr. E. W., 7624 St. Bernstein, Ernest R., 1239 Park PI. Charles Av. Blumberg, B., 935 E. College Lemann, M. M., Carondelet Bldg. Bodenheimer, Dr. J. M., Hutchinson Mayer, Erhard, 1239 Montegut Bldg. Moss, W. I., 447 Audubon Brill, Rabbi Abr., 2120 Highland Av. N. Orleans Pub. Lib., 1001 St. Chas. Freyer, A. B., P. O. Box 346 Av. Pokorny, Mrs. Dave, 2113 St. Chas. Frumer, I., 1535 Laurel Av. Gold, Louis, 721 Texas Robbins, Isidore, 2207 Baronne Goldstein, E., 818 Unadilla Sabludowsky, J., 1137 S. Franklin Goldstein, Nathan, 314 Stoner Av. Schwartz, Ralph, Canal Bk. Bldg. Horwitz, A., 1522 Anna Shushan, G., 532 Canal Murov, N., 864 Texas Av. Singer, E., 4600 Freret Stern, P., Interstate Electric Co. Ober, J., 4710 Line Av. T. Sinai Sisterhood, 3309 St. Chas. Av. Phelps, E., 309 Edwards Wolbrette, H., 1907 B'way Picard, Dr. M., Hutchinson Bldg. Y. M. H. A., 1205 St. Charles Av. Roos, A. W., 612 Commerce Zemurray, Saml., Whitney Bldg. Shreveport Memorial Library Oil City Weisman, M., 554 Stoner Av. Lavine, H. S., P. O. Box 25 Wiesel, Rabbi A. S., 408 Jordan

MAINE Bangor Bernstein, Israel, 97 Exchange Cahners, J. A., 217 Center Davis, Dr. John L., 62 Morning Cohen, Simon, 118 Main Friedman, A. B., 74 Jefferson Edelstone, W. W., 379 Deering Av. Segal, M., Central & Hammond Rosen, Maurice E., 178 Middle Sacknoff, S. J., 90 Morning Portland Sulkowitch, M. A., 80 North Berman, J. H., 64 Eastern Promenade

MARYLAND Baltimore Adath B'nei Israel LIBRARY MEMBERS Applefeld, S. C, 2301 Tioga PI. Berny, Albert, 6 E. Esplanade Apt. Applestein, B. S., 10 S. Patterson Pk. Dalsheimer, S., Esplanade Apts. Fleischer, M:, 2401 Eutaw PI. Balto'. Hebrew College, 2102 Eutaw PI. Goldenberg, M. H., Emersonian Apts. Bamberger, Jacob, 3403 Morris Av. Hanline, A. M., Marlborough Apt. 6 D Bank, S. M., 802 Chauncey Av. Hendler, L. M., 1710 Eutaw PI. Baum, E. M., Druid Manor Apts. C I Hochschild M., Emersonian Apt. Beck, Benj., 345 St. Paul PI. Kohn, L. B., Howard & Lexington Berman, J., 1320 N. Charles Levy, Julius, 105 Ridgewood, Roland Bernstein, M. M., 21 W. Fayette Pk. Beser, N., 303 Ridgely, Mt. Wash. Levy, Wm., Paca & Lombard Hghts. Ottenheimer, B. M., Esplanade Apts. Billstein, N., Charles & 34th Potts, I., 511 N. Kenwood Av. Blivess, A., 3421 Reistertown Rd. Rosenthal, I. C, 4001 Barrington Rd. Blondheim, Prof. D. S., 808 Reservoir Sonneborn, S. B., 2420 Eutaw PI. Blumberg, A., 3826 Pk. Heights Av. Blumberg, Alex., 2204 Linden Av. ANNUAL MEMBERS Blumberg, H., 3100 Oakfield Av. Abrams, S., 4052 Park Heights Av. Blumberg, I, 1521 E. Pratt 366 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK

Brave, M., 3417 Guyim Oak Av. Friedenwald, Dr. Harry, 1212 Eutaw Brenner, L. 1., 821 Chauncey Av. PI. Friedenwald, Dr. J., 1013 N. Charles Brenner, Sol. M., c/o M. S. Levy & Friedman, B., 21 W. Fayette Sons Fuld, Manes E., The Marlborough Bronstein, M. J., 12 N. Bethel Apts. Brown, Benj., 328 S. Paca Gamse, Herman, 2811 Allendale Rd. Brown, J., 3633 Cottage Av. Gershenson, M., 3501 Walbrook Av. Caplan, H. L., 2230 Mondawin Av. Ginsberg, A., 16 Queen Anne Rd. Caplan, Michael, 215 N. Liberty Goldbloom, L. S., 613 W. Balto. Caplan, Oscar, 620 E. Balto. Goldfoos, Max, 949 N. Gay Castelle, Rev. George, 1911 Eutaw PI. Goldheim, L. W., 601 Whitlock Chizuk Emunah Con., 734 W. North Goldheim, Mrs. L. A., 2218 Callow Av. Av. Clark, Emile, 2349 Eutaw PI. Goldsmith, J. S., 2335 Eutaw PI. Clarke, H., 2345 Eutaw PI. Gordon, Irving, 2022 Brookfield Av. Cline, B., Temple Gardens Gordon, P., 2236 Mondawmin Av. Coblenz, Rabbi A., 2029 Eutaw PI. Greenbaum, L. E., 1614 Eutaw PI. Cohen, A. M., 36 S. Paca Greenbaum, M. D., 1007 Fidelity Cohen, Aaron, Belvidere & Pimlico Rd. Bldg. Cohen, B., 1709 Linden Greenberg, Isaac, 212 Dolphin Cohen, Mrs. B. M., 3415 Gwyms Falls Greenberg, L., 3528 Reisterstrom Rd. Pkway, Walbrook Gundersheimer, Mrs. M. E., 21 Tal- Cohen, Bertha, 415 N. Charles bot Rd., Windsor Hills Cohen, Miss E. S., The Latrobe Gutman, L. K., 112-122 Eutaw Cohen, L. T., 4138 Norfolk Av. Guyes, M. I., South Rd., Mt. Wash. Cohen, M. S., Seville Apts., Lake Dr. Habelson, S., 544 Equitable Bldg. Cordish, I., 720 E. Baltimore Halle, Isaac, 1904 Eutaw PI. Crockin, Emil, 29 Hopkins PI. Hamburger, Mrs. H. I., Esplanade Danker, Dr. I., 244 Aisquith Apt. 6 E! Dashew, Jacob, 417 W. Baltimore Hamburger, Dr. L. P., 1207 Eutaw Davidson, I. W., 34 S. Etuaw Pi- Dobres, M.' A., 2917 Norfolk Av. Hamburger, Sydney J., 2213 Linden Dornberg, L., New Amsterdam Bldg. Av. Eisenberg, A., 215 W. Lexington Har Sinai Congregation Ellison, D., 3424 Auchentoroly Ter. Hartogensis, B. H., Marlboro Apts. Engel, Jacob, Mt. Washington Heb. Cong. Lib'y, 1914 Madison Av. Ephraim, R. L., 2228 Linden Av. Hecht, Mrs. J. F., Greenspring & Epstein, Jacob, 2532 Eutaw PI. Kenvak Rd., Mt. Wash. Epstein, P., 1703 Ruxton Av. Heifetz, Rabbi N., 22 N. B'way Erkes, Charles, 734 W. North Av. Himmel, L., 909 Lake Dr. Esterson, S. I., 2807 Rockrose Av. Hirschhorn, S., 210 N. Calvert Fader, A., 210 E. Baltimore Hochheimer, L., 438 Equitable Bldg. Farbman, H., 1123 E. Balto. Hollander, Dr. J. H., 1802 Eutaw PI. Farbman, J., 2208 Wittier Av. Hollander, L., 2337 Linden Av. Fax, J., 131 Aisquith Horwitz, E. H., 1631. Munsey Bldg. Feikin, B., 124 N. Eutaw Hurwitz, A., 900 E. Lombard Feldman, D., 2200 Mondawmin Av. Hutzler, Albert D., 210 N. Howard Feustman, B. H., 231 E. Redwood Hutzler, Mrs. D., 1801 Eutaw PI. Filtzer, Mrs. E. J., 2216 Park Av. Ind. Order Brith Sholom, 1012 E. Fine, Louis, 4103 Liberty lights. Av. Balto. Fisher, Mrs. S., 2518 Brookfield Av. Israel, Rabbi E. L., Har Sinai Temple Flom, Carl J., 1828 E. Baltimore Jacob, Mr. & Mrs. A. M., 3424 Folick, I., 2442 Eutaw PI. Holmes Folkoff, Saml. H., 2305 Madison Av. Jacobs, J. H., 4006 Fernhill Av. Fox, Michael J., 4006 Springdale Av. Jeffrey, L. D., 5200 Park Hghts. Av. Fox, Morton, c/o Union Stock Yards Kanter, Robt.. 308 Equitable Bldg. Fox, Wm. L., 2404 Liberty Hghts. Av. Katz, Chas., 126 W. Fayette Frank, Kli, North & 4th Avs., Mt. Katz, Jos., 952 Brooks Lane Washington Katz, Meier, 2214 Linden Av. Frank. Mrs. R., 1829 Eutaw PI. Kaufman, D. J., 814 Whitelock Franklin, Dr. David, 122 W. Lee Kaufman, F. J., 3403 Morris Av. Freedom, Dr. A. G., Edmondson & Keiser, S. J., 4512 Penhurst Av. 14th Kellman, H. T., 12 Montgomery Rd. Friedenwald, Dr. Edgar B., 1616 Lin- Kessler, A., P. O. Box 339 den Kohn, Benno, 200 N. Howard JEWISH PUBLICATION SOCIETY 367

Kolker, Ben., 821 Lake Dr. Rosenburg, L. S., The Marlborough Kramer, L., 2206 Brookfield Av. Rosenbloom, S., 3410 Auchentoroly Kriegel, J., 1505 N. Bentalou Ter. Krieger, Dr. E., 330 N. Charles Rosenfeld, M. W., Temple Garden Apts. Lampe, D., Forest & Beulah Av. Rothholz, S., 3304 Springdale Av. Lauchheimer, S. H., Ill N. Charles Rubenstein, Rabbi C, Sheffield Apts. Lauer, Mrs. L., Esplanade Apt 3 A Rudo, B. H., 3523 Holmes Av. Lauer, M., Marlborough Apt 3 A Sagner, L. J., 3820 Barrington Rd. Lazaron, M. S., 1914 Madison Av. Sauber, N., 3003 Garrison Blvd. Lebawitch, L., 4012 Bateman Av. Savage, Dr. M. M., 1720 Eutaw PI. Lebovitz, N., 813 Lake Dr. Saxon, Wm., 930 Chauncey Av. Leibowitz, Wm. A., 916 Chauncey Av. Schapiro, D., 2302 Tioga PI. Leopold, Dr. E. I., 200 W. Lafayette Schapiro, H. L., 2305 Tioga PI. Av. Schimmel, I. W., 815 Lake Drive Levenson, M. A., 21 N. B'way Schloss, Meyer, 2446 Eutaw PI. Levin, Ellis, 138 Aisquith Schloss, Michael, 11 Carroll, Windsor Levin, Harry O., 822 Brooks Lane Hill Levin, Mrs. L. H., 2104 Chelsea Ter. Schloss, M. M., 2217 E. Pratt Lipnick, T., 3416 Morris Av. Schloss, N., 2410 Eutaw PI. Lipnick, R., 654 W. Baltimore Schloss, Toney, 1933 E. Baltimore Londow, J., 1736 N. Pulaski Schuman, Rev. J., 3408 Morris Ave. Lutzky, Louis, 3422 Park Heights Av. Schwab, Solomon A., Hotel Rennert Maas & Kemper, Hopkins PI. & Red- Seff, Robert, 231 Courtland wood Seidel, Dr. H., 2404 Eutaw PL Macks, Dr. Isaac M., 2352 Eutaw PI. Seidel, Dr. M., 2403 Callow Av. Makover, B., 3H2 Auchentoroly Ter. Seidman, Alex., 5021 Wilson Av. Mandelberg, A. H., 3618 Springdale Selis, Leon E., 145 Jackson PI. Av. Shalowitz, Abr., 919 E. Balto. Mansbach, Dr. I. T., 2306 Madison Shalowitz, Hvman, 129 S. B'way Av. Shochet, A. S., 2104 E. Pratt Marcus, Abr., 3303 Fairview Av. Shuham, M., 2911 Edmondson Av. Meyer, I., 2905 Ulman Av. Siegel, Jos., 1730 N. Pulaski Michaelson, N. J., 722 E. Balto. Silberstein, Israel, 2401 Eutaw PI. Michelson, Dr. R. A., 2330 Eutaw Silesky, B. M., 813 Loker Dr. PI. Silverman, S., Lake Ct. Apts. Miller, M., 3203 Hilton Simon, Aaron J., Ill N. Charles Miller, Max, 2111 Bolton Av. Singer, S. M., 2708 Reisterstown Rd. Miller, Mr., Esplanade Apts. Sinsky, Dr. H. L., 3510 Springdale Mintz, Julius, 722 Elquitable Bldg. Av. Moses, D. J., 754 Pratt W. Siskind, A. H., 949 Brooke Lane Moses, Leslie Wm.. Emersonian Apt. Small, P., 501 S. B'way Muskin, Hyrnan, 3517 Springdale Av. Sobelman, M., 4 W. Rogers Av. Naiman, M. H., 834 Brooks Lane Sobeloff, S., 1809 Eutaw PI. Newhouse, D. H., 506 S. Fremont Sohmer, J. B., 3806 Pk. Heights Av. Notkin, M., 900 Whitelock Sollod, Jos. A., 2142 W. North Av. Nyburg, S. L., 2414 Linden Av. Sollod, Nathan, 631 S. B'way Oheb Sholom Congr. Sunday School Solomon, David, 311 W. 29th Oliner, A., Lake Court Apts. Solorz, S., 3602 Fairview Ay. Oppenheimer, H., 9 Lawina Rd. Sondheim, W., c o Hochschild, Kohn Oppenheimer, Wm., 3819 Clifton Av. & Co. Palmbaum, G., 3612 Springdale Av. Stein, M., Lake Drive Pels, Dr. I. R., 1010, St. Paul Steinberg, S., 701 W. Fayette Perlman, P. B., 1313 Fidelity Bldg. Straus, A., 1 S. Howard Phoenix Club, 1505 Eutaw PI. Strause, Benj., Riviera Apt. Polan, J. N., 2306 Tioga PI. Strauss, M., Stuart & Ridgely Av. Pushkin. Dr. Benj., 1804 Eutaw PI. Stulman, M., 2406 Liberty Hgts. Av. Rand, Mrs. J., 2233 Eutaw PI. Suls, Maxwell, 225 New Amsterdam Rayner, A. W-, 1525 Fidelity Bldg. Bldg. Reamer, M., 452 Aisquith Sykes, A., Park Hghts. & Strathmore Robinson Maurice, 2216 Eutaw PI. Av. Robinson, Paul, 804 Chauncey Av. Sykes, Philip L., 110 E. Lexington Rogers, S., 925 Brooks Lane Thalheimer, S., Riviera Apts. Rombro. Mrs. M., 2524 Brookfield Av. Trupp, N., 1232 Greenmount Av. Rome, M. A., 2225 Linden Av. Turin, A. L., 2707 Roslyn Av. Van Leer, M., 2218 Brookfield Av. Rosenau, Rev. Dr. W., Esplanade Voloshen, J., 2435 Eutaw PI. Ants. 368 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK

Waranch, A. L., 736 Reservoir Rosenstock, J., Rose Haven Waxraan, M. E., 353 Equitable Bldg. Weinberg, Leo, 22 W. 2d Weglein, D. E., 2400 Linden Av. Willner, Rev. Dr. W., 6 E. Patrick Weinberg, Abr. I., Balto. Bargain House Hagerstown Weisblatt, Rabbi M. M., 1143 E. Dorfan.M. I., 25 Laurel Balto. Kline, J. A., 1927 Virginia Av. Weiskopf H. J., 2421 Woodbrook Av. Werntz, H. N., 2406 Roslyn Av. Havre-de-Grace Wiesenfeld, Mrs. H., Emersonian Apts. Davis, Jacob Wolman, Dr. S., 2444 Eutaw PI. Hecht, Emanuel Wolpert, H. K., 2481 Shirley Av. Hyattsville Wyman, J. H., Marlborough Apt. Zetzer, J. S., SO Berwick Av., Hamil- Edlavitch, J. Moses ton Laurel Bladensburg Block, Harry A., Main Brown, Hyman Owings Mills Brunswick Rosenfeld, M. W., Green Lea, Reis, Kaplon, Victor Rd. Cambridge Pikes ville Cahn, F. B., "Knollwood" Jacobson, I>. I., 34 Poplar Cone, Dr. S. M., Maple Lawn Cumberland Ruxton Baron, M., 535 Green Hirsch, Isaac, 308 Wash. Walter, Mrs. M. R., Brightside Av. Miller, Benj., 42 Polk Sheffler, A. M., 28 George Salisbury Benjamin, I. L., 223 Main Frederick Stoltz, S., 247 Main Jacobson, Karl, 75 S. Market Lowenstein, Mrs. David, F. Scott Key St. George Hotel Levy, Paul S. P. O. Reisterstown

MASSACHUSETTS

Allston Beal, Julius, 101 Tremont Byer, S. J., 166 Warren Bearak, Joseph, 20 Pemberton Sq. Silverman, R., 28 Quint Av. Berson, S., 121 Audubon Rd. Brand, A. A., 294 Wash. Arlington Brody, E. J. 129 Portland Bureau of Jewish Educ, 24 Province Simon, Jos., 11 Orvis Rd. Cavior, Jos., 70 Beach Charak, J., 65 Wareham Boston Cohen, A. K., 645 Beacon PATRON Collins, A. M., 132 Lincoln Kirstein, L. E., 426 Washington Cooper, H. D., 65 Chauncey Cooper, L. C, 81 Bedford LIBRARY MEMBERS Dana, Myer, 809 Pemberton Bldg. Agoos, S., 207 South Dana, Saml. L., 40 Court Agoos, S. L., 145 South Ehrenfried, Dr. A., 21 Bay State Rd. Hirshberg, A. S., 373 Washington Eisenberg, S. S., 46 Cornhill Kaplan, J. J., 161 Devonshire Ellis, David A., 12 Keswick Scheinfeldt, S., 93 Broad Feins, Raphael, 68 Chauncey Finkel, Hon. S. B., 184 Summer ANNUAL MEMBERS Finkelstein, Dr. H., 366 Commonwealth Alberts, Mrs. I., 373 Washington Finn, E. P., 1 Beacon Alford, N., 41 Pinckney Flink, Dr. A. H. N., 210 Hanover Arkin, Dr. L., 366 Commonwealth Av. Frankel, M. B., 27 School Asso. Y. M. & Y. W. H. A., 47 Mt. Freedman, Dr. L. M., 419 Boylston Vernon Friedman, Dr. B , 35 Allen Baer, D., 1721 Commonwealth Av. Friedman, Lee M., 206 Bay State Rd. JEWISH PUBLICATION SOCIETY 369

Friedson, S. B.t 30 Leverett Victorson, H. S., 6 Beacon Ginsburg, Paul M., 68 Chauncy Wasserman, J., 7 Alpha Rd. Ginzberg, A. A., 294 Washington Webb, S. L., 6 Beacon Glunts, J. D., 73 Water Weinberg, Jos., Ill Milk Goldberg, L., 167 State House Werby, A. B., 88 Broad Goldman, A. C, 164 South Wiseman, J. L., 18 Tremont Goldwasser, D., 373 Wash. Grosberg, Mrs. D., 484 Washington Wolfson, Lewis W., 109 Kingston Guterman, H. N., 73 Tremont Wyner, H., 18 Tremont Harris, Isaac, 6 Beacon Wyzanski. Max E., 199 Washington Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society, 60 Brockton Scollay Sq. Helpern, C. K., 24 Fuller Craft, D., 7 Palm Place Helpern, M. E., 453 Wash. Green, Jos., 201 Center Herman, Mrs. J. M., 424 Marlborough Sugerman, Mrs. J., 91 Malvern Rd. Hill, Harold H., 286 State Y. M. & Y. W. H. A., 66 Green Horsit, Mark M., 101 Milk Kaplan, Simon, 31 Milk Brookline Langenthal, J. M., 101 Milk LIBRARY MEMBER Lansky, L. H., 1950 Commonwealth Norton, S. M., 202 St. Paul Av. Lappen, S., 25 South ANNUAL MEMBERS Leavitt, M. J., 972 Massachusetts Av. Abrams, Rabbi S. J., 12 Fuller Lebowich, Jacob, 27 School Andrews, J., 68 Parkman Levenson, J. M., 1148-50 Old South Aronson, Mrs. H. I., 164 Coolidge Bldg. Brin, A., 81 Verndale Levenson, Max L., Old South Bldg. Cauman, M., 25 Crowninshield Rd. Levine, Dr. J. H., 366 Commonwealth Cibel, A. B., 201 St. Paul Av. Epstein, Rabbi L. M., 15 Stearns Rd. Levins, Dr. N. N., 30 Chambers Fox, I., 60 Wallingford Rd. Levy, Ben. A., 73 Tremont Golden, E. I., 162 Coolidge Levy, M. M., 200 Summer Kasanof, D. M., 84 Fuller Louis, P. H., 564 Wash. Kirshen, M. S., 275 Dean Rd. Lurie, R. I., 24 School Levi Rabbi Harry 24 Verndale Mancovitz, D., 43 Tremont Rosenbush, A. A., 135 Thorndike Marcus, B. W., 1950 Commonwealth Salter, A., 17 Gibbs Av. Shapiro, J. S., 162 Naples Rd. Markwett, L., 57 Kneeland Wolkwich, E., 10 Greenway Ct. Medalia, Dr. Leon S., 78 Bay State Rd. Cambridge Meyers, Dr. S., 93 Lexington Cohen, Edward, 6 Longfellow Rd. Miller, L., 1726 Commonwealth Av. Isaacs, Dr. N.. 5 Walnut Av. Mintz, Dr. Anna, 419 Boylston Mendelsohn, M. H., 2362 Man Av. Morrison, H. I., 502 Pemberton Bldg. Wolk, Rabbi S., 7 Avon Morrison, Dr. H., 33 Schuyler Navison, Jos., 60 State Chelsea Oshry Bros., 12 Spring Davidson, Dr. A., 155 Chestnut Public Library Feingold, Dr. F., 52 Wash. Av. Robinson, T., 99 Chauncey Goldberg, Dr. E., 198 Chestnut Rombach, H. M., 1857 Commonwealth Gordon, G. E., 21 County Rd. Rosen, Dr. David W., 321 Hanover Gruzen, Geo., 12 Everett Av. Rubenowitz, Rev. H. H., 62 Elm Hill Low, F. J., 50 Nichols Av. Paulive, S. E., 322 Wash. Av. Rubenstein, Philip, 60 State Pollack, Dr. J., 52 Wash. Av. Rubin, Samuel, 11 Edinboro Sauvetz, G., 291 Wash. Av. Rudnick, Carl, Scollay Bldg. Smith, Harry F. 208 Chestnut Rudnick, J., 40 Court Rudnick, M., 18 Tremont Dorchester Saltz, Dr. S. M., 113 Chambers Berger, Wolf, 4 Michigan Av. Sawyer, M. J., 18 Tremont Berman, S., 54 Bicknell Schooner, Jos. Y., 40 Court Brody, Israel, 478 Geneva Av. Shocket, A., 31 Albany Buruce, Miss Frances, 10 York Silverman, J. J., 43 Tremont Byer, L. E., 16 Abbot Shobodkin, M. H., 43 Tremont Cline, Dr. S., 85 Stratton Solomon, Mrs. J., 40 Broad Ginsburg, L., 947 Blue Hill Av. Stoneman, David, 24 Milk Goldman, A. K., 39 Esmond Tobey, M., 40 Court Gordon, A. O., 205 Columbia Rd. 370 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK

H. for Jewish Children, 160 Canter- ANNUAL MEMBERS bury Barnet, S., 91 Rotch Israili, Dr. P., 279 Normandy Burnstein, Rabbi A., 65 S. 6th Lourie, Myer L., 50 Bradshaw Horwitz, J. A., 240 Rounds Lubit, Jos. M., 810 Blue Hill Av. Kaplan, S., 992 S. Water Margolis, J., 92 Lyndhurst Lider, H. A., 236 Mt. Pleasant Sachnin, S. E., 28 Michigan Av. Sachs, A. S., 14 Glenarm Mendelsohn, H., 139 Mt. Pleasant Satran, H., 22 Walcott Papkin, Rabbi H., 103 South Stone, E. D., 93 Columbia Rd. Rosenberg, S., 465 Purchase Wolfenson, Dr. L. B., 160 Canterbury Newton Fall River Abrahams, L., 37 Stewart Rd. Simon, H., 22 Holland Goldberg, Rabbi M., Franklin Bldg. Jacobson, Miss Sarah, 61 Forest Radovsky, D. R., 1316 Highland Av. Newton Centre Radovsky, H. W., 130 S. Main Levine, E., 60 Cedar Smolensky, Miss Rae, 356 Whipple Yamins, N., 1219 Highland Av. Newtonville Lewis, A. S., 123 Norwood Av. Holyoke LIFE MEMBER Norwood Barowsky, J. H., 1552 Dwight Hirsch, Mrs. E. H., 1096 Washington Lawrence Pittsfield Eckstein, Rabbi M., 7 Royal Eisner, M. L., 69 Commonwealth Av. Levek, Dr. J. A., 32 Lawrence England, Simon, 186 Wendell Av. Society Ansha Amonim Lowell Quincy Siskind, Dr. A. L., 541 Haverhill Berman, J., 117 Quincy LIBRARY MEMBER Harrison, Sol., H., 166 Central Roslindale ANNUAL MEMBERS Kostick, G., 632 South Baker, Sol., Sun Bldg. Roxbury Bernstein, Dr. B., 727 Westford Birnbaum, Rev. Dr. B. H., 190 Ruth- Silverblatt, Bennett, 803 Sun Bldg. ven Bolonsky, L. W., 94 Crawford Lynn Boston Y. M. H. A., 108 Seaver Frankel, S., 10 Wilson Ter. Brilliant, Frank, 40 Schuyler Herwitz, J., 61 Burrill Av. Cohen, H. A., 17 Schuyler Kaufman, J. S., 14-16 Central Av. Cohen, M. W., 27 Brookledge Eisenberg, Dr. Moses J., 436 Warren Linde, I., 36 Cherry Ginsburg, Mrs. H., 19 Brookledge Werner, Rabbi O. W., 25 Prospect Grossman, Rev. B. L., 94 Seaver Hebrew Teachers College, 14 Crawford Maiden Hurwich, L., 185 Ruthven Boi-uchoff, Rabbi B., 211 Bryant Levin, Mrs. C, 250 Seaver Hoberman, Dr. S., 115 Salem Levin, Jos. A., 25 Brookledge Neipris, A. T., 18 Porter Library of Temple Mishkan Tefila Lourie, D. A., 36 Schuyler Marshfield Mann, Gertrude C, 68 Waumbeck Feinberg, B. M., Ocean Palais, Maurice, 139 Harold Pinanski, Nathan, 15 State Mattapan Pokroisky, L., 10 Sunderland Quint, Mrs. S., S9 Georgia Priluk, J., 16 Goodale Rd. Simons, S., 2 Mascoma Schnairsohn, M., 15 Verrell Solomont. S., 98 Elm Hill Av. Milton Taylor, Frank, 2 Maple Ct. Wagner, Mrs. Chas., 69 Waumbeck Ullman, A., 78 Dyer Av. New Bedford Salem LIBRARY MEMBER LIBRARY MEMBER Finger, S. B., 332 Hawthorn Limon, M., 193 Lafayette JEWISH PUBLICATION SOCIETY 371

ANNUAL MEMBERS Levison, S., 1030 Worthington Carman, K., 220 Lafayette Price, Rev. S., 67 Ft. Pleasant Av. Goldstein, H. P., 193 Lafayette Quint, S. F., 118 Longhill Slavin, A. H., 1634 Main Somerville Waltham Hillson, H. M., 169 Highland Av. Bayard, H., P. O. Box 164 So. Boston Winthrop Frank, Major Jacob, Army Base Fleisher, S., 4 Woodside Pk. Schulman, Miss Dora, 606 S. B'way Worcester Springfield Baker, P., 20 Strathmore Rd. Abrams, S., 144 Franklin Elias, Saul, 320 Highland Adaskin, H., 44 Summer Ave. Feingold, Louis E., 51 Providence Cohen, Julius A., 387 Main Hillman, A. M., 390 Main Ehrlich, Harry M., 1387 Main Horowitz, Mrs. J., 55 Cedar Frank, B., 49 Hampden Isenberg, David B., 340 Main Freedman, Rev. J., 68 Calhoun Poriss, Harry, 27 Fairfax Rd. Gelfman, Abr., 244 Sumner Av. Rome, Miss Edythe, 14 Woodford Ginsberg, Jacob, 264 Sumner Av. Rome, Nathan, 17 Hey wood Goldstein, N. E., 390 Sumner Av. Seder, Jos. S., 318 Slater Bldg;. Henin, L. C, 274 Forest Park Av. Sharfman, S., 51 S. Lenox Katz, Benj. H., 118 Longhill Tunstal, Wm. B., 2 W. Hampton Kingsberg, J. D., 36 Sumner Terrace Wolfe, R., 62 Arthur

MICHIGAN

Ahxneek ANNUAL MEMBERS Glass, Mrs. Fruma Aarons, Dr. J., 906 Charlevoix Bldg. Alexander, M. M., 1997 Gladstone Av. Albion Ahnug, Mrs. S., 2004 Gladstone Av. Ashinsky, Rabbi A. M., 2083 Gladstone Wiener, N. H. Bale, H. L., 430 Lafayette Bldg. Ann Arbor Baron, N., 1998 Lawrence Av. Bennett, Dr. C. A., 1258 Wash. Blvd. Finkelstein, Rabbi A. H., 615 E. Uni- Berman, B., 1167 Edison Av. versity Av. Berman, Dr. H S., 10 Peterboro Sharfman, I. Leo, 1108 Baldwin Av. Bernstein, Dr. E. J., 1212 Kresge Bldg. Berris, Dr. J. M., 2490 W. Phila. Battle Creek Bickoff, S., 3240 Rochester Blick, S., 16 Ann Av. Blumberg, M. H., 1485 Chicago Blvd. Blumberg, O. R., 2455 Glyn Ct. Bay City Blumenthal, D., 51 Pallister Av. Blumenthal, W. R., 329 Majestic Bldg. Kessler, Sam, 115 3d Borenstein, S., 9918 Cbenlnt Av. Levy, Mrs. S. J., 703 Green Av. Braun, Max M., 3344 Fullerton Av. Brawer, L., 4011 Pasadena Av. Detroit Broudo, Dr. P. H., 50 Elaine Av. LIFE MEMBER Buchhalter, Wm , 350 Hendrie Av. Burrows. J., 1724 Burlingame Av. Rosenberg, Louis J., 1450-53 Buhl Bldg. Butzel, F. M., 1st Nat'l Bk. Bldg. Butzel, H. M., Union Trust Bldg. LIBRARY MEMBERS Caplan, A., 93 Hendrie Av. Brown, David A., 60 E. Boston Blvd. Cohen, A. N., 3fi00 Russell Butzel, L. M., 138 Pallister Av. Cohen, N.. 6404 Chene Friedman, Wm., 726 Dime Bk. Bldg. Cohn, I. I., 7421 Churchill Av. Kahn, Albert, 62 Rowena Cong. Beth El, 8801 Woodward Av. Kass, Dr. J. B., 8592 Jos. Sampau Av. Cong. Shaarey Zedek, Willis Av. at Klein, A., 271 Eliot Rosenzweig, S. D., 66 Connecticut Av. Brush School of Religion, Temple Beth El Cugell, S., Majestic Bldg. Simons, D. W., 160 Pallister Av. Davidson, Mrs. L.. 1983 Edison Av. Srere, Abe, 13 37 Beaubien Davidson, Ralph, 5010 Brush Zilber, I., 1237 Broadway Dreifus, Isaac, 815 Ford Bldg. 372 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK

Dreifus, M., 815 Ford Bldg. Levine, N., 1821 1st Nat'l Bk. Bldg. Edwards, M., 1465 Calvert Av. Levine, P., 1750 Collingswood Av. Ehrlich, Mrs. J. H., 5553 Second Blvd. Lichtig, Wm., 140 Glynn Ct. Ehrlich, Moe, 10417 W. Jefferson Lieberman, B. D., 2284 Chicago Blvd. Ellman, Hon. Jas. I., 2454 W. Euclid Lieberman, M.r 5232 2d Blvd. Fellman, A., 2649 Webb Av. Lightstone, Louis, 1472 Virginia Pk. Fenton, B. B., 2509 Longfellow Av. Lipkin, Dr. E., 4853 Michigan Av. Fink, Morris, L., 1708 Penobscot Bldg. Litvin, B., 161 Westminster Finstenwald, Adolph, 67 Monroe Loewenberg, J. S., 1485 Virginia Pk. Fishbain, S. S., 3318 Sturtevant Av. Luria, I., 15000 Linwood Av. Fishman, M., 2252 Gladstone Marks, Herman, 107 Erskine Fixel, R. W., 1002 Buhl Bldg. Marwil, R., 407 E. Fort Fram, Rabbi L., 8805 Woodward Av. Meister, S. H., 1035 Majestic Bldg. Frank, Harry, 1230 First Nat'l Bank Meyers, H., 2910 Calvert Av. Bldg. Naftulin, M., 5404 Michigan Av. Frank, Saml., 1230 First Nat'l Bank Nathan, J., 1707 Atkinson Av. Bldg. Olender, T., 3791 Monterey Friedberg, T., 306 Erskine Okenhandler, Miss A., Temple Beth Friedberg, M., 610 Virginia Pk. Frohlich, E., 269 Edmund PI. El Garvett, M., 2643 Webb Av. Pelavin, Mrs. H. J., 1707 Atkinson Av. Gerson, Jos., 466 Kirby Av., W. Perin, H., 2017 Gladstone Av. Gingold, M. B., 1st Nat'l Bk. Bldg. Prentis, M. L., General Motors Corp. Gittleman, A. B., 227 Winona Av. Robinson, C, 434 Willis Av. Goldberg, J. E., Hotel Whittier Rosenberg, H., 4638 Mich. Av. Goldman, A., 8226 Poe Rosenberg, Mrs. I., 2081 Virginia Pk., Goldman, L., 1201 Edison Av. Apt. 211 Goldman, M., 2956 Calvert Av. Goldman & Ullian, 1st Nat'l Bk. Bldg. Rosenshine, J., 4851 Michigan Av. Goodman, H., 2294 Tuxedo Saulson, S., 2491 W. Euclid Av. Gordon, Abe, 8511 La Salle Blvd. Savage, L., 119 Virginia Pk. Gordon, A. L., 2755 Blaine Av. Schooler, N., 2030 Hazelwood Av. Gordon, H., 284 Frederick Sempliner, A. W., 1805 Dime Bk. Gordon, Louis, 101 E. Jefferson Bldg. Gordon, Saml., 692 Winder Shatzen, M., 2276 Gladstone Av. Grabow, J., 7406 Kipling Shilkrovsky, Dr. H., 330 Kenilworth Greenberg, J. R., 2497 Taylor Av. Av. Haas, A. J., 1440 Buhl Bldg. Simon, Judge Chas. C, 24 Connecticut Heineman, D. E., University Club. Av. Hersch, A. D., 645 Bethane Av., W. Singer, W. B., 956 Mich. Av. Hirschfeld, J., 431 Griswold Sivy, J., 3519 Cadillac Av. Horwitz, Harris, 2236 Glynn Ct. Slatkin, H., 8344 La Salle Blvd. Hubar, D. I., 714-16 Penobscot Bldg. Slavin, H., 629 E. Palmer Av. Isaacs, B., 2305 W. Euclid Slomovitz, Phil., 1975 Pingree Av. Jacob, Ben., 2903 Beaubien Smilansky, L., 873 Boston Blvd., W. Jacob, Ben. B., 1630 Buhl Bldg. Smilay, H. H., 511 Arden Pk. Jacob, Max, 2903 Beaubien Smith, Dr. C. A., 2974 W. Grand Jacob, Wm., 2903 Beaubien Blvd. Jacobs, Harry, 2075 Phila., W. Smitt, Sam, 426 Fort, W. Jewish Centers Ass'n., 31 Melbourne Solomon, H. R., 2025 W. Euclid Av. Sosensky, H., 649 E. Boston Blvd. Av. Steinberg, H., 3249 Sturtevant Av. Kallet, Dr. H. I., 3352 Sturtevant Av. Steingold, M., 1535 Chicago Blvd. Kaplan, Wolf, 654 W. Palmer Av. Stern, Milford, 817 Penobscot Bldg. Kasle, A., 1613 W. Phila. Stoll, Louis, 1430 Buhl Bldg. Kavanau, S. L., 1999 Calvert Subar, A., 1911 Taylor Av. Keidan, H. B., The Whittier Trunsky, Peter, 1001 Adelaide Keidan, Jos. N., 2453 Gladstone Av. United Jewish Charities, 2326 Penob- Krell, Max, 1404 E. Jefferson Av. Krolik, J. H., 1555 Chicago Blvd. scot Bldg. Kroll, E., 3779 Carter Av. Weinberg, J. L., 7365 Hanover Lamport, M., 134 W. Jefferson Weinstein, Mrs. H. N., 2033 Atkinson Lasky, J. B., 3025 Calvert Av. Av. Leemon, J. R.. 314 E. Hancok Av. Weinberg, J. I., 7365 Hanover Levin, I., 404 E. Ferry Av. Weisman, S. H., 5697 W. Fort Levin, M., 401 Congress Bldg. Wetsman, Mrs. S., 1496 Harding Av. Levin, S. M., 2508 Pingree Av. Whitehorn, Dr. D., 2677 Leslie Levin, S. R., 527 Penobscot Bldg. Zackheim, M. H., 3047 Calbert Av. Zemon, D. S., Detroit Sav'g Bk. Bldg. JEWISH PUBLICATION SOCIETY 373

Flint Lansing Flint Public Library Simon, J. B., 606 Wash. Av., N. Lebster, Louis S., 922 Garland Rosenthal, Mrs. M., 1624 Lyon Manistique Rubenstein, P., 421 W. 7th Av. Wiener, Benj. F., 301 S. Saginaw Rosenthal, L., 223 Range Winegarden, H., 125 Water Rubin, Robert Grand Rapids Mount Clemens Grombacher, L., 301 Crescent, N. E. Muscovich, B., Albany Hotel Bldg. Houseman, H. L., 140-44 Monroe Saginaw Wolf, G. A., Gd. Rapids Tr. Co. Levinsohn, A. S., 1013 Holland Av. Nover, M., 712 S. Jefferson Philippe, A. D., 1026 N. Michigan Av. Highland Park Saginaw Lodge, No. 636, I. O. B. B. LIBRARY MEMBER Stark, J. H., 223 N. Porter Weinman, Sidney S., 74 McLean Av. Ypsilanti ANNUAL MEMBER LIBRARY MEMBER Wolf, E. A., 51 McLean Mich. State Normal College Library Kalamazoo ANNUAL MEMBER Friedman, H., 2438 University Margold, Dr. Chas. W., 1305 Grant

MINNESOTA Chisholm Barron, Dr. M., 2529 Thomas Av., S. Goldenberg, S. W., 317 3rd Av., N. Berman, D., 1105 Washburn Av., N. Berman, E., 644 Elwood Av., N. Borushak, I. L., 315 Lumber Ex Duluth change Benesovitz, H. B., 1223 E. 6th Brin, A., 2566 Lake of Isles Blvd. Bergstein, A., 326 Central Av. Cohen, Mrs. H., 1241 Upton Av., N. Clarfield, A. B., 1023 12th Ave., E. Cohen, J. G., Essex Bldg. Cohen, Dr. Wm. I., 422 E 3d Cohen, Dr. J. T., 642 6th Av.. N. Covenant Lodge No. 569 Cohen, Dr. N., 642 6th Av., N. Davis, H. W., Providence Bldg. Cohen, Sam, 2606 Humboldt Av., S. Freimuth, I., 1306 E. 2d Cooper, C. B., 320 First Av., N. Garon, J., 426 13th Av. E. Cutts, Dr. Geo., 1128 Vincent Av., N. Hirschfield, Dr. M. S., 830 E. 4th Dobrin, T. S., 4917 Oliver Av., S. Joseph, H. Y., 1124 E. Superior Fligelman, J., 2529 Thomas Av., S. Labovitz, F., 226-28 W. Superior Friedman, W. F., 907 Andrus Bldg. Meyers, Chas. P., 201 Lyceum Bldg. Ginsberg, A. S., Metropolitan Bank Oreckovsky, C. D., 103 W. Oxford Bldg. Shapiro, H. A., 819 E. 2d Goldenberg, J. E., 1205 Thomas Av., Silvian, M., 1928 E. Superior N. Silvian, W., 1028 E. 2d Goodman, J., 42 Wash. Av., S. Wiener, Mrs. J. B., 1724 E. 5th Gordon, Dr. Geo. J., 1717 Portland Av. Zlatovski, Dr. M. L., 212 13th Av., E. Gordon, N. Z., 612 1st Av., N. Greenberg, Mrs. J. R., 1715 Morgan Grand Rapids Av., N. Grodnick, Louis, 13 S. 4th Lieberman, Mrs. B. L. Gross, Mrs. A. M., 3135 S. Dupont Hibbing Av. Gross, S., 86 S. 10th Hallock, C, 429 Sellers Av. Halpern, S., P. 500 Builders Ex. Bldg. Kantrowitz, Mrs. J., 1925 Humboldt S. Minneapolis Korengold, M., 1618 Oliver Av., N. Aaron, Meyer, 1812 3rd, S. Kreiner, I., 72 Central Market Leonard, G. B., 700 Andrus Bldg. Abeles, Mrs. A. M., 2115 Aldrich Av., Levin, Rabbi S. I., 1419 8th Av., N. g N. Altman, H. L., Plymouth Bldg. Levitt, Chas. L., 1612 W. 25th Aronson, Rabbi D., 711 Elwood Av., Licht. B., 522 Nicollet Av. N. 374 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK

Licht, Benj., 1003 Sheridan Av., N. Fligelman, S., 2116 Fairmount Av. Lifson, B., 1714 Thomas PI. Ginsberg, Dr. Wm., 1108 W. 7th Lifson, M. K., 610 W. Franklin Gordon, Louis, 1293 Grand Av. Lippman, Dr. H. S., Phys. & Surg. Grodinsky, Miss H., Wilder Charity Bldg. Bldg. Melamed Bros., 1210 Hennepin Av. Harris, W., 1458 Lincoln Av. Minda, l.abbi A. G., 1919 D-upont Av., Hertz, A. J., 1854 Portland Av. Hoffman, Dr. M. H., 1945 Lincoln Av. Phillips, D., 4728 Harriet Av. Levine, Dr. M. N., 2362 Pierce Av. Public Library, 10th & Hennepin Av. Levy, A. I., 1269 Lincoln Av. Rabitshek, I., 2124 Penn Av., S. Levy, E., 45 S. Lexington Av. Rubin, S. N., 3712 Colfax Av., S. Locvinger, G., 702 Guardian Life Bldg. Schanfeld, J. H., 527 2d Av., S. Mackoff, M., 1571 Maryland Schulman, I., 1133 N. 6th Margolis, Rabbi H. S., Holly & Avon Schwartz, Rabbi Jesse, 3428 Emerson Myers, Dr. T., 976 Goodrich Av. Av., S. Orloff, I., 482 N. Roberts Schwartz, L. F., 1319 Girard Av., W. Pritzker, L., 1121 Fairmount Av. Siever, Paul, 3 S. 8th Rose, A. N., 701 Summit Av. Silberman, C, 117 N. 6th Rosen, M., 1709 Ashland Av. T. Israel Rel. Sell. Rothchild, Dr. H. L 826 Osceola Av. Weil, J., 2109 Fremont Av., S. Schwab, Max, 888 Lincoln Av. Weinberg, B. L., 2501 12th Av., N. Shedorsky, L. A., 208 E. 7th Woolply, J. H., 3321 Emerson Av., S. Sidletsky, J., 572 Laurel Av. Zieve, Rimal, 1128 Sheridan Av., N. Simon, D., 1534 Goodrich Av. Ziskin, Dr. T., 326 La Salle Bldg. Stoffer, M. W., 1926 Marshall Av. Supornick, J., 954 Ashland Av. Temple Aaron Talmud Torah Libry. St. Paul Tiber, Dr. L. J., Hamm Bldg. Aides, Dr. H., 1842 Feronia Weiller, Mrs. H., 1037 Fairmount Av. Bar Kochba Club, 247 E. University Bechhoefer, Judge C, 952 Summit Av. Blehert, M. B., 1062 Linwood PI. South St. Paul Calmenson, J. B., 717 Pioneer Bldg. Blumenfeld, D., 213 N. Concord Av. Cohen, S., 1147.Lincoln Av. Firestone, A. L., 1992 Lincoln Av. Winona Firestone, M. P., 1866 Portland Av. Shapero, Chas., 3rd and Wall

MISSISSIPPI Aberdeen Laurel Bergman, Max Matison, Dave A., 7 Av. Lasky, M., P. O. Box 136 Wisenberg, S. Anguilla Meridian Kline, Abe Kline, Henry Feibelman, Mrs. E., 1820 23rd Av. Rothenberg, Mrs. M., 1004 22nd Av. Greenville Goldstein, Nathan, 607 Main Levitan, S., 207 N. Walnut Natchez Solomon, M. L., 221 Washington Av. Geisenberger, Ben. C, 912 Main Memorial Library, 215 Linton Av. Hattiesburg Dreyfus, M., 606 Court Vicksburg Jackson Kory, Rabbi S. L., Box 356 Dreyfus, I., 644 S. State Landau, M. D., 1st Nat'l Bk. Bldg. Lehman, I., 730 Gillespie PI. Rose, Mrs. A., 1414 Cherrv

MISSOURI Boonville Joplin Zuzak, H. T. Fleischacker, Wm., 631 Moffet Hannibal Kansas City- Landau Bros., 1112 Hill Daniels, P., 1104 Walnut JEWISH PUBLICATION SOCIETY 375

PATRON Cooper, C. I 6645 Clemens Av. Dubinsky, F., 5742 DeGiverville Av. Reefer, Miss Z., 638 W: 59th Ter. Engel, J., 764 Leland Av. LIBRARY MEMBER Exstein, Edw., 1123 Louisville Av. B'nai Jehudah Cong., Linwood and Faier, Isadore, 5749 Easton Av. Flora Av. Feigenbaum, J. M., 730 Eastgate Harzfeld, J. A., 604 Security Bldg. Ferer, S., 2000 N. Main Fischlowitz, F., 5710 Waterman Av. ANNUAL MEMBERS Friedman, M., 1800 Franklin Berkowitz, W. J., 19th & Campbell Gallant, C. L., 5386 Pershing Av. Berkson, S., 1028 Main Gillerman, Gus, 1629 N. Bway. Broud, H., 475 E. 55th Gleick, H. A., Paul Brown Bldg. Cohen, Rabbi H. M., 3826 Paseo Goldman Bros., 1104 Olive Eisen, S. G., 3245 Benton Blvd. Goldman, Wm. H., 5740 Kingsbury PI. Goldman, L. E., 410 Gloyd Bldg. Goldstein, J., 5084 Cates Av. Louis, A. I., 1318 E. 27th Golland, Dr. M., 5455 Delmar Av. Mayer, Rabbi H. H., 3512 Kenwood Grand, J. H., 737 Limit Av. Greensfelder, B., 23 Southmoor Av. Nathan, R. D., 4339 Gilham Rd. Halpern, Rabbi A. E., 5348 Cabanne Public Library, 9th & Locust Av. Rieger, A., 1117 Walnut Harris, G., Union & Enright Rubin, Heiman, 422 Lee Bldg. Harrison, Rev. Dr. L., 5515 Cabanne Sadovsky, J., 1104 E. 15th Havis, W., Missouri Loan Co. Stern, Sigruund, 1013 Baltimore Av. Hoffman, Dr. P., 3657 Delmar Blvd. Weinberger, Jack, 1012 Balto. Av. Jackman, P., 618 N. 9th Wolf, Dr. I. J., 3710 Tracey Av. Kalish, R., 5934 Enright Av. Y. M. H. A., 1600 Linwood Blvd. Lebendiger, Rabbi I., 4461 Olive Levinson M. G., 1323 Cen. Nat. Bk. Bldg. Louisiana Levis, Edgar S., 1115 Washington Michael, Isidore, 118 S. 8th Levy, Dr. Aaron, 5646 Waterman Michael, M., 118 S. 8th. Levy, M., 1280 Hamilton Av. Lipsitz, Mrs. S., 5740 Waterman Av. Moberly Littman, Mrs. M., 4904 McPherson Av. Bierman, Morris, 1201 W. Franklin Loeb, Dr. H. W., 537 N. Grand Av. Mayer, Emil, 5539 Waterman Av. St. Joseph Michael, E., 4383 Westminster PI. Milder, A. S., 1388 Goodfellow Droher, Dr. I. H., 3022 Jule Oppenheimer, H. L., 208 N. Broadway Hassenbush, S., 514 N. 10th Pearlstone, L., 1367 Arlington Joseph Lodge, No. 73 I. O. B. B. Public Library, Olive, 13th & 14th Resnikoff, H., 1439 Granville PI. St. Louis Rosen, Wm., 2232 S. Broadway LIBRARY MEMBERS Rosentreter, Rev. A., 5801 Enright Av. Ebn Ezra Lodge, No. 47, I. O. B. B. Rothman, S., 1729 Franklin Lesem, Col. I. H., Buckingham Hotel Rovee, L., 1355 Clara Ave. Nathan, E., 5037 Waterman Av. Rubenstein, T. H., 901 Lucas Av. Solomon, S., Care B. Nugent & Bro. Sale, Judge M. N., 5632 Cabanne Av. D. S. Co. Sale, Dr. S., 5115 Westminster PI. Salkey, J. S., 506 Olive ANNUAL MEMBERS Sigoloff, M., 4027 Lafayette Av. Bass, S. S., 502 Times Bldg. Silverman, J. E., 1209 Washington Av. Berger, H. I., 4715 McPherson Av. Simon, Wm., 5942 Clemens Av. Bierman, I., 934 N. Newstead Singer, Dr. Jacob J., Metropolitan Bierman, S., 1008 N. 12th Bldg. Blumenau, S. S., 6453 San Bonita Av. Slonim, M. J., 5593 Waterman Av. Blustein, C. H., 1248 S. Broadway St. Louis Mercantile Library, 510 Bowman, S., 516 Chemical Bldg. Locust Brom, J. S., 1371A Clara Ave. Straus, Louis, Buckingham Hotel Carafiol, A., 1209 Wash. Strauss, D., 716 Syracuse Av. Chackes, L., 905 Chemical Bldg. Thurman, Rabbi S., United Heb. Tem- Charak, David, 722 Eastgate Av. ple Cohn, M. M., 615 N. 9th Ullman, P., c/o Stix, Baer & Fuller Cong. Shaare Emeth, 3868 Lindell United Hebrew Congr. Sunday School Blvd. Vetsburg, K. M., 1530 Telephone Bldg. 376 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK

Weintrub, M., 1335a Semple Av. Yawitz, Saml., N.E. cor. Whittier & Witt, Rabbi L., 5575 Waterman Av. Sub. Yawitz, F., 1809 Franklin Av. Y. M. H. A., Union Blvd. at Enright

MONTANA Billings Meyer, Wm., 110 Penn BIdg. Friedwald, M., 2501 Montana Av. Harron, L., Box 404 Helena Butte Cohen, J. S., e/o Simons D. G. Co. Winestein, N., 5 Washington PI.

NEBRASKA Grand Island Cohn, Rev. Fred'k, 5105 Webster Freeman, D. A., 2869 Davenport LIBRARY MEMBER Goetz, J. S., 520 Bankers Reserve Wolbach, S. N. Bldg. ANNUAL MEMBER Greenberg, Dr. A., Brandeis Theatre Bldg. Kaufman, D., 1521 W. Koenig Greenberg, D., 2418 Redick Av. Grodinsky, W., 2629 Davenport Lincoln Holzman, W. L., Blackstone Hotel Finkelstein, L., Sec. Mutual Bldg. Katleman, Carl C, 750 Omaha Nat'l Friend, M., 1845 E Bk. Bldg. Gold, N., c/o Gold Dept. Store Kulakofsky, J. Harry, 811 S. 30th Gradwohl, B., Sec. Mutual Bldg. Kulakofsky, L., 1608 Hainey Hill, Dan, 9th & "T" Lapidus, H. H., 2205 S. 32d Mozer, C, 432 S. 11th Leon, S. J., 300 Peters Trust Bldg. Sabbath School, 1126 "P" Milder, Wm., 13th & Douglas Sandlovich, J., 1319 R Monsky, Henry, Omaha Nat'l Bk. Starrells, Rabbi S. E., 2125 South Bldg. Omaha County Talmud Torah Omaha Public Library Omaha Robinson, H., 3316 Lincoln Blvd. PATRON Rosenthal, L., 4912 Dodge Temple Israel Sab. Sch., 2960 Harris Saxe, A., 3557 Jackson Sher, Dr. Phillip, 118 S. 51st LIBRARY MEMBER Stalmaster, I. A., 4804 Dodge Wolf, H. A., Blackstone Hotel White, J., 2763 Webster Wohl, Dr. M. G., City Nat'l Bk. Bldg. ANNUAL MEMBERS Wohlner, H., 5316 N. 16th Auerbach, H. H., 4506 Pappleton Av. Yaffe, Nathan S., 118 S. 17th Beber, S., Peters Trust Bldg. Wayne Bloom, A. I., Brandeis Bldg. Jacques. R. N.. 108 Main

NEVADA Elko Sax, P., 632 2d

NEW HAMPSHIRE

Manchester ANNUAL MEMBERS Deitch, Dr. J., 967 Elm LIBRARY MEMBER Saidel, Leon, 605 Belmont Chase, E. M., 90 Harrison Nashua Edelstein, M., 23 Factory JEWISH PUBLICATION SOCIETY 377

NEW JERSEY Arlington Weinberg, Dr. C. B., Ritz-Carlton LIBRARY MEMBER Hotel Jaffe, M., 734 Kearny Av. Wolf, M., 116 S. Rhode Island Av. ANNUAL MEMBER Bayonne Fine, Mrs. Ida, 552 Belgrove Dr. Berger, J. C, 93 W. 29th Brodsky, H., 70 W. 32d Asbury Park Goldberg, Carl, 437 Broadway Kohn, Dr. Ben. H., 473 Broadway Banker, H., 141 Main Lazarus, L., 650 Av. C. Berger, D., 612 Cookman Av. Marshak, Dr. M. I., 679 Av. C. Davidson, Rabbi M. D., 807 Bond Moskowitz, E. W., 319 Av. C. Klinghoffer, H., 650 Cookman Av. / Nalitt, Dr. D. I., 28 W. 33d Atlantic City Plotkin, Rabbi B., 880 Boulevard LIBRARY MEMBERS Kline, H. S., 15 S. Laclede PI. Bloomfield Perskie, J. B., 5 N. Plaza PI. Olinger, Dr. N. A., 186 Franklin ANNUAL MEMBERS Bradley Beach Barbash, Dr. S.., 1902 Pacific Av. Ralston, L. Berman, M., 29 N. Bartram Av. Bridgeton Bloom, M., Guarantee Trust Bldg. Schwarzman, D., 20 N. Laurel Braunstein, S. M., 30 S. Plaza PI. Cassman, H., Real Estate & Law Bldg. Caldwell Civin, L. J., 11 N. Maryland Av. Community Synagogue School Library Berkson, H., 11 Whitfield Crane, Dr. B., 306 Pacific Av. Epstein, I., 2 Washburn PI. Davidowitz, Rabbi H. S., 115 Oriental Halpern, Dr. H., 8 Washburn PI. Stave, L., Knollwood Ter. Aye. Doriman, A. M., 38 N. Montgomery Camden Av. Finkelstein, M., 177 S. Virginia Av. LIBRARY MEMBER Fisher, Rabbi H., 205 Seaside Av. Dale, H., Haddon Book Bindery Fleisher, P., c/o The President Friedman, S., 3939 Ventnor Av. ANNUAL MEMBERS Friedman, Mrs. Wm, 117 Dewey PI. Arnoff, Rabbi N., 1655 Park Blvd. Glassman, S., 36 N. Newton Av. Cutler, Dr. R., 510 State Goldberger, W., 1320 Atlantic Av. Feldman, J., 422 Kaighn Av. Gorson, M. M., Guarantee Trust Bldg. Fine, Florence 520 Kaighn Av. Gorson, S. C, Guarantee Trust Bldg. Frederick, H. E., 1500 Baird Av. Gottlieb, H., 3907 Ventnor Av. Fuhrman, Abe., 444 Broadway Green, S., 8 S. Windsor Av. Furer, Jacob L., 602 Wilson Bldg. Greenburg, Max A., 933 Atlantic Av. Greenberg, H., 599 Newton Av. Grossman, J., Grossman's Hotel Greenberg, H., 499 Newton Av. Hillman, J., The Breakers Heine, Saml., 910 Broadway Hyman, I. I., 19 S. Connecticut Av. Hirshorn, H. R., 1149 Magnolia Av. Jewish Library, Community Center James, Hyman, 571 Pine Kaas, A., Hotel Breakers Liberman, L., 307 Market Kramer, L. A., 4301 Ventnor Av. Lichtenstein, H. S., 1450 Wildwood Leaf, Hilda, 4303 Atlantic Av. Av. Lichtenstein, J., 5414 Ventnor Av. Markowich, A. L., 1221 Haddon Av. Lowenthal, H., 937 Atlantic Av. Mallin, L. M., Guarantee Trust Bldg. Markowich, H. W., 1277 Kenwood Av. Poland, Dr. J., 1904 Pacific Av. Markowitz, L., 80S Broadway Preis, A., 221 S. Vermont Av. Naden, J., 773 Kaighn Av. Preis, D., 225 S. Vermont Av. Naden, Mrs. M., 773 Kaighn Av. Raschovsky. Dr. J.. 2618 Pacific Av. Natal, Ben., 1491 Greenwood Av. Rubin, T. R., 15 N. St. Katherine PI. Obus, Mark, 1779 Park Blvd. Sagel, Mrs. A., 400 Oriental Av. Ostroff, Wm., 1196 Haddon Av. Sandier, Miss C, New Jersey & Atlan- Palitz, S. L., 514 Federal Polivnick, Miss C, 951 Ferry Av. Reiter, Dr. O., B'way & Kaighn Av. Shapiro, Rabbi M., 105 Columbia PI. Rose, L. A., 307 Market Stern, L. E., Hotel Sterling Rosen, S., 2597 Baird Blvd. Stiefel, M., c/o President Hotel Rosenberg, J., 1532 Wildwood Av. 378 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK

Ruttenberg, Dr. Max, 210 State Gross, Benj., 50 Glenwood Av. Shindler, B., 2606 Baird Blvd. Gross, I., 630 Bergen Av. Tomkins, Dr. S. S., 1000 Newton Av. Gross, M., 2 Paulmier PI. Troub, S., 1144 Empire Av. Harris, H. H., 63 Storms Av. Varbalow, J., Federal, bet. 2nd & 3rd Heynian, I., 110 Glenwood Av. Weitzman, I., 1456 Haddon Av. Heyman, J., 50 Glenwood Av. Jaffin, Dr. J. J., 20 Lexington Av. Chatham James, P. H., 665 Newark Av. Appleton, Louis Kleinhaus, H. I., 100 Newark Av. Landau, J., 132 Essex Collingswood Levitan, A., 665 Newark Av. Poland, Mrs. J. E., 654 Haddon Av. Loeb, D. D., 110 Glenwood Av. Lyons, E., 344 Van Nostrand Av. Dover Marcus, S.,.438 Summit Av. Mendelsohn, Dr. L., 272 Montgomery Kuhl, M., R. F. D. 1 Miller, Dr. I. S., 100 Montgomery Nemser, S., 427 Jersey Av. East Newark Talmud Torah Ohab Sholom, 126 Rut- Kummel, Dr. M., 315 Central Av. gers Av. Vogel, Andrew, 53 Duncan Av. East Orange Weitz, E., 75 Montgomery Dimond, A. J., 144 Harrison Y.M.H.A., Com. Centre, 438 Summit Mendler, L. J., 16 Halstead PI. Av. Kearney Eatontown Goldstein, Dr. W. H., 281 Kearney Av. Philips, M., Peach Blossom Farm Keyport Elizabeth Prager, Isidore, 23 Main Finkel, J., 245 Lincoln Av. Salz, A. Freedman, Jos., 655 Westfield Av. Long Branch Heller, Dr. J. B., 201 Broad Jacobson, B., 247 3d Heimlich, S. M., 339 B'way Julius Stein Memorial Library Rosen, Dr. R., 808 Pennington Madison Stamler, Jno. J., 29 Broad Kemelhor, B., 43 Main Stein, Dr. Emil, 607 Park Av. Manasquan Englewood Paperth, E., Main Schorer, N. De, 44 Engle Margate City Glen Rock Friedlander, I., 25 E. Drive Cohen, C, 40 Rock Rd. Merchantville Hackensack Tolchinsky, Miss S., 2 Church Rd. Plager, Clem, 445 Prospect Av. Rosenberg, C, 187 W. Anderson Metuchen Wernik, A. P., 412 Main Hoboken Brand, I. H., 84 Washington Millville Lichtenstein, J., 604 River Sheffer, Harry, 318 E. Main Spitz, Rev. Leon, 1000 Hudson Montclair Jersey City Harris, Jacob, 11 Warren PI. LIBRARY MEMBER Rosenstein, C, 164 Bloomfield Av. Kreps, Mrs. E., 9 Gifford Av. Morris Plains ANNUAL MEMBERS Alpert, Dr. E., 661 Jersey Av. Cohen, Abr., United Cigar Store Alpert, H., 65 Wegman Pky. Asher, Dr. Ben. S., 260 Bergen Av. Morristown Eisenberg, I., 779 Montgomery Rothschild, B. Florman, Mrs. D., 708 Newark Av. Gerstein, L., 284 Harrison Av. Mount Holly Goldstein, A. J., 176 Bergen Av. Krupnick, H. M., 40 Main JEWISH PUBLICATION SOCIETY 379

Newark Hollander, A., 24 Johnson Av. Bamberger, Louis, 135 Market Hollander, Michael, 143 East Kinney Hollander, Sam M., Cham, of Com. LIBRARY MEMBERS Bldg. Cohn, M., 24 Pomona Av. Hood, Louis, 402 Mt. Prospect Av. Hollander, Ben. W., 143 East Kinney Isserman, A., 171 Osborn Ter. Jacobs, Rabbi H. L., 68 Hillside Av. Miller, S., Murray & Austin Jacobson, R. H., 26 Commerce Rich, Wm. S., 201 Springfield Av. Jay, F., Lenox Hotel Stern, Jos., 43 Girard PI. Jay, Leopold, 972 Broad Jedell, Helen, 34a Kearney ANNUAL MEMBERS Kalisch, Saml., 612 Kinney Bldg. Adelman, M., 208 Renner Av. Kanengieser, A. Sigmund, 88 Newton Alenick, M. G., 24 Branford PI. Kaplan, Dr. Ben., 695 Clinton Av. Aptcr & Son, P., 100 Morton Kaplan, J. I., Federal Trust Bldg. Atlass, A. C, 52 Hansbury Av. Kenarik, H., 438 Springfield Av. Beck, Chas., 71 Seymour Av. Kessler, S. I.. 369 Parker Bengelsdorf, Dr. A., 89 Spruce King, Nathaniel, 348 Clinton Av. Berla, Amzi, 217 Washington Kohn, Richard, 31 Clinton Berla, Sol.. 232 Mulberry Kohn, Sylvan H., 790 Broad Berlin, Harry, 207 Market Konwitz, Rabbi J., 345 Belmont Av. Bernstein, D. E., 786 Broad Koplowitz, L., 19 Parkview Ter. Brotman, Dr. M. M., 90 Avon Av. Kraemer, Jos., 164 Market Buchler, Dr. H., 566 High Krasner, Nathan G., 800 Broad Cohen, L. S., 207 Market Krieger, L., 1090 Broad Cohn, Jos. E., 25 Girard PI. Krim, Rabbi A. I., 177 Spruce Cohn, S., 25 Milford Av. Kristeller, L. P., 810 Broad Coleman, R. M., 145 Shephard Av. Krohn, A. L., 763 Broad Cone, Dr. Arthur S., 61 West Kussy, Herman, 59 Treacy Av. Kussy, Nathan, 790 Broad Cowen, Rev. M., 537 High Leber, Sam'l F., 786 Broad Danzis, Dr. M., 608 High Lesser, L., 9 Clinton Drill, Max, 39 Bock Av. Levy, Chas., 37 Randolph PI. Echikson, E., 838 S. 12th. Loebel, Chas., 174 Osborne Ter. Eisner, M., 585 High Lowenstein, E., 21 Hedden Ter. Elin, N., 52 Hedden Ter. Lowenstein, Isaac, 12 Baldwin Av. Erlich, Nathan, 84 Columbia Av. Lubetkin, Jacob, 60 Park Place Fast, Louis A., 59 Baldwin Av. Manhoff, Chas., 714 S. 10th Federman, Dr. P. H., 220 Fairmount Manshel, C, 103 Vassar Av. Av. Marx, Meier, 49 Avon PI. Fenning, Herman H., 424 Parker Miller, M., 79 Baldwin Av. Fisch, Jos., 20 Arch Muehlfelder, A., 65 Tracy Av. Fischel, Tacob, Cham'r of Commerce Munson, W., 27 Clinton Bldg. " Neiwirth, H. S., 128 Market Flachs, Dr. A., 347 Lafayette Newman, B., 69 Girard PI. Fleischman, Dr. M., 252 Springfield Newman, Jacob L., 810 Broad Av. Oheb Shalom Hebrew Sch., 45 Eliz. Foster, Rabbi S., 90 Treacy Av. Oslan, Carl, Federal Trust Bldg. Fox, Mrs. M. A., 486 Clifton Av. Parsonnet, Dr. Aaron, 93 Avon Av. Friedman, L. L., 768 S. 10th Plant Memorial School, 225 Prince Friedman, R. W., 52 Girard PI. Polevski, Dr. J., 44 West Poliakow, A., 777 High Furst, Geo., 24 Johnson Av. Rachlin, A. H., 31 Clinton Gallop, M. M., 198 Pacific Radin, Dr. H. R., 107 Clinton Av. Garfunkle, M. H., 797 S. 12th Ramo, Kibe, 81 S. 11th Glueckfield, I. B., 1137 Bergen Reich, Dr. J., 130 Court Goldstein, G. L., 972 Broad Re. Sch. Tern. Jesh., Waverley & High Gordon, Dr. H. L., 131 Johnson Av. Resky, H. W., 207 Market Greenbaum, Mrs. M. M., 377 Seymour Rich, Leopold, 22 Ingraham PI. Av. Roessler, Saml., 9 Clinton Greenberg, Dr. S., 46 Johnson Av. Rosensohn, H., 188 Market Gross, Rudolph, 34 Leslie Rosenthal, M., 532 Springfield Av. Grubstein, Chas., New & Nuttman Rouse, DT. M., 60 Branford PI. Halperin, Dr. C. J., 641 High Ruback, M. E., 60 Park PI. Harris, A., 21 Johnson Av. Rutkin, M., 64 Millington Av. Hauptman, A., 31 Van Ness PI. Sandusky, I., 260 Meeker Av. Henig, A., 795 S 13th Schiffmann, Dr. S., 18 Schuyler Av. Herman, Sam, 7 Nelson PI. Hoffman, Rabbi C. I., 624 High 380 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK

Schotland, Phil J., 9 Clinton Fabian, J., 150 Fair Schulsinger, Dr. S., 136 Fleming Av. Schwarz, Dr. E., 561 High Fabian, Simon H., 92 E. 37th Schlesinger, Louis, 31 Clinton Av. ANNUAL MEMBERS Shalit, I., 108 Fleming Av. Atkins, Ralph, 159 Park Av. Sichel, Moses, 69 Shanley Av. Bilder, D. H., 220 Hamilton Av. Siegler, Jos., 8 Farley Av. Bluestein, A. I., 425 18th Av. Silber, Charles, 790 Broad Bnai Jesh. Rel. Sch., Bwy. & Straight Silberfeld, Rev. J., 32 Ingraham PI. Bornstein, M. E., 402 Madison Av. Skwirsky, Dr. Jos., 130 Watson Av. Cohen, J., 273 Hamilton Av. Sokobin, Abraham, 75 13th Av. Cohn, Bertha S., 49 13th Av. Soman, Nathan, 31 2d Av. Cohn, David, 112 Ellison Spellman, \V., 825 S. 10th Collier, A., 126 Market Spielman, M., 106 Lyons Av. Franklin, H., 479 E. 33rd Spies, Ph., 917 Broad Glass, S. H., 411 E. 31st Spitalnik, H., 266 Meeker Av. Gold, G., 396 E. 41st Stayitsky, M. A., 889 Broad Jacobs, Saml., 195 Broadway Stein, Le Roy, 93 Spruce Steiner, Herman, 60 Park PI. Joelson, Dr. M. S., 87 Fair Steiner, J., 790 Broad Kaufman, John, 777 14th Av. Tepper, Jules E., 800 Broad Kitay, Mrs. H. B., 376 Broadway Unger, Henry, 207 Market Kitay, I. J., 315 Main Unterman, W. M., 60 Park PI. Levin, Morris F., 460 E. 31st Van Poznak & Sons, S., Ordway Bldg. Lowenthal, B., 222 Hamilton Av. Weinberg, B., 738 Broad Platt, Edw., 83 Fair Weiss, Dr. L., 849 S. 11th Platt, Jos., 409 E. 35th Woolf, B. H., 15 Hedden Ter. Pollock, S., 247 18th Av. Wortzel S. J., 9 Clinton Progress Club, 52 Church Yadkowsky, Dr. E., 637 High Rappaport, P. J., 485 E. 29th Rosenstein, F. L., 125 Ellison Schoen, H. L., 277 E. 32d New Brunswick Shulman, A. N., Romaine Bldg. Lipman, J., Experiment Station Simon, I., 470 Boulevard Strauss, J., 226 Seaman Slater, A. H., 176 E..32d Smith, D. G., 5 Colt Orange Spitz, Louis, 720 E. 25th Engel, Isidor, 239 Main Steinberg, M., 737 14th Av. Green, Harry, 182 Heywood Av. Surnamer, DT. I., 345 Broadway Lesser, S. B., 8 Sterling Dr. Urdang, L., 296 17th Av. Pinsky, Dr. John, 200 Main Yanoff, W., 281 19th Av. Passaic Y. M. & Y. W. Assn., 152 Van Houten LIBRARY MEMBER, 'Pennsgrove Stein, H., 201 Lexington Av. Livingstone. A., Broad & Main ANNUAL MEMBERS Zebooker, M. A., Box 416 Feder, Dr. H. M., Main Av. & Jefferson Perth Amboy Ginsburg, M., 55 Spring Kantrowitz, R. B., 120 Van Houten Av. LIBRARY MEMBERS Kovin, Dr. A., 123 Lexington Av. Dobbs, David, 86 Jefferson Lipton, Dr. L., 67 Passaie Av. Wurtzel, Max, 142 Gordon Mass, I. H., 250 Lafayette Ay. Ranzenhofer, F. S., 244 Passaic Av. ANNUAL MEMBERS Rosenberg, J., 161 Hamilton Av. Alpern, I., 147 Smith Shapiro, Dr. D., 104 Passaic Av. Brenner, Rabbi, J. G., Packer House Shnaiderman, J., 85 Hope Av. Miller, Geo. J., 176 Smith Simon, Dr. A. L., 154 Columbia Av. Miller, J., 87 Gordon Slaff, Samuel, 110 High Silk, Dr. C. I., 189 Rector Steiner, I., 118 Lexington Av. Sosin, L. Y., 130 Smith Weinberger, H. H., Service Trust Co. Stern, M. M., 175 Smith Bldg. Y. M. H. A., 318 Madison Av. Y. M. & Y. W. H. A., 158 Jefferson Zucker, Rabbi Max, Temple Emanuel Plainfield LIBRARY MEMBERS 'Paterson Newcorn, Wm., Queen City Hotel LIBRARY MEMBERS Bloom, Ed., 550 Park Av. ANNUAL MEMBERS Dimond, P., 284 E. 32d Jacobs, J. H., 22 Gerand Av. JEWISH PUBLICATION SOCIETY 381

Kunzman, I., 636 W. Front Fishberg, J., 475 Hamilton Av. Kurtzman, C, 146 E. Front Forman, P., 112 N. Montgomery Rosenbaum, H., 431 Park Av. Garb, I., 314 N. Broad Rothberg, H., 928 W. Front Holtzburg, Rabbi A., 871 Bellvue Av. Samel, Leo, R. F. D. 3 Julian, Dr. W., 23 Atterbury Av. Schwartz, J. J., 701 Sherman Av. Koplin, Dr. N. H., 507 S. Warren Tepper, A., 669 W. 7th Lavine, Dr. B. D., 630 N. Clinton Av. Tepper, M., 933 W. 7th Leopold, S., 137 E. State Yood, Dr. R., 401 Grant Av. Diebreich, Rabbi L. J., 640 W. State Millner, F., 902 Bellevue Av. Princeton Reich, Wm, 305 Amer. Mechanics Bl. Kaplan, L., 12 Madison Shipper, L. E., 9 Beechwood Av. Y. M. H. A., 18 S. Stockton Railway Engelman, B., 128 Main Union City Urevitz, Dr. Abr., 495 New York Av. Redbank Kridel, Mrs. J., 190 E. Front Union Hill Riverside Rappaport, Dr. M., 82 Liberty Av. Schreiber, M. Ventnor Rutherford LIBRARY MEMBER Danziger, S., 3 Ayer PI. Steinberg, A., 7 N. Swarthmore Av. Secaucus ANNUAL MEMBER Pollak, Dr. B. S. Meyerhoff, M. L., 105 S. Buffalo Somerville Vineland Schwed, Chas., 41 N. Bridge B'nai B'rlth Lodge, 401 Grate Lipman, R. M., R. F. D. No. 6 South Orange Rosenthal, D., 919 Pear Solomon, Rabbi H., 920 New Pear PATRON Fuld, Felix, 602 Centre Weehauken ANNUAL MEMBERS Lieberman, W., 4 Grauert PI. Abelson, J. J., 257 Warwick Av. Saperstein, S., 120 Shippen Herzberg, M. J., 135 Mercer PI. West Hoboken Klein, P., 139 Mercer PI. Roth, J., 478 Centre Umansky, M., 212 Clinton Av. South River West New York Miller, E. I., 15 Ferry Diska, Dr. L. A., 307 16th Pansy, Dr. A. A., 12 Jackson Rottenberg, H. A. Westwood Goldberg, Dr. David Summit Lack, Philip, P. O. Box 191 Mantel, J. R., 12 Maple Woodbridge Trenton Leeds, H., 490 Rahway Av. Budson, Alex., 85 Jackson Cohen, J., 312 S. Broad Woodbury Eisner, Leo, 700 S. Broad Polsky, H., 240 S. Broad

NEW YORK

Albany Ilch, Julius, 78 State LIFE MEMBER Mann, Isaac, 493 Western Av. Rosendale, Hon. S. W., 57 State ANNUAL MEMBERS LIBRARY MEMBERS Aronowitz, S. E., 536 Madison Av. Hessberg, Saml., 57 State Aufsesser, B. M., 8 S. Pine Av. 382 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK

Aufsesser, M. F., 1002 Madison Av. Duberstein, S. C, 26 Court Bennett, E., 818 Myrtle Av. Edelman, M., 861 Fresh Pond Rd. Beth Emeth Religious School Friedman, J. P., 658 Montgomery Beth Emeth Sunday School Library Gordon, Dr. M. B., 4803 14th Av. Bookheim, L. W., 133 S. Lake Av. Heller, Dr. J., 225 Eastern Pkway. Fenster, P. W., 6 S. Pearl Jaffe, H., 1060 Union Hessberg, Mrs. A., 352 State Joachim, B., 531 Broadway Hirschfield, H.( 30 Chestnut KaplowiU, P., 1645 E. 24th Krouner, Jacob G., 78 State Kaufman, M., 600 E. 21st Mandelbaum, Rabbi A. N., 288 Madi- Malkenson, A. L., 870 E. 21st son Av. Matz, I., 1522 Albemarle Rd. Mannesovitch, W. I., 50 Hudson Av. Meadow, M., 2172 Coney Island Av. Muhlfelder, David, 702 Madison Av. Meislin, Mrs. Rose, 1413 St. Marks Av. Muhlfelder, J., 1002 Madison Av. Michtom, M., 180 Winthrop Naum, N., 78 State Neuwirth, L., 1325 Union Naumoff, M. S., 69 Euclid Av. Posner, Dr. A., 151 Roebling Phillips, H., 131 Madison Av. Rabbin, M. M., 665 Georgia Av. Poskanzer, R. C, 78 State Rosencrans, A., 240 Shore Blvd. Rackman, Mrs. D., 245 S. Pearl Rottenberg, S., 1377 President Sonnenfeld, S. T., 680 Madison Av. Rubenstein, E. I., 819 Prospect PI. Sporborg, Mrs. H. J., Hotel Ten Eyck Salant, J. S., 51 Clark Stark, H. B., 78 State School, A., 345 Wyona Stern, C. M., 121 S. Lake Av. Schwartz, Dr. L. S., 849 Park PI. Yaras, Coplin, 752 Myrtle Av. Schwarzschild, M. M., 1359 51st Shapiro, N. D., 50 Court Steinberg, I., 577 Montgomery Amsterdam Uchitelle, B., 1316A Ocean Pkway. Gray, Max, 70 Grove Waikof, 175 Eastern Pkway. Wilner, Morris, 1657 50th Lurie, A. D., 195 Guy Park Av. Winstian, S. C, 8657 23d Av. Arverne Emanuel, B., Beach 69th ANNUAL MEMBERS Gorman, B. I., 561 B 69th Honor, Leo L., 417 B 69th Aaron, A., 26 Court Maximon, S. B., 424 Beach 67th Aaronson, H. A., 649 Bedford Av. Rosenberg, J., 747 B 72nd Abelow, S. P., 1050 Park PI. Abels, Rabbi M. J., 14th Ave. & 49th Abrahams, E. L., 231 Ocean Av. Astoria Abrahams, J., 976 E. 10th Brown, Miss F., 25-11 5th Av. Abrahamson, E. M., 1526 President Abrahams, Mrs. S., 74 Sterling Binghamton Abrams, H., 404 Crown Bloom, Dr. M. S., 110 Oak Ackman Bros., 342 Nostrand Av. Public Library Adlerstein, H., 7701 5th Av. Rosenthal, S. C, 119 Murray Affachiner, Miss R. G., 250 Ocean Pkway. Brighton Beach Allen, I., 26 Court Ancholowitz, W., 6723 10th Ave. Chale, M., 3057 Lakeland PI. Apfelbaum, H., 1541 50th Appelbaum, J., 44 Court Brooklyn Ausubel, Dr. H., 1 De Kalb Av. LIFE MEMBERS Axelrod, H. S., 2319 Av. "M" Rel. Sch. Cong. Beth. Elohim., Gar- Babbit, L. H., 602 Montgomery field & 8th Bacharach, C. G., 215 Montague Straus, H. Grant, 422 Fulton Bacharach, C. G., 585 E. 22d Baker, S. A., 1114 E. 13th PATRONS Ball, Miss E!., 2735 Ocean Pkway. Ball, Dr. G., 1280 Union Blumberg, M., 691 Willoughby Av. Barnett, B. A., 1117 E. 27th Linden, L. E., 2533 Cortelyou Rd. Barnett, H. I., 1320 48th LIBRARY MEMBERS Baron, Dr. E. H., 1694 E. 7th Bernstein, A. A., 1690 Ditmas Av. Baskin, David, 1156 57th Brightman, S. D., 1517 47th Beck, D., 1036 President Chanin, I. S., 734 Ocean Av. Becker, M., 1378 E. 8th Cohen, Louis, 1323 President Benjamin, A., 142 68th Cooper, Leon, 780 St. Marks Av. Bennett, Helen, 76 Bay 26th Cott, L., 2149 62d Bercow, H. B., 565 85th JEWISH PUBLICATION SOCIETY 383

Berkowitz, Dr. B. B., 225 E. Pkway. Finkelstein, A. A., 1465 54th Bernhardt, Mrs. J., 250 Dover Finkelstein, N. B., 552 Crown Bernstein, A. N., Ralph Av. & Pacific Finkelstein, Dr. R., 576 E. Parkway Bernstein, J. L., 397 E. 11th Fish, N., 47-49 Watkins Binkovitz, R., 441 Ocean Av. Fishelman, J., 165 74th Bloom, M., 570 Penn. Av. Fisher, I. H., 2228 Mansfield PI. Blumberg, Meyer, 805 Ocean Av. Fisher, J., 4621 Ft. Hamilton Parkway Bonoff, L. A., 1525 E. 28th Fleiss, H., 370 Tompkins Av. Boochever, G., 272 E. 16th Franks, H. S., 44 Midwood Bookey, I., 18 Kenmore PI. Freedman, Isaac, 340 Pulaski Bosniak, Rabbi J., 490 Ocean Pkway. Friedland, S., 1754 48th Breslauer, M., 2128 79th Friedman, A. E., 2277 83d Bresler, H. S., 62 Marlborough Rd. Friedman, Dr. J. H., 236 S. 2nd Friedman, Rebecca, 515 Alabama Av. Brickman.H., 1724 53d Fruchtbaum, Dr. L. M., 370 S. 2d Brightman, Jos., 1837 49th Fuchs, Sig. H., 1221 Remson Av. Brinberg, A., 1666 53rd Furst, M., 215 Montague Brooke, B. H., 862 Flatbush Av. Gabriel, B., 318 Brooklyn Av. Brooke, J. J., 663 Argyle Rd. Gasner, Simon, 129 Powell Brooklyn Jewish Centre, 667 E. Park- Gelfand, S., 16 Court way Gelles, I. D., 477 Miller Av. Bruckheim, D., 1362 52d Germain, L., 470 8th Av. Burack, Rabbi A. D., 565 Willoughby Getz., D. B., 26 Court Av. Gilbert, Mrs. G. I., 51 80th Caplin, S., 825 E. 17th Gingold, A. M., 3035 E. 2d Chavin, J., 713 E. Parkway Ginsburg, H., 426 Crown Chertoff, Rabbi P., 1315 51st Gittelson, DT. M., 1921 Bergen Cohen, A. S., 275 Bradford Ave. Gittelson, M., 45 Blake Av. Cohen, Dr. D. H., 6601 Bay Pkway. Gittleson, M., 2301 Av. G Cohen, Gladys, 1279 52nd Glickman, Ph. S., 1937 83d Cohen, I., 313 E. 49th Gluckman, J., 668 Flushing Av. Cohen, M., Lawrence, 208 Barrett Goell, M. J., 705 Crown Cohen, Rev. S. R., 75 Prospect Pk.W. Goffen, Dr. A. M.,' 518 Monroe Cohn, J. H., 27 Throop Av. Goldberg, Israel, 840 46th Cohn, Dr. M. A., 1457 Eastern Pkway. Goldberg, J. 437 Kingston Av. Coler, Samuel G., 160 5th Av. Goldberg, L., 973 47th Collins, Dr. N. E., 695 Howard Av. Goldberg, L. P., 2111 Myra Ct. Commanday, Victor, 946 E. 12th Goldberg, S., 1679 Pitkin Av. Com. Loan System, 87 Graham Av. Goldfarb, Rabbi I., 360 Clinton Cong. Ahavath Achim, 765-67 Putnam Goldfinger, Wm., 2000 84th Av. Goldman, L. A., 639 E. Parkway Cutler, A., 596 Belmont Av. Goldstein, Hyman, 2258 64th Dargo, N., 742 Lafayette Av. Goldstein, J., 1359 48th Davidson, Dr. B., 1457 Union Goldstein, P., 701 Greene Av. Davis, Dr. F., 8 Bay 35th Goldstein, S., 16 Court Golub, L., 260 Hewes De Waltoff, Dr. D. B., 7714 Ridge Goodman, A., 1237 48th Blvd. Goodman, I. H., 316 Montgomery Diamond, M. M., 877 Lenox Rd. Goorland, Miss Evelyn, 843 Sutter Av. Dinin, S., 1059 Newport Gordon, A., Jr., 1456 52d Dlugasch, M., 1378 Carroll Gottfried, P., 347 New York Av. Doft, Max, 1460 55th Gottheim, Sophie, 5506 11th Av. Doreson, L., 602 Bristol Gottlieb, J. W., 44 Court Droshnicop, S., 788 E. Parkway Grater, M. S., 132 Clymer Dumay, Dr. Chas., 241 Penn Grayer, H., 44 Court Dunn, M. V., 783 Sutter Av. Grayzel, Mrs. S. M., 825 Linden Blvd. Dworkin, N., 1337 Carroll Grayzel, Rabbi S., 1413 St. Marks Av. Edelman, H., 313 Roebling Green, H. L., 1552 55th Eisenberg, Dr. A. D., 586 Leonard Green, J. J., 1352 47th Eisenberg, R., 4311 Snyder Av. Green. S. E., 1220 54th Ellenbogen, M., 531 Bedford Av. Greenberg, W., 1504 Av. J Ellman, A., 1444 58th Greene, I. F., 437 Crown Farber, Mrs. S. W., 44 Marlborough Greenstone, M. S., 21 Smith Rd. Greenwald, Dr. H. M., 499 Ocean Av. Feinsod, E., 131 E. 21st Greenwald, Mrs. R., 1751 E. 19th Feinson, J., 1239 Carroll Groden, Elias, 182 Pulaski Feit, Abr.. 50 Court Groden, Morris, 693 Montgomery Feld, DT. H., 542 Willoughby Av. Fine, Isidore, 881 Wash. Av. 384 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK

Gross, Rabbi L. D., 570 Pacific Kraditor, A., 26 Court Gumpert, J., 1623 Albemarle Rd. Krimsky, Dr. J.. 263 E. Parkway Guzik, Leo, 1961 79th Krinsky, J., 699 Montgomery Haber, Harry, 131 E. 21st Krinsky, J., 444 Crown Haft, M. W., 1336 President Kroll, Miss M., 1931 62nd Halevi, M., 1783 Union Kruger, H. B., 946 E. 18th Halbfinger, C, 122 Liberty Av. Krumbein, A., 1712 43d Halle, J., 1663 51st Ladin, I., 68 Schenck Av. Halperin, A., 26 Court Landesman, Rabbi A. F., 1663 Presi- Hamburger, S. L., 1929 62d dent Harbater, J., 4901 15th Av. Lane, J. M., 16 E. 10th Harris, Max, 575 6th Largeman, Morris, 12 Graham Av. Harrison, H. A., 1208 Carroll Latner, M. H., 350 Fulton Hartstein, J., 75 Linden Lazansky, Judge E., 133 8th Av. Huskel & Sons, Inc., S., 100 Harri- Leavitt, Dr. E., 638 Stone Av. son PI. Lebenkoff, Jennie, 143 E. 94th Haupt, George, 1202 Av. I Leeger, L. L., 1072 E. 18th Heckelman, I., 1462 57th Lefkowitz, A. H., 1321 Lincoln PI. Heller, Rabbi A. M., 335 E. 5th Leitner, S., 1641 53rd Heller, M. G., 1580 E. 28th Lemler, S., 641 Crown Hendler, I., 1136 Park PI. Leslie, Dr. R., 325 Ocean Av. Herrick, A. J., 26 Court Levin, Dr. I. N., 556 Shepherd Av. Herzfeld, Max, 773 Willoughby Av. Levine, A., 634 Willoughby Av. Hinitch, D., 564 Empire Blvd. Levine, Harry, 596 Fifth Av. Hitlin, Dr. A., 685 Willoughby Av. Levine, M. H., 1707 President Hoffman, Dr. M., 99 Marcy Av. Levine, Rabbi M., 1343 45th Horowitz, B., 225 E. Parkway Levinson, Rabbi S. J., 83 Marlbor- Horowitz, C, 1329 Ocean Pkway. ough Rd. Horowitz, G., 71 Orange Levinthal, C, 576 E. Parkway Horowitz, I., 497 Penna. Ave. Levinthal, Rev. Dr. I. H., 576 E. Horowitz, Louis, 1470 E. 22d Parkway Hurwitz, B. L., 473 80th Israelite, Ina, 104 Arlington Av. Levitan, S. J., 8687 Bay Parkway Ittleman, G. H., 26 Court Levitt, Dr. J. M., 975 E. 14th Jablons, J. M., 549 Empire Blvd. Levy, Dr. A. M., 114 Graham Av. Jacobs, H.. Cropsey & 20th Levy Arthur, 768 Bushwick Av. Jacobson, H. I., 1920 62d Levy, H. A., 115 Ocenn Av. Jacoby, A., 1514 56th Levy, Dr. Max, 261 S. 9th JafiFe, A. L., 1129 E. 22nd Levy, S., 408 St. Tohns PI. Jaffe, B.,*2268 83d Lewis, Aaron, 1482 Carroll Taffe, I., 1349 53d Liberman, J., 1777 E. 8th Janowitch, J. H., 214 Stratford Rd. Lieberman, Nathan, 190 Westminster Kahan, S., 1720 E. 19th Rd. Kaplan, Miss L., 1620 Union Link, Martha B., 662 E. 21st Karalunsky, B., 61 Meserole Lipkin, M., 1371 E. 21st Karash, S., 1569 President Lipper, A., 230 Stratford Rd. Karp, I., 558 Bedford Av. Liss, C, 55 Williams Av. Kasnowitz, S., 1762 Union Littenberg, M., 2016 E. 21st Kaufman, Dr. B., 482 Stone Av. Littinsky, Dr. J., 107 Bristol Kaufman, Dr. M., 170 Leonard Livingston, Wm., 591 Ocean Parkway Kayfetz, I., 406 Stone Av. London, Dr. E., 961 E. Parkway Kempler, J. M., 1744 President Londoner, C, 1474 E. 10th Kempner, R., 1609 Union Lvons, Rev. A., 88 Prospect Pk., W. Kestenbaum, L., 1124 43d Machzikei Talmud Torah, 1315 43d Kimmel, Dr. M., 495 Sutter Av. Mand, Dr. J. H., 502 39th Klein, D., 126 Myrtle Av. Mandel, L. M., 186 Joralemon Kleinman, M.. 675 Georgia Av. Mandel, S., 205 E. 95th Kohs, Dr. S. C, Eagle Bldg. Marcus, Dr. L., 699 Howard Av. Klinger, S., 405 Sutter Av. Margolin, E., 264 Bradford Kohn, L. A., 219 36th Markel, A. J., 110 Graham Av. Kohn, Louis, 7816 Ridge Blvd. Marshal, R., 514 Williams Av. Kohn, Dr. L., 332 New York Av. Martinique, H., 7913 20th Av. Komar, A., 1525 Newkirk Av. Mathews, J. B., 1018 Park PI. Koplowitz, J., 1808 Pitkin Av. Matthes, J., 576 E. 7th Kornblith, Rev. R., 82 Bainbridge Maxwell, Miss Pearl, 1685 President Koven, Dr. B., 1129 E. Parkway May, Judge M., 441 Ocean Av. Koven, M. N., 215 Montague Maze, J. M., 1046 E. 14th Meller, John, 1208 E. Parkway JEWISH PUBLICATION SOCIETY 385

Meltsner, O., 1639 44th Rosenberg, Dr. H. D., 913 Glenmore Merin, Miss F., 1429 Carroll Av. Mersel, Alex., 1658 52d Rosenberg, J. M., 746 E. 5th Michaels, A. M., 2105 E. 12th Rosenfeld, M., 505 Montgomery Milberg, S., 1934 E. 19th Rosenberg, P. F., 310 Montgomery Miller, 'Rabbi J., 443 Linden Blvd. Rosenblum, P., 519 Eastern Pkway. Miller, M., 1542 President Rosenfeld, H. T., 26 Court Miller, Dr. N. C, 4611 14th Av. Rosenfeld, M., 505 Montgomery Mintz, B.. 44 Court Rosenfeld, Dr. R., 516 Stone Av. • Mitchell, Miss I., 519 Willoughby Av. Rosenfeld, Dr. W., 351 Penna Av. Morell, I., 4711 14th Av. Rosenstein, H., Hotel St. George Moritz, Comdr. Albert, 723 E. 18th Rosenthal, Rabbi M., 244 87th Mormar, J., 369 Crown Rosenzweig, A., 1530 Eastern Pkway. Moss, L. J., 319 St. Johns PI. Ross, Dr. M., 1821 St. Johns PI. Nadler, Mrs. H., 1644 43rd Rothschild, S. F., 422 Fulton Nagourney, D., 283 Hewes Rothstein, M., 1458 E. 15th Nalven, M., 899 Bushwick Av. Rubin, S., 2548 Delamere PI. Nash, A. F.', 217 Oceanview Av. Rubinstein, Harry, 106 Van Buren Neaderland, H., 452 Fulton Ruda, M., 4002 5th Av. Nevin, H., 159 Remsen Rudovsky, J. I., 350 Stone Ave. Nevins, C. B., 998 Flatbush Av. Sacks, I., 125 Av. J. Newman, Rabbi J. J., 1767 E. 7th Sacks, Rabbi M. L., 260 Arlington Av. Norek, A. W., 66 Court Sakin, Dr. B. M., 1547 E. Pkway. Oxenhandler, B., 1214 42nd Salit, Jonah, 385 Barrett Parmet, Miss Anna, 861 Saratoga Av. Salwen, Dr. E., 455 Ocean Av. Paymer, Rabbi J. H., 432 Sterling Salwen, S. J., 1622 43d Pearlman, D. W., 1721 47th Salzman, Miss F., 1263 44th Penziner, C. H., 26 Court Salzman, M., 262 Fulton Perhnan, A., 1525 50th Sambur, M., 550 Bushwick Av. Perlman, L. E., 1676 51st Sambur DT. S. J., 544 Monroe Perskin, I. H., 441 Ocean Av. Sameth, H., 144 Stockton Peyser, Miss B. L. B., 178-80 Hooper Samuels, Dr. S. S., 1165 Sterling PI. Peyser, »., 178-180 Hooper Sandhaus, Mrs. R., 4620 18th Av. Peyser, J. B., 2047 85th Sargent, I., 128 Maple Phillips, S. I., 2108 Av. P Saslavsky, Rev. N. L., Av. R. and Phillips, A. M., 399 Ocean Pkway. Piesen, H. H., 160 Marlborough Rd. 16th Pines, David, 1522 President Satlow, I. D., 201 Watkins Pines, Joseph, 260 Ocean Pkway. Sarvitsky, Jennie, 2422 Av. I. Pines, Dr. L., 745 Franklin Av. Scharfstein, Z., 2647 Kenmore PI. Pollock, Chas., 7510 20th Av. Scher, Dr. M., 376 Keap Polonsky, J., 692 Howard Av. Schlesinger, Pauline, 1610 48th Posner, H., 517 Georgia Av. Schneiderman, S., 71 7th Av. Posner, Dr. N. A., 136 S. 2nd Schoen, G. B., 854 E. 24th Prensky, Jos., 1446 Union Schoenholtz, S., 921 Montgomery Price, A., 61 Whipple Schreiber, Dr. M., 105 Penna. Av. Prokesch, Dr. S. Z., 901 Av. N. Schwartz, Dr. A. S., 1268 46th Queen, Rae, 4623 15th Av. Schwartz, Mrs. D., 107 6th Av. Rabinowitz, Dr. H. M., 276 Buffalo Av. Schwartz, Dr. Jac. R., 1 De Kalb Av. Rand, J. H., 1456 55th Schwartz, J. J., 464 Crown Reich, J., 1595 President Schwartz, J. L., 1208 Carroll Reichler, Rabbi M., 84 Bay 25th Schwartz, S. P., 5315 15th Av. Reis, Miss D. C, 3403 14th Av. Schwartzman, C. H., 32 Court Rel. Schl. of Temple Beth Emeth, 83 Seiderman, S., 750 E. Parkway Seidman, N., 884 E. Parkway Seif, J. B., 1413 Lincoln PI. Marlborough Rd. Seigle, C. H., 956 E. 7th Resnikoff, L. A., 59 S. 10th Seldin, C, 168 E. 95th Richmond, S. L., 124 Livingston Seleg, Miss Carol, 19 Bay 35th Rieger, M., 1141 Park PI. Selip, Mrs. H. L., 255 E. Parkway Rivkin, H., 1625 Pitkin Av. Shaffer, J. M., 530 Saratoga Av. Robbinovitz, Dr. S., 71-A Summer Av. Shainholt, A., 705 Howard Av. Robbins, H. G., 32 Court Shankroff, Dr. L., 1146 Dean Rokeach, Dr. A., 889 Park PI. Shapiro, C, 1661 46th Rongy, P., 749 E. Pkway. Shapiro, Dr. L., 4701 15th Av. Rose, Jos. H., 363 Stone Av. Shorr, Dr. A., 456 Penna. Av. Rosen, D., 2313 83d Shur, Frances N., 486 Jerome Rosen, E. S., 2313 83d Siberman, Dr. M., 61 Lewis Av. Rosen, S.. 155 Seigel 386 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK

Silverman, Dr. E. G., 4712 14th Av. Carrel, A., 31 Crestwood Av. Silverman, J., 962 66th Cohen, Miss Annette, 46 Putnam Silverstein, L. B., 321 Dumont Av. Cohen, Dr. R., 485 Main Simon, A. H., 493 E. 23d Cohen, Sol., 60 Manchester PI. Singer, H., 8701 23d Av. Cohn, M. M., 108 Starin Av. Singer. M., 7134 5th Av. Cristall, S., 321 Brisbane Bldg-. Siris, Dr. I. E., 336 New York Av. Darlich, S. B., 10 Colonial Av. Snyder, M., 50 Court Dautch, S. Chas., 131 Richmond Av. Socolof, Miss L., 2306 Douglass Dautch, I. W., 44 Ketchum PI. Solomon, L. L., 1414 W. 5th Desbecker, L. E., Buffalo Club Sonnenschein, N., 570 Bristol Desmore, Mrs. J. C, 22 Woodette PI. Spevack, M., 191 Joralemon Diamond, D., 424 Prudential Bldg. Spivak, B., 132 Tehama Dickman, I., 461 Humboldt Pkway. Stander, I. J., 1770 E. 17th Feldman, Miss S., 598 Woodlawn Av. Starr, Dr. I. P., 1199 E. Pkway. . Fink, Rabbi J. L., 748 Auburn Av. Statsinger, M., 33 Stoddard PI. Fleischman, Mrs. B. K., 449 Rich- Steinbrink, M., 215 Montague mond Av. Stoll, Dr. V., 1315 Bergen Fleischman, Simon, 190 Edward Stoloff, Dr. B., 1137 E. Parkway Flybush, A., Mutual Life Bldg. Storch, Max, 1403 Carroll Gerstman, E. J., 37 Traymore Av. Storm, Miss Marcy, 484 Bedford Av. Gilden, Dr. J. H., 266 E. Ferry Strully, Dr. J. M., 617 Av. K Goldfarb, Mrs. S., 2<40 William Strum, Dr. J. Z., 415 E. 2nd Golding, L., 678 Potomac Stulman, Jos., 1326 Union Goldstein, Dr. H. N., 3 Butler Av. Suchar, A. J., 327 Snediker Av. Grossman, H. J., 544 Elmwood Av. Sumberg, I., 1474 Carroll Grossman, S., 137 Dorchester Rd. Sweedler, N., 66 Court Gubenko, M., 577 Broadway Teitelbaum, Rabbi A., 1539 45th Harris, Hon. S. J., 179 Claremont Av. Teitelbaum, Dr. H., 30 Throop Av. Harriton, Harry, 16 Linden Pk. Tepper, Dr. B., 1153 E. 19th Hiller, J., 31 Crestwood Av. Topkins, Dr. E. M., 440 Croney Hofeller, Theo., 33 Gates Circle Tunick, S.. 7610 Colonial Rd. Holender, Sundel J., 789 Potomac Av. Turberg, Ph., 1274 46th Katz, Miss Bessie, 97 Broadway Vladeck, Baruch Charney, 5117 Til- Kauffman, Dr. Lesser, 584 W. Ferry den Av. Keiser, August, 675 Delaware Av. Vogel, Miss Clara E., 103 Keap Lasser, Mrs. I., Sherwood Apts., B 11 Wars, Lou L., 1467 Sterling PI. Lazarus, Mrs. B., 91 Fordham Dr. Wechsler, M., 154 Ocean Pkway. Levintan, M., 711 W. Delavan Av. Weilerstein, Rabbi B. R., 1669 Presi- Liebeskind, S., 1035 Broadway dent ' Lischner, Miss P., York Manor Apts. Weinberg, Dr. H. M., 5218 12th Av. Maisel, L., 703 Filmore Weinberg, M., 1324 Carroll Matt, Rabbi C. D., 626 Humboldt Weinstein, A. A.. 1475 Carroll Pkway. Weinstock, L., 421 Crown Miller, L. H., 190 Cleveland Av. Weitzman, Dr. I., 1543 71st Nathan, Mrs. H., 223 Depew Av. Wiener, George, 350 Stone Av. Oppenheim, W. H., 245 Richmond Av. Wilson, Dr. S. J., 208 New York Av. Polokoff, C, Prudential Bldg. Wolf, F. N., 1162 E. 14th Rayck, L. I., 15 Eureka PI. Wolodarsky, A., 255 E. Parkway Rivo, M., 47 Fordham Dr. Wolodarsky, Dr. A. Z., 676 E. Pkway. Rosen, Daniel, 291 Commonwealth Av. Wolpert, Miss J., 8661 20th Av. Ruslander, D., Erie County Bk. Bldg. Wolsk, I., 1414 51st Saperston, W. W., 130 Dorchester Rd. Yondorf, Meyer, 522 E. 8th Sapowitch, J. A., 40 Manchester PI. Young Israel Synagogue, 490 Bradford Schaffer, B. N., 396 Lafayette Av. Zabronsky, J. O., 4722 12th Av. Schwartz, E., Prudential Bldg. Zimmerman,' Ama, 236 Ellery Sernoffsky, Dr. I., 94 Russell Av. Ziony, Fannie, 389 E. 2d Slohm, Miss E. B.. 1037 Elmwood Av. Zorn, F., 2312 Av. T Stulberg, J., 419 Richmond Av. Zvirin, N., 26 Court Sukernek, L., Jr., 100 Richmond Av. Sunday Sch. Tem. Beth El, 151 Rich- Buffalo mond Av. Aaronson, M., 430 Huntington Av. Temple Beth David Library Bernstone, M., 430 Bramson Bldg. Ulman, F., Mutual Life Bldg. Bladin, G., 420 Woodbridge Av. Wallens, Marcus, 327 E. Eagle Blumenthal, P. L., 176 Franklin Weinstein, Miss S., 141 Crestwood Av. Brickman, Mrs. S., 182 Landon Wile, H., Ellicott & Carroll Buffalo Public Library Williams, Miss C, 90 Hoyt JEWISH PUBLICATION SOCIETY 387

Yellen, J. S., 237 Linwood Ave. Diamond, Mrs. A., 1216 Neilson Av. Yellen, M. M., Manufacturers & Goldberg, A., 2233 Brookhaven Av. Traders Bldg. King, Mrs. A., 1355 Chandler Av. Young Women's Club of Temple Beth Levy, J., 820 Central Av. David Moskowitz, H. J., 1298 Central Av. Zackheim, J. B., 65 St. James PI. Rosenthal, S. M., 1131 Hollywood Av. Salwen, N., 1108 Seneca Catskill Steiner, S. J., 60 Gibson Place Margolius. Mrs. I. M., 352 Main Flushing Finkenthal, J., 50 S. 18th Cedarhurst, L. I. Haas, J., 207 Murray Kohn, Mrs. M., Oceanpoint Av. Mendell, M. L., 3503 157th Westin, M. H., 1845 7th Av. Zeamans, Mrs. H. R., 1 Delaware Coney Island Forest Hills Reiss, Miss Leah, 6 Stern Walk Allmayer, E., 95 Livingston Rubin, I. H., 3712 Oceanic Av. Freeport Corona Colish, N. H., 51 Mount Av. Mikol, M., 166 Penna. Av. Perlo, Samuel, 108-21 Ditmars Av. Cresrwo-od Glen Cove Jospe, Theo., 49 School LIBRARY MEMBER Lindheim, Mrs. N. R. Shiman, Abraham Glens Falls ANNUAL MEMBER Metzner, H., 34 Union Robison, L., 251 West Chester Av. Gloversville Croton on Hudson Gloversville Jewish Com., Inc., Knox LIBRARY MEMBER Bldg. Rosen, Joseph A., Box 39 Horwitz. W., 7 5th Av. Karch, M., 77 Division Egsrertsville Moses, Joe, 52 1st Av. Coplon, Joseph Great Neck Elmhurst Crystal, H. S., Ridge Drive, E. Kramer, V. A., 15 Dewey Startz, Dr. I. S., 24 Gleane Harrison Kugel, Harry J. Elmira Goldstein, H., 106 Dewitt Av. Haverstraw Hample, A. G., 705 Riverside Av. Adler, Henry, 115 Broadway Horwitz Bros., 211 Baldwin Levy, Ben. F., 454 W. Water Herkimer Radin, H. I., 113 Grove Schermer, Benj., 328 N. Wash. Steele Memorial Library Hudson Elmsford Kline, Samuel, 438 E. Allen Morey, S. M., Hartsdale Rd. Huntington, I— I. Far Rockaway Hardt, Miss M., c/o Huntington LIBRARY MEMBER Hospital Salit, M., 1152 New Wilson, Miss Fannie, c/o Huntington Hospital ANNUAL MEMBERS Baum, Dr. J., 2270 Mott Av. Ithaca Benjamin, A., 5 New Broadway Hurwitz, W. A., 610 E. Buffalo Bloch, H., 1449 Edgmont PI. Sainburg, Dr. P. C, 209 E. State Daniger, S., 2535 Ocean Av. Jamaica Davidson, P. W., 36 Seneca Felberbaum, N., 161-10 Jamaica Av. Denenholz, Mrs. J. H., Neilson Av. Grossman, M., 30 Hedges PI. 388 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK

Jamestown Massena Davis, S., 35 Barrett Av. Friedman, Wm., 154 Highland Av. Minsker, E., 151 Foote Av. Middleton Kew Gardens Sturman, R., Times-Press LIBRARY MEMBER Nalven, Jacob, 110 Onslow PI. Monticello ANNUAL MEMBERS Rosenthal, Dr. J. M., 205 Broadway Levine, A., 118-35 Metropolitan Av. Rothenberg, Miss Sarah, 28 Prince Metzger, H. J., 57 Beverly Rd. Shay, Mrs. S., 190 Richmond Hill Av. Mount Vernon LIBRARY MEMBERS Kingston Cowen, A. Y., 270 Prospect Av. Stern, Dr. A. A., 20 Home Feist, Leo., i7 Central Blvd. Levine, A., 22 W. 1st Larchmont ANNUAL MEMBERS Burton, Theo. D., Cedar Av. Aronowitz, Fannie J., 118 S. 13th Av. Davidson, P., 70 N. Chatsworth Av. Breitbart, B., 4 Wallace Av. Stern, S. W., 310 Forest Av. Davis, J., 121 Wallace Av. Durst, J., 136 Esplanade Lawrence Essrig, Dr. J., 144 Urban Fell, A., 134 N. Fulton Av. LIBRARY MEMBER Finkelstein, C. 30 Greendale Av. Gottesman, D. S. Friedman, H. S., 352 Franklin Ave. Friedman, Mrs. J., 260 Rich Av. ANNUAL MEMBERS Fromm, Mrs. J., 27 S. 7th Av. Landman, Rev. I., Box 323 Gevirtz, Abr., 470 E. Lincoln Av. Markovvitz, Rabbi M., Fulton Gorfinkle, Rabbi J. I., 319 N. Fulton Schnell, H., Bway. & Marguerite Av. Av. Heymann, Mrs. M., 141 Wallace Av. Liberty Horvitz, A., 206 Langdon Av. Antonowsky, Dr. B. S., 210 N. Main Kadis, I., 296 E. Fifth Rayevsky, Dr. Chas., 75 Chestnut Kaliski, Mrs. H., 16 Magnolia Av. Rozofsky, L., 32 N. Main Kitt, P., 72 S. 4th Av. Singer, Dr. E., 244 N. Main Lake, Mrs. H. H., 265 N. Fulton Av. Lieberman, I., 146 Elm Av. London, C. M., 210 Westchester Av. Little Falls Malsin, Mrs. L., 149 Esplanade Grieff, S., 93 Prospect Mann, Leon, 32 Winfield Av. Margolis, Rabbi E., 16 Glen Av. Mottsman, H., 41 Winfield Av. Long Beach Oleet, I., 311 S. 3d Av. Goldberg, M. M., 140 W. Market Quitman, J., 105 Wallace Av. Sandberg, H. O., 169 E. Olive Rosen, M., 147 Stevens Av. Schwarz, Julius, 238 W. Penn Rothenberg, P., 186 Penna. Av. Samuels, Mrs. I., 107 Villa Long Island City Schaffer, M., 106 Primrose Av. Schechter, Miss L., 318 S. 3d Av. Cohen, I. E., 3935 45th Simon, M., 321 Nuber Av. Davidson, L. S., Loose-Wiles Biscuit Smith, J., 282 Claremont Av. Co. Sussman, Dr. H., 36 Primrose Av. Herzog, Dr. Ed. A., 223 Potter Av. Temple Sinai Library Horowitz, Bertha. 54 Welling Tracttenberg, J., 138 Elm Av. Kopelman, Dr. I. M., 337 Steinway Weill, Max, 280 Rich Av. Av. Workman, J. A., 156 Claremont Av. Rabinowitz, Dr. C, 520 Jamaica Av. Zimmerman, H. I., 109 Wallace Av. Steiner, G., 483 7th Av. Manhattan Beach Neponsit Aronson, D., 51 Amherst Salpeter, Mrs. M., W. 339 B. 144th Baltuch, M., 60 Coleridge Grossman, Rabbi J. B., 220 Amherst New Brighton Marder, Leo, 245 Amherst Ancelevitz, S., 371 Oakland Av. Signer, Rabbi I., 47 Beaumont Attinson, Mollie, 144 Benziger JEWISH PUBLICATION SOCIETY 389

Riykin, J., 200 Jersey Lasker, E., 25 W. 45th Spitzer, H. L., 163 Westervelt Av. Lehman, Hon. Irving, 36 W. 44th Strauss, F. A., 230 Hamilton Av. Marshall, J., 50 Central Pk., W. Robbins, B. R., 17 E. 87th Newburgh Robertson, L. J., 41 Spruce Robinson, A., 171 W. 71st Kempler, R. & A.. 86 S. Water Sadacca, H., 546 Broadway Stern, F., 193 Grand Sadowsky, R., Bway. at 37th Unterberg, Israel, 90 Franklin New Rochelle LIBRARY MEMBERS LIBRARY MEMBERS Amdur, N. W., 120 Broadview Av. Abraham, Dr. S., Ill W. 86th Brecher, Leo., 110 Elk Av. Abrahamson, Mrs. R., 260 Riverside Cohen, I. B., 507 Main Dr. Elbert, A., 554 Webster Av. Arkush, R., 345 W. 88th James, M., 29 Brockdale Av. Atkins, I. S., Public Natl. Bk. Berlin, Irving, 29 W. 46th Worms, S., 120 Beaufort PI. Billow, A., 400 Ft. Wash. Av. ANNUAL MEMBERS Block, P., 247 Park Av. Grant, Adolph, 131 Lockwood Av. Blumgart, L., 325 West End Av. Greenberg, Rabbi L., 9 Burling La. Bob, H. D., 40 Leonard Bondy, E. L., 276 5th Av. Hendricks, Mrs. C, 59 Locust Av. Brill, Dr. A. A., 15 W. 70th Heyman, Mrs. O., 26 Slocum Cohen, J. H., 498 7th Av. Potter, S. A., 70 Manor PI. Cohen, N., 2400 Valentine Av. Rosett, Mrs. F. S., 35 Brookdale Av. Cohen, Simon, 123 William Sloman, M., 88 Broadview Av. Curiel, H., 420 W. Broadway Dazian, Henry, 144 W. 44th New York City Deiches, M., 44 Wall Deutsch, J., 35 Montgomery LIFE MEMBERS Dorfman, L., 1775 Broadway Buttonweiser, J. L., 200 5th Av. Eckman, S., Jr., 207 W. 106th Elkus, Abram I., 165 Broadway Edu. Alliance, E. Bway. & Jefferson Fischel, Harry, 276 5th Av. Eisemann, E., 63 W. 38th Goodhart, P. J., 21 W. 81st Enelow, Rev. Dr. H. G., 4 E. 76th Kempner, I. H., 522 5th Av. Erlanger, A. U, 214 W. 42d Kohut, Rev. G. A., 220 W. 87th Feiner, B. F., 52 William Lamport, A. M., 44 Pine Fischman, Wm., 205 W. 39th Lamport, S. C, 1125 5th Av. Fox, Geo. I., 164 W. 25th Marshall, Louis, 47 E. 72d Frank, J. J., 173 Riverside Dr. Mosessohn, D. N., 255 W. 84th Frankel, F., 37 W. 37th Schiff, Mrs. Jacob H., 965 5th Av. Frankel, M., 19 W. 44th Schiff, Mortimer L., 52 William Frichman, S., 19 W. 44th Sulzberger, C. L.. 305 West End Av. Friedkin, Israel, 77 Bowery Warburg, Felix M., 1109 5th Av. Friedman, E., 915 Broadway Warburg, Mrs. F. M., 1109 5th Av. Friedman, H. G., 202 Riverside Dr. Wiesen, Max, 500 7th Av. Friedman, J., Jr., 680 West End Av. Gainsburg, I., 291 Broadway SUSTAINING MEMBERS Gans, I. I., 45 W. 18th Fels, Mrs. J., 1 W. 81st Gilbert, J. E., 970 Park Av. Gladstone, A. I., 233 Broadway Ochs, A. S., 308 W. 75th Glass, M. L., 430 6th Av. FRIENDS Glemby, Harry, 12 E. 22d Gluckman, M., 2070 Grand Av. Ittleson, H., 1050 Park Av. Goldsmith, A., 36 W. 69th Kamaiky, L., 185 E. Broadway Goldstein, Rabbi I., 233 W. 8rd Schiff, Mrs. Jacob H., 965 5th Av. Goodfried, Dr. I. L., 898 West End Vogelstein, L., 270 Park Av. PATRONS Av. Baerwald, P., 120 Broadway Goodfriend, Miss Carrie, 645 West Becher, M. M., 538 W. 143d End Av. Erlanger, Hon. Abraham, 50 W. 54th Gottlieb, Albert S., 101 Park AT. Goldman, Julius, 132 E. 70th Green, C, 98 Lafayette Greendlinger, L., 13 Astor PI. Greenwald, M., 1340 Rosedale Av. D. & F. Guggenheim Found., 120 Bwy. Guggenheim, Simon, 120 Broadway Guggenheim, Sol. R., 120 Broadway Guggenheim, Wm., 35 E. SOth Guinzburg, Mrs. V., 21 W. 89th Hahn, A., 25 E. 86th Katz, Eugene, 161 W. 54th Halkin, Abr. S.. 140 5th Av. 390 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK

Harris, E. K., 17 John Rheinauer, D., 50 Morningside Av. Harris, M., 53 Hamilton Ter. Rich, M. B., 66 Broadway Heb. Orphan Asy., 1560 Amsterdam Robinson, Dr. M. R., 1125 Madison Av. Av. Heb. Shel. & Im. Aid Soc., 425 Rocker, L. P., 25 Broad Lafayette Rosenberg, M. H., 501 W. 110th Hendricks, H. S., 128 Broadway Rosenberg, S., 1440 Broadway Herbst, J. H., 276 Riverside Dr. Rosenblatt, A., 8725 Bay 27th Herzog, S. A., 64 E. 86th Rubin, J. H., 271 Central Pk., W. Hirschkorn, M., 98 Lafayette Runshein, J., 17 E. 42d Hirsh, H. 100 Broadway Sack, S., 176 W. 87th Holstein, M. G., 165 Broadway Samuels S., 45 W. 81st Horowitz, Dr. P., 57 W. 73rd Satenstein, L., 406 W. 31st House, N. C, 17 W. 96th Saxe, Sig., Ill W. 78th Hurewitz, M., 332 Central Pk., W. Schamus, J. B., 90 Riverside Dr. Ind. Ord. Free Sons of Isrl., 3109 Schilt, Mrs. L., 120 W. 70th Broadway Schneiderman, H., 171 Madison Av. Jewish Inst. of Religion Liby., 40 W. Schweitzer, I. S., 500 West End Av. Segal, M. S., 206 Lexington Ave. 68th Shiman, David, 234 W. 39th Joseph, M. N., 36 W. 20th Siegel, J., 205 W. 39th Kahn, O. H., 54 William Silberstein, Abr., 10 6th Av. Kastor, A., 14 W. 70th Simonds, L. B., 680 West End Av. Kohnstamm, E., 87 Park PI. Slater, J. P., 66 Ft. Wash. Av. Kohnstamm, Tos., 320 Central Pk., W. Solomon, A., 865 West End Av. Koplik, C. M., 101 Park Row Solomon, Rev. E. L., 1326 Madison Av. Kramer, S., 285 Madison Av. Solomon, W. J., 150 W. 82d Lachman, S., 290 West End Av. Stein, B. M., 412 E. 125th Lamport, Mrs. A. M., 590 West End Stern, Leopold, 2 W. 46th Stern, Meyer, 31 White Lamport, S., 1 W. 93d Straus, Hon. N. Jr., 13 W. 76th Leblang, J., 1482 Broadway Strauss, Mrs. M., 401 West End Av. Lehman, A., 31 W. 56th Strauss, Samuel, 885 Park Av. Levine, Miss Minnie, 915 Fox Strauss, S., 3 E. 44th Levy, W., 210 Riverside Dr. Stroock, S. M., 141 Broadway Liebovitz, S., 607 West End Av. Sugarman, M. H., 345 Madison Av. Livingstone, D., 542 Fifth Av. Sulzberger, M., 240 E. 72d Louis, Harry J., 200 W. 57th Tekulsky, S., 285 Madison Av. Lowe, M. A., 1375 Broadway Telsey, S. A., 80 Maiden Lane Lurie, I. J., 57 2d Av. Unger, Henry W., 1239 Madison Av. Marcus, B. K., 320 5th Av. Unterberg, D. W., 11 W. 86th Margolis, B., 875 West End Av. Wallach, M., 53 E. 80th Mark, J., 51 Chambers Walter, Mrs. W. I., Hotel St. Regis Markewich, S., 168 W. 86th Warburg, P. M., 17 E. 80th Marzbach, G., 44 Pine Wasservogel, Hon. I., 40 E. 83d Mayer, B., 41 E. 72d Wiernik, P., 77 Bowery Meyer, E., 14 Wall Wilner, Max, 46 White Meyer, Max, 3090 7th Av. Wimpfheimer, Chas. A., 450 4th Av. Miller, Dr. J. A., 345 W. 84th Winter, B., 250 Park Av. Miller, N. J., 120 Broadway Wise. E. E.. 550 Park Av. Monfried, M., 310 W. 86th Wolff, B., 21 E. 82d Morgenthau, H., 417 Park Av. Y. M. H. A., 148 E. 92d Morrisons, Inc., 1370 Broadway Zieser, J. H., 50 E. 42d Moskowitz, I., 778 First Av. Zinke, A. U., 120 Broadway Munk, O., 575 Riverside Dr. Zipser, Dr. J. E., 122 E. 82d Mutterperl, S., 18 W. 18th ANNUAL MEMBERS Nathan, Edgar, J., 140 W. 71st Newburger. Joseph E., 10 W. 86th Newman, E. L., 1932 Arthur Av. Aaron, Miss C. L., 1274 Lafayette Av. Paley, A. B., 25 W. 43rd Abel, Dr. S., 1525 Madison Av. Paskus, Martin, 2 Rector Abelson, Dr. P., 385 Central Pk., W. Pearlman, P., 1616 Webster Av. Aber, Dr. S. S., 119 W. 57th Platzek, M. Warley, 65 Central Pk., W. Aberle, A. J., 1440 Broadway Plonsky, E., 627 Broadway Abert, B., 40 E. 83d Polak, I., 249 Pearl Abraham, N. 701 W. 177th Portugal, I., 140 6th Av. Abrahams, H., 856 Elsmere PI. Posner, Louis S., 115 Broadway Abrahams, Dr. R., 277 West End Av. Kaisler, S., 173 Riverside Dr. Abrahams, S., 270 Madison Av. Abramowitz, Dr. A. E., 114 5th Av. JEWISH PUBLICATION SOCIETY 391

Abrams, J. D., 2 Lafayette rfen Ami, Jacob, 620 W. 116th Abramson, N. M., 180 Riverside Dr. Bendheim, S., 233 Broadway Abramson, S., 63 Park Row Benedek, M. H., 1133 B'way Abramson, W., 1133 Broadway Benjamin, M. Z., 905 West End Av. Addelson, Dr. W. M., 672 Fort George Benjamin, Dr. S., 512 Broadway Av. Bennenson, R., 265 E. 197th Adler, Dr. F., Soc. for Ethical Culture Bennett, A. M., Narragansett Hotel Adler, Mary, 1693 Selwyn Av. Bennett, Jacob, Fisk Bldg. Adlerblum, D., 395 Ft. Wash. Av. Bereano, Dr. P., 1316 Fulton Av. Adlerblum, I. S., 1 Madison Av. Berg, Max, 949 Broadway Ahrend, D. H., 52 Duane Berger, Dr. I. S., 391 E. 149th Ain, W., 335 Canal Berger, M. A., 57 E. 11th Alexander, B., 1133 B'way Berger, S., 2701 Gd. Concourse Alexander, J. J., 110 William Bergman, Mrs. M., 228 W. 72d Allison, Miss M., 866 S. Blvd. Berkowitz, A., 2005 Clinton Av. Alstat, Rabbi P. R., 309 E. 170th Berlin, Rabbi M., 31 Union Sq. Amer. Jewish Congress, 8 W. 40th Aminsky, P., 15 Park Row Berlinger, Dr. R., 244 Riverside Dr. Amkraut, Rev. E., 598 Prospect Av. Berman, L. E., 189 Sherman Av. Amster, N. L., 25 Broad Bernhard, G., 1574 Crotona Pk. E. Anenberg, L., 302 B'dway Bernhardt, Miss F., 418 E. 84th Antin, B., 850 E. 161st Bernheim, M., 347 Fifth Av. Apfel, Chas., 522 5th Av. Bernheimer, Dr. C. S., 320 W. 89th Appleton, W., 1343 5th Av. Bernstein, B., 755 West End Av. Arens, M., 261 B'way Bernstein, B., 299 B'way Arnstein, A., 1050 Park Av. Bernstein, D., 54 Howard Arnstein, Bros. & Co., 20 W. 47th Bernstein, Dr. I. I., 2021 Gd. Con- Aronin, M., 151 W. 26th course Aronson, P. N., 272 W. 90th Bernstein, M., 14 Delancey Aronstein, A., 80 Maiden Lane Bernstein, M., 1700 Crotona Pk., E. Aronstein, Dr. Wm., 576 5th Av. Bernstein, P., 715 W. 175th Ascher, Mrs. M., 225 Central Pk. W. Bernstein, Sam'l, 219 W. 81st Asen, Dr. A., 423 Grand Bernstein, Saul, 565 5th Av. Ash, Abr., 106 5th Av. Bers, Jos. L., 10 Desbrosses Ash, Mark, 79 Wall Behylson, Dr. A. E., 585 West End Ashrey, H., 1805 University Av. Av. Asinof, M., 801 Broadway Bijur, Hon. Nathan, 160 W. 75th Atlas, Harry, 329 Greenwich Bildersee, Miss A., 150 W. 95th Atlas, S. A., 730 Riverside Dr. Bilgore, David, 261 Wash. August, Master, B., 450 W. 147th Binder, Abr. W., 385 Central Pk., W. August, R., 544 W. 157th Binder, J. M., 245 Wordsworth Av. Bach, J. J., 50 W. 77th Bing, Alexander M., 1155 Park Av. Bache, L., 220 B'way Birkhahn, R. C. 420 Lexington Ave. Bacharach, EL, 239 Central Pk. W. Birnbaum, M., 385 E. Mosholu Pkway. Baskt, Dr. Jos., 1107 Hoe Av. Black, M. J., 353 4th Av. Balagur, M., 612 W. 112th Blauner, I., 272 W. 90th Ballin, H., 1749 Gd. Concourse Blechman, Simon, 502 B'way Banish, Sarah, 116 Elliott PI. Bloch, M. E., 783 Beck Banner, E., 25 Broad Block Publishing Co., 31 W. 31st Barash, P. J., 108 W. 43d Bloch, Simon, 49 E. 88th Barash, T., 165 W. 91st Block, A. J., 1285 3d Av. Barlaz, E., 1664 Hoe Av. Block, A. S., 165-7 Henry Barnett, I. M., 66 Gold Block, G., 21 E. 40th Barnett, S., 305 Riverside Dr. Block, Dr. I., 1845 Madison Av. Baroff, Abner A., 617 E. 181st Block, J. L., 231 Bowery Baron, D., 251 W. 89th Bloom, Abraham, 15 W. 37th Baron, Evelyn H., 1380 Fifth Av. Baron de Hursh Fund, 233 B'way Bloom, H., 215 W. 98th Barondess, Jos., 1440 Broadway Bloom, Rev. I. M., 564 W. 160th Bakst, Dr. Jos., 1107 Roe Av. Bluhm, S., 824 West End Av. Baumgart, I., 928 Broadway Blumberg, L., 58 E. 113th Beckhardt, M., 2755 Bainbridge Av. Blumberg, S., 1801 7th Av. Beder, Dr. M. W., 1889 Madison Av. Blumberg, S., 345 W. 88th Behrman, M. H., 110 5th Av. Blumstock, M., 106 Ft. Wash. Av. Beier, A., 305 B'way Blumenthal, M. B., 233 Broadway Beier, S. K., 261 Broadway Blumenthal, S., 305 W. 90th Belais, H., 145 W. 36th Bob, Maurice H., 425 Broadway Bock, Miss S., 2444 Wash. Ave. Boemerwald, I. L.., 72 Madison Av. 392 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK

Bogart, Bernard, 92 St. Nicholas Av. Coden, S., 480 Amsterdam Av. Bogart, John, 63 Park Row Cohen, A., 342 Madison Av. Bogdonoff, M., 2777 Pond PI. Cohen, Abr., 255 W. 90th Borg, Sidney C, Hotel Chatham Cohen, Dr. A. B., 347 5th Av. Borgenicht, L., 1333 Broadway Cohen, Boaz, 531 W. 123d Boskey, M., 36 W. 44th Cohen, Benj. D., 53 E. 112th Bossowick, I., 1440 Broadway Cohen, B., 132 E. 87th Boudin, J. B., 110 W. 40th Cohen, Chas., 507 B'way Boudin, L. B., 70 W. 40th Cohen, G., 217 Broadway Boyarsky, I., 1701 Eastburn Av. Cohen, G. L., 353 W. 118th Brand, H., 404 E. 48th Cohen, I., 136 E. 95th Branower, Dr. Wm., 945 West End Av. Cohen, Isaac, 801 Riverside Dr. Braslau, A., 225 W. 86th Cohen, J. A., 260 Ft. Wash. Av. Braun, Dr. J., 266 West End Av. Cohen, T., 277 Broadway Braunstein, B.. 46 W. 68th Cohen, J. X., 40 W. 68th Braus, Mrs. H. L., 545 W. 111th Cohen, Leo, 299 Broadway Braverman, H. L., 386 E. 4th Cohen, Max, 632 Faile Bregman, H., 285 Madison Av. Cohen. Dr. Milton, 307 W. 79th Brentano, Mrs. F. I., 225 5th Av. Cohen, Moses, 51 Chambers Bresler, M. H., 507 Broadway Cohen, N., 295 Wadsworth Av. Bressler, D. M., 75 Maiden Lane Cohen, Miss R. A., 1708 Topping Av. Bressler, Dr. J., 391 E. 8th Cohen, Rabbi S. M., 531 W. 123d Bressler, M. L., 833 E. 167th Cohen, Samuel, 233 W. 25th Bril, Rabbi I. L., 1615 University Av. Cohen, S., 207 Clinton Brinn, S., 277 Broadway Cohn, Dr. A. E., 315 Central Pk., W. Brodek, C. A., 354 West End Av. Cohn, Dr. I., 229 W. 97th Brodman Dr. H., 124 E. 39th Cohn, Louis, 302 B'way Brody, H. I., 1644 Montgomery Av. Cohn, M., 2 Rector Brower, Dr. J. L., 43 St. Marks PI. Coles, Jos. I., 233 B'way Buchler, Rev. Dr. S., 1800 7th Av. Cong. Emanuel Rel. School, 4 E. 76th Buchsbaum, J., 116 W. 29th Conheim, Hermann, 9 Burling Slip Bullowa, Dr. A. M., 64 E. 80th Conning, Rev. J. S., 156 5th Av. Burdick, A. A., 225 B'way Cooper, I., 142 Morton PI. Bureau of Jewish Edit., 140 5th Av. Cooperman, S. B., 1461 1st Av. Bu. of Jewish Social Research, 114 5th Crausman, B., 2333 Grand Av. Av. Daniger, D. D., 303 5th Av. Burney. H. R., 2 Lafayette Dannenbaum, M., 451 4th Av. Burstein, Rabbi Abr., 118 Post Av. Danziger, Mrs. Max, 11 E. 79th Butler, Max H., 9-11 W. 4th Dauber, J., 156 W. 34th Cahan, S., 605 W. 113th Davidson, A., Greystone Hotel Cahn, Arthur L., 43 Exchange PI. Davidson, A., 302 W. 86th Cahn, J. M., 212 W. 104th Davidson, B., 225 W. 34th Caiman, Dr. M. S., 600 W. 181st Davidson, G., 174 2d Av. Cantor, H. S., 2150 Crotona Parkway Davidson, I., 249 W. 112th Caplaw, S., 2 Lafayette Davidson, Dr. I., 218 W. 112th Cardoza, Hon. B. N., 16 W. 75th Davidson, Dr. Israel, 92 Morningside Carlinger, J., Dyckman St. & River Ay. Rd. Davidson, M. P., 261 B'way Carton, D., 218 W. 40th Davis, A. M., 152 W. 118th Caspe, Dr. A., 2105 Walton Av. Davis, Anna R., 1249 Findlay Av. Caspe, Dr. M., 73 W. 119th Davis, Miss Dorothy, 707 Cauldwell Celler, E., 51 Chambers Ay. Celniker, Dr. S. J., 128 Lewis Davis, Morton I., 949 B'way Chalif, L. H., 163 W. 57th Davis, Moses, 13-19 University PI. Chalmers, T. M., 2654 Marion Av. Davison, S., 815 W. 181st Charnas, H., 49 W. 24th DeHaas, J., 50 Morningside Dr. Chertoff, N., 530 Broadway Deitch, J., 2105 Ryer Av. Chertok, Dr. M. A., 200 5th Av. Deligtisch, Dr. E., 2 Thayer Chipkin, I. S., 68 W. 117th Delman, J. D., 1476 B'way Chipkemitz, Pauline, 1060 Union Av. Derow, Dr. David, 17 W. 9th Chorosh, Wm., Paramount Bldg. Deutsch, B. S.. 261 B'way Citron, Dr. G. B., 66 E. 111th Diamond, Dr. B., 1488 Wash. Av. Civic, Maxwell, 120 Broadway Diamond, Henry, 11 Eldridge Clemons, Miss Tulia, 19 W. 69th Diamond, Dr. J. S., 16 E. 83rd Clurman, Dr. S. M., 1475 Gd. Con- Dickheiser, S. J.. 137 W. 110th course Dickstein, Hon. S., 304 E. B'way Coblens, R., 280 Broadway Dist. No. 1, I. O. B. B., 1819 B'way JEWISH PUBLICATION SOCIETY 393

Dix, Henry A., 135 Madison Av. Feinstein, A. L., 1540 B'way Dorb, Abraham, 680 West End Av. Feist, Max, 52 W. 38th Dorfman, R., 51 Chambers Feitelson, Dr. J., 55 Delancey Doskof, Dr. S., 562 5th Av. Feld, M., 1469 Jesup Av. Down Town Tal. Torah, 394 E. Feldman, J., 1810 Trafalgar PI. Houston Feldman, S., 1204 Lexington Av. Drazin, Wm., 301 E. B'way Feldman, Rev. S., 160 W. 98th Dreyfus, Dr. W. E., Hotel Hargrave Feldman, S., 1474 Jesup Av. Drosin, Dr. Louis, 1851 7th Av. Felsenthal, J., 404 E. 48th Drucker, M. A., 2084 Grand Av. Fensterstock, J., 545 West End Av. Druskin, Dr. Louis, 910 West End Av. Fierst, Harry P., 79 5th Av. Dubovsky, Dr. B., 17 W. 87th Fife Elias, 1615 University Av. Dukas, Julius J., 2 W. 72d Fine, S., 610 W. 110th Dworetsky, M., 26 Ferry Finelite, A., 150 Nassau Eckert, Dr. M. M., 2021 Gd. Con- Fink, R., 280 B'way course Finkelstein, Rabbi L., 1700 Crotona Edelman, S., 149 B'way Pk. E. Edelstein, S. M., Grand Central Box Finkelstein, Dr. M., 758 Dawson 66 Finkelstein, N. B., 36 W. 44th Edlin, W., 114 5th Av. Finkelstein, P. A., 124 W. 79th Edman, S., 537 B'way Finkelstone, E., 514 W. 110th Ehrlich, M. L., 3987 Carolin Finkelstone, M., 1105 Jerome Av. Ehrlman, Mrs. I., 1274 5th Av. Finn, J., 120 B'way Eiseman, Rev. A., 600 W. 111th Fischer, Jos., 115 B'way Eisen, J, M., 463 Seventh Av. Fisher, I. H., 531 W. 123d Eisler, S. H., 311 E. 4th Fishman, Mrs. A., 239 E. 18th Eisner, Jerome, 366 B'way Fishman, J., 77 Bowery Elion, Dr. R., 2295 Gd. Concourse Flatow, F., 17 John Elish, M. M., 29 Beekman Flatow, Ida, 76 W. 113th Ellenbogen. B. R., 638 W. 160th Flexner, Bernard, 40 Exchange PI. Ellis, E. K., 1482 B'way Fluegelman, N., 525 West End Av. Elster, Dr. H. B., 175 Forsyth Flusser, A. B., 635 W. 174th Fohs, F. J., 1000 Park Av. Endel, Chas. W., 152 W. 42d Fortgang, A., 191 Duane Engleman, Morris, 35 Nathan Davis Fox, Benj., 72 8th Av. • PI. Frackman, M., 51 Chambers Englander, P., 41 E. 42d Fradis, H., 1002 Woolworth Bldg. Engler, I., 1635 Montgomery Av. Frank, Louis, J.. 70 Jefferson Entmacher, C, 31 1st Frankel, Dr. Julius, 218 E. 15th Epstein, A., 325 Central Pk., W. Frankel, Dr. Lee K., 1 Madison Av. Epstein, E., 461 Produce Exchange Frankfurt, B., 455 7th Av. Epstefn, Ed., 46 W. 95th Franzblau, A. M., 4 E. 76th Epstein, H., 130 Post Av. Frauenthal, Dr. H. W., 160 W. 59th Epstein, Dr. H., 1456 Wash. Av. Freedman, Mrs. B. L., 57 W. 55th Epstein, Hayman, 154 W. 14th Freedman, D. M., Woolworth Bldg. Epstein, Dr. H. J., 1738 Crotona Pk., Freedman, Morris, 27 E. 95th E. Freedman, R., 1382 Prospect Av. Epstein, I., 9 Park PI. Freiberger, D., 1261 B'way Epstein, M. B., 500 7th Av. Freiman, L., 1540 B'way Epstein, M. W., 314 W. 100th Frenkel, Emil, 8 E. 81st Epstein, N. B., 2100 Creston Av. Frey, Dr. D. I., 2065 Gd. Concourse Epstein, S., 808 West End Av. Friedenberg, D. S., 315 4th Av. Erdmann, A. J., 7 E. 76th Friedenberg, S., 25 E. 86th Ernst, I. L., 151 W. 86th Friedland, Dr. E. J., 530 Willis Av. Eron, Jos. E., 187 E. B'way Friedland, Dr. H., 2021 Gd. Concourse Eskolsky, M., 256 E. B'way Friedlander, E., 142 W. 44th Faerber, L., 268 E. Houston Friedlander, M., 5 W. 75th Falk, Dr. H. C, 129 W. 86th Friedman, A. H., 301 E. B'way . Falk, Saml., 310 W. 94th Friedman, A., 315 W. 106th Farber, Dr. I., 1 E. 115th Friedman, C, 68 Lenox Av. Faust, Dr. I. S., 779 Prospect Av. Friedman, Dr. E. D., 1192 Park Av. Feder, H., 520 W. 110th Friedman, E. M., 11 Wall Federman, L., 113 5 th Av. Friedman, F. B., 2675 Valentine Av. Federman, M. J., 838 West End Av. Friedman, I., 415 Central Pk. W. Feigon, L., 301 E. B'way Friedman, I., 250 W. 85th Feinberg, A. A., 655 W. 160th Friedman, I. P., 256 Grand Feinberg, Benj. G., 501 W. 178th Friedman, Jacob H., 132 Nassau Feinberg, Sol., 1440 B'way 394 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK

Friedman, L. M., 216 W. 89th Goldsmith, H. Ely, 545 West End Av. Friedman, Dr. L. M., 324 E. 4th Goldsmith, M., 353 W. 85th Friedman M., 38 Ft. Wash. Av. Goldsmith, S. J., 151 Central Pk., W. Friedman, M., 835 Walton Av. Goldsmith, S. M., 25 Spruce Friedman, M., 155 Riverside Drive Goldsmith, S., 114 Fifth Av. Friedman, Saml. D., 628 B'way Goldstein, Dr. B., 44 W. 114th Fromberg, H. G., 320 B'way Goldstein, B., 2111 Grand Av. Frost, S., 41 W. 14th Goldstein, B., 50 Union Square Frutkin, S., Brokaw Bldg. Goldstein, C, 43 W. 23rd Fochs, Max, 233 B'way Goldstein, C. J., 302 B'way Fuerst, W. F., 87 Nassau Goldstein, D. I., 302 B'way Furgatch, S. H., 915 Prospect Av. Goldstein, E., 565 5th Av. Furman, Edw. I., 600 W. 161st Goldstein, Rabbi H. S., 1925 7th Av. Furman, Leo S., 740 West End Av. Goldstein, J., 600 W. 161st Galef, Jos., 30 Seaman Av. Goldstein, J. D., 565 5th Av. Gansberg, S., 37-39 Maiden Lane Ganz, S. H., 150 Nassau Goldstein, J. J., 72 Madison Garbat, Dr. A. L., 113 E. 81st Goldstein, Max, 501 7th Av. Garmesey, J. H., 51 Chambers Goldstein, Dr. P. R., 352 4th Av. Garten, S., 2 Lafayette Goldstein, R., 615 W. 173d Geiger, C, 45 W. 45th Goldstein, Dr. Wm., 2146 Hughes Av. Gciger, Mrs. D., 473 West End Av. Goldstone, Miss Rose, 1391 Madison Geist, A. J., 124 E. 84th Av. Geller, H. J., 2153 Amsterdam Av. Goldstone, Wm., 1925 Andrews Av. Gellert, Dr. S., 170 E. 61st Goldwasser, J. E., 345 4th Av. Gerber, Dr. J., 346 E. 10th Goldwater, Dr. A. L., 141 W. 121st Gettenberg, Dr. S., 2715 Gd. Con- Goldwater, Dr. S. S., Mt. Sinai Hos- course pital Gomberg, P. M., 2550 Grand Av. Gilbert, A. S., 2855 Gd. Concourse Goodfriend, Jacob, 542 5th Av. Gillenson C, 421 7th Av. Goodman, A. & Son, 640 E. 17th Gilman, Jacob, 116 Nassau Goodman, Dr. A., 220 E. 16th Gilston, J., 158 W. 73d Goodman, D. N., 636 W. 136th Gimbel, Mrs. I., 771 Madison Av. Goodman, E., 19 E. 105th Ginsberg, S., 621 B'way Goodman, S. A., 473 West End Av. Ginsburg, Max 119 Wooster Gordis, Robert 265 E. 181st Ginzberg, Dr. L. 568 W. 149th Gordon, Alfred, 17 John Gisnet, Morris, 1482 B'way Gordon, Bernard, Woolworth Bldg. Gladstone. H., 34 W. 36th Gordon, G. S., 740 Riverside Dr. Glauber, M., 2345 B'way Gordon, J. 271 Madison Av. Glucksman, H. L., 425 Riverside Dr. Gordon, Dr. N., 875 West End Av. Glucksman, J., 729 7th Av. Gottheil, Dr. R., 220 W. 98th Glushak, Dr. L., 317 W. 89th Gotthelf, Beatrice, 26 Union Sq. Goetz, I., 15 Park Row Gottlieb, J., 2126 Woolworth Bldg. Gold. L., 270 Madison Av. Gottlober, S., 319 W. 98th Goldberg, A., 123 William Goldberg, B. Z., 901 E. 179th Gottschall, S., 15 Claremont Av. Goldberg, H. M., 451 West End Av. Graef, A., 265 W. 36th Goldberg, Dr. J., 87 Vermilyea Av. Graff, Abr., 29 Canal Goldberg, Dr. M., 22 E. 89th Granet, Dr. Adolph, 45 E. 85th Goldberg, M. E., 1440 B'way Greenbaum, D., 299 Broadway Goldberg, M., 555 Cauldwell Av. Greenbaum, L. S., 7 Dey Goldberg, M. M., 417 W. 120th Greenbaum, Hon. S., 285 Madison Av. Goldberg, P., 339 W. 77th Greenberg, A., 187 Greene Goldberg, W., 151 W. 40th Greenberg, D. H., 157 Delancey Goldberg, Dr. Wm. H., 251 W. 95th Greenberg, Ethel, 1419 Nelson Av. Goldberger, L. J., 395 4th Av. Greenberg, Harry, 286 Broome Golde, Louis, 270 West End Av. Greenberg, H., 463 7th Av. Golde, Morris, 325 West End Av. Greenberg, Louis E., 2136 Clinton Av. Goldenberg, I., 2305 Grand Av. Greenberg, M., 99 Nassau Goldfarb, D. E., 258 B'way Greenbereer, M., 1133 Broadway Goldfarb, L., 123 William Greene, I. M., 277 Broadway Goldfarb, P., 302 B'way Greenebaum, S., 492 Broome Golding, J. H., 290 W. 93rd Greenfield, H. G., 51 Chambers Golding, S., 23 Haven Av. Greenfield, N. C, 1372 Broadway Goldman, Dr. A., 1801 Weeks Av. Greenhill, Jos., 160 Broadway Goldman, B., 79 5th Av. Greenstein, M., 206 W. 29th Goldsmith, A., 375 West End Av. Greenwald, I.. 50 E. 96th Grollman, J. W., 1424 Walton Av. JEWISH PUBLICATION SOCIETY 395

Gronich, A., 305 Broadway Horowitz, A., 626 W. 165th Gross, Leopold, 25 Beaver Horowitz, J. L., 440_E. 6th Gross, Dr. S., 746 E. 5th Horowitziritz,, Jos., 597 E. 170th Grossman, C, 115 Broadway Horowitz, J. L., 320 Grand Grossman, H. 603 Broadway Horowitz, L., 369 E. 4th Grossman, Rabbi L. B., 770 Faile Horowitz, M. M., 46 Ft. Wash. Av. Grossman, M. H., 115 Broadway Horowitz, S. I., 369 E. 4th Grossman, Wm, 115 Broadway Hoschander, Dr. J., 218 W. 112th Grunauer, R., 49 St. Nicholas Ter. Houdini, Mrs. H., 67 Payson Av. Gubin, Dr. S., 306 W. 100th Housman, C. J., 11 Wall Guelman, Dr. H., 245 E. 24th Housman, M. C, 2075 Creston Av. Guggenheim, Murry, 120 Broadway Huhner, Leon, 320 Central Pk., W. Gumzburg, Mrs. H. A., 115 W. 86th Hymanson, Rev. Dr. M., 1335 Madison Gutman, Louis, 1239 Madison Av. Hyman, DT. A., 144 E. 36th Haas, S. A., 9 E. 48th Hyman, Jos., 963 Stebbins Av. Haber, J., 122 Delancey Hyman, Jos. C, 92 Morningside Av. Hafer, H. E., 112 Riverside Dr. Hyman, Mrs. L., 20 W. 84th Hahn, I., 25 E. 86th Hyman, Mrs. Saml. I., 174 W. 76th Hamburger, H., 86 John Hymanson, Dr. A., 50 E. 96th Hand, Sol. S., 223 W. 35th Illoway, Dr. H., 1113 Madison Av. Handshoe, S., 342 Madison Av. Imbrey, S. H., 473 West End Av. Hano, A. R., Ansonia Hotel Inselbuch, S., 1501 Broadway Hano, Philip, 799 Broadway Isaacs, J. I., 1368 Sheridan Av. Harris, Abraham, 18 E. 106th Isaacs, Lewis M., 475 5th Av. Harris, C. A., 312 W. 93d Isaacs, Stanley M., 505 5th Av. Harris, Jacob M., 924 W. End Av. Isaacson. Jos. D., 40-46 W. 20th Harris, Rev. Dr. M. H., 418 Central Isaacson, R. I., 40-46 W. 20th Ish Kishor, J., Order Sons of Zion Pk., W. Jablow, A., 25 W. 44th Hayman, N., 15 Maiden Lane Jablow, J. M., 1384 Gd. Concourse Hebrew Teachers Union, 425 Lafayette Jablow, M., 120 W. 42d Hecht, Chas., 292 Madison Av. Jacobs, T. J., 430 W. 116th Hecht, Meyer, 8 Jacob Jacobs, M. L., 115 Broadway Held, Adolph, 222 W. 83d acobs, Ralph J., 37 W. 70th Helfat, J. N., 233 Broadway acobson, H. L., 165 Broadway Heller, A. A., 171 W. 71st acobson, M. L.f 165 Broadway Heller, Saml., 358 5th Av. acobson, Samuel J., 51 Chambers Heller, Zachary, 507 Broadway acoby, Elias, 1806 Winik PI. Hemley, Fred'k., 115 Broadway acoby, M., 1160 Park Av. Hendler, M., 604 Concord Av. affe, Moses, 1170 Broadway Herold, Jacob, 75 Leonard ais, J. D., 290 West End Av. Herring, P., 41 E. 42d alien, John J., 320 Central Pk. W. Hershfield, L., 704 Broadway alkut, Benj., 395 4th Av. Herskowitz, H., 900 Riverside Dr. anis, G. N., 3191 Rochambeau Av. Hertz, Emanuel, 149 Broadway anko, Dr. N., 25 Marble Hill Av. Herzog, Mrs. Jos., 808 West End Av. anowitz, Ruth, 2083 Daly Ay. Heyman, D. M., 815 Park Av. Janowsky, O. I., College of City of Heymsfeld, N. A., 1477 Wash. Av. Hill, Dr. I. J., 72 Rivington N. Y. Hill, M. C, 7th & East River Jarcho, Dr. J., 303 N. 106th Hillquit, M., 19 W. 44th Tarcho, M., 215 E. 37th Himmelstein, Dr. U., 10 E. 95th Jarecky, Dr. H., 168 W. 86th Himwich, Dr. A. A., 1871 Madison Jarett, H., 898 West End Av. Av. Jaslow, Lewis, 210 5th Av. Hirsch, Dr. Al., 432 B. 140th Jasper, Harry, 144 W. 27th Hirsch, Dr D., 636 Greenwich Terskey, Dr. Abram, 201 W. 117th Hirsch, Dr. Sol., 574 E. 141st Jew, Agri. & Aid Soc, 301 E. 14th Hirschstein P., 1009 Kelly Jewish Theological Sem., 531 W. 123d Hirsdansky S., 1700 Fulton Av. Joffe, J., 141 Broadway Hirsch, S., 10 W. 47th Toffe, S. A.. 521 W. 112th Hochberg, D., 30 Church Jonas, Ralph, 115 Broadway Hochman, M., 43 Essex Toseph, L., 865 West End Av. Hodes, H., 624 W. 176th jurist, Benj., 126 W. 32d Hoexter, J., 257 4th Av. Jurist, Dr. D., 325 E. 80th Hofheimer, H., 61 Broadway Tuster, Jos. A., 1170 Broadway Hollander, M. L., 37 7th Kahn, Alex., 320 Broadway Honig, E., 377 Edgecombe Av. Kahn, H., 1854 Loring PI. Horowitz, Dr. A. D., 440 E. 6th Kahn, H., 830 W. 177th 396 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK

Kahn, 1. 66 Broadway Kohn, Rabbi J., 215 W. 98th Kahn, Mrs. J. M., 200 W. 113th Kohn, Sol., 270 Madison Av. Kahn, Dr. Max, 415 Ft. Wash. Av. Kolodney, L. 15 Park Row Kaiden, Dr. M. H., 115 W. 73d Komitor, I. I., 877 Brook Av. Kalb, A. I., 31 W. Moshalu Pkway, N. Kommel, Alex., 800 West End Av. Kamerman, D., 1440 Broadway Kommel, N. A., 20 E. 76th Kantrowitz, Dr. B. A., 210 Riverside Kopelman, B. E., 280 Broadway Dr. Kopeloff, I., 6113 Spencer Av. Kantrowitz, J., 791 Lexington Av. Kopal, Dr. J., 954 2d Av. Kaplan, E., 67 E. 77th Korn, Chas., 285 Madison Av. Kaplan, Frances, 4 E. 76th Korn, H., 924 West End Av. Kaplan, G., 212 5th Av. Kornbluth, S., 1 Madison Av. Kaplan, H., 1820 Trafalgar PI. Kornfeld, A. E., 124 W. 7?th Kaplan, Dr. I. I., 55 E. 86th Kornreich, H., 356 Greenwich Kaplan, M., 2478 Grand Av. Kossin, Dr. L., 1181 Walton Av. Kaplan, Rev. M. M., 1 W. 89th Kotler, Sam, 1938 Loring PI. Kaplan, Dr. P., 9 E. 96th Kraft, S., 300 Riverside Dr. Kaplan, S., 106 W. 179th Kraker, Sarah, 5 Union Sq. Kaplan S. M., 40 E. 83d Krakower, Dr. T. B., Ill W. 119th Kapp, I., 624 Hudson Krakowski, Dr. M., 1665 Wash. Av. Karpf, M. J., 210 W. 91st Krass, Rev. Dr. N., 2370 Broadway Kashner, M., 27 E. 10th Kraushaar, Meyer, 51 Chambers Kastor, Sigmund, 109 Duane Kravit, A., 935 Kelly Katz, Miss Clara, 5 E. 106th Kresh, J. G., 2116 Morris Av. Kresh, Robt., 30-34 W. 26th Katz Dr. David, 808 West End Av. Krinsky, H. J., 299 Broadway Kat: Ida., 1319 E. New YorkAv. Kronenberg, B., 302 Broadway Katz Rabbi J., 945 E. 163d Krulewitch. Harry, 4115 Produce Ex. Katz, MarceC 325 W. 112th Kugel, S. H., 80 Maiden Lane Kaufman, H. B., 915 Fox Kuntz, H., 180 Broadway Kaufman, H. M., 970 Park Av. Kupferberg, F., 596 Broadway Kaufman, Win, 615 W. 143d Kurz, M., 240 West End Av. Kava, Dr. H. L., 640 W. 170th Kushner, S., 230 Clinton Kehlman, L., 229 W. 28th Kutz, A., 320 5th Av. Kehlmann, H., 229 W. 28th Kwestel, H., 225 Broadway Kehlmann, M., 1061 Hall PI. Labiner, N., 268 E. Houston Kehlman, N. M., 23 W. 119th Landa, Dr. M. G., 281 E. Broadway Keibel, Erich, 116 Broad Lande, L., 290 Broadway Keilson & Waxelbaum, 132 W. 43rd Lande, M. B., 749 West End Av. Kelson, Rabbi B., J. J., Hall, Columbia Landes, L., 676 Riverside Dr. Landres, S., 3965 Sedgwick Av. Kern, R. M., 126 W. 46th Landsberg, J., 326 Broadway Kessler, M., 603 Academy Landsman, S., 1380 Prospect Av. King. Sol., 1425 Wythe PI. Landy, J., 211 Ft. Wash. Av. Kirsch, J., 838 West End Av. Lang, H., 319 E. 79th Kirschstein, B., 113 W. 42nd Langsam, J., 321 Broadway Kleban, L. E., 131 Riverside Dr. Lasdon, S. D., 435 Riverside Dr. Kleban, Mrs. R., 2701 Gd. Concourse Lasky, S. D., 280 B'vvay. Kleban. S., 884 West End Av. Launer, DT. L., 309 E. 10th Kleiman, Sol.; 621 W. 188th Lazaroff, M.. 45 W. 110th Klein, Dr. David, c/o Col. of C. of Le Bayer, M. J., 1920 University Av. N. Y. Leblang, Jos., 225 W. 86th Klein, H. H., 1349 Lexington Av. Lederman, M., 153 W. 72d Klein, Jacob, 272 W. 90th Leffel, I., 1542 Coney Island Av. Klein, J. J., 19 W. 44th Lefkowitz, Mrs. D. E., 50 E. 96th Klein, M., 261 Broadway Lehr, I. A., 233 Broadway Klein, Rose, 1455 Fulton Av. Leichter, A., 90 Riverside Dr. Klein. Dr. W., 2021 Gr. Concourse Leichtman, Max, 120 W. 42d Kleinberg. I., 801 West End Av. Leitman, A., 647 Broadwav Kleinfeld, P. M., 1133 Broadway Lerman, Charles, 29 E. B'way Kling, Dr. Jehiel, 924 E. 181st Lerner, Milton, 261 Broadway Koch, H., 999 6th Av. Lesser, Henry, 2 Lafayette Koch. Jonas, 20 W. 47th Levenson, Jos., 243 Canal Koenig, Hon. Saml. S.. 27 Cedar Levenson, M., 568 B'way Koenigsberg. B., 400 E. Houston Levi, A. J., 45 E. 85th Kohler, E. J., 29 W. 85th Levin, Harry, 15 Park Row Kohler, Max J., 2 W. 88th Levine, Aaron, 210 W. 179th Kohn, A. H., 1386 Prospect Av. JEWISH PUBLICATION SOCIETY 397

Levine, B. A., 560 W. 165th Lipman, H. J., 371 Ft. Washington Levine Mrs. H., Public Nat'l Bank Av. Levine, Jos. M., 832 Manida Lipman, H., 295 Ft. Washington Av. Levine Murrayy,, 300 MadisoMadison Av. Lipman, J., 128 Ft. Wash. Av. Levine, P . MM. , 239 E. 115th Lipman, S., 359 Ft. Wash. Av. Levinsohn, Dr. H., 227 E. 10th Lippit, M., 512 B'way. Levinson, A., 65 Ft. Wash. Av. Lipshitz, I., 80 Lafayette Levinson, Chas., Fairfield Hotel Lissberger. B., 330 Park Av. Levinson, Dr. L. R., 1138 Vyse Av. Lissman, Rev. Dr. Ed., 417 Riverside Levinson, M., 151 E. Broadway Drive Levinthal, Miss Tillie, 53 E. 97th Littauer, L. N., 64 W. 87th Levitas, G., 367 Ford Liverman, H., 16 W. 40th Levitt, C. H., 1440 Broadway Loeb, J. F., 100 Broadway Levow, Benj., 1061 Tinton Av. Loewenstein, Dr. L. C, 180 Riverside Levy, A., 22 Mt. Morris Pk., W. Login, Paul, 29 E. 21st Levy, A., 777 West End Av. London, H., 310 W. 99th Levy, A. A., 25 W. 81st London, Monte, 270 Madison Av. Levy, A. M., 331 W. 84th Lookstein, Rabbi J. H., 25 E. 86th Levy, Aaron Wm., 225 Broadway Lorber, Dr. H., 135 E. 21st Levy, D., 515 West End Av. Lorsch, Miss Fannie, 885 West End Levy, David N., 1310 Grant Av. Av. Levy, E. B., 70 E. 45th Louchheim, W. C, 111 Broadway Levy, Eugene N., 345 Fourth Av. Lowenfeld, I., 565 5th Av. Levy, F. H., 11 Broadway Lowenstein, S., ISO W. 79th Levy, Harold, 336 Ft. Wash. Av. Lowinson, Oscar, 5 W. 91st Levy, H., 797 E. 170th Lubell, A. D., 158 E. 179th Levy, H., 129 E. 80th Lubell, A. P., 1851 7th Av. Levy, Isaac B., 317 W. 99th Lubell, J. J., 562 Broadway Levy, I. H., 37 Wall Lubell, Morris M., 502 Broadway Levy, J., 473 West End Av. Lubell, S. L., 789 West End Av. Levy, J., 256 Broadway Lurie, H. I., 38 Park Row Levy, Mrs. L. Napoleon, 101 E. 74th Lurie, Mrs. M., 1186 Madison Av. • Levy, Mrs. M., 600 W. 115th Lustig, J. A., 1976 Vyse Av. Levy, M., 630 W. 141st Lyons, D., 58 Beekman Levy, Meyer, 110 E. 42d Maccoby, Max, 10 Post Av. Levy, Sam'l, 295 5th Av. Mack, Harry, 52 William Levy, S. L., 87 University PI. Mack, Hugo S., 7 Beekman Levy, S. N., 86-88 Franklin Mack, Hon. J. W., Woolworth Bldg. Lewi, Isidor, N. Y. Herald Tribune Maler, Rabbi W. S., 64 W. 192nd Lewine, F., 110 E. 78th Manaccus, S., 325 Broadway Lewine, H. S., 565 Fifth Av.. Mandel, Max, 272 W. 90th Lewinson, Benno, 2880 Broadway . Mandell, K., 33 Rector Lewis, C. M., 262 W. 83d Manheimer, J. S., 250 W. 75th Lewis, D., 141 B'way Manheimer, S. S., 304 E. Broadway Lewis, S., Jr., 417 E. 85th Mann, Sam'l., 1121 Forest Av. Lewisohn, Adolph, 881 5th Av. Manner, Miss Jane, 60 W. 68th LeWitter, Dr. Arnold, 1108 Times Bldg. Marcus, N., 208-10 Wooster Lhowe, Harold R., 321 B'way. Marcus, S., 114 E. 90th Liberman, H. N., 2178 B'way. Margolies, Rabbi M. S., 25 E. 86th Lichtblau, N., 63 Park Row Margolin, N. E., 923 Walton Av. Lichtman, M., 611 Broadway Margolis, A. I., 893 Crotona Pk., N. Lidz, Israel, 248 W. 36th Margolis, S., 1290 Lafayette Av. Lieberman, Dr. L., 123 W. 119th Margolish, M. L., 627 B'way Liebkoff, A., 2034 Creston Av. Marion, Saml., 291 Broadway Liebovitz, A., 75 Leonard Markel, Max, 1326 Madison Av. Liebovitz, E. J., 75 Leonard Markowitz, B., 300 Water Liebowitz, H. H., 75 Leonard Marks, B., c/o Gimbel Bros. Lief, Dr. J. F., 527 5th Av. Marks, I., Hotel Majestic Lift, Dr. J., 757 Beck Marmor, C. K., 3 O Giles Place Lilienthal, G., 305 W. 72d Marrow. I. L., 55 White Lilienthal, S., 258 Wadsworth Av. Marx, Dr. A., 100 Morningside Drive Linde, B., 501 7th Av. Marx, M., 365 West End Av. Linfield, Dr. H. S.. 114 5th Av. Maslansky, P., 601 W. 160th Linker, G., 1728 Morris Av. Mason, Samuel, 309 W. 93d Linker, John, 175 E. 79th Maximon, S. B., 40 W. 68th Linsky, Jack, 63 W. 19th Mayper, A. A., 1440 B'way 398 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK

Mehler, Aron, 54 Harrison Newburger, S. M., 100 Broadway Meinhard, M. H., 215 4th Av. Newman, A. L., 755 Park Av. Meirowitz, Dr. Phil., 1133 B'way Newman, D., 366 Broadway Meltsner, Chas. N., 126 5th Av. Newman, Dr. S. L., 253 E. Broadway Mendelsohn, Col. M. J., 15 Park Row New York Public Library, 476 5th Av. Mendelsohn, Sig., 314 W. 107th Noshpitz, I., 1471 Vyse Ave. Mendelsohn, J., 840 Mott Av. Notess, M., 50 E. 42d Mendelson, Dr. H., 618 W. 164th Novak, A., 1187 Boston Rd. Mendes, Rev. Dr. H. P., 30 W. 70th November, N., 252 W. 85th Mendoza, I., 15 Ann Novogradsky, S. 161 Clinton Menken, M. M., 325 West End Av. Nusbaum, Myer, 342 Madison Av. Mensch, Mrs. Pauline, 525 W. E. Av.. Oshlag, Dr. J., 1060 Madison Av. Meyer, H. D., 225 Central Pk., W. Osserman, Simon E., 805 St. Nicholas Meyer, Louis, 220 B'way Av. Meyerowitz, A., 149 Broadway Paleg, Dr. B., 1136 Clay Av. Meyers & Sons, A., 24 W. 25th Paley, Louis J., 61 Broadway Meyrich, Eli, 30 University PI. Palitz, S., 320 W. 86th Michaelson, Ben. S., 1 Madison Av. Pantell, J. J., 857 Crotona Pk. W. Miller, Dr. D., 1767 Madison Av. Paskus, Gasa, 201 W. 72d Miller, Dr. I., 1515 Boston Rd. Pasternack, M.t Municipal Bldg. Miller, Dr. L., 122 Rivington Payson, H., 220 4th Av. Miller, N., 250 W. 39th Pell, L., 15S W. 44th Miller, Rabbi S., 1835-37 Univ. Av. Pereles, M. Flat Iron Bldg. Mindlin, H., 130 William Perkiss, M., 2600 Creston Av. Minsky, I., 200 Fifth Av. Perla, Dr. D., 3425 Knox PI. Mintz, M. L., 1398 Gd. Concourse Perla, Morris, 533 W. 112th Mintz, Mrs. S., 160 W. 95th Perlberg, Dr. E., 272 W. 125th Mitchell, S., 210 W. 70th Perlman, Max, 1440 Broadway Mittelman, Dr. J. H., 116 Columbia Perlman, Hon. N. D., 51 Chambers Mittler, B. B., 11 W. 42nd Perlman, S., 1876 Marmion Av. Moch, I., 600 W. 115th Perman, Samuel, 625 W. 164th Moisseiff, Leon S., 215 W. 101st Peyser, G. B., 969 2d Av. Moolton, Dr. R. J., 119 W. 57th Pfeiffer, Alex., 220 W. 98th Morais, Rev. H. S., Hotel Cecil Phillips, N., 50 E. 42d Morgenstern, David, 26 W. 17th Phillips, Capt. N. T 114 W. 74th Morgenstern, D. A., 2 Leaman Av. Pick M., 2178 Broadway Morrill, H., 1932 Loring PI. Pines, Miriam, 927 Av. St. John Morris, G., 220 5th Av. Pinkus, M., 51 Chambers Morton, A. S., 1440 B'way Pinski, D., 1950 Andrews Av. Moses, Abr., 584 Union Av. Podell, D. L., Ill Broadway Moseson, Rabbi C. E., 2046 Prospect Podolsky, D., 38 Park Row Moessohn, M., 29 E. 32d Pollack, J., 12 E. 22d Moshkovitz, Dr. Z., 344 E. 17th Pollak, Miss Gertrude, 53 Park PI. Moshkowitz, Dr. H., 147 E. 38th Pollak, S. B., 63 Park Row Moss, A., 108 W. 43d Pollock, B., 1 Madison Av. Moss, Nathan, 80 Maiden Lane Pollock, Henry W., 515 W. 110th St. Murzin, I., 42 Hester Pollock, M., 165 Broadway Musken, W., 683 Broadway Polstein, J., 1440 Broadway Myerson, M., 771 Crotona Pk., N. Pompan M. A., 38 Park Av. Nachimowsky, H.t 260 Audubon Av. Pool, Rev. Dr. D. deSola, 99 Central Nalven, L., 20 W. 22d Pk. W. Nash, Dr. E. M., 45 5th Av. Popkin, L., 103 Park Av. Nash, J., 52 Lispenard Posner, R. A., 238 Ft. Washington AT. Nashly, L., 46 Ft. Washington Av. Prager, Wm., 2 Rector Natapoff, S., 233 Broadway Prashker, L., 165 Broadway Nathan, Mrs. F., 225 W. 86th Prashker, R., 1895 University Av. Necarsulmer, H., 120 Broadway Preiser, Theo. H., 150 W. 111th Neivert, Dr. H., 1426 Walton Av. Preiss, Elias, 250 W. 104th Nemirov, J., 1775 Broadway Presman, B., 2608 Creston Av. Neuburger, Max, 8 E. 94th Pretzfeld, Mrs. E., 170 W. 74th Neulander, Rabbi A. H., 210 W. 107th Price, Dr. G. M., 31 Union Sq. Neulander, Rabbi J., 1009 Prospect Av. Projector, Dr. H., 1340 Nelson Av. Neustadt, Mrs. S., 927 5th Ave. Propp, Morris, 524 Broadway Nevelson, B., 19 W. 44th Proskauer, J. M-, 27 Madison Av. Newberger, S., 38 Park Row uat, Ephnm, 1680 Park Av. Newburger, Alfred H., 100 Broadway Buint, A., 36 E. 31st JEWISH PUBLICATION SOCIETY 399

Rabinovitch, M. A., 1226 Evergreen Rosen, David J., 47 Ft. Washington Ay. Av. Rabinowitz, Aaron, 1261 Broadway Rosen, Dr. I., 44 E. 51st Rabinowitz, L. M., 175 Wooster Rosen, Dr. S., 1662 Vyse Av. Rabinowitz, M., 657 Bryant Av. Rosenbaum, I. I., 910 West End Av. Rosenbaum, Dr. M., 61 W. 88th Rabinowitz, S., 149 Broadway Rosenbaum, S. G., 730 5th Av. Radzyner, S., 1016 Bryant Av. Rosenberg, A., 1333 Broadway Rasch, Simon, 175 Riverside Dr. Rosenberg, Albert V., 115 W. 27th Reader, Mrs. Fannie, 545 W. 164th Rosenberg, E., 38 Park Row Redalieu, Dr. G., 571 E. 140th Rosenberg, H. D., 38 E. 30th Reich, Dr. H., 2075 Gd. Concourse Rosenberg, H. L., 1526 55th Reich, L. R., 36 W. 34th Rosenberg, J. N., 74 Broadway Reicher, H. J., 1182 Broadway Rosenberg, L., 780 West End Av. Reichert, Rabbi I. F., 107 W. 183rd Rosenberg, Louis, 800 Riverside Dr. Rosenberg, L., 240 E. 19th Reichman, Rabbi S., 1738 Crotona Pk. Rosenberg, L. C, 171 Madison Av. Reiser, H., 140 5th Av. Rosenberg, W., 302 E. 14th Reiskin, Mrs. D., 79 E. 7th Rosenberger, Carl, Belnord Apts. Reissman, Dr. Irving I., 231 E. 11th Rosenblatt, L. C, 645 W. 35th Reit, H. J., 305 Broadway Rosenbloom, B. J., 601 W. 115th Reit, L., 305 Broadway Rosenbloom, Rabbi B. L., 769 Beck Relig, Sch., Shaaray Tefila, 160 W. 82d Rosenblum, D., 36 W. 59th Relkin, Henry, 850 E. 161st Rosenfeld, Miss Jessie, 1 W. 81st Remenyi, Wm. S., 790 Riverside Dr. Rosenfield, A. B., 545 West End Av. Rettenberg, J. K., 545 W. 164th Rosenheck, I., 247 W. 34th Retzker, Michael, 101 W. 106th Rosenmeyer, B. J., 140 Wadsworth Av. Reubens, R., 483 West End Av. Rosenmood, David, 343 Canal Rich, B., 255 W. 108th Rosensohn, S. J., 27 William Richards, B. G., 414 Madison Av. Rosenstein, M., 580 West End Av. Richman, h., 769 Dawson Rosensweig, C. S., 80 Maiden La. Riegelman, H., 420 Lexington Av. Rosensweig, L., 219 E. 178th Rifkind, S. H., 1527 E. 172d Rosenthal, A., 139 W. 113th Rosenthal, A., 152 W. 42d Riglander, J. Wy 209 W. 14th Ringer, Dr. A. I., 3 W. 73d Rosenthal, E. J., 32 Franklin Rippe, M. L., 152 W. 42d Rosenthal, N., 84 William Ritter, Dr. I. L., 1050 Park Av. Rosenthal, H. H., 15 Park Row Ritter, Louis, 1801 7th Av. Rosenthal, R., 620 W. 149th Robbins, Ben., HE. 26th Rosenthal, Stephen B., 132 W. 31st Robbins, Dr. S. N., 303 5th Av. Rosenzweig, Jos., 51 Chambers Robert, Sam'l, 906 Park Av. Rosett, Louis J., 740 West End Av. Robins, J. H., 51 Chambers Rosoff, Dr. M. L., 529 Cortlandt Av. Robinsohn, Dr. D., 1211 Madison Av. Ross, A. L., 160 Broadway Robison, I., 26 W. 22d Rosston, W. J., 527 W. 110th Rock, Wm., 25 Jefferson Roth, Dr. Henry, 409 E. 140th Rodef Shalem Religious School Roth, Dr. Herman, 471 E. 139th Rodgers, Dr. W. A., 161 W. 86th Roth, H., 1482 Broadway Roeder, S. M., 174 E. 95th Roth, Louis, 1400 Broadway Rogers, C. A., 152 W. 42d Rothenberg, Morris, 5 Beekman Rogers, G. A., 67 Wall Rothenberg, P., 44 Worth Rogers, M. H., 1 Park Av. Rothenstein, M., 530 W. 186th Rogers, S. E., 850 10th Av. Rothkowitz, Mrs. A., 1274 5th Av. Roggen, H., 365 West End Av. Rothman, A., 58 W. 180th Roggen, L. A., 1372 Broadway Rothschild, Miss M., 815 W. 179th Rogovin, A., 1250 College Av. Rothschild, W. N., 23 E. 81st Rongy, Dr. A. J., 590 West End Av. Rothstein, A. E., 41 E. 11th Rorenthal, Wm., 36 W. 57th Rothstein, Rabbi L. J., Park Central Rosalsky, Hon. Otto A., 225 W. 86th Rosansky, J. H., 80 St. Nicholas Av. Hotel Rose, E., 61 Broadway Rouse, Calmann, Est. of, 215 4th Av. Rose, L. S., 230 W. 105th Rozoff, Dr. H., 430 W. 118th Rose, O. B., 56 Ft. Wash. Av. Rubin, I. A., 34 Hubert Rose, Wm. R., 309 W. 81st Rubin, Dr. I. C, 261 Central Pk., W. Roseman, I., 33 Orchard Rubin, Miss Gertrude, 118 Post Av. Rosen, A. H., 128 Rivington Rubin, Dr. M., 498 E. 140th Rosen, A. W., 200 W. 90th Rubins, Rabbi H. H., 444 Grand Rosen, Dr. B. J., 773 Dawson Rubinsky, M., The Alamac Hotel Rubinsky, S., 9 W. 3d 400 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK

Rubinstein, D. L., 141 Sth Av. Schottenfels, Sara X., 601 W. 113th Rubinstein, Dr. J. L., 1900 Gd. Con- Schulman, Rev. Sam'l, 27 W. 72d course Schumer, Dr. H., 770 Hewitt PI. Ruocco, Mrs. L. A., 1239 Franklin Av. Schwartz, Chas., 123 E. 94th Ruskay, Cecil B., 68 William Schwartz, E., 110 E. 42d Ruttenberg, B., 286 Ft. Wash. Av. Schwartz, Dr. S., 1209 Westchester Sabshin, Dr. Z. I., 1727 Ft. Wash. Av. Av. Sachs E., 395 4th Av. Schwartz, S. P., 45 John Sachs, G. M., 19 W. 44th Schwartzberg, J., 228 Henry Sachs, Louis, 42 Broadway Schwarzschild, S. M., 305 Canal Sacks, Miss Eva, 5 E. 107th Seckel, Harry W., 604 W. 112th Safren, J. & L., 54 2d Av. Seelar, R., 250 W. 57th Saks, I., 2 E. 55th, "St. Regis" Segal, H. R., 164 W. 79th Saks, W. A., 32 W. 74th Segal, L. H., 11 W. 42d Salamon, E., 312 E. 84th Sejdman, Mrs. D. E., 41 W. 96th Salant, M., 1666 3rd Av. Seidman, J. A., 271 Madison Av. Salkin, A. L., 285 Madison Av. Seiner, David I., 137 W. 23d Salomon, S. W.. 1701 University Av. Seiler, M., 2088 Mohegan Av. Salpeter, M., 302 Broadway Seinfel, S., 501 W. 110th Saltman, H. B., 30 E. 42d Selig, Miss Gertrude, 169 E. 60th Salzberg, M., 57 Warren Selikowitz, S. D., 90 West Samich, Albert, 75 Leonard Semel, Bernard, 38-40 Green Sampter, Morris, 322 W. 76th Sena, Harry, 280 Broadway Samuel, J., 131 E. 93rd Seril, A., 106 Grand Samuels, A. S., 3504 Rochambeau Av. Seskin, Miss Sara, 109 W. 120th Samuels, S. N., 1890 7th Ave. Seutner, Richard, 255 West End Av. Sanders, Leon, 280 Broadway Seventh Av. Temple Sisterhood, 515 Sandier, Bernard H., 884 West End W. 110th Av. Seville, f., 41 E. 29th Saphirstein, Frieda, 220 E. 5th Shack, S. M., 291 Broadway Sapiro, A. L., 84 William Shaftan, Dr. T., 1 E. 112th Sapiro, B., 799 Broadway Shagaloff, Rebecca, 1717 Bryant Av. Saque, M., 56 Worth Shame, M. L., 225 Broadway Saretsky, S., 125 E. 85th Shalita, Miss P., 490 E. 141st Saruya, Abr. L., 225 E. 79th Shapiro, A., 134 W. 37th Schaap, Michael, 12 5th Av. Shapiro, A. J., 1904 Crotona Av. Schaeffer, F., 51 Chambers Shapiro, J., 160 Broadway Schafer, A. S.. 120 Broadway Shapiro, J., 261 Broadway Schafran, B., 251 W. 89th Sharlit, Dr. H., 1090 Nicholas Av. Schallek, M. L., 12 E. 86th Sharlot, I. J., Woolworth Bldg. Scharps, D., 65 W. 54th Shatanoff, Betty, 1619 Wash. Av. Schechter, A. J., 1313 Fulton Av. Shatzky, Dr. J., 982 E. 178th Schechter, Dr. Frank, 350 Broadway Sheiber, H., 57 2nd Av. Scheiber. I. B., 51 Chambers Sheiman, Dr. K., 1032 Fails Scheinberg, J. R., 1431 Broadway Sheitles, DT. D., 250 W. 85th Scherer, C, 51 Chambers Sherman, A. C, 25 Broadway Schickler, Jos. J., 91 Ft. Wash. Av. Sherwin, I. N., 644 Riverside Dr. Schiff, Jacob R., 320 Broadway Shinensky, Hyman, 70 E. Broadway Schlachter, R., 396 Broadway Shuchatowitz, Rabbi M., 255 Haven Schlansky, Dr. H. P., 83 Madison Av. Schleider, I., 167 Rivington Shulman, H. L., 463 7th Av. Schleimer, S., 305 Broadway Sidenberg, R., 157 W. 57th Schlesinger, M., 1440 Broadway Siegel, I., 217 Broadway Schlossberg, J., 15 Union Sq. Siegelman, B., 5 Union Sq. Schmer. M., 291 Broadway Siegelstein, B. E., 99 Nassau Schmidt, Dr. I., 1275 Webster Av. Sigmund, S., 200 W. 112th Schneider, T. I., 885 West End Av. Silberman, E., 14 W. 4th Schneyer, Dr. L., 235 Brook Av. Silberstein, I. M., 600 W. 150th Schnurer, H. I. T., 215 W. 92nd Silberstein, J., 1405 Walton Av. Schoenbaum, DT. G. L., 850 Longwood Silberstein, M., 565 5th Av. Av. Silbert, A., 241 W. 110th Schoenberg, M., 1410 Gd. Concourse Siletzky, Lottie, 1 E. 100th Schoenberg, N., 1440 Broadway Silverman, H., 6-8 W. 20th Schoenfeld, J., 1950 Andrews Av. Silverman, H., 276 5th Av. Schoenfeld, N., 13 E. 22d St. Silverman, Ida, 593 E. 137th Schotland, M., 498 West End Av. Silverman, Rev. Dr. J., 55 E. 86th Schott. 2. E. 86th Silverman, M. R., 45 Wooster JEWISH PUBLICATION SOCIETY 401

Silverman, Nat., 498 7th Av. Stark, Dr. M. M., 156 W. 86th Silverman, S., 260 Riverside Dr. Stavisky Bros., 222 4th Av Silverstein, A. M., 14 W. 18th Steckler, D., 51 Chambers Silverstein, J. B., 645 E. Tremont Av. Stein, Mrs. A. E., 19 W. 57th Simerman, Dr. P., 1397 Stebbins Av. Stein, Max Z., 9 Maiden Lane Simmons, M., 25 W. 43d Stein, Morton, 251 W. 89th Simons, M., 328 Bible House Stein, S. S., 154 Nassau Simonson, A., 37 Riverside Dr. Sindel, D., 120 Broadway Stenam, Ed. S., cor. Williams and Singer, Dr. D. A., 85 W. 113th Pine Sinsheimer, J., 330 W. 102nd Steinberg, Fanny E., 1055 Gd. Con- Sirowich, Dr. W. I., 539 E. 6th course Sklamberg, T. L., 299 Broadway Steinberg, M., 100 W. 119th Skoler, Molly, 57 E. 117th Steinweg, A., 270 Riverside Dr Slobodin, H. L., 1465 Broadway Stern, A., 52 E. 61st Slobodkin, Dr. S. H., 18 W. 23rd Stern, A., 2355 Morris Av. Slonimsky, Dr. H., 40 W. 68th Stern, Miss Hannah, 664 W 179th Smith, D. T., 277 Broadway Stern, J. F., 93 Worth Smolowitz, Elias A., 458 Broadway Stern, Louis, 464 Riverside Dr Snow, M., 443 E. 138th Stern, Rev. Dr. N., 201 W. 79th Sobel, H., 122 William Stern, S. W., 120 Broadway Sobel, Mrs. J., 215 W. 90th Stern, Mrs. W. A., 251 W. 89th Sobel, Jacob, 885 Montgomery Sternberg, S. H., 176 Rivington Sobel, Sam'l, 320 Broadway Sternberger, M. M., Guaranty Trust Sobel, Samuel, 66 Ft. Wash. Av. Co. Soc. of Adv. of Judaism, 13-15 W. Stettiner, L., 838 West End Av Stocker, D. R., 500 7th Av. 86th Stoll, H., 46 W. 96th Sohn, Mr. and Mrs. H., 115 W. 71st Stone, J., 340 W. 86th Sohon, B., 38-42 E. 32nd Stone, N. H., 255 W. 88th Sohon, J., 462 7th Av. Strasbourger, Saml., 74 Broadway Solis, Elvira, N., 441 West End Av. Straus, J. I., 399 Park Av. Solomon, A., 1440 Broadway Straus, N., 119 5th Av. Solomon, L. H., 200 5th Av. Straus, Simon W., 565 5th Av Solomon, S. H., 1133 Broadway Solomon, W., 104 W. 27th Strauss, Ben., 562 W. 113th Soltes, Dr. M., 352 4th Av. Strauss, Lewis, Jr., 52 William Some, Max, 95 Nassau Strauss, M., 60 W. 36th Sonderling, Rabbi Dr. J., 720 River- Strauss, Dr. S., 115 W. 73d side Dr. Strisik, P. R., 301 E. 14th Sonderling, S. J., 16 William Stroock, M. J., 88 Central Pk, W. Sondheim, P., 305 West End Av. Strumpf, B., 731 Union Av. Sonneborn, Dr. F., 114 5th Av. Stutson, S. D., 245 Madison Av. Sorkin, Rev. M., 51 E. 96th Sufrin, O. J., 1328 Broadway Sosna, Miss Evelyn, 60 W. 38th Sultan, A. 1.. 443 Broadway Sossnitz, Dr. I., 25 Mt. Hope PI. Sumner, M. M., 301 E. Broadway Spachner, L., 260 W. 72nd Sundelson, Mrs. R. W., 1873 Madison Spector, Jos., 37 Hamilton Terrace Av. Sperling, Miss Esther, 218 E. 11th Suskind, B., 35 W. 36th Spicehandler, Abe, 39 Union Sq. Susman, Louis, 3208 3d Av. Spiegel, E., 1046 College Av. Sverdick, A., 227 Haven Av. Spiegel, Max, 34 W. 17th Sverdik, S., 290 Broadway Spiegel, Mrs. S., 17 E. 89th Swick, Dr. D. A., 414 W. 145th Spiegelberg, F., 25 E. 77th Szold, Henrietta, Hotel Alexandria Spiegelberg, I. N., 1017 Madison Tacobin, S., 1400 Broadway Spiegelberg, W. I., Hotel Dorset, Tamor, Win., 507 Broadway Tananbaum, Dr. A., 127 Lisbon PI. 30 W. 54th Spielberg, Mrs. H., 404 Riverside Dr. Tannenbaum, Dr. J., 350 W. 85th Spilky, Leon, 225 Broadway Tarlowe, J. D.,17 John Spinner, Dr. Jonas. 310 W. 82d Teachers Insi ewish Theo. Sem., 34 Spira Dr Jos., 1700 Crotona Pk., E. Stuyvesant Spiro, A. I., 375 West End Av. Teirstein, J., 1711 Morris Av. Spiro, J. S., 51 Chambers Temple Ansche Chesed, 114th and 7th Spitz, L., 435 Ft. Wash. Av. Av. Spitzer, Oscar, 17 E. 89th Tepper, Dr. S., 985 Tiffany Spivacke, Dr. C. A., 272 W. 91st The Training School for Jewish Social Sprayregen, J., 1431 Broadway Work, 210 W. 91st Stackell, H., 849 Manida Thurman, I. N., 2 Rector Stamm, M., 460 Riverside Dr. Tishler, F. Wm.. 412 E. 125th 402 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK

Tischler. N., 531 W. 143rd Whitman, P. G., 110 Bleecker Tobias, Leon, 162 W. 165th Wiener, N., 500 7th Av. Tow, Isidor, 7 E. 44th Wiley, Louis, 417 Park Av. Trachman, Morris, 863 Beck Wilson, G. I., 729 7th Av. Trilling, D. W., 478 Central Pk., W. Winchevsky, M., 555 W. 151st Tropp, Dr. H., 219 Audubon Av. Winer, H. L, 154 Nassau Trosky, Chas., 653 Broadway Winer, S. J., 1760 Andrews Av. Tuchman, P., State Bank, 5th & 30th Winkelman, L. L., 12 E. 86th Turk, Dr. B., 212 Av. B Winkler, Eli, 50 Broad Turk, R., 233 Broadway Winkler, Millicent, 700 Cauldwell Av. Uhr, Dr. J. S., 45 Pinehurst Av. Winter. I., 1668 Vyse Av. tjnger, E. F., 27 Waverly PI. Wise, Rev. Dr. J. B., 35 E. 62nd United Heb. Com., 201 E. Broadway Wise, Mrs. L. H., 77 Park Av. Uptown Talmud T. Ass'n, 132 E. Wise, Rev. Dr. S. S., 23 W. 90th 111th Wolbarst, Dr. A. L., 114 E. 61st U. S. Grand Lodge, 266 Grand Wolf, A., 30 W. 70th Van Veen, A., 2 Pinehurst Ave. Wolf, Frank, 45 W. 18th Varon, Jeannette A., 150 Nassau Wolf, I. D., 350 Ft. Washington Av. Voit, M. M., Salman Tower Bldg. Wolf, J. J., 666 West End Av. Vorhaus, Louis J., 115 Broadway Wolf, R., 115 Broadway Voxman, W., 645 E. Fremont Av. Wolf, Simson, 270 Madison Av. Wachman, J. M., 125 W. 76th Wolfe, Arthur, 225 W. 39th Wacht, H., 250 W. 94th Wolfe, M. H., 225 W. 39th Wacht, S., 565 5th Av. Wolfenstein, S. C, 32 Spruce Wahrman, Dr. H. J., 105 E. 116th Wolff, Dr. Alex., 141 E. 34th Wald, Louis, 63 E. 104th Wolff, Mrs. J. R., 33 W. 69th Waldman, H., 277 Broadway Wolff, Leo, 210 W. 70th Waldman, H., 2 Lafayette Wolfson, Dr. A., 401 W. 59th Waldman, I., 1440 Broadway Wolinsky, Jacob, 387 Grand Walverstein, J., 210 W. 101st Wollman, Henry, 20 Broad Walker, Miss Helen, 114 Seaman Av. Woolf, Mrs. M. L., 135 Central Pk., Wallerstein, Dr. L., 104 QH. Concourse W. Wanefsky, M., 301 E. Broadway Yankauer, A., 680 West End Av. Warshow, H. T., 42 Park Ave. Yaroslawitz, S., 42 Delancey Warshow. R. I.. 112 E. 19th Yoehelson, M. S., 320 Broadway Wartell, D., 1936 Hennessey PI. Y. M. H. A., 975 St. Nicholas Av. Waterman, F., 525 W. 152d Y. W. H. A., 31 W. 110th Wax, Dr. B. M., 865 E. 172d Y. M. H. A. of the Bronx, 171st and Weber, Harry, 300 W. 109th Wechsler, Dr. I. S., 1112 Park Av. Fulton Wechsler, S., 385 Ft. Washington Av. Zabronsky & Zabronsky, 1501 B'dway Weckstein, I., 61 Park Row Zadek, Jacob, Hotel Ansonia Weidenbaum, R., 248 E. Houston Zagor, H. I., 257 4th Av. Weil, David L., 601 W. 115th Zauzmer, Helen, 6 E. 118th Weil, L., 772 St. Nicholas Av. Ziff, W. M., 1400 Broadway Weil, H. M., 161 W. 34th Zimmer, I., 119 W. 71st Weinberg, A. O., Woolworth Bldg. Zingerman, Anne, 1338 Elder Av. Weinberg, Jacob, 345 7th Av. Zucker, S. A., 1006 Freeman Weinberg, L., 838 West End Av. Zuckerman, Miss Rose, 889 Rogers PI. Weinberg, N., 225 Broadway Zuckerman, S., 110 W. 40th Weinberger, A., 1591 Townsend Av. Zukunft, The, 175 E. Broadway Weinberger, Dr. B. W., 119 W. 57th Weinberger, W. D., 110 W. 48th SUBSCRIBER Weiner, A., 81 Chrystie Lewek, Rev. J. R., 1216 Wash. Av. Weinrib, E. C, 299 Broadway Weinstein, D., 342 Madison Av. Niagara Falls Weinstein, S. J., 461 Produce Exch. Silverberg Bros., 2118 Main Weisbard, M. W., 570 7th Av. Weisman, S. G., 963 Prospect Av. Norwich Weiss, I. H., 475 5th Av. Weiss, Dr. Saml., 16 E. 96th Selkowitz, S., 27 N. Broad Weiss, Wm., 1440 Broadway Weit, Solon, 305 Broadway Nyack Weitzner, Emil, 211 W. 106th Neisner, J., 61 5th Av. Wels, Isidnr, 233 Broadway Weshner, M., 309 St. Ann's Av. Ogdensburg Wessel, Mrs. E., 250 W. 103d Dobisky, R. W., 404 Riverside Av. Fisher, H. S., 207 Ford JEWISH PUBLICATION SOCIETY 403

Frank, B., 115 Franklin Covner, S., 7 Gibbs Frank, J., 117 Franklin Cramer, B. A., East Av. & Chestnut Newman, A., Ford Cramer, M. E., 1042 Dewey Av. Davidson, Dr. S. C, 40 Westchester Olean Av. Davidson, Harry, 305 N. 1st Firestone, Mrs. S., 293 Dartmouth Marcus, H. W., 131 S. Union Fisher, L., 86 University Av. Frankel, C, 207 Barrington Plattsburg Frankel, L., 30 Vick Pk., A. Goldman, Mrs. J. E., 145 Harvard Goldman, S., 75 Montcalm Av. Goodman, Mrs. A., 1180 Park Av. Levy, Wm. M., 21 Wells Greenhouse, S. H., 760 Harvard Scheier, H., 50 Margaret Harris, H. Z., 121 Boardman Joffe, I., 303 Terminal Bldg. Port Chester Jossem, Miss R., 5 Riverbank PI. Glock, Samuel, 40 Elmont Av. Kahn, Mrs. D., 573 Monroe Av. Gordon, Miss Lucille, 524 N. Main Kahn, Mrs. N., 573 Monroe Av. Granowitz, J., 6 Jane Kirstein, H. E., 89 Westminster Rd. Klonick, H., 961 Harvard Port Richmond Kolko, H., 182 Chatham Kolko, Miss R., 246 Joseph Av. Enziger, Wm., 163 Richmond Av. Kominz, DT. I. S., 250 Canterbury Rd. Gluckman, Mrs. A. B., 490 Richmond Leibowitz, Rabbi J., 107 Harris Av. Levin, Dr. H. B., 346 Hudson Av. Tacobson, I., 327 Herberton Av. Levin, Dr. L., 763 Harvard Levy, M., 137 Herberton Av. Lib. of Jewish Child. Home, 27 Gor- Millner, Rabbi I. A., 246 Decker Av. Susskind, Wm., 159 Charles Av. ham Loeb, A., 325 Alexander Poughkeepsie Marks, H. H., 13 Franklin Sq. Marks, Louis, 42 Hinsdale King, S., 150 Franklin Miller, M., 31 Exchange Mintzler, H., 101 S. Hamilton Miller, Wm., 571 University Av. Rodin, H., 215 Main Minkin, Rabbi J. S., 222 S. Goodman Rosen, Mrs. M. S,, 52 Academy Natapow, N., 26 Av. "A" Rosenthal, R., 179 Mill Neiman, A., 13 Hyde Pk. Sobel, Dr. Aaron, 23 N. Hamilton Pearlman, A. I., 930 Meigs Posner, M., 552 Humboldt Richmond Hill Present, Philip, 2161 East Av. Cahn, S., 8533 108th Robfogel, J., 85 Huntingdon Pk. Cohen, S., 10772 110th Rockoff, M. A., 200 Joseph Av. Rose, B., 376 Harvard Cohen, S., 8807 104th Roth, T., 289 Hazelwood Ter. Enoch, H., 94-21 134th Rubenstein, N., 186 Canterbury Rd. Stern, Rabbi M. A., 117-15 107th Av. Sarachan, H. A., 46 Gorham Schapiro, Dr. I. M., 129 Canterbury Rochester Rd. LIBRARY MEMBERS Sher, Noah, 59 Culver Rd. Bieber, I., 194 E. Main Shulman, L., 79 Beverly Hart, A., 26 Homer Silverstein, J. E., 1699 St. Paul Jewish Y. M. Ass'n, 123 Ormond Smith, Benj., 72 Cuba PI. Levinson, W., 54 Shepard Soble, Dr. E. B., 381 Andrews Michaels, J., c/o Michaels, Stern & Co. Stern, Chas., 130 East Av. Stein, S,. H., Stein-Bloch Co. Weinberg, Mrs. A. M., 245 Edgerton Weinstein, Miss F., 21 Harper ANNUAL MEMBERS Weinstein, S. H., 19 Harper Adler, I., 25 Buckingham Wolf, Rabbi H. J., 117 Gibbs Adler, S. L., 17 Argyle Yalowich, Mrs. Chas., 6 Av. A, W. Aiole, S., 190 Clinton Av. Appelbaum, Dr. S. J., 188 Culver Rd. Rockaway Beach Bender, Chas., 21 Harper Amster, Isadore, 179 B 127th Berger, I. W., 63 State Burger, E. H., 123-08 Blvd. Berger, S., 1594 Culver Rd. Fink, Max, 142-10 Newport Av. Beth El, S. S., Park Av. and Meiga Friedman, Dr. E. L., 92-13 Boulevard Bloom, Miss Celia, 42 Av. A Rabinowitz, I., 162 B 129th B'nai Zion Hebrew Library, 192 Or- mond Rockaway Park Cohen, M., 3 Granger PI. School of Temple Beth El 404 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK

Rockville Centre Staten Island Lampert, J., 15 Wilson Lane Bernstein, E., 36 Richmond Ter. Lakeview Home, Arrochar Rome Franklin,.M., 219 W. Dominick Suffern Solomon, M., 236 W. Dominick Greenstein, Sam'l, 115 Lafayette Av. Rye Sunnyside Abrahams, Jos. L., 500 Nulton Rd. Newman, Mrs. G. K., 3996 44th Salamanca Syracuse Albert, S., 112 Main PATRON MEMBERS Levy, Dr. I. H., 717 E. Genesee Saranac Lake Markson, I., 102 Scott Av. Edelberg, S., 13 Broadway Feustmann, Maurice M., 64 Main LIBRARY MEMBERS Matthews, S. D., P. O. Box 349 Grody, D., 2111 E. Genesee Vidaver, H., 2 Bloomingdale Holstein, A. E., 106 Circle Rd. Holstein, A. M., 748 Comstock Av. Saratoga Springs Hurwitz, M., 307 Scottholm Blvd. Diamond, Rabbi J. J., Jewish Com. Rosenbloom, I., 806 E. Genesee Center Sporberg, W. L., Sedgwick Dr. Stolz, Benj., 718 E. Jefferson Scars dale Winkelstein, M., 214 Cambridge Trager, J. G., 26 Donellon Rd. Winkelstein, W., 919 Euclid Av. Schenectady Bernstein. Dan, 222 State ANNUAL MEMBERS Brady, Ben, 137 State Abrams, H., 708 Harrison Coplon, H. G., 307 State Belloff, I., 105 Canal Feldman, E., 1301 State Belloff, L. A., 105 Canal Ferber, Abr., 434 State Bienenfeld, Rabbi J., 914 Ackerman Frankel, J. M., 423 State Av. Gold, H. J., 308 State Boff, Arthur, 160 Fellows Av. Grosberg, Jos.. 636 Hamilton Burman, Dr. Aaron, 537 E. Genesee Lifset, A., 445 Hulett Federman, J., 440 Allen Lifset, Theo., 1093 Maryland Av. Friedman, Rabbi B., 735 Ackerman Lurie, J. B., 307 State Av. Marcus, G. A., 330 Summit Av. Gerber, W., 860 Livingston Av. Rosen, Rabbi J., 24 Hampton Av. Gilbert, Harry, 301 Scatholm Blvd. Schaffer, H., 19 De Camp Av. Gilbert, M., 732 Irving Av. Segel, H., 319 State Given, B. B., 423 Euclid Av. Shapiro, Dr. I., 414 Hulett Goldberg, N., 1104 Madison Goldstein, E., 478 S. Salina Scotia Harris, Dr. L., H., 533 Westmoreland Dushman, Dr. S., 21 Sunnyside Rd. Av. Holstein, Mrs. D. M., 581 S. Clinton Sea Gate Jewish Communal Home, 222 Cedar LIBRARY MEMBER Kallet, Dr. A. H., 615 James Leverton, Dr. R. L., 821 E. Genesee Satz, L., Surf Av. & Beach, 42d Lisson, M., 214 W. Fayette Livshin, Dr. N., 328 Gurney Bldg. ANNUAL MEMBERS Markson, A. S., 229 N. Salina Cong-Kneses Israel Markson, N. W., 229 N. Salina Goldbaum, Rose, 3815 Maple Av. Miller, J. H., 1111 Madison Greenschpoon, Dr. J., 3915 Highland Putziger, S., 2208 E. Genesee Av. Roth, Philip, 759 Irving Av. Shapiro, S., 4731 Beach 47th Rubenstein, A., 1226 S. McBride Valley City Rubenstein, S. I., 901 Madison Stern, Herman Rubin, W., 505 Union Bldg. Rudolph, Ben., 136 Fellows Av. Spring Valley Rudolph, Max H., 1901 E. Genesee Bruck, S. Serling, H., 503 University Av. Stapleton Serling, J., 203 Comstock Av. Shapiro, L., 954 Lancaster Av. Kutcher, H., 147 Cebra Av. JEWISH PUBLICATION SOCIETY 405

Shapiro, S., 2100 E. Genesee Myers, S., 178 Mechanic Shulman, Ralph, 128 Dorset Rd. Shulman, S. L., 224 Union Bldg. West New Brighton Silverman, Dr. A. C, 183 Renwick PI. Solomon, S. D., 942 Euclid Av. Cantor, R., 387 Oakland Av. Steinhorn, I., 924 Ackerman Av. White Lake Tauber, M., 610 E. Raynor Av. Wechsler, Rev. M. L., 226 Euclid Av. Oxenhandler, M., c/o Camp White Weinstein, A., 1409 E. Fayette Lake Weinstein, M., 211 W. Washington White Plains Weisberg, M., 508 S. Crouse Av. LIBRARY MEMBER Winkelstein, M., 324 Allen Yalow, Rabbi S., 126 Renwick PI. Grinberg, P. I., Old Mamaroneck Rd. ANNUAL MEMBERS Tanners ville Liberman, S., 75 Prospect Jacobson, Inc., S,, Fairmount Hotel Mark, Mrs. E. R., Gedney Farm Hotel Tarrytown Woodhaven Berger, Sandor, 93 Wildey Kugel, Morris, 45 Main Brown, B. D., 8764 »4th Lehman, E. H., Highland Manor Woodmere LIBRARY MEMBERS Troy Altheimer, A. B., Box 251 Berner, P., 2338 15th Leibowitz, J. L., 71 Burton Av. Lazdon, Jacob E., 64 Washington Rosenbaum, Wm., Broadway and Troy Public Library Wood La. Tupper Lake ANNUAL MEMBERS Crystal, S. O. Grabenstein, M. Freundlich I., 4 Pine Utica Pompan, D. M. Abelson, Barney, 1541 Oneida Schuster, J., 997 Allen Lane Abelson, L., 18 Faxton Copland, D., 1512 Kemble Woodridge Goldstein, D. J., 1st N. B. Bldg. Gordon, S. A. Goodman, A. W., 1 Greenwood Ct. Hoffman, Rabbi I. B., 125 Wall Woodside Kowalsky, Dr. H. E., 223 Genesee Goodman, M., 51-27 Foster Av. Krohn, L. E., 13 Parkside Ct. Lewis, Judge H. M., 8 Sherman PI. Yonkers Lichtman, Max, 221 Genesee Alderman, S., 214 New Main Markson, S., 124 Thomas Berger, Mrs. J. W., 109 Highland Av. Robbins, N., 2219 Genesee Blaustein, T., 199 N. Broadway Rosen, I., 108 Miller Bleich, M. A., 8 Palisade Av. Shapiro, Chief Rabbi A., 446 Whites- Blummer, S., 550 Van Cortland Pk. boro Av. Temple Beth El Lib'y, 1607 Genesee Jutkowitz, J., 11 Overlook Terrace Waxman, N., 135 Flower Av. Levy, M. J., Crestwood Miller, Dr. S., Flagg Bldg. Watertown Rosen, Dr. Harry, 237 Valentine La. Bennett, H. A., 1210 Madison Av. Rubin, M. J., 31 School Deren, L., 1023 Academy Steinmetz, Mrs. Dora, 31 Ravine Av. Lebovsky, J., 231 Paddock Wolkowitz, Leon, 39 Hamilton Av.

NORTH CAROLINA Asheville Charlotte Henry, Philip S., Zealandia Adams, T. A., 214-16 Law Bldg. Lichtenfels, G., 39 Courtland Av. Cohen, Herman E. Pollock, I. H., 218 Broadway Glickman, Rabbi H. T., 5 E. 11th Sternberg, S. Glickman, Rabbi T. H., 406 W. 8th Belhaven Meyerowitz, J., Box 157 Gastonia Blowing Rock Karesh, A. S., Box 188 Cone, Mrs. Moses H. 406 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK

Goldsboro Kinston PATRON MEMBERS Nachamson, Mrs. E., 600 E. Gordon Weil, Mrs. H., 200 W. Chestnut Weil, Mrs. Sol., 204 W. Chestnut New Bern LIBRARY MEMBER Lipman, Sam Weil, Lionel ANNUAL MEMBERS Wilmington Freund, Rabbi I. L., Oheb Sholom Block, W., 14 S. 5th Cong. Rypins, Rabbi F. I., 511 Orange Shrago, A. M. Weil, Leslie, 610 Park Av. Wilson Greensboro Barker, M., 204 W. Vance LIBRARY MEMBER Oettinger, E. R., 219 W. Broad Sternberger, Mrs. E., 715 Summit Av. Henderson Winston-Salem Hayes, Sam'l M. Roth, Gus., Box 273 Levin, Louis, 1270 W. 4th

NORTH DAKOTA Devil's Lake Ginsberg, C, 723 Oak Glickson, Morris Panovitz, M. Papermaster, I., 1015 Reeves Dr. Dickinson Papermaster, S., 216 Fenton Av. Mackoff, H. A. Fargo SUBSCRIBER Goldberg, Max, 615 13th, S. Snyder, Rev. Dr. J. E., Box 502 Lashkowitz, Harry, 117 Broadway Naftalin, D., 225 Front Paper, S., 202 1st Av., S. Manden Stern, Sam Wilk, H., 1225 9th, S. Greengard, Nathan Grand Forks Minot Bergman, S. J., 1421 Demers Av. Baker, A., 616 Central Av., E.

OHIO Akron Latz, Rabbi C. B., 1127 13th, N. W. Alexander, Rabbi D 944 Amelia Av. Lavin, Harry, 1653 Woodland Av., Bear, Max, 254 S. Main N. W. Guren, S. B., 320 Wildwood Luntz, S., 1645 Cleveland Av., N. W. Holub, B. W., 17 Rhodes Av. Margolies, M. E., 322 S. Market Av. Klivans, S., 132 S. Main Nusbaum, H., 400 18th, N. W. Loeb, Louis, 20 Twin Oaks Apt. Weintraub, C. S., Harter Bk. Bldg. Mack, B., 276 Merriman Rd. Ostrov, L., 406 Woodland Av. Chillicothe Schwartz, C. E., 319 Bowery Segal, S. L., 18 W. Fifth Schwartz, L, 10 Mayfield Apt. Tern. Israel Rel. Sch. Lib., 133 Merri- Cincinnati man LIFE MEMBERS Bellaire Freiberg, J. Walter, 3583 Alaska Av. Blum, Mrs. I., 3617 Belmont Hebrew Union College Lib'y, Clifton Bellevue Av. Heinsheimer, E. L., 3584 Alaska Av. Wolf, Jos. E., 250 W. Main Seasongood, M., 3661 Wash. Av. LIBRARY MEMBERS Canton Berman, Oscar, 3d & Plum Erlanger, W. B., Jr., 2210 Market Brown, Dr. S., 705 Pearl Mkt. Bk. Av., N. Bldg. Grossman, Mrs. D., 626 Walnut Av., Fechheimer, S. M., 4050 Rose Hill Av. N. E. ' Freiberg, Dr. A. H. 3S77 Alaska Av. JEWISH PUBLICATION SOCIETY 407

Freiberg, M. J., 3576 Alaska Av. Krohn, I. M., 1144 Edwards Rd. Freiberg, S., 2300 Upland PI. Krohn, L., 2902 Gilbert Av., W. H. Kuppin, M., 3573 Wilson Av. Lauterbach, Ethel, Hebrew Union Col. Lauterbach, Rev. Dr. J. Z., Heb. U. ANNUAL MEMBERS College Becker, Sam, 310 Sycamore Levenson, L., 629 Forest Av. Beckman, N. H., Alms Hotel Levi, Rabbi C. S., Sinton Hotel Byach, Helen, 722 Aron Fields Lane Levin, R., Hebrew Union College Bergstein, S., 1717 S. Crescent Av. Levine, A., 4100 Rose Hill Av. Berman, A., 315 E. Mitchell Av. Levitch, Jennie, 3635 Reading Rd. Berman, A., 5 W. 3rd Levy, H. M., 309 Traction Bldg. Bettman, A., 1st Nat'l Lovitch, Rabbi M., Rosehill Apt., Bing, Ben M., 739 N. Crescent Av. Reading Rd. Block, L. Z., 820 Cleveland Av. Lurie, Jos., 307 Northern Av. Blumenthal, R., Hebrew Union College Lurie, Dr. L. A., 3932 Dickson Av. B'nai Jeshurun S. S. Library Mack, A., 9 W. 4th Bogen, B. D., 40 Electric Bldg. Mack, Jacob W., 984 Burton Av. Brande, W., Hebrew Union College Mack, Ralph W., Norway Av. Brav, S. R., Heb. Union College Dor. Manischevitz Co., The B., 2100 W. 8th Chernoff, H., Hebrew Union College Marcus, Dr. J. R., Heb. Union College Cohen, Alfred M., 3557 Reading Rd. Marks, L. D., 3556 Alaska Av. Cohon, Prof. S. S., Hebrew Union Col. Marks, L. V., 4009 Beechwood Av. Const. Grand Lodge I. O. B. B., Elec- Marks, Martin, 15 W. Pearl tric Bldg. Meiss, Harry, 960 Lenox PI. Cronbach, Dr. A., Heb. Union College Meiss, Leon, 3972 Rose Hill Av. Danziger, M. M., 36 Landon Ct. Meyer, Jos. L., 712 Cholsom Av. Dine, Harry N., 1355 Myrtle Av. Meyers, M., 1032 Valley Lane Doppelt, F., Hebrew Union College Mielziner, B., 945 Burton Av. Dunsky, M., 519 Prospect Av. Miller, C. I., Hebrew Union College Dunsky, Sarah L., 854 Blair Av. Miller, Dr. R. W., 836 Windham Av. Egelson, Rabbi L. I., 2 Avon Apts. Moch, M. E., 3704 Reading Rd. Einstein, S., Avon Apts. Morgenstern, J., 8 Burton Woods La. Emden, M. M., Hebrew Union College Nelson, DT. A. W., 3584 Bogart Av. Englander, Prof. H., 904 Lexington Nussbaum, P. E., Hebrew U. College Av. Oettinger, M., 4200 Rose Hill Av. Epstein, E. L., 632 N. 8th Olan, Levi A., Hebrew Union College Feinberg, A. H., Hebrew Union Col. Pepinsky, Robt., 204 Hearne Av. Feinberg, Rabbi L., 3562 Lee PI. Perez, H., 3514 Wash. Av. Fineberg, A. M., Hebrew Union Col. Philipson, Rev. Dr. D.t 270 McGregor Fogel, Dr. E. I., 3623 Reading Rd. Folkman, J. D., Hebrew Union Col. Av. Friedman, A., 819 Lexington Av. Pollak, Mrs. E., 2648 Stanton Av. Gamoran, Dr. E.. Merchants Bldg. Pritz, C. E., 3536 Biddle, Clifton Gitin, Joseph, Hebrew Union College Pritz, S. E., 101 Union Trust Bldg. Godfried, E., 3971 Parker PI. Public Library Goldberg, S., 1116 Main Rappaport, J. E., 1016 Schmidt Bldg. Goldblatt. M., Hebrew Union College Reichert, Rabbi V. E., 2667 Highland Av. Golden, I. R., 528 Race Richmond, S., 1166 Harrison Av. Grad, Ben., 506 Prospect PI. Rosenbaum, D. N., 837 Windham Av. Graff, M. W., Hebrew Union College Rosenthal, C. H., 424 W. 4th Harris, E. E., Hebrew Union College Rothenberg, Saml., 22 W. 7th Heller, Rabbi J. G., 3557 Alaska Av, Ruskin, Moses, 4141 Rose Hill Av. Hirschfeld, Wm., 820 Mann PI. Sachs, W. I., 546 Camden Av. Hoenig, S., 302 Rockdale Av., W. Samuels, J., 707 N. Crescent Av. Huttenbauer, E., 690 N. Crescent Av. Samuels, Julius R., 3970 Parker PI. Hyman, Jacob, 861 Hutchins Av. Samuels, M. E., 860 Blair Av. Idelson. A. Z., 607 Foulke Schottenfels, J., 3981 Rose Hill Av. Isaac, Morris, Hotel Alms Schwarz, Rabbi J. D., 1579 Dixmont Jaffa, P. W., Heb. Union College Dormitory Av. Jaffee, P.. Hebrew Union College Seasongood, P. L., 885 Clinton Springs Johnson. Hon. S. M., 3427 Burch Av. Av. Jonap, H., 415 Race Segal, A., 727 Gholson AT. Joseph, Leopold, 674 N. Crescent, Segal. H., c/o "The Post" Avon dale Seinsheimer, Mrs. H. A., 3560 Wash. Kahn, Lazard, 3975 Beechwood Av. Av. Kerman, J.. 3218 Burnet Av. Senior, Edw., 2220 Frances Lane Kline, A., Hebrew Union College Senior, Max, 3580 Washington Av. 408 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK

Shohl, Chas., 714 S. Crescent Av. Braun, O., 690 E. 99th Silverblatt, N., 729 S. Crescent Av. Braverman, S., Hotel Sovereign Simon, M., Hebrew Union College Brilliant, N., 8206 Euclid Av. Smoller, P., Hebrew Union College Brown, R., 2096 Lemon Rd. Snyder, H. E., Hebrew Union College Bubis, Dr. J. L., 7016 Euclid Av. Snyder, W., Hebrew Union College Bureau of Jewish Edu., 813 Ulmer Bl. Straus, Isaac S., 2323 Park Av. Buxbaum, L., Hotel Olmsted Theol. & Rel. Lib. Ass'n. Cahen, A., 2864 E. Overbrook Rd. The Jewish Community House, 415 Cahn, Mrs. L., 2099 Lamberton Rd. Clinton Cleveland Heb. Sch. & Ins., 2491 E. Trager, I. Newton, 209 E. 6th 55th Touff, H. E., 3569 Glenwood Av. Cooper, Dr. B. H., 10115 Superior Av. Trachtenberg, J., Heb. Union College Davis, J. E., 935 Eddy Rd. Trager, I. Newton, 209 E. 6th Deutsch, A. S., 4613 Payne Av. United Jew. Social Agencies, 15th & Eckstein, Rabbi E., 10114 S. Blvd. Plum Efros, M., 1661 Bel-Mar Rd. Weiland, F., 1006 Burton Av. Ehrman, G. B., 2509 Norfolk Rd. Weiland, L.. 3161 Harvey Av. Eisenberg, L., 1169 E. 79th Weinstein, A. L., 1126 Coronado Av. Elder, E. A., 3820 Lakeside Av. Weiss, Dr. H. B., 726 Ason Fields La. Ellis, M., 10133 N. Blvd. Weitz, M., Hebrew Union College Engelman, N. D., 1418 Keith Bldg. Wirpel, A., 2312 Rohs Epstein, Dr. J. W., 10604 Drexel Av. Wohl, S., 3209 Bishop Ettinger, H., 10002 Kempton Av. Zeligs, Rose, 670 Rockdale Av. Feigenbaum, I., 985 E. Blvd. Zepin, Rabbi G., Merchants Bldg. Feiss, P. L., 12600 Cedar Rd. Friedland, Dr. L. A., 10217 St. Clair Cleveland Av. LIFE MEMBERS Friedman, Max, 10842 Pasadena Av. Mahler, Mr. & Mrs. B., 711 Electric Fryer, J., 1383 East Blvd. Bldg. Galvin, Dr. M. B., 1417 E. 85th Peskind, Dr. A., 2414 E. 55th Garber, A., 1101 Hippodrome Bldg. Garber, Dr. M., 1098 E. 98th PATRONS Gittelsohn, Dr. R., 10111 Euclid Av. Glick, Henry F., 11116 Ashbury Av. Klein, G. J., 2490 E. 22d Goldman, C. C, 2981 Lincoln Blvd. Maschke, M., 2489 Guilford Rd. Goldman, Rabbi S., 1357 East Blvd. LIBRARY MEMBERS Goodman, M. P., State Bk. Bldg. Bukstein, Mrs. F., 2452 Edgehill Rd. Gordon, B. D., 710 Ulmer Bldg. Haas, R. M., 3060 Scarborough Rd. Gross, A. F., 1087 E. 97th Halle, Mrs. M., 11402 Bellflower Rd. Gross, J., 9917 South Blvd. Katz, S. H., 927 Thornhill Dr. Grossman, L. J., 10519 Lake Shore Lappin, M. L., 513 Huron Rd. Blvd. Mellen, J. H., 908 Ulmer Bldg. Grossman, M. J., 16950 S. Woodland Morganstern, M., 11301 Wade Pk. Av. Rd. Rosenberg, Dr. E., 10907 Wade Pk. Gutentog, S., 414 Ulmer Bldg. Haber, M. W., 2692 Cochester Rd. Ulmer, J. M., 710 Ulmer Bldg. Haber, P. J., Leader News Bldg. Hahn, Dr. A., 10212 Lake Shore Blvd. ANNUAL MEMBERS Halle, S. P., c/o Halle Bros. Adams, S. A., 13514 Larchmere Blvd. Hausman, A. I., Engineers Bldg. Amster, S., 3247 Cedarbrook Rd. Heimlich, Dr. D., 1560 E. 105th Auerbach, Mrs. H., 15107 Shore Acre Heller, Jacob, 1921 W. 25th Dr. Hertz, D. R., 1755 E. 89th Baker, E. M., Union Trust Bldg. Hirsch, Dr. S. F., 2727 W. Scar- Ballenberg, F. A., 12100 Ohlman Av. borough Becker, Eli, 10708 Grantwood Av. Hollander, I., 3290 Euclid Heights Beckerman, H. A., Natl. City Bk. Bl. Blvd. Berick, M., 822 Leader Bldg. Horwitz, Saml., Union Trust Bldg. Bernon, Judge M., Union Trust Bldg. Huebsch, Dr. D. A., 10221 Lake Sh. Bernstein, A. E., 1832 Wadena Av., E. Immerman, A., 10850 Pasadena Av. Bialosky Bros. & Co., 780 Kinsman Jacobs, Dr. P. A., 3912 Prospect Av. Bing, L. S., Jr., 2044 Abington Rd. Jewish Orphan Home, 5000 Woodland Bloch, Judge J. C, Williamson Bldg. Av. Blum, H., 1545 E. 23rd Toseph, Emil, 1689 E. 115th B'nai Israel Rel. Sch., 1791 W. 57th Kalish, A. A., 3608 Euclid Av. Botwin, N. M., Engineers Bldg. Kanton, H. S., 1916 E. 93rd JEWISH PUBLICATION SOCIETY 409

Kaplan, H. L., 1327 E. Boulevard Simon, H., Guarantee Title Bldg Kasner, B. J., 9212 Pierpont Av. Simon, M., 1303 W. 6th Katz, A. A., 1058 E. 99th Sobel, L. S.. 2640 Euclid Blvd. Katz, L. A., 2605 Lee Rd. Soglovitz, Geo. L., 6311 Kinsman Rd. Kirtz, A., 506 Woodland Av. Soltz, A. I., 2741 Euclid Blvd. Klein, A. M., 1935 Coventry Rd. Soglovitz, Geo. L., 6311 Kinsman Rd. Klivans, A., 507-09 Euclid Soltz, A. I., 2741 Euclid Blvd. Klopper, N., 413 St. Clair Av., W. Spira, H., 2207 Ontario St.. Koblitz, H. D., 328 Osborn Bldg. Steiner, O. H., 1729 E. 22d Koch, I. M., 605 Guardian Bldg. Steuer, A. L., 604 Ulmer Bldg. Kohn, D. S., 1357 E. Blvd. Temple B'nai Jeshurun, 3130 Mayfield Kohn, Herrman, 1600 E. 55th Rd. Kohn, W. S., 105th & St. Clair Av. The Euclid Av. Tern S. S. Library Kollin, Abr., 740 Soc. for Sav. Bldg. The Jewish Cen. Liby., 1117 E. 105th Kollin, H. L., 10627 Morrison Av. The Temple Cong., E. 105th & Ansell Kollin, I. L., 10907 Pasadena Av., Ulmer, S., 2443 Edge Hill Rd. N. E. Weil, E. S., 2583 Overbrook Rd. Krause, A., 437 Leader Bldg. Weinberg, J. L., 10009 Yale Av. Laronge, Jc-s., 10714 Drexel Av. Weinraub, H., 3379 Euc. Hghts. Blvd. Lee, Dr. W. E., 9001 Broadway Weinstein, A. K., Soc. for Sav. Bldg. Lefkovitz, C. A., 615 Ulmer Bldg. Weiss, A. L., 8906 Buckeye Rd. Leibovitz, A., 1051 E. 98th Weitz, Sidney N., 95 Belmore Rd. Lev, Abraham, 950 Parkwood Dr. W. Side B'nai Israel Cong., 1791 W. Lev, M., 10221 Westchester Av. 57th Levenberg, Dr. B., 1496 E. 107th Wiener, Miss Lillian, 896 Eddy Rd. Lewin, M., 2295 S. Overbrook Rd. Wintner, A. S., 520 Soc. for Sav. Bl. Linsey, Dr. P. R., 215 Ellington Witt, B., 3407 Lownesdale Rd. Loeser, N., 10214 Lake Shore Blvd. Wolf, E. E., Engineers Bldg. Loewenthal, A. W., 10724 Morrison Wolfenstein, Dr. Leo, 1624 Compton Av. Rd. Makoff, J., 2740 Euclid Blvd. Wolpaw, Jacob, 2777 Edgehill Rd. Mandel, Ida, 10937 Pasadena Av. Zinner, O. J., 2940 Kingsley Rd. Markowitz, Miss M. B., 1610 E. 105th Zwick, Dr. I., 1935 St. Clair Av. Marks, S. H., 3329 E. 121st Meyers, B., 10805 Greenlawn Av. Columbus Milcoff, Dr. I., 10111 Euclid Av. LIFE MEMBER Milder, S., 11103 Asbury Av. Schonthal, Jos., 247 W. 8th Av. Miller, J. H., 10001 Pierpont Av. Miller, M., 1822 Central FRIEND Miller, S., 1822 Central Av. Lazarus, Fred, High Miller, S. H., Guarantee Title Bldg. LIBRARY MEMBER Mintz, S., 1846 Euclid Av. Moscowitz, L., 1756 W. 25th Hersch, W. A., 950 E. Broad Nebel, B., 482 E. 117th ANNUAL MEMBERS Neshkes, J., 10937 Drexel Av. Abramson, Dr. B. W., 838 E. Livings- Nowak, Rabbi Abr., 1562 Ivydale Rd. ton Av. Ozer, M. M., Commodore Apts. B'nai B'rith Hillel Foundation, 96 18th Rocker, H. A., 717 Guardian Bldg. Av. Rocker, S., 1565 Glenmont Rd. Cohen, H. H., 63 E. Long Rosen, M. A., 1721 Euclid Av. Columbus Public Library Rosenbaum, L. C, 1092 E. 97th Gluck, Mrs. F. R., 143 S. Cassingham Rosenthal, H., 2295 S. Overbrook Rd. Rd. Rothenberg, J. A., 526 Williamson Bl. Gumble, H., 781 Bryden Rd. Rothschild, I. J., 1618 Hillcrest Rd. Kobacher, A. .T., 168 N. High Scharfeld, M. B., 1610 E. 105th Kobacker, J. M., 168-178 N. High Schnitzer, A., 168 E. 90th Levenson, B. F., 1411 Bryden Rd. Schwartz, B. H., 11902 Fairport Av. Levinger, Rabbi L. J., 2257 Indianola Schwartz, E. E., 10920 Madison Av. Av. Selker, S., 10017 Somerset Av. Lifland, Lee, 49 Latta Av. Shapiro, Aaron, 2711 Woodland Av. Nassau, A. L., 1858 Franklin Av. Shier, R., 1418 B. F. Keith Bldg. Polster, L. R., 314 S. Drexel Av. Siegel, M., 978 Parkwood Dr. Polster, T., 630 Gilbert Silberman, G. L., 2462 Euclid Blvd. Rosenberg, Mrs. R., 105 Miami Av. Silbert, Judge S. H., 1454 Ansell Rd. Schanfarber, E. J., 1424 Franklin Av. Silver, Rabbi A. H., The Temple Schiff, A., 32 W. Chestnut Simon, D. I., 1067 E. 98th Schiff, S., 32 W. Chestnut 410 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK

Youngstown Hyman, M., 21 Madison Kamenetzky, L. I., 37 Robinson Rd. LIBRARY MEMBERS Hyman, M., 21 Madison Goldsmith, I. G., 400 Tod Lane Kamenetzky, A., 1715 Ohio Av. Klivans, I., 36 Crandall Av. Knight, L. j., 805 Home Saving Bldg. Kohn, Rabbi E., 836 5th Av. ANNUAL MEMBERS Library of Cong. Anshe Emeth, Park Bernstein, B. H., 64 Illinois Av. Ay. and Elm Bloch, L:, 31 Thornton Ave. Magid, J., 78 Ellenwood Av. Bloch, Rev. S. J., 66 Halleck Ozersky, Mist L., 501 Realty Bldg. Cohen, M., 704 W. Norwood Av. Philo, Rabbi I. E., 1817 Selma Av. Davidson, S. S., 1108 Wick Bldg. Regenstreich, Louis, 262 Fulton Drabkin, S., 1323 Ohio Reinwasser, S., 1241 Wick Av. Dreyfus, M., 105 Wade Av. Rheuban, A. H., Mahoning Bk. Bldg. Eidelman, J., 411 W. Lora Av. Rodef Sholem Sab. Sch., Elm & Wood- Fish, D. I., Fish Dry Cleaning Co. bine Fried, Louis, 180 New York Av. Rudolph, A., 156 N. Denwick Friedman, Jos., Stambaugh Bldg. Schneckniger, I., 17 E. Federal Goldberg, H. S. W., 363 Custer Av. Sherman, C, 60 Thornton Av. Goldblatt, Dr. L. T., The Woodbine Sosman, S., care of Moyer Mfg. Co. Ham, Max, 244 Norwood Av. Steiner, D., 1053 Marshall Hotimsky, L. I., 47 Robinson Rd. Yarmy, S. J., 401 Terminal Bldg.

OKLAHOMA Ardmore Roff Bodovitz, Jake A., 619 A. N. W. James, John G. Daube, Mrs. Saml. Sapulpa Katz, A. J. Atoka Tulsa Zweigel, A. Aaronson, A. E., 204 Tuloma Bldg. Muskogee Boorstein, Saml. A., Mayo Bldg. Comer, A., Ill E. 14th Sondheimer, Saml. Dreyfus, H., c/o Dreyfus Bros. Kahn, Max, Box 1461 Oklahoma City Krohngold, Rabbi J. B., Temple Israel Blatt, Rabbi Jos., 901 W. 24th Lewis, A. J., 305 Atco Bldg. Engelsman, A. D., 1203 Colcard Bldg. May, Max H., 2141 Norfolk Ter. Hoffman, H. R., 22 N. Robinson Singer, M., 1001 N. Ellwood Kahn, B. M., 1321 N. Broadway Solow, E., Box 434 Lewinsohn, M. M., 817 W. 19th May, B. H., Model Clothing Co. Wilburton Slesnick, I. R., 10 W. Main Baer, Mrs. Ike

OREGON Portland Lib. Ass'n of Portland, 10th & Yam- hill LIBRARY MEMBERS Miller, Alex. E., 143 3rd Selling, Ben., Hotel Benson Neighborhood House, 2nd & Wood Simon, Hon. J., 429 Vista Av. Nelson, R. C, 800 Pacific Bldg. Nudelman, E., 394 Washington ANNUAL MEMBERS Parzen. Rabbi H., 403 W. Park Reed College Abramson, Miss E., 490 Harrison Ricen, Dr. L., Medical Arts Bldg. Berkowitz, Rabbi H. J., Temple Beth Shemanski, J., 405 Washington Israel Strauss, N., c/o Fleischner, Mayer & B'nai Brith Bldg. Ass'n., 13th & Mill Co. Cohen, D. S., Chamber of Commerce Swett, Z., 551 E. 14th Davis, H. B., 735 Irving Weinbaum, Edwin N., 908 E. 29th, N. Gevurtz, Louis, 3rd & Alder Weinstein, Alexander, Royal Bldg. Library Ass'n of Portland Weinstein, S. B., 687 Multnomah JEWISH PUBLICATION SOCIETY 411

Wasserstrom, N., 433 N. High Springfield Welber, W., 2414 Fair Av. Altschul, Mrs. L., 519 E. Cassilly Wolman, B., 1123 Franklin Av. Ebner, Jos., 370 E. Cassilly Jaffa, S. J., 226 B. Cassilly Dayton Salzer, G. M., 215 Circle Dr. LIBRARY MEMBERS Schadel, Mrs. J., 222 W. North Ach, F., 510 E. 3rd Stern, M. C, 1315 E. Harvard Blvd. Steubenville ANNUAL MEMBERS Brown, I., Sinclair Bldg. Ettinger, T. D., 417 Kenwood Av. Caplan, Rev. I., 219 S. 3rd Esakovich, A. S., 118 S. 8th Kusworm, Sidney G., Gibbons Hotel Levinson, Ralph S., 4th Margolis, M. K., 601 Dayton Sav. & Tr. Bldg. Rothenberg, S., 316 Oxford Av. Struthers Waulkan, S. J., 729 Salem Av. Schwartz, M., State Dennison Tiffin Sales, Alex., 301 N. 2nd Berson, M., 185 Sycamore East Liverpool Toledo Bendheim, G., 108 E. 6th LIBRARY MEMBERS Davis, B. W., 1116 St. George Kobacker, Mrs. J. I., 2311 Glenwood Erlanger, Wm. J., 319 W. 5th Av. Rubin, Leon, 336 W. 4th Kobacker, Mrs. M., 324 Summit Netzorg, L. Z., 2484 Scottwood Av. Elyria Altfeld, A., 324 4th ANNUAL MEMBERS Antin, Judge E., Spitzer Bldg. Hillsboro Applebaum, J., 2441 Warren Free, S. R. Baer, K., 229 Erie Ironton Basch, S. L., 2724 Collingwood Calisch, Sol. H., 2206 Ashland Av. Brumberg, A. B. Dreyfus, M., 312 Winthrop Lima Eppstein, J. O., 433 Rockingham Fishel, S. S., 813 W. Elm Fain, Ben., 644 Stratford PI. Green, B. M., 2405 Putnam Lockland Hirsch, H., 362 Rockingham Leshner, N., Leshner Paper Stock Co. Jewish Federation, Southward & Lin- Lorain wood Katz, Dr. P., 2203 Vermont Av. Mayer, L., 2858 Vine Landman, Dr. Otto, Collingwood Av. Pitzele, Dr. Wm. A. Temple Mansfield Levison, Harry, 2226 Putnam Bacharach, Dr. L. H., 94^ N. Main Levitt, L., 2012 School PI. Haupt, Joseph, 218 W. 3rd Messer, H., 315 Sherman Nathanson, I. R., 11 Rockingham Dr. Middleton Saks, A., 2450 Franklin Av. Schneider, Max, 3rd & Clinton Sanger, Sig., 2614 Collingwood Av. Schwartz, Rev. I., 2447 Portsmouth Norwalk Av. Shaw, E. E., 1119 Oakwood Av. Preis, L. M., 204 W. Main Shomer Emoonim Sabbath School Piqua Silverman, I., 2116 Glenwood Av. Kastner, S., 257 Gordon Smith, Oscar J., 940 Spitzer Bldg. Louis, R., 321 Boone Treuhoft, M. E., 2440 Warren Wiener, H., 2730 Scottwood Av. Portsmouth Zanville, H., 2479 Parkwood Av. Atlas, Henry, 1401 Kinney's Lane Zeckhauser, J. N., c/o Tiedtke's Atlas, Wm., 2111 Sunrise Zimmerman, H., 325 Islington Jacobs, P., 737 3rd . Wilmington Sandusky Kaufman, Isidor Herman, H. L., 214 W. Market Wooster Isaacs, Harry Kaplan, Saml., 903 Central Av. Amster, N., Quinby Av. 412 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK

PENNSYLVANIA Allentown Bloomsburg Coleman, B., 31 South West Mayer, David, 38 W. 3rd Hammer, Rabbi L., 534 Turner Heinz, M., 27 N. Fulton Braddock Hess Bros., 1244 Hamilton Kline, Chas., 1230 Hamilton Markowitz, B., 1017 Talbot Av. Rockmaker, H., 32 S. 18th Siegel, Morris J., 612 N. 11th Bradford Sontag, Mrs. M., 225 S. Fulton Carnegie Public Library Wasserman, J., 633 Hamilton Harris, Mrs. N. E., 114 South Av. Kreinson, L. J., 28 Bushnell Aliquippa. Siff, Samuel, 75 Congress Breyer, L., 242 Main Simons, L. H., 86 Congress Altoona Brown villa Beerman, S., 1003 16th Brown, S.( 628 Front Goldstein, A. D., 2808 Broad Av. Gottdiener, E., 1212 15th Leopold, B., 1123 11th Av. Butler Leopold, L. E., 204 Logan Av. Berman, M. A., 170 Oak Rosefsky, S., 2122 7th Horwitz, Wm., 239 E. Cunningham Rosen, Rev. H. L., 871 26th Scheeline, I., 2005 Maple Av. Cannonsburg Scheinberg, Mrs. S., 307 Aldrich Av. Sealfon, H., 3100 Broad Av. Levin, J. D., 201 E. Pike Silverman Bros., 1512 11th Av. Silverman, H. G., c/o Schwartz Bros. Carlisle Friedberg, S., 503 Merchant Berg, Selma, 55 S. College Ambridge Carnegie We Are Sevens Club, 418 Merchant Green, P., 410 Anthony York, Jacob T., 101 4th Av. Ardmore Balaity, J. S., 18 E. Lancaster Av. Centralia Rosoff, H. G., 24 E. Spring Av. Lippman, P. Chester Bala Bloom, Saml., 212 W. 7th Rosenbaum, N., 118 Birch Av. Lessy, A. E., 605 E. 14th Levy, M., 15 W. 3rd Barnes boro Wolson, A. W., 337 W. 9th LIBRARY MEMBER Luxenberg, Louis Clearfield Littman, Jos., 18 N. 2nd Beaver Falls Literary Club of Beaver Valley, Coun- Clifton Heights cil 6f Jewish Women Fastman, A. Markson, H., 1523 6th Av. Clymer Solomon, Mrs. Max, 1202 8th Av. Levinson, H. Starr, M. S., 1316 6th Av. Wasbutzky, L., 1110 7th Av. Coatesville Bellefonte Apfelbaum, Louis, 116 E. Lincoln Highway Cohen, Walter, 19 N. Spring Chertock, Meyer, 348 E. Lincoln Landay, M. A., Brockerhoff Hotel Highway Goldberg, I., 589 Chestnut Berwick Margolies, DT. M., 567 Chestnut Schain, J. M. Trachtenberg, L., 117 Main Bethlehem Weiss, B., 228 E. Main Nathanson, A., 20th Cen. Silk Corp. Neuman, H., 36 W. Broad Connellsville Stone, F., 85 W. Broad Oppenheim, S. D., 409 E. Green JEWISH PUBLICATION SOCIETY 413

Wolf, A., Kitz-Carlton Hotel Banks, S., 6155 Woodland Av. Wolf, M., Packard Bldg. Barash, M., 5351 Chestnut Y. M. and Y. W. H. A., Broad & Pine Bard, L. J., 4035 Lancaster Av. Barenbaum, L., 519 N. 4th ANNUAL MEMBERS Barenkopf, B., 2833 Kensington Av. Aaron Berman Liby, 63rd & Market Barlow, Dr. A., 5927 Cobbs Creek Aaron, M. N., 18th & Courtland Parkway Aarons, G. P., 1909 N. Park Av. Barmach, A., 611 S. 2nd Aaronson, A., 495 City Hall Barnett, H., 6604 Chew Abraham, H., 6043 Christian Barol, H., 1025 Wingohocking Abrahams, R. D., 1520 Spruce Barol, M. H., 1806 S. 58th Abrahams, S., Juniper & Vine Baron, J., 1501 W. Allegheny Av. Abrahamson, Dr. P., 455 S. 48th Baruch, A. I., 4537 N. Mervine Abrams, E., City Centre Bldg. Bascove, E. H., 824 Preston Abrams, H. R., 5613 Wyndale Av. Baskin, Jos., 742 N. 20th Abrams, M. A., 1816 N. 28th Bass, C. P., 1211 Chestnut Abramson, H. P., 603 Porter Bass, Harry, 5649 Gainor Rd. Abramson, Mrs. R., 627 E. Passyunk Bauer, Jacob, 1817 W. Venango Avenue Baum, N., Lenox Apts. Acron, Dr. Jno., 421 S. 18th Baylison, J. C, 2124 Walnut Adams, H., 6247 Larchwood Av. Baylson, I., 5030 Kingsessing Av. Adath Jeshurum Rel. School Baylson, J. J., 6313 N. 13th Adler, A. J., 5500 N. 7th Beck, Miss Victoria, 1000 N. 45th Adler, Dr. Cyrus, 2041 N. Broad Becker, A. A., 3029 N. 22nd Adler, Mrs. Cyrus, 2041 N. Broad Becker, D., 4032 Parkside Av. Adler, H. L., 406 Denckla Bldg. Becker, S. J., 1106 Franklin Tr. Bldg. Agrons, P., 314 Drexel Bldg. Behrend, Dr. M., 1738 Pine Aiken, A., 2621 Girard Av. Aisenstein, S., 5902 Walnut Behrend, Max, 6672 Lincoln Dr. Alberstadt, H., 5402 Spruce Beildeck, A. A., 3539 N. 19th Alexander, J., 195S N. 52nd Belber, A. S., 1520 Spruce Alexander, 1., 3832 N. 17th Belber, H. S., 1641 Hancock Alexander, Mrs. M. R., 1530 Locust Belber, Dr. M. Y., 11th & Spruce Alkus, Wm., 1531 Nedro Av. Beliekowsky, S., 5503 Pentridge Allman, H. D., Ritz-Carlton Hotel Bell, N. B., 1217 Belmont Av. Allman, J. P., 1522 Chestnut Bellmore, J. B., 3229 Page Alsher, L., 1727 N. Franklin Belmont, Leo, 2103 Green, Apt. D Althouse, H., 5278 Parlcside Av. Bendiner, Mrs. H., 469 Abbotsford Altman, Dr. J., 1932 N. 32nd Rd. Gtn. Altshuler, B. S., 606 Franklin Tr. Bl. Benjamin, C, 325 N. American Amram, D. W., 918 Packard Bldg. Benson, A., 3038 N. 25th Amster, M., 44 W. Haines Berg, Abram, Sta. E., Pt. Richmond Apothaker, H., 5348 Lebanon Av. Berg, D., 1715 Jefferson Appel S. T., 420 S. 5th Berg, N., 141 Apsley Apt., A., 1624 South Berger, D., 5226 Gainor Rd. Armon, S. F., 4640 Locust Berger, H., 5th & Pine Arnold, Corinne B., 19th & Walnut Berger, J. A., 1901 Walnut Arnold, Mrs. M. K., The "Lenox," Berkman, A., 1020 W. Upsal Aron, Max, 710 Lincoln Bldg. Berkowitz, A., 2034 S. 6th Aronovitz, H., 38 W. Chelten Av. Berkowitz, Abr. L., 315 Poplar Arronson, H., 4923 Parkside Av. Berkowitz, Mrs. F., 726 Westview Ash, Ben, 409 W. Hortter Ash, Lewis E., 831 Cherry Berkowitz H., 215 S. Broad Atchick, I., 1736 Orthodox Berman, Aaron, 6019 Market Atlas, D., 6752 N. 13th Berman, L., 4614 Pine Auerbach, Dr. I., 703 N. 5th Bernard, H. S., 924 Pine Auerbach, J., 54th & Montgomery Av. Bernheim, Dr. A., 1208 Spruce Auslander, J., 1238 Pt. Breeze Av. Bernheim, B. F., 6529 N. 13th Austin. J., 894 N. 6th Bernstein, B., 3822 Pennsgrove Axe B., 1315 Cherry Bernstein, C, Lafayette Bldg. Bacharach, S., Hotel Majestic Bernstein, H., 3923 Pennsgrove Bachman, F. H., 212 S. 15th Bernstein, T., 5311 Baltimore Av. Bachove. Miss G., Broad & Sp. Garden Bernstein, L., 825 Arch Baird, P., 826 Arch Bernstein, Dr. M., 1437 Broad Baker A. E., 707 N. 10th Beth-El Cong., 58th & Walnut Balder, C. M., 121 N. Broad Bethiachmy, Dr. D., 2348 N. Broad Bait, J., 1701 Grange Bettelheim, F., 1731 Marlton Av. Biben, J. H., 5326 Lebanon Av. 414 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK

Carry Cutts, A. B., 1014 State Smith, D. F., 310 E. South Gale, I., 144 W. 5th Zalzneck, Lillian E., 308 W. Wash. Levin, A. K., 225 W. 18th Levin, J. L., 629 Dowing Ct. Levy, M. D., 434 W. 10th Cynwyd Ostrow, Mrs. S., 437 W. 7th Libros, E., 416 State Rd. Pinsky Memorial Library Rubin, H. H., 317 E. 23d Darby Schaffner, t. 325 W. 9th Caine, I. E., 504 Main Schaffner, M., 239 W. 21st Goss, H., 510 Main Shapiro, H., 351 W. 10th Greenwald, J., 1130 Main Silin, Isaac J., 952 W. 8th Kaplon, D., 878 Main Simon, Isidor, 316 10th Mayerson, H., 871 Main Zacks, H., 358 W. 9th Philips, B., 1118 Main Zacks, H., 15th and Raspberry Zacks, J. H., 1222 W. 10th Donora Hirsch, Harry, 675 McKean Av. Etna Hirsch, R., 517 Prospect Av. Caplan, Harry, 8 Freeport Miller, Mose, 228 10th Farrell Dormont May, Patrick, Box 670 Schacter, Miss Clare, 1548 McFarland LIBRARY MEMBER Rd. Polangin, Wm., 917 Broadway East Brady Miller, Samuel Gallitzin Easton Pollock, Mrs. L. G., 510 Main Krohn, H., 503 Lafayette Krohn, I., 6 S. 7th Greensburg Mayer, H., 41 S. 10th Friedlander, H. M., Depot Mayer, Jacob, 115 N. 14th Friedlander, Miss I. H., 208 Semin- Ralph, L. M., 137 N. 7th ary Avenue Sherer, S., 203 Northampton Kahanowitz, I., 112 Washington Ratner, B., 22 Otterman Elkins Park Shapiro, J., 816 W. Otterman LIFE MEMBER Ziskind, Jos., 4th & Penna. Av. Teller, Est. of Mrs. Benj. F. Greenville PATRON Wolf, Louis Goldsmith, Miss Betty, 25 Louisa Av. LIBRARY MEMBER Hanover Solis-Cohen, J., Jr., 709 Rambler Rd. Blumenthal, I., 144J4 North

ANNUAL MEMBERS Harrisburff Bamberger, A. J., Ashbourne Rd. LIBRARY MEMBER Cherry, Gee. Caplan, P. B., 2965 N. 2nd Labe, Mrs. Jacob, 709 Rambler Rd. Magill, Sam'l N. ANNUAL MEMBERS Newburger F. L., 534 Elkins Av. Bookstabor, Dr. P. D., 208 N. 3d Stern, B., 7914 Whitewood Rd. Claster, Henry C, 2001 N. 3d Claster, Jos., 801 N. 2d Elwood City Freedman, Abe., 1103 Montgomery Feldman, Nathan, 522 Weyne Av. Goldman, Dr. L. C, 200 Caplan Bldg. Goldsmith, Jos., 6}4 N. Market Sq. Erie Hirschler, A., 803 N. 6th Michlovitz, S. Paxton, St. P. R. R. LIBRARY MEMBER Rosenbere, R., 1835 Whitehall Sobel, Isador, 931 W. 9th Sachs, Miss Mary, 208-210 N. 3d ANNUAL MEMBERS Silberman, Jos., 2109 N. 3d Ansche, Chesed Congr., 523 W. 9th B'nai B'rith Home for Children Hazleton Cohen, M., 16 Kenilworth Apt. Dessun, Dr. L. A., 145 N. Laurel Currick, Rabbi M. C, 523 W; 9th Friedlander, M., 210 Markle Bk. Bl. JEWISH PUBLICATION SOCIETY 415

Honig, J. L., 809 W. Diamond Lock Haven Markman, H. K., 432 W. 1st Claster, M. L., 46 W. Bald Eagle Raff, Mrs. L. L., 48 W. Main Homestead Friedlander, B., 218 E. 11th McAdoo Chenetz, J., 22 N. Tamaqua Jeannette Ratner, C. I., 414 Clay Av McKeesport Auslander, Dr. I. L., 618 Market Johnstown Flaster, H., 1412 Wilson LIBRARY MEMBER Friedman, Henry, 531 Shaw Av. Elsasser, N. A., 521 Tioga Kaplan, F. R. S., 1500 Carnegie Av. Levy, H. R., 510 Walnut ANNUAL MEMBERS Mendlowitz, Dr. P., 141 Fifth Av. Callet, Albert, 134 Clinton Pollak, Rath A., 211 Third Glosser, David, 505 Luzerne Ruben, Jos. H., Ruben Bldg. Kaaplander, Rabbi M. H., 54 Erie Sunstein, Dr. Noah, 607 Shaw Av. Nathan, Mrs. M., 344 Tioga, West- mont McKees Rocks Sacks, H. R., 320 Wood Ryave, S., 321 Chartiers Av. Schwartz, Max, 516 Main Silverstone, M. B., 543 Vine Mahanoy City Slutzker, A. M., 112 Market Shanfield, S., 135 W. Centre Spbol, L., 607 U. S. Nafl Bk. Bldg. Zion, A. M., 631 Homer East Mauch Chunk Kane Weiss, S., Jr. Elson, T., 133 Fraley Mechanicsburg Kittanning Jacobson, A. S., Est of, 14 W. Main Kaplan, M., 135 S. Jefferson Media Pleet, D. H. Lancaster Melrose Park Golden, Isaac, 722 E. King Jacobs, J., 19 W. Chestnut LIBRARY MEMBER Lancaster Lodge No. 228 I. O. B. B. Hirsh, H. B., 1213 Stratford Av. Lurio, B., 626 N. Duke Rosenthal, Rev. I., 445 N. Duke ANNUAL MEMBER Shaarai Shomayim Congr. Lib'y Bernstein, R. M., 1100 Mlrose Av. Shear, Dr. L. M., Manor & Dorwart Stein, Dr. B. D., 230 N. Duke Merion Station Benoliel, S. D. Lansdowne Schwartz, Anthony Saturen, P., 285 Coverly Rd. Mifflintown Latrobe Schott, Mrs. Freda Lowenstein, Fred., 202 Depot Mount Airy Lebanon Nusbaum, E., 143 W. Sharpnack Gruman, Dr. H., 40 N. 8th Nusbaum, Mrs. J., 7135 Cresheim Rd. Leetsdale Mount Carmel Gross, Max, 460 Wash. Grossman, Louis, 30-32 S. Oak Lehig'hton New Brighton Cohen, Wm., 159 N. First Saul, Ellis I., 601 6th Rauscher, Emanuel, Box 218 Weiss, Wm., 143 N. 1st New Castle Cosel, Mrs. J., 35 N. Mercer Lewistown Feuchtwanger, Mrs. M., 331 Laurel Siegel, H. L., 23 N. Grand Blvd. Kaplan, Dr. E., 223 N. Mercer Lock No. 4 Malakoff, Mrs. O. H., Wash. Co, 3d New Cumberland Zone Smarr. Jos. B., 12th & Bridge 416 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK

New Kensington Bloom, J., 2216 Georges Lane Goldberger, Rabbi H. R., 1132 Vic- Blumenthal, Hart, Rittenhouse Plaza toria Av. Apts. Newport Brodney. J. N., Ontario & Richmond Lipsitt, Henry Cohen, S. J., 2227 M. 54th Steinberg, M. S., Perry County Edelman, I. J., 6230 Pine Fernberger, Henry, 543 Real Est. Tr. Norristown Bldg. Fleisher, A. W., 1424 S. Penn Sq. Bloch, S. E., 524 Haws Av. Fleisher, Arthur A., 2301 Green Oil City Fleisher, Mrs. M., 2223 Green Freeman, A. C, 134 Walnut Kinsbursky, Mrs. E. M., 16 Graff Gimbel, Mrs. E. A., 1830 S. Ritten- Lewis, Sam, 311 Seneca house Square Rosenthal, S., The Oil City Blizzard Goldman, N. I. S., 1505 Nedro Av. Stahl, H. L., 41 E. Bissell Av. Goldstein, L., 703 W. Girard Av. Goldstein, Wm., 1415 Locust Olyphant Greenwald, Mrs. R. R., 404 S. 42d Raker, Dave K. Grodinsky, Julius Gutman, B., 1326 Vine Raker, Louis, Miles Av. Hagedorn, J. H., 1520 Spruce Overbrook Herzherg, M. H., 127 S. 13th Rovine, Alex L., 6413 Woodcrest Av. Kauflman, M., 3906 N. 16th Keneseth Isr. Cong., Broad ab. Col- Petrolia, Butler Co. umbia Breth, Dr. F., Daugherty Refining Co. Klein, Rabbi M. D., 1808 N. Broad Philadelphia Kohn, H. E., Bankers Trust Bldg. Korn, M., 4539 N. 12th LIFE MEMBERS Kun, Judge J. L., Bankers Trust BI. Bloch, S. L., Broad & Wallace Laver, H., 5427 Woodcrest Av. Eshner, Dr. A. A., 1019 Spruce Levinthal, L. E., Bankers Trust Bldg. Schechtman, M., 2459 N. 33d Lichtenstein, A., 5204 Overbrook Av. Silberman, Mrs. S., Ritz-Carlton Hotel Lit, J. D., 8th & Market Snellenburg, N., 12 & Market Lit, Samuel D., 204 W. Rittenhouse Square SUBSCRIBER FOR LIFE Marvis, J. H., 4946 Pine Peirce, Harold, 222 Drexel Bldg. Mercantile Club. 1422 N. Broad Miller, A. B., 404 S. 42d SUSTAINING MEMBER Miller, Chas., c/o Driad Mills, 10th Wolf, Albert, 330-48 N. 12th and Allegheny Av. Pitkow, H. M., 611 Market FRIENDS Publicker, H., 5122 Wynnfield Av. Fels, M., 4323 Spruce Raken, S. C, 1912 Erie Av. Gerstley, Wm., Finance Bldg. Rubel, L., Gir"b«-1 Brns. Saloman, I., 5123 Woodbine Av. PATRONS Samuel, J. Bunford, 1609 Spruce Bernheimer, L. G., 233 W. Harvey Schamberg, Dr. J. F.. 1402 Spruce Bernstein, R. M., Bailey Bldg. Schenck, Julius, '827 S. 58th Eichholz, A., 360 Bullitt Bldg. Schlesineer, Abe., 1846 N. 16th Fels, S. S., 39th & Walnut Selzer, P., 1549 Champlost Av. Fleisher, Edwin A., 2220 Green Silver-man, D. L., S. W. Cor. 6th & Friedmann, L., 4845 Pulaski Av. South Gerstley, L., 701 Finance Bldg. Simons, Dr. B. R.. 942 Market Gerstley. S. L., 250 S. 17th Snellburg, T. N., Market & 12th Golder, Ben, 2011 N. 33d Sobelman, B. H., 5709 N. 6th Miller, Simon, 1520 Spruce Steinhach, Mrs. L. W.. 1511 Oxford Sickles, L., 3220 Diamond Steinberg. Mrs. P., Wash. Sq. Bldg. Sulzberger, J. E., 6508 Lincoln Dr. SterHnR. Dr. A.. 1531 N 6th Wolf, Ben, 250 S. 17th Sterling. P., 2176 E. York Wolf, Clarence, 1521 N. 16th Stern, Judge Horace, 1524 N. 16th Wolf, Edwin, 1517 N. 16th Strauss, B., Allegheny & Hancock LIBRARY MEMBERS Talimer, Mrs. B. M. O., Warwick Bauer, A., Wash. Sq. Bldg. Hotel Bauer, G., 1817 Venango Waxman. Abe., 5628 Florence Av. Bedner, H. I., 2612 N. 9th Weber, David, 53d and Gainor Rd. Berger, D., 615 Real Est. Tr. Bldg. Weisbrodt, S. H., 229 S. 60th Berkowitz, L. L., 1739 Berks Weyl, T. S., 140 N. 6th Bernstein, B., 613 E. Allegheny Av. Weyl, M. N., 6506 Lincoln Dr. JEWISH PUBLICATION SOCIETY 417

Biberman, J. M., 321 Carpenter Lane Bronstein, M. H., 5942 Pine Biberman, Jos., 607 W. Upsal Brooks, B., 11th & Diamond Biederman, L., 869 N. 5th Brown, F., 725 W. Wyoming Av. Biernbaum, M. H., Stephen Girard Bl. Brown, M., 1314 Vine Bilder, F. D., 3126 N. Darien Brownstein, E., 4728 N. 8th Billikopf, J., 235 S. 15th Brunswick, E., 3421 N. 19th Binder, Dr. I., 708 Pine Brylawski, Mrs. E., 626 W. Cliveden Binnick, H., 267 S. 2nd Bucks, W., 2251 N. Park Av. Biser, M., 2848 W. Lehigh Av. Budman, J., 2022 Columbia Av. Black, E., 401 N. 3rd Burd, A. M., 112-20 N. 12th Blank, J., 6165 Catharine Burd, L. A., 1009 W. Cliveden Av. Blatstein, E. M., 5742 Rodman Burman, H. A., 1053 N. 67th Blatt, F., 4101 Lancaster Av. Burstein, H., 6225 Carpenter Blauner, H., 833 Market Burt, Mrs. H., 5924 Market Bleicher, Helen S., 226 S. 15th Busch, Hyman, 4214 Otter Bless Bindery Co., 704 Chestnut Bushman, M., 910 Columbia Av. Blieden, G. L., Bankers Trust Bldg. Cahan, L. H., Bankers Trust Bldg. Blieden, Dr. M. S., 1310 S. 5th Camitta, S., 4729 Walnut Bloch, Mrs. M. L., 47th & Pine Cantor, H. L., 1727 W. 68th Av. Block, H. M., 122 Market Caplan, Jos., 1530 Locust Bloom, Albert, 5604 Chew Carlin, S., 6722 N. 18th Bloom, Louis, 5704 N. 12th Carmosin, T., 1229 W. Tioga Bloom, N., 5729 N. 17th Carson, A., 281 S. 5th Bloom, S. S., S. W. cor. 48th & Brown Cassett, L. N., 213 S. Broad Bloomberg, L. M., 5925 Ellsworth Chabrow, D. P., 5434 Gainor Rd. Blum, A., 2729 Germantown Av. Chabrow, F., 4927 Parkside Av. Blum, H., Kensington Av. & Venango Chabrow, H., 6223 Washington Av. Blum, Isidor, 3133 Dakota Chaiken, Dr. J. B., 1330 N. Franklin Blumberg, Dr. L., 750 S. 2nd Chaiken, M., 5917 Chancellor Blumberg, Dr. N., 1922 Spruce Chaiken, S. A., 1800 Market 31umenfeld, J., 824 W. Somerset Charen, M., 6031 Carpenter Blumenthal, A., 1115 Walnut Charny, N., 1913 N. 32nd Blumenthal, A. I., 3017 Fontain Chartock, Dr. S., 713 Pine Blumenthal, D., 4700 N. 5th Cherashore, D. B., 4232 Viola Blumenthal, J., 3024 W. Gordon Cherry, B. C, 55 N. 3rd Bodek, W., 53 N. 3rd Cherry, D., 5913 Warrington Av. Bogosrofsky, S., 505 S. 5th Cherry, I., 243 S. Front Boguslaw, Dr. D., 213 Green Lane Chissler, L., 1643 N. Hancock Bonn, H., 502 Walnut Chomsky, W., Dropsie College Borenstein, M., 6041 Market Clavner, B.. 909 Walnut Borowsky, A. G., 403 Morris Bldg. Clearfield, J. S., Jefferson Bldg. Brahm, C, 1242 Marlyn Rd. Clyman, Dr. J. H.. 1324 Gtn. Av. Brait, S., 930 Market Coane, S., 1013 Filbert Braker, L., 6113 Carpenter Cohan, I., 170 City Hall Bram, Dr. Israel, 1633 Spruce Cohan, L. B., 4602 N. 10th Brandt, Mrs. J. H., 4461 Fkford. Av. Cohan, M., 3866 Poplar Braslarsky, H., 53rd & Wynnefield Cohan, P. E.. 205 S. 9th Braslawsky, H., 905 N. Marshall Cohan, W. H., Bulletin Bldg. Braude, H. W., 4900 Pine Cohen, Dr. A. T., 1630 Spruce Braun, I., 736 W. Moyamensing Av. Cohen, Albert B., 5725 Cedar Av. Brav, Dr. A., 917 Spruce Cohen, A., 538 South Brav, Victor, 1514 Lindley Av. Cohen, Charity Solis. 1537 N. 8th Brazin, H., 1949 N. 32nd Cohen, C. S., 3819 Lancaster Av. Bredt, S. D., 1539 Wood Cohen, D. H. Solis, 1715 N. 18th Brenner, H. N., 524 Pine Cohen, E. J.. 2311 Brown Brenner, M., 5025 Walnut Cohen, Dr. F. I.. 523 N. 6th Breskman, R., 1312 Wingohocking Cohen, H., 30R Chestnut Bresler, M., 3224 W. Oxford Cohen, Mrs. H., 321 S. 51st Brick, H. A., 1618 Conlyn Cohen, Harry, 309 Real Estate Tr. Brick, I. O., Bankers Trust Bldg. Cohen, H., 2237 N. 51st Bricklin, F. A., 2738 W. Girard Av. Cohen, Dr. H. E.. Tioga Tr. Bldg. Brill, A..F., 16th & Market Cohen, H. H., 1637 Wyoming Av. Brill, L., 5823 Gtn. Av. Cohen, J. J., 6607 N. Gratz Brod, Harry, 6030 Wash. Av. Cohen & Lipschutz, 611 E. Passyunk Brody, Mrs. Louis, 6201 Cobbs Creek Av. Bromberg, S., 730 S. American Cohen, L., 706 Pine 418 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK

Cohen, M., 431 E. Rockland Eiseman, F. F., 1323 N. E. Blvd. Cohen, Max, 5406 Woodcrest Av. Eisman, C. K., 5658 Lebanon Av. Cohen, Rabbi M. J., 1117 Duncannon Eisner, M., 323 South Av. Elichman, J. S., 5418 Woodcrest Av. Cohen, Dr. Meyer S., 1833 Pine Eliel, Mrs. L. S., "Warwick," 17th & Cohen, P., 442 Winton Locust Cohen, R., 332 Reed Ellendman, J., 816 W. Wyoming Av. Cohen, Dr. S. Solis, 135 S. 17th Ellis, A. M., 2227 N. 33d Cohn, B. R., 3846 N. 17th Ellis, John, 126 N. Delaware Av. Cohn, Clarence, 68th Av. & 13th Ellis, K., 2401 N. 54th Cohn, L. I., 239 S. 2nd Ellis, M., 5328 Gainor Rd. Cohn, S., 6204 Carpenter Elmaleh, Rev. L. H., 2322 N. Broad Comly, J. V., 27 S. 2nd Engel, M., 1908 Walnut Cooke, S., 6531 Guyer Av. Engelsberg, A., 4201 Ridge Av. Cooper, J. A., 4767 N. Hutchinson Englander, E. L., 1630 N. Franklin Cooper, S., 4900 N. 8th Englander, H., 4622 Walnut Cooperberg, S., Fruit Trade Bldg. Englander, J. B., 125 S. 63d Cooperman, M., 6187 Ridge Av. Englander, S., Packard Bldg. Coopersmith, Mrs. G., 1653 N. Mar- Epstein, Dr. A., 4027 Girard Av. shall Epstein, J., 6012 N. 11th Ccoperstein, W., 4902 N. 8th Epstein, O., 5943 Pine Coplan, L. j., 4288 Frankford Av. Epstine, L. C, 4230 Lancaster Av. Coplin, S. H., 5647 Beaumont Av. Ernst, I., 628 Jackson Cornblatt, M., 920 N. Franklin Eskin, B., 25 S. 8th Cornfeld, Dr. M.. 1336 S. 4th Ettelson, Jos., 913 S. 60th Coyne, M. A., Widener Bldg:. Evans, M. J., 49th & Market Cramer, J., 4276 Parkside Av. Evans, S. H., 1324 Walnut Creskoff, A. J., Bankers Trust Bldg. Farkas, Dr. G. F., 1012 N. 5th Crowell, J. B., 1927 N. 60th Fastman^ J. I., 5633 Gainor Rd. Crown, Mrs. Bessie, 1815 N. 33rd Faust, Ed., 1227 N. 6th Crown, M.. Jr., 1506 Callowhill Fayer, J. A., 6012 Market Dalsimer, H., 1204 Market Fazar, L., 5350 Arlington Dalsimer, L., "Warwick," 17th & Feigenbaum, B., 1207 Wyoming Av. Locust Fein, Nettie L., 3023 Euclid Av. Dannenbaum, E. M., Alleg'y & Bd'not Feinberg, C. S., 248 N. Delaware Av. Daroff, S.. 11th & Arch Feinberg, F., 1216 Ridge Av. Davidoff. H. A., 1030 Chestnut Feiner, Edward, 928 Arch Davis, B., 5507 Pine Feingold, A. S., 4654 N. Warnock Davis, H. L., 1504 N. Mervine Feingold, M., 5347 Lebanon Av. De Ford, Dr. F. A., 5629 N. 16th Feinstein, Dr. A., 4818 N. 11th Delfiner, S., 801-7 Arch Feinstein, M., 2433 S. 5th Dembitz, Arthur, 1631 N. 32d Feinstein, M., 15th & Locust Demchick, I., 4631 N. Warnock Feinstine. M., 3226 N. Marston Derezin, C, 1968 N. Stanley Feives, N. B., 4814 N. Broad Dewolf, Mrs. H. I., 2201 N. Uber Feld, M. J., 4th & Cumberland Diamond, Dr. H. N., 2136 S. 5th Feldman, Dr. D., 4101 W. Girard Av. Dilsheimer, F., 3021 Diamond Feldman, David N. 617 S. 63rd Dintenfass, B., 1034 W. Upsal Feldman, H., 5433 Gainor Rd. Dintenfass, Dr. Henry, 1305 Spruce Feldman, Jos., Franklin Tr. Bldg. Dostrow, Dr. V. G., 143 E. Roosevelt Feldman, T. G., 427 Lafayette Bldg. Blvd. Feldman, L. M., 4527 N. 5th Dreifus, M., 1529 Diamond Feldman, M., 1533 N. 21st Drob, Rev. M., 2253 N. 33rd Feldman, S., 912 Commonwealth Bldg. Drob, M., Bankers Trust Bldg. Fellman, A. L.. 718 Chelten Av. Drueker, A. B., 1937 Market Felt, A. M.. 1832 Spruce Dubin, M., Mt. Sinai Hospital Ferguson, H. B., 332 S. 45th Dubois, M. N., 5330 N. 12th Fernberger, H. W., 1825 N. 17th Dubrow, I., 618 South Fernberger, S. W., 3212 Midvale Av. Dubrow, S., 740 South Feustman, M., 4408 Walnut Durst, M., 826 Arch Filler, Pit, 730 W. Girard Av. Edelstein, J.. 1023 Wingohocking Fineman, Dr. H. E., 1324 S. 5th Ehrlich, J. C, 6216 Addison Fineman, S. S., 618 Penna. Bldg. Eidlow, M., 5518 Chester Av. Fineshriber, Rev. Dr. W. H., 1916 Eiferman, S., 5901 Addison Einhorn, E. J., Morris Bldg. Rittenhouse Sq. Einson, H., Fruit Trade Bldg. Finestone, L. J., 404 Green JEWISH PUBLICATION SOCIETY 419

Fingles, Dr. A. A., 647 N. 22d Gekoski, L., 5741 Virginian Rd. Fink, D., 1027 Columbia Av. Gelles, J., 7 N. 40th Finkelstein, A., 400 Chestnut Gelman, P., 2559 N. 32nd Fischer, J. J., 920 Widener Bldg. Gerber, M 505 Market Fischer, P., 212 S. Front Gershenfeld, H., 9th & Lombard Fischman, H., 10th & Allegheny Av. Gershenfeld, Dr. L., 281 S. 63rd Fisher, A. H., 426 Market Gershenfeld, L. R., 6248 Sansom Fisher, I. Irwin, 5253 N. Sydenham Gerson, F. N., 3413 Race Fisher, J., 4th & Morris Gerstley, Mrs. H., Majestic Hotel Fisher, Dr. R., 1719 N. 52d Flaram, Mrs. R., 2232 Ridge Av. Gerstley, Isaac, 701 Finance Bldg. Flamra, S. A., 2520 N. Broad Getson, B., 1703 N. Franklin Fleisher, Mrs. A., 2030 Spring Garden Gettlin, A. A., 5630 N. 5th Fleisher, H., 2550 E. Allegheny Av. Getzow, Dr. J. A., 251 Pine Fleisher, Louis, 2045 Green Getzow, S., 401 South Fleisher, M. T., 1520 Locust Gevov, E., 244 W. Girard Av. Fleisher, W., 1504 N. 17th Gevurtz, S., 329 S. 6th Fleisher, W. A., City Line & Lakeside Gilbert, M., S233 Market Fogel, F., City Centre Bldg. Gimbel, Mrs. B., 250 S. 17th Folkman, H. J., 124 S. 60th Gimbel, Chas., 250 S. 17th Folkman, S., 5647 Sansom Ginns, Dr. R. S., 30 Carpenter Lane Folz, S., Bankers Trust Bldg. Ginsberg, L., 5631 Lebanon Av. Forstein, Sol. B., 971 N. 10th Ginsburg, L. S., Packard Bldg. Fow, L., 2440 N. 33rd Ginsburg, Dr. M., 1441 S. Broad Fox, Chas. E., Bankers Trust Bldg. Ginsburg, Dr. S. A., 1901 S. Broad Fox, T. L., 1844 N. Natrona Ginsburg, S. R., Broad and Locust Fox-Weis Co., 102 S. 13th Ginsburg, Wm., Bankers Trust Bldg. Frank, C. I., 601 N. 6th Ginsburg, W. B., 7036 N. Broad Frank, E., 2342 N. Front Gittelman, M. H., 1728 Chestnut Frank, L. M., 4516 N. Warnock Glasgold, S. S., 806 Green Frank, M., 1735 W. Montgomery Av. Glass, H. E., 1802 Market Frankel, B. L., 6800 Lawnton Av. Glass, S. P., 1500 N. 12th Frankel, L., 717 Walnut Glass, S. S., 5445 Diamond Frechie, H. E., 3861 N. 18th Glassman, A., 2615 W. Girard Av. Fredman, Rabbi S., 6046 Wash. Av. Glazer, W. A., 5th and Commerce Freed, W. F., 718 S. 3rd Glick, S. J., 7th and Spring Garden Freedman, I., 1524 W. Nedro Av. Gobler, A. H., 5917 N. Leithgow Freedman, Jos., 324 S. 5th Gold, A. H., 5917 N. Leithgow Freedman, L., 517 Wolf Gold, L. T., 1609 Vine Freedman, N., 5936 Cobbs Creek Pky. Gold, Dr. M. H.. 3301 N. 17th Free Library, Logan Square Gold, R., 3919 N. 5th Freeman, P., 301 W. Fishers Av. Freiberg, S. N., 5667 Lebanon Av. Goldbaum, Dr. Jacob S., 4234 Spruce Freids, Dr. R., 6201 Spruce Goldberg, A., 3680 Frankford Av. Freifelder, B., 113 Drexel Bldg. Goldberg, A. S., 1505 Whart6n Freudenheim, A., 223 S. 2nd Goldberg, J., 1624 Diamond Freund, H., Lorraine Hotel Goldberg, J., 817 S. 60th Frey, N. L., 1512 Widener PI. Golden, Dr. L. M., 5201 Chester Av. Fridlaender, Mrs. D., 4260 Chestnut Golden Dr. M. H., 1830 Pine Friede, M., 278 S. 52nd Goldenberg, A. B., 813 Public Ledger Friedman, B., 6029 Oxford Bldg. Friedman, H., 1920 W. Erie Av. Goldenberg, J. B., 4955 Pine Friedman, J., 2929 Ridge Av. Goldensky" " • ' , , E.,170 "5 "Chestnu " - t Friedman, S. G., 404 Sansom Goldfarb, J., 822 S. 5th Frier, H. E., 3858 N. Smedley Goldfield, Dr. J. E., 5731 Chester Av. Frizond, S., 107 S. 11th Goldich, H., 4858 N. Broad Fuchs, C, 5410 Wyndale Av. Goldin, A. J., 1415 Penn Bldg. Fuerstenberg, Mrs. F. Muhr, 2315 N. Golding, Dr. E. J., 1722 N. 8th Goldman, C, 1702 Walnut Goldman, T. J., 542 N. 6th Goldman, M. D., 1701 Locust Broad Goldner, E., 1627 N. 33rd Furth, Emanuel, 1218 Chestnut Goldsmith, C, 1737 Montgomery Av. Galanter, M., 4333 Main Goldsmith, E. M., 18th and Courtland Gamson, H., 1023 Filbert Goldsmith, H. N., 2336 N. Broad Gans, Mrs. S. J., 3247 N. 15th Goldsmith, Katherine, 1311 Columbia Gansky, L. M., 1652 N. 8th Garber, H., 512 South Av. Gavron, J. L., 2111 N. 9th Goldsmith, L., 6664 Lincoln Dr. Geisler, O., 3409 Walnut Goldsmith, N., 1464 N. 52nd 420 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK

Goldstein, C. S., 2351 Park Av. Groskin, H., Land Title Bldg. Goldstein, D., 4601 N. Camac Gross, Harry, 331 S. 5th Goldstein, D., 5742 N. 17th Gross, H., 1235 South Goldstein, E., 745 Spring Garden Gross, Joseph, 706 Bulletin Bldg. Goldstein, H., 618 Cherry Gross, Morris. 1100 Chelten Av, Goldstein, L., 5854 Market Gross, N., 730 S. 5th Goldstein, P., 4606 Frankford Av. Gross, S., 5911 Latona Av. Goldstein, P., 429 W. Girard Av. Grossman, Miss Bertha, 5758 Larch- Goldstein, R., 4148 Leidy Av. wood Av. Goldstein, Mrs. R., 559 E. Godfrey Av. Grossman, Chas. S., 703 W. Girard Av. Goldstein, S., 1828 S. 5th Grossman, I., 1411 Pt. Breeze Av. Goldwasser, H., 1534 Ruan Grossman, I., 400 Drexel Bldg. Gomborow, J. H., 638 Marlyn Rd. Grossman, J., 1731 N. 42nd Goodfriend, Harry, 2420 S. 21st Grossman, L. S., Lindley Ct. Goodfriend, H. P., Commercial Tr. Grossman, Martin, 6249 Walton Av. Bldg. Grossman, S. C, 923 Widener Bldg. Goodfriend, L., 215 S. Broad Grunfeld, C, 1210 W. 52nd Goodman, Ben, 1019 Spring Garden Gubler & Co., 118 S. 4th Goodman, Isaac, 13th and Callowhill Gudis, M., 1029 Race Goodman, N., 327 Market Gurbarg, S. J., 3326 W. Cumberland Gordesky, P., 4046 Parkside Av. Gusdorff, A., 615 Market Cording, H. B., 715 Sansom Guth, H. A., 2016 N. 8th Gordon, Dr. B. L., 6026 Carpenter Gutman, J. C., 811-13 Arch Gordon, Max E., 5922 Walnut Haber, Morris, 6611 Lincoln Drive Gordon, N., 1201 N. 41st Hafler, M., 6137 Ellsworth Gorson, G., 250 N. Broad Hahn, F. E., 1511 Oxford Gottlieb, I., 130 S. 17th Hahn, Henry, 3340 N. 16th Gottlieb, N. J., 728 Arch Haimovitz. R., 2922 Ridge Av. Gottlieb, Mrs. Rose, 727 South Halpern, B. M., 520 S. Front Goward, Geo., 1616 N. Marshall Halpern, S. P., P. O. Box 191 Grabosky, S., 3rd and Brown Halpert, N., 714 Samson Gradess, Dr. M., 2932 N. 6th Halprin, L., 2442 N. 54tb Grand Uph. Furn Co., 837 N. 3rd Granoff, H., 4650 N. 10th Hamberg, L., 319 Green Grass, Jacob, 1301 N. 54th Hammerschlag, Mrs. P., 4826 N. Gratz College, Broad and York Broad Green, Dr. A. M., 708 Snyder Av. Hande, W. R., 1715 Chestnut Green, A. M., 35 S. 3rd Handelman, Abr., 4279 Viola Green, Jacob, 3858 Poplar Hanick, Samuel J., 6243 Pine Green, J., 958 N. Randolph Hano, P., 5353 Montgomery Av. Green, Dr. Max, 2007 S. 4th Hano, H., 1901 Walnut Green, Sam I., 2139 S. 8th Harnick, S., 2605 W. 33rd Green, S. A., 1330 Pt. Breeze Av. Harris, Mrs. G., 706 Wynnewood Rd. Greenbarg, Ben., 207 Filbert Harris, M., 1713 George's Lane Greenbaum, Mrs. M., The Coronado Hartmann, C, 5447 Montgomery Av. Greenberg, E. P., 1118 N. 65th Har Zion Library, 54th bel. Wynne- Greenberg, I., 1309 Race field Av. Greenberg, J., 829 N. 3rd Hassler, I., 212 Otis Bldg. Greenberg, J., 1347 S. 5th Heb. Sun. Sch. Soc, 10th & Carpenter Greenberg, J. J., 1421 Chestnut Heb. Sun. Sch. Soc, 1529 N. 7th Greenberg, L. S., 439 N. 8th Hechtmann, Dr. J. A., 2961 Kensing- Greenberg, S., 218 Vine ton Av. Greenberg, Rabbi S., 5635 Wyndale Heft, Jos., 18 N. 61st Heideberger, G., 1720 N. 2nd Av. Heimlich, L., 4225 Ridge Av. Greenblatt, I., 8 N. 3rd Heineberg, Dr. Alfred, 1923 Spruce Greenblatt, L., 3110 Montgomery Av. Heiser, S., 5635 Chester Av. Greene, H., 1441 N. 20th Helfand, David, 318 S. 2nd Greenebaum, A., 58th and Market Heller, A., 327 N. 2nd Greenebaum, S., 58th and Market Hellyer, Rev. H. L., 1505 Race Greenfield, A. M., 310 W. Johnson Henkin, M. A., 2216 Frankford Av. Greenhouse, M. E., 1507 N. 16th Henly, Elkan, 16th and Reed Greenstein, I., 2551 N. 33rd Herbach, Jos., 1819 Newkirk Greenstein, L. A., Real Est. Tr. Bldg. Herbach, Louis, 2134 N. 18th Greenstone, Dr. J. H., 1926 N. 13th Herbst, H. E., 28 S. 11th Greenwald, Mrs. Rae, 5636 Gainor Rd. Herman, L., 4294 Parkside Av. Greenwood, Dr. N. S., 6216 Carpenter Herman, M., 1321 Blavis Gribbel, J., 1513 Race Herman, M. E., 5750 N. 5th JEWISH PUBLICATION SOCIETY 421

Herson, M., 500 N. 6th Josephs, R., 330 N. 5th Herzberg, G., 1531 N. 8th Judovich, Mrs. J., 3300 Baring Herzberg, Max, Commonwealth Bldg. Jurikson, J., 68 N. 3rd Herzstein, H., 1726 Roslyn Karr, Julius, 39 N. 3rd Hess, Mrs. L. E., 1520 Spruce Kagle, I., 6109 Pine Hillerson, David, 700 Sansom Kahn, Dr. B. L., 2125 S. 4th Hillerson, Dr. M. S., 422 Green Kahn, E., 1235 N. Frazier Hirsch, L. A., 919 Walnut Kaif, S., 807 Chestnut Hirsch, W.,. 510 S. 46th Kaliheim, E. A., 5623 N. 16th Hirschbein, F. L., Bankers Trust Bldg. Kalikman, M., 6016 Carpenter Hirschberg, H., 3724 N. 19th Kandell, Geo., Bullitt Bldg. Hirschwald, R. M., N. American Bldg. Kane, Benj., 24 S. 2nd Hirsh, Mrs. Gabriel, The Warwick Kane, M., 15th & South Hirsch, R., 2716 N. Hope Kaplan, Abr., 2123 S. Front Hirshenhorn & Sons, S., 137 N. 3rd Kaplan, B. A., 711 Pine Hochman, P., 3051 Frankford Av. Kaplan, Louis L., Royal Palm Ct. Hoffman, A., 812 Arch Kardon, M., 220 Pine Hoffman, B., 5719 Florence Av. Karmel, S. H., 821 Arch Hoffman, J. B., 531 W. Roosevelt Blvd. Karsevar, S. J., 5853 Germantown Av. Hoffman, J., 1622 S. 4th Kasmenn, M. C, 3903 Wyalusing Av. Hoffman, P., 6214 Woodland Av. Kass, S., 1838 Market Hoffman, S., 6153 Locust Hoffman, W., 8438 Eastwick Av. Katz, S., 1418 W. Dauphin Honickman, S. H., 5368 Morse Katz, Simon, 431 Walnut Hooz, J., 2332 Columbia Av. Kauffman, H., 423 S. 15th Horney, I. N., 4307 Main Kauffman, H. M., 507 S. 4th Horowitz, B., 2806 Kensington Av. Kaufman, Dr. A. S., 1923 Spruce Horowitz, Frank, 148 N. 7th Kaufman, E. M., 617 W. Hortter Horowitz, I., 5831 Chestnut Kaufman, H., 2019 S. 5th Horvitz, H., 3611 Market Kaufman, Dr. I., 3508 N. 23rd Horvitz, S., 4077 Lancaster Av. Kaufman, M. A., Allegheny & Hancock Horwitz, M., 12th and City Line Kaufman, M. M., 5010 N. Hutchinson Hurewitz, M., 6th and Girard Av. Kaufman, Dr. N., 4400 N. 8th Hurshman, A. E., Lincoln Bldg. Kaufman, S., 305 Walnut Husik, Dr. Isaac, 2100 Walnut Kaufman, Wm., 1233 Arch Huskey, H., 1642 N. 6th Kellner, B., 4807 Chester Av. Hyman, A., 5745 N. Camae Kempler, Adolph, 804 Passyunk Av. Hyman, Mrs. C, 1220 S. 58th Kempler, David M., 804 Passyunk Av. Hyman, L., 6201 Reedland Av. Kendis, S. J., 4724 N. Mascher Illoway, B. A., 215 S. Broad Kerstine, H. E., 6635 McCollum Ingber, D. A., 1307 Market Kesnich, M. E., Ridge Av. & Oxford Ingber, I. W., 1006 Rockland Kine, Dr. I., 533 S. Melville Isaacman, Jos. I., 7th and Wash. Av. Kirschbaum, Mrs. A., Majestic Hotel Isaacs, J. L., 1736 Pine Klebanoff, R., 507 Lincoln Bldg. Isaacs, Phil., 4901 Walnut Klebanoff, D., 6122 Columbia Isen, N. D., 2002 N. 8th Klein, Eugene, 44 N. 50th Iskin, C. S., 5429 Baltimore Av. Klein, I., 113 Callowhill Israeli, S. M., 5243 Chester Av. Klein, S., Trenton Av. & Tioga Jackson, J., 2931 Kensington Av. Klein, S., 319 Poplar Jacob, A., 600 N. Broad Kline, E., 5th & Ellsworth acobs, E. A.. 3941 Walnut Kline, Morris, 836 S. Alden acobs, M., 5228 Jefferson Klingsberg, L. M., 403 S. 62nd acobs, M., 5424 Euclid Av. Koch, Dr. I. M., 1530 Locust acobs, S. M., Broad & South Koester, Mrs. Simon, 2261 N. 21st acobson, P. D., 335 W. Girard Av. Koff, Isadore, 6029 Carpenter acobson, S. M., 114 S. 2nd Koffler, J., 4014 Aspen affe, Louis, 4112 Parkside Av. Kofsky, H. M., 250 E. N. E. Blvd. affe, S., 6237 Washington Ave. Kohn, Mrs. A. M., 1841 N. 17th aspan, Jos., 226 S. 2d Kohn, Dr. Bernard, 1516 N. 15th astrow, Miss A. M., 2100 Walnut Kohn, Geo., 440 S. 48th eitles, Sam'l, 19th & Walnut Kohn, Isidore, 1517 N. 16th ewish Students' House, 3613 Locust Kohn, Israel, 1512 S. 5th ewish World, The, 223 S. 5th Kohn, Jos., 5416 Woodcrest Av. ordan, L. R., 329 S. 56th Kohn, J. C, 406 E. Roosevelt Blvd. oseph, H. L., 1331 Vine Kohn, Louis, 1238 Vine Joseph, S. K., 6017 Market Kohn, R. S., 5034 N. Camac Josephs, M., 718 Chestnut Kohn, Rabbi S. J., 880 Wynnewood Rd. 422 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK

Kolander, M. W., 915 Packard Bldg. Lederer, S., 606 N. American Kolber, P., 1907 N. American Bldg. Lefco, A., 902 Arch Kolodner, A., 726 Sansom Leibros, E. M., Spruce Hotel Kolsky, H., 417 S. 46th Leinweber, Harry, 6306 N. Park Av. Koppelman, I., 3000 Richmond Leipsiger, N. S., 12th & Market Kopperman, Win., 727 Rockland Lenetz, R., 2431 S. 4th Korn, Henry, 528 Ritner Leof, Dr. Wm. V., 322 S. 16th Kornberg, A., 4824 Woodland Av. Leopold, Mrs. I., 2025 Spruce Kornfeld, M., 520 Walnut Lerman, J. J., City Centre Bldg. Kossoy, A., 5657 Diamond Lesse, S., 732 Chestnut Kovsky, B., 234 S. 10th Lessig, A., 356 N. 2nd Kraftsow, M., Belber Bldg. Lessy, M., 2129 N. 33rd Krakovitz, A., 5360 Lebanon Av. Levenson, B., 2319 Margaret Krakovitz, S., 4th & Morris Leventhal, M. B., 107 S. 2nd Kramer, S., 3001 N. 22nd Levi, I. D., 1600 Walnut Krasnov, S., 3106 W. Clifford Levi, Julius C, N. American Bldg. Krassen, S., Bankers Tr. Bldg. Levick, M. E., 5847 Christian Krassenstein, Mary G., 4535 York Rd. Levick, S. E., 6208 Ellsworth Kratzok, S. E., 5427 Wynnefield Av. Levin, Aaron, 409 Olney Ave. Kraupa, E., 1417 E. Columbia Av. Levin, A., 5634 Lebanon Av. Kraus, G. J., Bankers Trust Bldg. Levin, A., 5605 N. Camac Kraus, Meyer, 3452 N. 23rd Levin, Don, 233 S. 9th Kraus, S. C, 512 S. 5th Levin, N., 1429 N. 7th Kraus, S. L., N. American Bldg. Levin, S., 424 E. Rockland Krause, P. C, 930 W. Girard Av. Levinson, H. D., 806 Bailey Bldg. Kravitz, L. E., 607 Dickinson Levinson, W., 10 S. 2nd Kravitz, S., 1328 Chestnut Levinthal, Rev. B. L., 4036 Parkside Krawitz, E., 123 N. 13th Av. Kremer, DT. D. N., 5904 Spruce Levis, A. L., 507 S. 6th Krieger, Mrs. S., 1709 Diamond Levitsky, Jos., 1737 N. 32nd Krischer, Morris, 6203 Webster Levitt, Dr. M. L., 1303 Roosevelt Blvd. Kruger, J., S. E. Cor. 10th & Vine Levy, Dr. A., 906 N. Franklin Kruger, S., 1821 Orthodox Levy, Rabbi A. J., 324 E. Roosevelt Kun, D. L., 2942 Columbia Ave. Rd. Kurtz, Rob't, 1840 N. 32nd Levy, A. B., 251 W. Hansberry Kushin, N., 314 S. Broad Levy, A. S., Bankers Tr. Bldg. Kushner, A., 629 W. Montgomery Av. Levy, Chas. S., 5652 Diamond Kushner, B., 1240 N. 52nd Levy, Ferd., 4348 N. Carlisle Kutikoff, Dr. J., 403 Ritner Levy, Dr. Frank »., 1859 N. 8th Labkow, D., 3803 Haverford Av. Levy, G. W., West End Tr. Bldg. Lacov, M. J., 1015 Market Levy, H. M,. 220 South Ladenheim, W. R., 1402 Equitable Levy, Howard S., 1429 N. 21st Bldg. Levy, I. K., Real Estate Tr. Bldg. Ladenson, H., 614 Brown Levy, J., 313 N. 8th Lafair, I. C, 3207 W. Montgomery Av. Levy, Dr. Jacob, 1920 S. 5th Lam, A. M., 4613 N. 13th Levy, L. F., Wayne Av. & Berkley Landau, H., 5253 Arlington Levy, Louis, 2406 S. 9th Lande, M., 4748 N. Franklin Levy, Martin O., 1014 Rockland Lande, S., 1704 Columbia Av. Levy, M., 1102 Walnut Landes, David S., 728 N. 2nd Levy, M., 25 S. 8th Landow, M. S., 1201 Vine Levy, N., 4918 N. 10th Landy, A. T., 905 Walnut Levy, Percy, Bankers Tr. Bldg. Lang, A., 6109 Ridge Av. Levy, Raphael, 2265 N. Park Av. Lang, C. H., 218 W. Walnut Lane Levin, M. S., 1524 Chestnut Lang, L. S., 4944 N. 10th Lewine, Mrs. Rose, 1819 N. 33rd Langa, M. M., 4944 N. Warnock Lewis, M., 3001 Page Langfield, Wm. R., 1512 N. 17th Lewis, Judge Wm. M., 1914 N. 32nd Langman, Joseph, 515 S. 63rd Lichten, Harold, 243 School Lane Lanken, S., 4109 Lancaster Av. Lictenstein, M., 1001 Chestnut Lapin, M., 1345 South Liebeman, Chas., 5653 Lebanon Av. Laster, Miss F., 1722 N. 52nd Lieberman, A. H., 5136 Wayne Av. Lax, A., 121 W. Wentz Lieberman & Sons, A., 313 Arch Leaderman, A., 909 South Lieberman, H., 5331 W. Columbia Av. Leberman, Jos. W., 2229 N. 12th Lieberman, S., 5540 Chester Av. Leblang, Isaac, 1611 W. Erie Av. Liebman, H. C, 5633 Warrington Av. Lederer, Mrs. E., Hotel Pennsylvania Liedman, L., 1603 N. 17th JEWISH PUBLICATION SOCIETY 423

Liepoff, S., 1728 Memorial Av. Marion, H., 956 N. 5th Lifter, Mrs. J. J., 6312 N. 13th Marker, Wm. B., 205 S. 15th Lindauer, Dr. E., 6451 N. Broad Markmann, M., 4509 McKinley Lipitz, J., 5377 Montgomery Av. Markmann, M. J., 6511 N. 11th Lipkin, Wm., Franklin Tr. Bldg. Markowich, Jack, 4834 N. 8th Lipschitz, A. B., 1020 N. 45th Markowjtz, B. J., 1323 S. 5th Lipshutz, Chas., 6635 McCallum Markowitz Bros., 321 Market Lipschitz, Rabbi M., 332 N. 3rd Markowitz, M., 623 W. Upsal Lipschutz, B., 4347 Main Lipschutz, C, 5430 Morse Marks, Mrs. Abram, S. E. Cor. Broad Lipshutz, A. P., 1804 Market & Dauphin Lipson, A., 4031 E. Roosevelt Blvd. Marks, A. S., 35th & Powelton Av. Lisan, F., 6216 Woodland Av. Marman, Mrs. J., 4416 Lancaster Av. Lisberger, L., Hotel Majestic Marx, S. J., 4910 Pulaski Av. Lischin, A. L., 718 W. Rockland Masel, B. A., 305 E. Walnut Lane Lissner, M., Gimbel Bros. Masel, Isaac, 1108 Spruce Litow, L., 219 Callowhill Masover, S., 875 N. 9th Litivin, A., 114 S. 13th Matrick, H., 12th & Pine Liveright, Mrs. S., Hotel Majestic Matusow, Harry, 3236 W. Norris Lodge, I., 67 N. 2nd Maxmin, H. J., 6218 Wash. Av. Loeb, Adolph, 301-7 N. 3rd Mayer, Alfred, 1851 N. 17th Loeb, Arthur, 1701 Locust Mayer, C. O., Bankers Trust Bldg. Loeb, David J., 4220 Pine Mayer, G. H., 728 Sansom Loeb, H. A., 431 Chestnut Mayor, Dr. Chas. A., 2223 S. Broad Loeb, Horace, 1512 Walnut Mazer, Dr. Chas., 1829 Pine Loeb, Leo, 1631 Walnut Mazer, Esther W., 6001 Kingsessing Loeb, Dr. Ludwig, 1421 N. 15th Loeb, Max, 1901 Walnut Medo'ff, H., 5158 Parkside Av. Loeb, Oscar, 6704 N. 12th Loeb, Simon, 17th & Locust Medvene, B., 5024 N. Camac Loewenberg, Dr. S. A., 1905 Spruce Meiberg, M., 103 W. Girard Av. Loewenberg, Rabbi Wm., 6738 N. 17th Meisach, S., 6301 N. 12th Loewenstein, Sidney, Land Title Bldg. Mellman, M., 324 E. Girard Ave. Loigman, H., 1701 S. 5th Melnicoff, Dr. J., 408 W. Girard Av. Lonker, M., 407 Bainbridge Meltsic, K., 43rd & Locust Lorch. A., 4516 N. Broad Meltzer, A., 233 Church Louchheim, J. A., 11th & Wood Meltzer, A. L., 4800 Pine Lowenburg, Dr. H., 325 S. 17th Meltzer, S., 2254 Bryn Mawr Av. Lowengrund, E., Land Title Bldg. Menaker, Dr. L., 631 Vine Lowenthal, A., 6227 Christian Merz, Leon, 220 S. 16\h Lubarskv, J., 19th & Carpenter Mesirov, H. S., Packard Bldg. Luber, Mrs. D., 2639 Germantown Av. Mesirov, Isaac, 1304 Arch Luks, Mrs. H. M., 4959 N. 2nd Messenger, J., 5651 Catherine Luree, Frances, 5841 Rodman Meyers, M. D., Shubert Bldg. Lush, S. B., 6904 N. Broad Michaelson, I., 1707 Widcner PI. Lyons, L. E., 1521 Nedro Av. Michel, H., 5253 Berks Machlin, I., 2155 Ridge Av. Mickelson, S., 455 N. 6th Madalie, L., 510 N. 11th Mickve Israel Congr. Sch., Broad & Magaziner, L., 603 Chestnut Magen, B., 626 S. 2nd York Maeil, Myer, 20 N. 6th Milgrim, A., 1013 Market Mallof. Ida, 225 E. Sheldon Miller, A. E., 16th & Reed Mandel, David, Jr., N. American Bldg. Miller, Benj. F., 6229 Carpenter Mandel. J., 232 Market Miller Community Center, 33rd & Mann, Dr. Bernard, 1536 N. 8th Diamond Mann, David L., Front & Berks Miller, I., 270 S. 58th Marcus, D., 5602 Gainor Rd. Miller, J. IC, 4529 Larchwood Av. Marcus, B., 4119 Westminster Av. :Miller, Mrs. Jennie H., 1837 N. 33rd Marcus, E., 5352 Locust Miller, Morris L., 5201 Overbrook Av. Marcus, M., 1138 N. 2nd Miller, Dr. S. S., 612 N. 12th Marder, H. M., 1721 N. 31st Millman, S., 5126 Market Margolin, M. L., 430 S. 47th Milner, L., 4400 Chestnut Margolis, J.. 726 N. 2nd Minderman. J., 5205 W. Berks Margolis, M., 2641 N. 5th Mitnick, M. H., Commerc. Tr. Bldg. Margolis, Dr. M., DTOpsie College Mitosky, D., Jasper & Westmoreland Marguiles, M. J., 121 N. Dewey Mitosky, Jos., 110 S. 4th Margulis, A., 246 S. 15th Monbeit, Albert D., 5105 N. 15th Mordell, A., Commercial Tr. Bldg. Morgenstern, E., 307 Pine 424 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK

Moroff, B., 5847. Market Petrosky, H., 418 S. 62nd Morse, L. J., 908 Arch Pfaelzer, F. A., 1522 N. 17th Mosco, Dr. S. F., 1733 N. Franklin Phillips, David, Lincoln Bldg. Moses, Dr. Albert, 7th & Market Phillips, E. A., 139 N. 12th Mosko, H. B., 702 McClellan Pichney, Dr. H., 3108 Ridge Av. Moskowitz, H., 213 S. Broad Pincus, A. A., 6038 Christian Moskowitz, I., 150S N. Franklin Pincus, N., 6449 N. Broad Moskowitz, S. L., 329 Berkley Pinkus, I. M., 3203 W. Susq. Av. Moss. Jos., Commonwealth Bldg. Pinkus, M., Garden Ct. Apt. Muchnick, H. B., 3014 Fontain Pintzow, Edith, 2462 N. 29th Muchnick, M. J., 5321 N. 15th Plass, Wm., 2103 N. 18th Murnick, Mrs. S. E., 5949 Nassau Rd. Pockrass, B., Drexel Bldg. Murphy, F. T., 635 W. Olney Av. Podolnick, L.. 320 South Murphy, J., 1712 N. 2nd Pogach, H. L., 301 Morris Bldg. Myers, J., 4911 York Rd. Pogost, Dr. S. B., 945 N. 40th Myers, M., 1618 Lindley Av. Polish, E. N., 710 Lincoln Bldg. Myers, P. M., 904 69th Av. Pomerantz, A., 624 W. Cliveden Av. Nagler, M., 6365 Sherman Pomerantz, A., 1931 South Nalibotsky, H., 5437 Woodcrest Av. Pood, I., 3rd & Lombard Nalibotsky, J., 2258 Georges Lane Popovsky Z., 2038 N. 6th Nathan, G., 4 Manheim Portner, Wm., 5403 Woodcrest Av. Nathan, Rev. M., 3417 Ridge Av. Portno, H., 118 S. 17th Needleman, J. T., 3202 Diamond Posel, L., 209 Morris Neff, H., 9th & Race Potash, S., 7 S. 8th Neiman, A. B., 617 Ledger Bldg. Poulin, M., 2108 S. 7th Nelson, B., 5648 Florence Av. Powell, Dr. L., N. E. Cor. 4th & Nemcof, Chas., 21 S. 3rd Snyder Av. Nemirow, M. A., 419 N. Amer. Bldg. Prager, Jos. 5913 Walnut Nemser, C, Broad & Pine Pransky, David L., 5739 Rodman Netter, R., 7220 Woodland Av. Presser, J., 357 Winton Netzky, S., 6224 Webster Price, S. J., 6028 Wash. Av. Neufeld, H., 1518 South Promisloff, H., 2348 N. 10th Neutnan, Rev. Dr. A. A., 3213 Publicker, P., Delaware & Tasker Diamond Raab, M., 1519 Lindley Av. Newhouse, Florence, 4418 Spruce Rabinovich, Bessie, 4926 Pine Niden, H. L., 2707 Germantown Av. Rabinovitch, L. G., 2911 Oxford Nitzky, J., 519 N. 5th Rabinoyitz, J., 2912 Germantown AT. Nogelberg, S., i2721 W. Girard Av. Rachmil, Mrs. E., 6014 Catharine Nusbaum, Harry, 1835 W. Tioga Racier, R. S., 52nd & Arch Nusbaum, Lee, 141 W. Sharpnack Racusin, M., 413 South Nusbaum, Louis, 153 W. Sharpnack Raditz, L., 150 N. 20th Nusbaum, S., 151 W. Sharpnack Raimisher, I., 427 Hoffman Obermayer, L. J., 509 Westview Av. Raiziss, Dr. Geo. W., Pine Manor Odell, S.. 1042 S. 54th Apts. Ogens, Mrs. J. M., 6106 Carpenter Raker, D. M., 4815 N. Warnock Oliver, Dr. B. O., 1528 Morris Rappaport, Benj., 1534 Columbia Av. Olkes, Mrs. Y., 632 Fairmount Av. Rathblatt, N., 1824 68th Av. Orsher, and Auerbach Drs., 702 Sny- Ratiner, S., 413 S. 62nd der Av. Reese, I., 928 Pine Oshiver, H. J., 806 Chestnut Refsen, A., 5402 Diamond Ostrum, Dr. H. W., 2407 N. 30th Regenbogen, N., 2206 N. Front Ottenberg, J. II., 1002 66th Av. Reibstein, Benj., 425 S. 6th Oxman, J., 6000 Oxford Reich, Prof. Dr. N., P. O. Box 337 Ozlek, C, 1020 N. 45th Reinhart, J., 521 S. Melville Paley, J., 3rd & Spruce Reinheimer, A., 3856 N. 19th Paley, W. S., 614 E. Sedgwick Reinish, J. C, 725 Arch Parris, L., 220 S. 16th Retnish, H. I., 4920 N. Hutchinson Pasternack, J. A., 811 N. 63rd Rheingold, S., 709 Chestnut Paul I., 2nd & Poplar Rhodes, Mrs. Leopold, 5831 Addison Pechner, Mrs. B., 1127 Wingohocking Richard, S. S., 1901 Walnut Perilstein, H., 515 S. 6th Richman, O., 5450 Montgomery Av. Perilstein, N., 4119 Leidy Av. Richman, Dr. M., 1641 N. 33rd Perlberg, N., 731 Arch Richman, Pauline K., 526 W: Berks Perlmutter, H. I., 507 Lombard Richter, M., N. W. Cor. 9th & Filbert Perlstein, Harry, 11th & Arch Rieder, Dr. Joseph, 128 Market Peterzell, A., 1211 Chestnut Riesman, Dr. David, 1520 Spruce JEWISH PUBLICATION SOCIETY 425

Riff, Jos., City Centre Bldg. Rubin, L., 1105 Wingohocking ; Rifkin, M., 340 S. 5th Rubin, M., 6107 Ridge Av. Rigberg, E., 5400 Montgomery Av. Ritch, M., 2015 N. 33rd Rubin, Dr. N. L., 4th & Girard Av. Rittenberg, Dr. B. B., 5400 Arlington Rubin, Roy, 721 Johnston Av. Rubinsohn, B. L., 1829 N. 17th Rivkind, Jacob, 5342 Gainor Rd. Rubinson, A., 401-17 Bainbridge Robins, E. A., 4815 N. 13th Ruby, S. R., 1627 Champlost Av. Robinson, D. R., 4012 W. Girard Av. Rudman, E., City Centre Bldg. Rodin, S. S., 11th & Spruce Rudnick, S., 6225 Ellsworth Root, M. J., Lafayette Bldg. Rudofker & Son. S., 429 N. 13th Rose, A. M., 5938 Pine Russ, Leo A., 1327 Wingohocking Rose, J. E., Wash. Sq. Bldg. Rutberg, F. L., 1524 Widener PI. Rose, M. D., 4916 N. 11th Sack, L., 5017 N. 9th Roseman, Geo., 1607 Ruscomb Sacks, Harry, 1228 Cherry Roseman, S., 1944 N. 6th Sacks, P., 1947 N. 52nd Rosen, Ben., 330 S. 9th Saftlas, Joseph, 5461 Berks Rosen, E. L., 428 W. Roosevelt Blvd. Saftlas, S., 2209 N. Natrona Rosen, L., 5836 Hazel Av. Sagorsky, I. S., 820 Chestnut Rosen, Dr. M., 4164 N. 7th Salas, Mrs. F., 5454 N. 5th Rosen, M., 127 Dock Saler, I., 146 N. 10th Rosenbach, Dr. A. S., 1320 Walnut Salesky, H., 434 Market Rosenbach, N. P., 5008 Pine Salidor, I., 146 N. 10th Rosenbach, Philip H., 1320 Walnut Salkin, L., 2364 N. Lambert Rosenbaum, H., 4844 Pulaski Av. Saltz, C, 6539 Elmwood Av. Rosenbaum, M., 605 S. 3rd Salus, Herbert W., 614 S. 11th Rosenbaum, O., 4842 N. Warnock Salus, J., 1215 Dauphin Rosenberg, Dr. D., 4169 Lancaster Av. Salus, J. W., N. E. Cor. 12th & Arch Rosenberg, Mrs. M., 2009 N. Broad Salvin, W., 1436 Nedro Av. Rosenberger, H., 228 S. Melville Av. Salzman, Dr. J. A., 210 Fairmount Av, Rosenblatt, C, 984 N. 2nd Samson, M., 501 S. 12th Rosenbloom, A. N., 11th & Girard Av. Samuel, S., 1721 Creighton Rosenblum, Adolph, 506 Pine Sand, Louis, 5336 Arlington Rosenblum, D., 6217 Pine Sanders, J. A., 336 N. 2nd Rosenblum, Jacob, 1930 E. Moya- Sandman, M., 49th & Woodland Av. mensing Av. Sansom, S. D., Jasper & Orleans Rosenheimer, R., 4045 N. 12th Satinsky. Sol, 1813 N. 33rd Rosenstein, A. A., 1201 Chestnut Savage, H. W., 5411 Berks Rosenstein, Miss Hettie, 2227 N. 13th Savett, M. S-, 1831 Georges Lane Rosenthal, B., 1308 N. 3rd Savitz, T., 4154 Lancaster Av. Rosenthal, L. S., 43rd & Spruce Savitz, Dr. Samuel A., 2031 Pine Rosenthal, M. A., 5706 Thomas Av. Savrin, A., 8th & Master Rosenthal, M. M., 2023 Walnut Sax, Percival M.. 6429 Drexel Rd. Rosenthal, P., 528 Locust Schachman, Dr. M., 6200 Christian Rosin, Sig. M., Penna. Bldg. Schaffer, M., 1134 Pine Rosnov, S. B., 719 Sansom Schambelan, M., 5436 Woodcrest Av. Ross, H.t 2618 Germantown Av. Schamberg, Jesse J., 1949 Locust Ross, S., 413 Lincoln Bldg. Schechter, A., 553 Citv Hall Rosskam, Wm. B., 2300 N. Broad Schechter, Dr. Isaac, 505 Pine Roth, A. M., 906 Fox Bldg. Scherr, M., 119 Vine Rothenberg, D., 226 N. 16th Schimmel, Samuel, 616 W. Westview Rothkugel, M., 5124 Walton Av. Av. Rothman, A. L., 3244 N. 26th Schindler, H. L., 5238 Arlington Rothman, I., 1208 N. Broad Schlank, J. L., 6533 N. Bouvier Rothschild, I. B., 215 S. Broad Schlein, B., 1405 W. York Rothschild, S., Majestic Hotel Schlesinger, L. T., 121 N. Broad Rover, M., Broad & Erie Av. Sehlesinger, S. D., 5918 N. 19th Rovno, Dr. Philip, 423 Pine Schmerling, A., 854 N. 7th Rubenstone, Dr. A. I., 1204 Spruce Schmidt, I. B., 1313 Roosevelt Blvd. Ruberg, Lewis, 4617 Newhall Schmukler, H. L., 449 Krans Av. Ruberg, Dr. M., 2243 N. Front Schneyer, Dr. B., 6614 Woodland Av. Ruberg, Morris, 5429 De Lancey Schneyer, Louis A., 1304 Arch Rubin, H. L., 1006 Marlyn Rd. Schneyer, M. L., 608 Chestnut Rubin, Isaac, 147 N. 10th Schoenfeld, Morris, 5837 Chestnut Rubin, J., 257 S. 5th Schoenfeld, S., 51 N. 3rd Rubin, Jos. H., 1617 Walnut Schorr, G. J., 1203 Packard Bldg. 426 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK

Schorr, Henry W., 1118 Real Est. Tr. Sheerr, Philip L., Orchard and Van- Bldg. dike Schreibman, L. F., 5344 Lebanon Av. Shenker, Morris, 1824 South Schreider, L. I., 733 S. 2nd Shenkin, Dr. J., 424 Pine Schulman, M., 68th & Woodland Av. Sher, M. B., 1208 N. Broad Schultz, D., 757 Passyunk Av. Sher, Robert, 46 S. 2nd Schultz, J. D., 422 W. Cayuga Sherr, H., 6228 Osage Av. Schwab, J. S., 808 W. Broad Shiffren, R., 4733 N. 9th Schwab, Max B., 2112 N. 19th Shlictman, Miss D., 5233 Market Schwab, N., 2334 N. Broad Shlifer, L. L., 322 N. Broad Schwartz, Dr. B., 1020 Snyder Av. Shmookler, Dr. H. B., 2201 N. 51st Schwartz, H. N., Land Title Bldg. Shubin, I.. 177 E. Roosevelt Blvd. Schwartz, Dr. I., 71st & Elmwood Av. Shubin, M. B., 1323 Widener Bldg. Schwartz, I. H., Bulletin Bldg. Shulik, Wm, 2452 N. Myrtlewood ruc Shuman, D., 1501 Germantown Av. Schwartz, I., 1832 Sp e Shuman, S., 5239 Berks Schwartz, Joseph, 1911 N. 7th Shuster, Dr. B. H., 436 Spruce Schwartz, J., 15 N. 61st Shuster, Miss L. P., 726 Arch Schwartz, L., 1113 Wingohocking Shwyger, M., 5639 Chester Av. Schwartz, L. J., 56 N. 6th Sickles, A., Majestic Hotel Schwartz, Dr. M., 218 Ritner Sickles, Edw., 900 Chestnut Schwartz, S. G., North American Bldg. Sickles, Sol., 1218 Walnut Schwarzman, I. C, 226 N. 63rd Siegel, J., 6216 Ellsworth Secon, M., 134 S. 60th Siegel, M., 2127 N. Franklin Seder, M. B., Swarthmore Apt. Sigmund, B. J., 3847 N. 17th Seeger, D., 4384 Main Silberman, M., 323 N. 3rd Segal, B. F., 3902 Germantown Av. Silberstein, L., 601 South Segal, I., 1614 N. 20th Silver, B., Wash. Sq. Bldg. Segal, K., 2404 N. 54th Silver, J. S., 5907 Trinity PI. Segal, L. L., The Gladstone Silver, M., 60 W. Chelten Av. Segal, S., 143 S. 13th Silver, M. N., 6024 Chestnut Segal, S., 312 S. 3rd Silverberg, B. S., 116 S. Alden Segal, S. J., 5000 Germantown Av. Silverman, Chas., N. W. Cor. 6th and Segall, S., 713 Sansom Segall, S., 5227 Warrington Av. South Seideman, M., 1011 N. Upsal Silverman, Frieda, 2626 S. Hutchinson Seidenberg, H. M., Bulletin Bldg. Silverman, H., 1805 Ranstead Seidenberg. S., 1408 S. 5th Silverman, I. H., Land Title Bldg. Seidman, B., 124 S. 18th Silverstein, S., 5637 Christian Seidman, ].. 5855 Warrington Av. Simon, Mrs. A., 332 W. Hortter Seidman, M. E., 1618 S. 4th Simon, E. D., 1021 Melrose Av. Seitchik, J., 6035 Carpenter Singer, Dr. Benj., N. E. Cor. 20th and Selig, B., 6501 N. 13th Chestnut Selig, E. K., Broad and Carpenter Singer, I., 1934 N. 13th Selig, Emil, Majestic Hotel Singer, J., 1218 Chestnut Selig, Sol., 6501 N. 11th Singer, J. M., 325 South Seligman, M. B., 5422 Euclid Av. Singman & Simon, 124 N. 7th Seltzer, Dr. B. P., 935 Spruce Sionsky, Mrs. J., 1031 N. Front Sirody, M., Bankers Tr. Bldg. Seltzer, M., 6137 Ridge Av. Skaroff, S. C, 1040 S. 53rd Seltzer, Dr. N., 1129 S. 61st Sklar, G., 1829 Pine Senn, M., 4628 Woodland Av. Sklar, Dr. W., 1007 S. 3rd Serber, David, N. American Bldg. Sklaroff & Sons, S., 714 S. 2nd Schachter, S., 104 E. Roosevelt Blvd. Skversky, Mrs. F. B., 918 Porter Shaham, DT. S., 9th and Snyder Av. Slobodin, M., 709 Bulletin Bldg. Shain, H., 6310 Woodland Av. Slonimsky, N. N., Franklin Trust Bldg. Shander, B., 5305 Berks Slotnick, J., 628 Ritner Shapiro, B. L., 6433 N. Broad Slotsky, H., 11th and Wingohocking Shapiro, H., 1535 N. 33rd Smiler, T. W., 412 Brown Shapiro, J., 2926 Oxford Smith, I. A., 52nd and Westminster Shapiro, M., 530 Westview Shapiro, Morris, 410 Commerce Av. Shapiro, M. M., 1108 S. 47th Smith, M. J., 329 Pine Shapiro, Sadie, 2327 Ridge Av. Smolen, F., 4737 N. 9th Smolens, M., 6157 Columbia Av. Shapiro, S. S., 1412 N. 4th Smolent, H., 2123 N. 63rd Sharf, A., 740 Ledger Bldg. Snyder, I. M., 5710 Chestnut Sharff, J. C, 2561 N. 11th Snyder, William, 1535 N. 6th Shatkin, S., 2444 S. Philip Snyderman, Dr. H. S., 1920 N. 7th JEWISH PUBLICATION SOCIETY 427

Sobel, T., 929 Chestnut Stuccatur, B. M., 6376 Germantown Sobel, M. D., 5930 Windsor Av. Av. Soble, Abr., 3958 Ogden Stuck, F., 5130 N. 10th Soboroff, M., 1921 N. 8th Suckle, D., 5014 "C" Solis-Cohen, Dr. I., 219 S. 9th Sugarman, H. G., 1700 Walnut Sollott, H., 1812 Widener PI. Sulkowitch, L., 2541 N. 32nd Solms, A. M., Bourse Bldg. Sulman, Dr. S. A., 104 S, 52nd Solomon, C, 4941 N. Hutchinson Sundheim, H. G., St. James Hotel Solot, S., 2114 N. 31st Sundheim, Jos. H., 224 W. Walnut La. Sonstein, A., 528 S. 4th Sunstein, Leon C, 213 S. Broad Sork, B., 719 N. American Bldg. Superior Dress Co., 434 Market Sorkin, H., 16th and Chew Sutland, Dr. F. V., 2247 S. 9th Sosenko, A., 1812 Chestnut Sutow, J., 1029 Race Soslovitz, H. S., 1024 Ridge Av. Swaab, S. M., 1629 Diamond Sostman, S. E., 1310 Wingohocking Swiren, Rabbi D. B., 5925 Larchwood Spangler, B., 708 S. 60th Spector, A., 5528 Addison Av. Spector, B., Fruit Trade Bldg. Switt, Herman, 5920 Walnut Spector & Goldensky, City Centre Bldg. Sykes, C. R., 1715 Chestnut Speiser, M. J., 521 Tasker Tahl, H. J., 508 Bulletin Bldg. Sperling, W., 34 S. 3rd Taine, Dr. Louis N., 601 Parrish Spitz, P., 3129 N. 29th Taplinger, S., 5736 N. Camac Spitzer, M., 6314 Woodland Av. Tarshish, R., 5816 N. Camac Stalberg, M. J., 418 Roxborough Av. Taylor, H. M., 4018 Lancaster Av. Stark, R., 1634 Nedro Av. Taylor, M., 5802 Chestnut Starr, M., 6225 Christian Teacher, B., 3818 Folsom Stein, Dr. D., S. E. Cor. 54th and Teitelbaum, I. S., 6010 Spruce Lebanon Teller, Dr. Wm. H., 1713 Green Stein, I., 16th and Race Tiefenbrun, Mrs. R. L., 2145 N. 32nd Stein, M. G., 1409 Morris Bldg. Tierkel, David, 332 S. 5th Stein, S. J., 3242 N. 17th Tilles, M., 5643 Chester Av. Stein, W. M., 4418 Walnut Tilles, S. R., 5639 Beaumont Av. Steinberg, A., Marshall and Fairmount Titleman, A., 1335 Washington Av. Av. Toll, William, 2521 N. 33rd Steinberg, I., 535 Market Tonk, L. J., 5426 Montgomery Av. Steinberg, Mrs. L., 1206 Columbia Av. Trachtenburg, H. S., 4142 Poplar Steinberg, M. R., 2861 Kensington Av. Trager, Jacob, 46 N. 8th Steinberg, S. H., 3210 Clifford Trassoff, Dr. A., 5907 Walnut Steinberg, Wm., 5844 Chestnut Trichon. M., 2550 N. 33rd Steiner, Dr. S., 943 N. 5th Tunis, P., 2514 E. Allegheny Av. Steinman, D., 1714 68th Av. Uditsky, Harry, Wi'ssa. and Cliveden Steinsnyder, B., 4818 Larchwood Av. Uditzky, M. M., 1939 Girard Ave. Sterling, A., 2429 N. 56th Velenchik, H. L., 5434 Montgomery Stern, I., & Sons, 415 Chestnut Av. Stern, I. L., 503 Pine Verbit, Harry, 1302 Arch Stern, Lafayette, 36th and Powelton Verstein. S. P., 4201 Frankford Av. Av. Victor, L., 5829 Market Stern, Louis, 135 S. 17th Vill, H., 5031 Market Stern, M., 2839 N. 26th Vlachez, M., 933 Arch Stern, Mrs. M. H., 1609 Diamond Vogelson, S. I., 49th and Pine Stern, M. W., 3204 N. 5th Volk, M., 530 S. 52nd Stern, Sam'l, 253 S. 15th Waber, Louis, 5928 Pine Stern, S. J., 251 Ashdale Wachs, A., Ill Pine Stem, Sidney M., 34th and Powelton Wachstein, Miss M. A., 515 Dickinson Av. Wafer, W. A., 1245 Ridge Av. Stern, W., 1814 N. 7th Wagman, Reba M., 4212 Chestnut Sternthal, W. H., 269 N. 12th Wahrhaftig, M. W., 746 S. Alden Steuer, B., 4938 N. 8th Waldman, L., 3rd and Spring Garden Stiefel, M., 1318 Vine Waldman, S., 209 N. 3rd Stock, M., 1005 Flanders Rd. Wallach, B., 5257 Arlington Stone, Irvin L., 2221 N. Park Av. Wallen, L., 126 S. 8th Stone, N. E., 412 S. 13th Wallerstein, David, Land Title Bldg. Strauss, J., 716-18 S. 11th Wallner, A., 2739 Germantown Av. Streitfeld, S., 5614 Berks Walters, A., 629 Chestnut Strouse, Mrs, A., St. James Annex Waltman, A., 4083 Lancaster Av. Strouse, H., Real Est. Trust Bldg. Wasserman, B. J., Hotel Majestic Strouse, N. B., 1628 Diamond Wasserman, Chas., Allegheny & Front 428 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK

Wasserman, Mrs. Jos., Wissa. and Wirtshafter, E., 2736 Kensington Av. Hortter Wiseman, H. S., 6738 Dicks Av. Wasserman, M., 4221 Parrish Witlin, W. G., 1200 Walnut Wax, C, 325 Jackson Woldorf, Ida, 527 W. Oxford Wax, Morris, 4114 Parkside Av. Wolf, A., 5241 Warrington Av. Waxman, A., 115 S. 58th Wolf, Benj. H., 1509 South Waxman, F., 35 S. 13th Wolf, David, 15 Bank Waxman, J-., 221 Callowhill Wolf, E., 5238 Warnock Waxman, S. S., 2401 N. Broad Wolfe, M. B., 3943 Pennsgrove Weaver, A. S., 2168 N. Franklin Wolff, E., 4171 Leidy Av. Weber, A. F., 119 S. 18th Wolfson, Dr. T., 602 Spruce Weber, H. B., 1325 Lindley Av. Wolgin, I., 4746 N. 12th Weber, Herman, 3852 Girard Av. Woloz, I 4615 N. 5th Weiman, H. I., 1032 Filbert Wolsey, Rabbi L., Rodeph Sholom Weinbaum, J., 1211 Chestnut Cong. Weinberg, Chas., 4048 Girard Av. Woolman, M. H., N. American Bldg. Weinberg, Maurice G., 915 Wyoming Wurzel, M. L., 420 S. 47th Av. Yampell, M. B., 4645 N. Hurley Weiner, A., 321 N. 8th Yarish, P., 5430 Arlington Weiner, D. M., 4809 N. Warnock Yaskin, Dr. Jos. C, 1719 N. 52d Weiner, F., 1530 Locust Yellin, S., 222 N. 11th Weiner. G., 1118 Walnut Yocum, H. C, 8724 Germantown Av. Weiner, P., 1824 S. 5th Yurden, H., 4202 Parkside Av. Zabotinsky, DT. A. S., 523 N. 6th Weiner, W., 232 N. 13th Zacharies, G. J., 5821 Catherine Weinrott, Leo., Equitable Bldg. Zacher, S., 253 N. 2nd Weinsteinwemsiein,, n.H., /ti724 So. IBroad Zausmer, I., 2537 N. 33d Weinstein, Jacob, 17118 Ruscomb Zcehtzel, S., 1105 South Weinstein, J. I.. Bankeiker: s Trust Bldg. Zeitlin, Prof. S., Dropsie College Weinstein, Dr. M. A., 615 Pine Zeitz, Sam'l., 4744 N. 10th Weinstein, M., 326 S.' 5th Zemble, A. S., 830 Snyder Av. Weinstein, M., 2631 S. 9th Zimmerman, Dr. M. L., 1610 Spruce Weinstraub, B., 4757 N. 12th Zinman, F., 601 N. 2nd Weinstraub, Leo I., 333 S. 5th Zinman, H. D., 601 N. 2nd Weintraub, M., 5427 N. 12th Zinman, J. M., 301 Walnut Weiser, David, 744 Passyunk Av. Zinman, S., 323 W. Durham Rd. Weisfeld, H., 4718 N. 8th Zinn, E., 831 Cherry Weisman, M. R.( 313 E. Louden Zinn, J., 121 N. 8th Weiss, Chas. J., 1620 Lindley Av. Zinn, Martin, 1141 S. 60th Weiss, J., 1920 Columbia Av. Weiss, S., Bankers Tr. Bldg. Weiss, S., 1412 Lindley Av. SUBSCRIBER Weissman, S. S., 15th and Susque- Fleischhauer, H. J., 68 N. 4th hanna Av. Guest, G. C, 4400 Market Wenger, M., 1229 Walnut Wernick, A., 275 S. 63d Pittsburgh Werrin, M., 1104 N. 41st Wertheimer, Rev. W., 972 N. Mar- LIFE MEMBERS shall Frank, Mr. & Mrs. I. W., 5601 Irwin Wexler, I., 5026 N. Hutchinson Av. Whetstone, M. K., Stock Exchange Lehman, A. C., Blaw-Knox Co. White, C. H., 4831 Woodland Av. Lehman, L., 914 Penna. Av. White, Morris, 309 Arch Neiman. B., 5405 Northumberland Av. Whitehill, Clayton, 1509 N. 17th Raub, Mr. & Mrs. E., 5837 Bartlett Widerman, H. W., 309 South Rauh, Marcus, 5621 Northumberland Widron, A., 4201 N. 8th Av. Wiener, M. C, 1036 Pine Rothschild. M., c/o Rosenbaum Co. Wilensky, H. H., 5853 Hoffman Av. Weil, A. Leo., 5931 Howe Wilf, E., 23 N. 60th Wilf, L., 5246 Berks PATRON Wilf, L., 519 South Kaufmann, E. J., 5th & Smithfield Wingrade, S., 12 N. 4th Winigrad, S., 421 S. 40th LIBRARY MEMBERS Winkelman, Philip, 2340 N. Front Aronson, H. M., Aronson Bldg. Winokur, Rev. A., 5858 Christian Broido, J., 6554 Bartlett Winthrop, M.. 4209 Haverford Av. Busis, D., 804 N. Negley Av. Wintrob, J. M., 2209 W. Venango Cohen, W. S., 5516 Northumberland JEWISH PUBLICATION SOCIETY 429

Dreyfuss, Barney, 5547 Bartlett Cohn, Mrs. W. H., 5867 Hobart Falk, Leon, 1218 Farmers Bk. Bldg. Davis, A., 221 S. Rebecca Frank, E. J., 1336 Inverness Av. Davis, Mrs. Barnet, 318 Aiken Av. Fuss, S. L., 601 Berger Bldg. Deemer, N., 5522 Wilkins Av. Giffen, I. L., 5519 Black DeRoy, A. J., 5731 Bartlett Goff, M., 1200 Farragut Edelstein, H., 2034 Beaver Av. Gunsberg, Rev. M., 605 Lockhart Edlis, Adolph. 1106 De Victor P. Klee, Wm. B., 5307 Northumberland Fechheimer, C. J., 5420 Plainfield Lewis, A., 5714 Woodmont Feinberg, L., 8 Leslie, Ingram Mars, A. L., 1206 Cojwell Feinblatt, J., 209 Anderson Mayer, Dr. E. E., Jenkins Arcade Feldstein, B. H., 1122 Mellon Bldg. Felser. A. M., 200 Dinwiddie Neaman, H. I.. 7612 Bennett Finkelhor, R. K., 5721 Northumberland Rodef Sholom Cong., 4905 Fifth Av. Foster, L. B., 5533 Aylesboro Av. Rosenbaum, W., 6323 Darlington Rd. Frank, J. H., 344 5th Av. Rosenbloora, Mrs. S., 1036 Beechwood Frankel, Chas. W., 415 Bakewell Bldg. Blvd. Friedman, M., 1400 Inverness Av. Sashs, C. H., 5541 Hays Friedman, Rabbi S. B., 6360 Phillips Saniel, S., 432 Diamond Av. Sedler, B., 5424 Albemarle Click, D., 1540 Shady Av. Stadtfeld, Jos., Union Trust Bide. Glick, Peter, 1204 Park Bldg. Winters, J. M., c/o Rosenbaum Co. Gluck, S., 5619 Hobart Goldbloom, A., 644 Grant ANNUAL MEMBERS Goldbloom, H., 5846 Darlington Rd. Aaron, Marcus, 5564 Aylesboro Av. Goldenson, Rev. SI H., 5th and More- Abrams, Israel A., 909 Adelaide wood Adelman, L. F., 1623 Denniston, E. E. Goldinger, A., 5619 Penn Av. Adler, J., 6370 Burchfield Av. Goldstein, Dr. S., 733 Broughton Adler, Mrs. L. H., Mt. Oliver P. O. Goodman, J., 6373 Aldersan Adler, L. J., 5846 Bartlett Gordon, A. T., 359 S. Atlantic Av. Alpern, Lewis M., 433 Union Trust Gorenstein, I., 122 E. Ohio, N. S. Bldg. Greenberger, j., Jones Law Bldg. Amshel, Louis, 1661 Beechwood Blvd. Greenberger, L., 5933 Hobart Applestein, B., 2707 Penn Av. Greenburg, I. S., 257 McKee PI. Applestein, H. J., 508 Jones Law Bldg. Gresser, S. M., 2342 Centre Av. Arnfeld, M., 415 Winebiddle Av. Grodner, P. H., 5539 Black Aronson, I. L., 2000 Wendover Haas, L., 823 N. Euclid Av. Aronson, J. H., Aronson Bldg. Hahn, S., 5524 Walnut Aronson, L. R., Box 59, Carson Sta. Hailperin, Rabbi H., 218 Craft Av. Avner, M. L., 5847 Beacon Half, Morris, 6410 Bartlett Azen, M., 1023 Fifth Av. Half, Rudolph, 5537 Darlington Rd. Bachrach, M. D., 2328 Tilbury Hanauer, A. M., 5632 Aylesboro Av. Baiter, R., 5421 Albemarle Harris, H. M., 3439 Butler Barkon, Louis, 3011 Centre Av. Hartan, B., 5858 Phillips Av. Bart, L., 804 Heths Av., E. E. Heb. Inst. of Pittsburgh, Wylie Av. Bezell, Dr. D. L., 5880 Darlington Rd. and Green Benswanger, R., c/o Rosenbaum Co. Heller, M. E., 613 N. St. Clair Berkman, S., 5801 Bartlett Henly, J., 5502 Raleigh Berkowitz, Dr. A. B., 10 E. North Av. Hepwer, Jacob M., 5652 Melvin Bernstein, I. A., 5501 Beverly PI. Hermanovich, J., 92 Bradford Av., Bernstein, Dr. L. B., 5704 Darlington Crafton Rd. Heymann, Ph. S., 205 S. Pacific Av. Blank, C. C, 72-74 Roberts Hirschfield, B., 5899 Bartlett Blatt, J. T., 2208 Wightman Horvitz, B., 5514 Darlington Rd. Bloom, Rev. J., 5525 Avondale PI. Jackson. Dr. D. F., 8112 Jenkins Blum, H.. 824 Collins Av. Arcade Braunstein, E. L., 200 Smithfield Jackson, Dr. J. M., 1543 Denniston Braunstein, M.. 1108 Winterton, E. E. Av. Broide, A. J., 5920 Beacon Tay, Joseph, William Penn Hotel Buckstein, S., 5840 Phillips Av. Kahn, Mrs. F., 1214 Loraine N. S. Caplan, Abe.. 5851 Douglas Kahn, J., 5174 Liberty Av. Caplan, Dr. Louis, 328 Fnck Bldg. Kamens, Dr. A. F., 3526 Beechwood Caplan, M. L., 5525 Margaretta Blvd. Carnegie Library of Schenley Pk. Kann, B., 5528 Baywood Chaitken, Maurice. Bakewell Bldg. Kann, M., Arrott Bldg. Cohen, T., Court House Kann, S., 5517 Beacon Cohen, J. H., 5615 Bartlett Kaufman, A. H., 902 Union Tr. Bldg. 430 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK

Kaufman, Mrs. Isaac, Schenley Apts. Seegman, Dr. S., 5833 Hobart Kingsbacher, M., 5625 Madboro Rd. Shapiro, I. L., 6029 Stanton Av. Kletz, A. R., 5847 Nicholson Shaw, Dr. H. A., 2223 Carson Kolodney, Wm., c/o Y. M. & Y. W. Sidenberg, H., Federal Reserve Bldg. Silverburg, H., 5854 Ellsworth Av. Kuntz, Mrs. P., 924 Vickroy Simon, Dr. D. L., 202 Jenkins Bldg. Landay, M. N., 2006 Beechwood Blvd. Snitzer, Dr. H. M., 202 Jenkins Lando, Morris, 907 Penn Av. Arcade Lando, Wm., 331 4th Av. Solomon, Rev. John, 5 Reed Lencher, D. M., 915 Penn Av. Spann, Max J., 5731 Hobart Lesher, M. B., 1454 Shady Av. Spear, Nathaniel, 915 Penn Av. Levin, I. H., 425 Hastings Spitz Chas. L., 5514 Woodmont Levin, J., 3436 Ward Steinberg, B. C, 718 Hastings Levin, L. S., 1356 Denniston Av. Swiss, I. A., 5511 Stanton Av. Levy, Mrs. J. L., 5745 Beacon Teplitz, A. C., 910 Berger Bldg. Lichter, Rabbi B. A., 5436 Jackson Thorpe, Dr. H. E., 6400 Forward Av. Lieberman, S., 501 Wilmot Tolochko, M. L., 910 Berger Bldg. Lieberman, S. B., 2317 Sherbrook Weil, Henry E., 401 Winton Luskin, Max, 1434 N. St. Clair Wein, A., 7110 Monticello Lutsky, M. M., 1550 Centre Av. Weiner, M.. 412 Lincoln Av. Mackay, M. A., 1606 Beechwood Blvd. Weisberg, J., 1623 Centre Av. Madeabach, F., 1718 Broadway Av. Wesoky, S., 5823 Callowhill Mallin, S., 729 E. Ohio White, Chas., 5711 Pocusset Marcus, J. H., 5662 Phillips Av. Wilkoff, D. L., 5606 Fair Oaks Marick, Dr. S. W., 1608 Center Av. Wolff, I., c/o Kaufman's Dept. Store Melnick, I. A., 507 Jones Law Bldg. Wolk, W., 5874 Hobart Mervis, M., 5930 Beacon Y. M. & Y. W. H. A., Bellefield, 5th Miller, I. F., 908 N. St. Clair & Forbes Morrison, L.. 908 Fifth Av. Zeidman, S., 6662 Northumberland Nathanson, J. B., 5537 Beeler Zeligsohn, j. \>., 179 43d Neaman, A. H., 435 Wabash Bldg. Zugsmith, Mrs. E. 5632 Woodmont Neaman, Morris, 308 Roberts ( Newman, S., 1440 Barnsdale Pittston Nolan, M. H., 1400 N. Negley Obernauer, Harold, 1841 Centre Av. Fleischer, Cecilia, 51 Church Olbum, A., 2302 Eldridge Levin, H. H., 54-56 N. Main Oppenheim, G. H., 929 5th Av. Levin, I. A., 157 N. Main Oseroff, A., 906 Forbes Rubinstein, Dr. Harry, 53 N. Main Osgood, Sam., 1135 Mellon Palley, J. L., 1115 Fayette Portage Passamaneck, H., 315 Bellefield Wittan, Dave Pearlman, B., 5742 Darlington Rd. Pottstown Pearlstein, Chas., 5680 Melvin LIBRARY MEMBERS Perlstein, Max, 2309 Sherbrook, W. Pollock, M., 853 South Perrin, S., 5737 Beacon Pittsburgh Lodge No. 44, I. O. B. B. Printz, A., 636 High Price, J., 5513 Bryant Singer, L., 353 King Raphael, Benj., 6360 Alderson ANNUAL MEMBERS Rathbart, J., Diamond Bk. Bldg. Berger, B., 330 Jefferson Av. Reich, Jos. H., 5510 Darlington Rd. Estreicher, J., 516 Walnut Ress, A. M., 1012 5th Av. Feuerman, S., 323 High Rice, N., 5919 Phillips Av. Hoffman, P., 236 High Robins, O., 2321 Sherbrook Lipkin, S., 215 High Rose, Rabbi G., 2110 Murray Av. Magitson, H., 619 N. Evans Rosen, Dr. S. J., 1208 Fifth Ave. Rosenberg, Mrs. A. H., 1129 Mellon Miller, Isaac, 308 Rosedale Dr. Rosenberg, M. A., 1626 Locust Potts ville Rosenthal, M., 5866 Solway, S. H. Breit, A., care of Grace Fashion Ruben, Mrs. Maurice, 333 42nd Shop Ruslander, M., 1622 Beeohwood Blvd. Deull, J. E., 2080 W. Market Sachs, H., 2550 Beechwood Blvd. Holstein, L., 1311 W. Market Sachs, I.. 1522 Centre Av. Marks, L. H., 1907 Mahantonga Saville, A., 907 Highview, E. E. Prince, S., 1919 W. Norwegian Schein, Saul, 725 N. St. Clair Weis, Wm. I., 2166 Mahantonga Scheinman, I. L., 306 N. Negley Av. Weiss, S. S., 1705 Manhantonga Schwlberg, A., 632 Penn Av. Weiss, S., 1921 W. Norwegian Seder, A., care of Frank & Seder Y. M. H. A., 104 N. Center Zimmerman, J., 2164 Mahantonga JEWISH PUBLICATION SOCIETY 431

Punxsutawney Milkman, Dr. L. A., Union Bk Bldg. Rosenthal, A. G., 206 Dinsmore Av. Miller, M., 1009 Gibson Needle, H., 823 Connell Bldg. Newman, A., 907 Clay Av. Quakertown Oettinger, L., 645 N. Webster Av. Ktein, A., 116 E. Broad Oldstein, Dr. H. J., 431 Lack Av. Rabinovitch, D., 126 Orange Reading Rosenberg, A. S., 619 N. Wash. Av. Siegel, H. M., 414 Connell Bldg. LIBRARY MEMBERS Silverberg, M., 2140 N. Wash. Av. Levin, P., 24 N. 6th Sommers, M., 623 Adams Av. Luria, Max, Colonial Bldg. Tannenbaum, J. A., 531 Linden ANNUAL MEMBERS Temko, J. M., 924 Monroe Av. Bender, E., 220 N. 5th Weil, H. J., c/o Elks Club Claster, J., 307 Carsonia Av. Weinberg, Samuel, 306 Penn Av. Epstein, Jonas, 1228 Eckert Av. Weiss, E., 313 Lack Av. Goldstein, A., 1622 N. 11th Y. M. H. A., 440 Wyoming Av. Greenberg, N. N., 1543 Perkiomen Av. Grotta, David, 232 Chymer Sharon Kotzen, S. J., 515 N. 8th Rosenblum, A. M., 133 Hazen PI. Liever, H., 1712 Mineral Spring Rd. Lurio, S. R., 1104 Perkiomen Av. Sheffield Regner, Rabbi S. L., 40 N. 11th Schwartz, M., 1526 Hill Rd. Pinsler, Leo, Center Sondheim, DT. S. J., 119 S. 5th Weiss, E., 216 N. 4th Shenandoah Wolfson, S., 418 Carsonia Av. Levit, Max Yampol, Rabbi S. B., 317 N. 6th Segal, M. M., 30 W. Center Zable, B. D., 424 Penn Siskin, Rabbi H., 35 S. Jardin Sayre South Bethlehem Hartman, J., 511 Pecker Av. Weiss, Harry, 315 S. Elmer Av. Sell, Anton, 730 Seneca Scottdale Stonehurst Morris, C, 617 Mulberry LIBRARY MEMBER Scranton Maimed, A. T., 25 Overhill Rd. LIBRARY MEMBERS Stroudsburg Oppenheim, I. E., 1121 Myrtle Rice, Alfred, 805 Taylor Av. Congregation Sons of Israel Samter, S., 701 N. Webster Av. Wolf, L, 774 Bryant ANNUAL MEMBERS Sunbury Allen, Israel, 326 Penn Av. Markley, M. H., 211 N. 2d Arzt, Rabbi Max, 1010 Monroe Av. Beck, Jules, 905 Olive Uniontown Cantor, Dr. A. S., 540 Wyoming Av. Friedman, S. Cohen, A., 1321 Mulberry Rosenbaum, Jos. Cohen, A. B., 121 Mulberry Rosenberg, E. H., 410 E. Main Cohen, Harry A., 2138 Washington Avenue Upper Darby Feuer, I., 839 Madison Av. Lichtenberg, Lt. Col. C, 300 Strath- Finklestein, M. J., 1022 Poplar more Rd. Gerson, I., 309 Lack Av. Black, C. L., 146 Heather Rd. Goldsmith, Mrs. R. M., 827 Clay Av. Forstadt, J., 136 Heather Rd. Goodman, M. L., 910 Clay Av.. Malen, J. B., 33 W. State Rd. Halpert, Dr. H., 602 N. Washington Warren Heller, Rabbi B., Madison Av. Temple Ball, Dr. M. V., 316 Hazel Horn, Rev. Wm. S., 1411 Pine Glassman, E. I., 3d Av. & Hickory Jewish Federation, 440 Wyoming Av. Stein, E. L., 209 Liberty Joseph, L., 1116 Grandview Kaplan, H., 914 Pine Washington Kaplan, Max, 914 Pine Krotosky, I., 801 N. Webster Av. Goldfarb, Rev. J., 34 N. Franklin Landau, David, 839 Taylor Av. Hanan, R., 137 S. Main 432 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK

West Chester Salzman, Rev. M., 94 W. Ross LIBRARY MEMBER Shapiro, Henry, 524 S. Franklin Silverblatt, J., 86 Academy Benson, Samuel T., 109 W. Gay Smulyan, M., 169 Charles ANNUAL MEMBER Temple Israel Liby., 239 S. River Tischler, Dr. M., 132 S. Franklin Weiss, Morris, 508 S. Walnut Tomberg, I., 205-07 S. Washington Weissman, C. H., 2 Terrace Wilkes-Barre Weitzenkorn, J. K., S. Main LIBRARY MEMBER Israel, R., 395 S. Franklin Wilkinsburg ANNUAL MEMBERS Arnow, I. N., 41 S. Wash. LIBRARY MEMBER Bravman, B., 307 S. River Biderman, L., 1342 Franklin Av. Bravman, J., 80 W. Ross Brabman, P., 261 Academy ANNUAL MEMBERS Casper, Louis, 310 S. River Adler, S. P., 500 Todd Casper, Max, 61 Carey Av. Darb, Miss M., 1342 Franklin Av. Cohen, B., 86 Riverside Dr. Harstein, Mrs. S., 1282 Franklin Av. Coons, Jos, D., 275 S. River Coons, Jos. S., 77 W. Ross Williamsport Davidson, Rabbi I., 300 E. South Feinberg, H., 372 S. Franklin LIBRARY MEMBER Freedman, M., 451 S. River Brozman, J. L., 349 Pine Freeman, H. L., 21 S. Franklin Gnessin, Miss M., 239 S. River ANNUAL MEMBERS Groh, Isador, P. O. Box 88 Mantinband, Rabbi C, 425 Center Hirschowitz H. R., 33 W. South Pechter, H. B., Park Hotel Kaufman, Dr. I., 123 S. Franklin Sinclair, H., 710 Park Av. Levitsky, Rabbi L. M., 95 W. Ross Levy, A., 290 Academy Levy, Felix, T., 421 S. Franklin York Long, Dr. Chas., 33 S. Washington Biederman, S., 130 S. Newberry Long, Millard F., 281 S. Franklin Field, I., 174 S. Pine Poppy, L., 554 S. Franklin Simmons, A., 819 S. Duke Zweifler, D., 837 Linden Av.

RHODE ISLAND

East Greenwich Goldowsky, B. M., 64 Baker Halsband, John L. Hassenfeld, Mrs. H.. 23 Elmway Silverman, H., Main Hassenfeld, Mrs. M. L., 343 Elm- grove Av. Joslin, Philip C, 148 Prospect Pawtucket Kane, Mrs. E., 94 Taylor Pansy, J., 22 Blodgett Av. Levin, B., 15 Elmway Magid, S. M., 102 Halsey Providence Markensohn, F., 142 Lenox Av. Orenstein, S. H., 106 Davis LIFE MEMBER Paris, P. B., 31 Saunter Misch, Mrs. C, 400 Westminster Priest, S., 232 Norwood Av. Rabinowitz, Wm., 64 12th ANNUAL MEMBERS Robinson, J. A., 74 Charles Abel, B., 129 Prairie Av. Sab. Sch Cong, of Israel & David, Alper, Benj. L., 120 Alney 162 Irving Av. Bellin, H. D., 938 Hospital Tr. Bldg. Schussheim, Rabbi M., 249 Gallatin Berger, Dr. L., 76 Dorrance Silverman, A., 210 Blackstone Blvd. Bliss, M. W., 46 Montague Smith, Jos., 32 Westminster Conn, J., 214 Friendship Temkin, N., 154 Prospect Einstein, Mrs. M., 121 Moore Temple Beth El Sab. School Engle, J., 1 Fountain Garfinkle, I., 24 Wheatan Woonsocket Gartner, Mrs. M., 214 Lenox Av. Goldman, Rabbi I. M., 227 Water- LIBRARY MEMBER man Darman, A. I., 309 Prospect JEWISH PUBLICATION SOCIETY 433

SOUTH CAROLINA Aiken Darlington Polier, M. S., 1020 Greenville Lutniansky, M. S., 109 Park Av. Bennettsville Strauss, L. Florence Bishopville LIBRARY MEMBER Levinson, H. Cohen, A. A., 112 E. Evans Sindler, Mrs. F., Box 103 Greenville Charleston Hepler, J., 601 King Endel, Mrs. H., Lindel Av. Hornick, M. J., St. Johns Hotel Loeb, Mrs. L., 53 Gibbes St. Mathews Marks, R., Murray Blvd. at Tradd LIBRARY MEMBER Raisin, Rev. J. S., 207 Broad Pearlstine, Shep Rittenberg, Sara., 187 Rutledge Av. Solomons, Mrs. E. M., F. Marion Hotel Sumter Wilensky, H. L., 88 Ashley Av. Kirschner, D., 37 N. Main Columbia Timmonsville Citron, M., 1421 Elmwood Av. Schafer, Mrs. Pauline

SOUTH DAKOTA Mitchell Sioux Falls Hess, Rabbi J., 133 Summit Av. Mizel, P. E., 316 W. 6th Papermaster, G., 417 W. 12th Stern, Dr. M. A.

TENNESSEE Bristol Knoxville Hecht, H., P. O. Box 416 Gourse, Geo., Gay Rosenthal, D. A., Box 252 Chattanooga University of Tennessee Adler, H. C, 415 W. 5th Winick, B. R., 201 E. Vine Av. Levine, J. L., 1022 Volunteer Bldg. Ochs, M. B., Elizabeth Apts. Memphis Rabin, J., 311 E. 9th LIBRARY MEMBER Shillman, Rabbi S. R., Mizpah Cong. Goltman, Dr. M., 995 Madison Av. Silverman, M. H., 620 W. 6th Winer, H. A., 618 W. 9th ANNUAL MEMBERS Wise, Harry, c/o Wise Creamery Co. Blumenthal, H.. 1252 Peabody Av. Ettelson, Rev. H. W., Parkview Apt. Cleveland Hotel Gates, Elias, 257 S. Pauline Ard, N., 309 Inman Hottendorf, J., 279 Lewis Isenberg, S., 126 N. Court Covington Marx, Mrs. M., 1556 Poplar Av. Padower, S. B., c/o Excelsior Cleaners Morris, H., Manhattan Bank Peres, H., 307 Wagner PI. Jackson Pinstein, T., 177 Beale Av. Rosenbloom, J. L., 370 Highland Av. Nashville Johnson City Cohen, R., Aberdeen Apts. Cantor, M. E., 301 E. Eighth Av. Ellis, M. W., 202 6th Av., S. Gump, L. D,, 112 Watanaga Av. Fensterwald, J., c/o Burk & Co. Silver, Wm., 112 W. Unaka Av. Garfinkle, E., 705 Demumbreun 434 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK

Ghertner, S., 1702 Ashwood Av. Meyer, A. H., 2212 Patterson Goldberg, A. L., Jr., 129-141 5th Av. Salzman, H., Park View Apt. o. Simon, Jos., 2002 Terrace PI. Loventhal, Lee J., 216 Union Spitz, Dr. H., 1406 Beechwood Av. Mark, Rabbi J., Vine St. Temple Weinstein, I., 610 Church May, Jack, 3749 Whitland Av. Y. M. H. A., Polk & Union

TEXAS Amarillo Zielonka, Rabbi M., Temple Mt. Abramson, B., Box 349 Sinai Fort Sam Houston Beaumont Horowitz, Col. Nathan Aronson, B., Orleans Bluum, B., 1122 Hazel Av. Fort Worth Greenberg, Dr. P. B., 1310 Broadway Cong, Ahavath-Sholom, 109 W. Levy, Leon R., 201 Main Weath'd Sharfstein, J., 2350 Calder Av. Council of Jewish Women, 2548 Greene Av. Gernsbacher, H., 601 Throckmorton Big Spring Gilbert, L. G., 308 S. Adams De Vries, H., 700 Gregg Merfeld. Rev. H. A., 1122 Penna. Av. Simon, U. M., 322 S. Adams Dallas LIBRARY MEMBER Galveston Cohen, Rabbi H., 1920 Broadway Hexter, Victor, 622-3 Linz Bldg. Cohen, Robt. I., 1704 31st Cong. M'nai Israel, 1405 23d ANNUAL MEMBERS Corneliussen, Ivar, 2113 Av. H. Barish, Jos, 2028 Cadiz Framer, I., 2924 Av. K Bromberg, H. L., 2621 S. Blvd. Kay, S. S., 1706 Av., "G" Bromberg, Mrs. I. G., 2617 S. Blvd. Mendel, A. B., 722 Av. T Dreyfus, G<, c/o Dreyfus & Son Moskowitz, G. I.. 1504 14th Gutman, Mrs. H. J., Melrose Court Paskowitz, M., 3312 L Hexter, J. K., 420 Linz Bldg. Swiff, J., 2606 Av. K Kahn, L. S., 9Q0 Elm Weinstein, M., 2920 Av. R Kleinman, Louis, 2830 S. Ervay Zinn, W. N., 2808 O'A Kramer, A. L., 4934 Gaston Av. Lefkowitz, Rabbi D., 2415 S. Blvd. Neuman, Dr. A., 325 Wilson Bldg. Gonzales Novin, Louis, 3015 Park Row Stahl, Jacob, P. O. Box 327 Rosenthal, H., 2831 Forest Av. Siegel, L., 319 N. Willomet Greenville Sigel, Harry, 2606 S. Blvd. Glassman, Sam., Box 403 Smith, A. J.. 2719 S. Ervay Tonkon, I. E., c/o Sanger Bros., Inc. Houston Yonack, Jacob, 2803 S. Blvd. Barnstow. Rev. Dr. H., 1919 Rich- mond Rd. El Paso Blechman, Rabbi N., 1614 McGowan Arenson, C, 1017 California Av. Farber, Ben., 114 E. Overland Cohn, Moses D., 502 Drew Av. Fischbein, L., 206 N. Oregon Finkelstein, M. B., 1412 Chenevert Given, Charles, 215 El Paso Freeman, H. W., 528 Bankers Mort. Goodman, J., 1300 N. El Paso Bldg. Krupp, Hayman, 501 Los Angeles Fruhman, M., c/o Levy Bros. Co. Rosenfield, L. A., 802 Cinn. Geller, Rev. J., 1814 Franklin Av. Rosing, Wm., Rural Route No. 2 Harris, L. L., c/o Harris Hahlo Co. Roth, Rabbi j. M., 1216 Los Angeles Hirsch, Maurice, 1617 Rusk Av. Schwartz, Maurice, Poplar Dry Goods Houston Public Library Co. Klein, A., 208 Emerson Shay, I. H., 1129 E. California Levy, A. M., 309 Avondale Talpis, T. H., 1108 Cincinnati Maas, Saml. J., 3820 Labranch Talpis, Ralph T., 630 Prospect Av. Nathan, M. H., 2406 Hamilton Weinstein Reuben, 617 Cinn. Radoff, H. V., 84 Stanley Yaffe, A., 409 S. El Paso Schechter, Rabbi A. I., 1220 Chartres JEWISH PUBLICATION SOCIETY 435

Schnitzer, Max, Magnolia Paper Co. Litwin, Mrs. B., 220 Idaho Weil, Sol. B., 1818 Texas Av. Mazer, S. S., 401 E. Ashbey Werlin, J. B., 418 Louisiana Norman, P., 919 Delaware Westheimer, M., 4018 Voakum Blvd. Oppenhemer, Jesse D., 309 Madison Sadovsky, B., 911 W. Huisache Lockhart Sikora, J., 428 W. Houston Vexler, A., 639 W. Elmira Weinbaum, A. Washer, N. M., 1403 Main Av. Marshall Wiederman, S., 1010 W. Commerce Meyers, E. A. Weis, N., 1505 N. Franklin Sherman Port Arthur Exstein, Ike, 804 S. Travis Jacobs, J., P. O. Box 1173 Texarkana Rosenberg Eldridge, S. Daily, S. Tyler San Antonio Lipstate, P. H. . Wodel, B., Mary Av. Baer, L. A., 127 W. Evergreen Wunch, David, P. O. Box 142 Carnegie Library Cristol, Louis, 301 Alama Plaza Waco Eidelberg, A., Ill Delaware Eldridge, S. C, 845 Erie Av. Greenberg, Dr. A., 1509 N. 5th Frisch, Rabbi E., 1016 San Pedro Av. Macht, W. Guttman, T., 112 W. Houston Wichita Falls Kaliski, Dr. S. K., 355 E. Craig PI. Pink, L., 2412 10th Karin, N., 1014 Denver Blvd. Schwab, Rev. S. J., Temple Israel Lee, L. N., 511 E. Euclid Av. Temple Israel Liby., 11th & Burnette

UTAH Ogden Salt Lake City Alexander, Daniel, Deseret Bank Bldg. Kaplan, S. J., 2425 Washington Av. Finkelstein, H., 74 S. Wolcott Av. Kreiner, J., 2018 Wash Av. Public Library Rosenblatt, N., 840 S. 4th, W.

VERMONT Rutland Wolk, H. H., 54 S. Main

VIRGINIA Berryville Norfolk Scheuer, Louis Berlin, Dr. L., Medical Arts Bldg. Block, N., 222 Arlington PI. Front Royal Cohen, Simon, 812 Westover Av. Scheuer, M. L. Crockin, H., 1101 Langly Rd. Friedman, Dr. L., Medical Arts Bldg. Harrisonburg Glasser, M. A., 11th & Liberty Haskell, J., 720 Graydon Pk. Spiro, Morris, 345 E. Wolf Kaplan, L., 26 Commerce Naiman, Dr. B. L., Dickson Bldg. Lexington Spigel, B., No. 4 Wellington Apts. Lyons, L. M. Stam, S., 1 Seminole Apt. Sachs, E., 12 N. Main Steinbach, Rabbi A. A., 621 Princess Anne Rd. Lynchburg Berman, H., 914 Main Petersburg Newport News LIBRARY MEMBER Rosenbaum, A., 2608 Wash. Av. Rosenstock, L. A., 305 S, Jefferson 436 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK

ANNUAL MEMBERS Goldin, H., 1339 N. 17th Gellman, Aaron, 316 W. Sycamore Hutzler, A. B., 1032 Mutual Bldg. Hutzler, H. S., 1107 E. Main Sollod, H., 22 Center Hill Karp, Dr. L., 2001 W. Grace Levy, H., Brook & Marshall Portsmouth Sherman, A., 2505 Kensington Av. Crockin, M. M., 215 High Strauss, M. J., P. O. Box 1297 Ullman, E., 211 E. Grace Richmond LIBRARY MEMBER Roanoke Straus, A. L., 712 N. Blvd. Goldstein, J., 719 Marshall Av., S. W. ANNUAL MEMBERS Beth Ahabah Remembrance Library Rosslyn Binswanger, H. S., 2220 Monument Himmelfarb, Paul Av. Brown, A., 106 S. Addison Staunton Calisch, Rev. E. N.,' 1643 Monument Shultz, Albert Av. Friedman, F., 2828 Monument Av. University Friedman, H., 1112 Oakwood Av. University of Va. Library

WASHINGTON Centralia Grunbaum, O. S., 1513 6th Av. Kreielsheimer Bros., Artie Club Shanedling, Jacob Lindenberger, B., 1137 22d Av., N. Prottas, L. M., 512 21st, N. Seattle Rickles, P. A., 2803 E. Marion Robbins, A., 1234 22d N. LIBRARY MEMBERS Rogers, S., 128 Aloha Eckstein, N., 1000 14th Av., N. Seattle Public Library Lang, J. C, Nat'l Grocery Co. Shafer, J., 809 35th Av. Lindenberger, R., 1104 21st Av., N. Shemanski, A., 1332 2d Av. Stern, L. M., 930 16th Av., N. ANNUAL MEMBERS Weinstein, Benj., 923 23rd, N. Asia, S. B., 512 Denny Bldg. Wingrad, Rabbi S., 1715 Wash. Block, Saml., 1509 2d Av. Cooper, I., 1104 Minor Av. & Spring Tacoma Glesin, N., 105 Wash. Feist, Theo., 705 N. G.

WEST VIRGINIA Bluefield Huntington Cohen, I., 126 Lakeside Av. Biern, Samuel, 1214 8th Cohen, Joseph, 1224 5th Av. Charleston Feinstein, Rabbi A., 727 9th Av. Goldman, Mrs. M. B., 2020 Kanawha Gore, Sam., 1010 3d Av. Gordon, H., 1614 Virginia Samson, S., 301 W. 11th Av. Loeb, Leo, Charleston Nat'l Bk. Bldg. Keyser Polan, H., 1715 Virginia Sclove, L. I., Bk. of Commerce Bldg. Kaplon, Miss E., 127 N. Main Webb, J. Box 742 Kimball Clarksburg Forman, Abe, Main Friedlander, M. Logan Elkins Eiland, R. R. Rosen, Jack Goldberg, Mrs. George GnlHen, Dr. Wm. W. Martinsburg Katz, George, Bowerleigh Apts. Fairmont Montgomery LIBRARY MEMBER Margolis, Mrs. M. A., 321 2d Av. Gnnriman, Simon, Box 491 Meyer, Aaron JEWISH PUBLICATION SOCIETY 437

Morgantown Romney Cohen, I. Shear, Nathan Slaven, M. S., 41 Prairie Av. Weston Kaplan, B., 161 Main Av. North Fork LIBRARY MEMBER Wheeling Barach, H. H., 1100 Main Catzen, A., Box 335 Farer, I., Beech Glenn Goldinger, T., 1039 Main ANNUAL MEMBERS Levine, H. S., 113 Wash. Av., Chantal Brook, B. Ct. Seligman, H., Box 365 Moss, J. E., 28th & Chaplin Totz, H. Reichblum, A., 90 14th Rosenbloom, B. L., Univ. Club Princeton Shulman, C. E., 43 Zane Borinsky, B., 207 Mercer Sonneborn, M., 14th & Market

WISCONSIN Beloit Nickall, B. E., 107 Wisconsin Kapitanoff, Sam., 721 Oak Stone, N., Boston Store Green Bay ANNUAL MEMBERS Abrahams. B., 1411 Cedar Barnett, I., 200 Muskego Av. Sauber, Wm, 116 N. Roosevelt Baron, Rabbi J. L., 501 Kenwood Blvd. Kenosha Birnbaum, A., 743 3d Brachman, O., 1396 Downer Av. Dean, O., 5533 6th Av. Cohen, I., 729 Hi-Mount Blvd. Pious, Louis, 689 Exchange Coplin, Chas., 310 29th Rappaport, Rev. J., 516 60th Friend, Charles, 6185 Plankinton Bldg. Rosenblum, J. D., 856 Greenwood Av. Fromkin, M., 623 2d Glass, B. Z., 626 Walnut Madison Gymal Doled Club, 133 Second Chechik, A., 1937 Univ. Av. Heller, Rudolph, 329 Wells Ellman, Miss F., 16 N. Hancock Hirschberg, Rev. S., 546 Kenwood Feldman, J., 29 N. Charter Blvd. Goldberg, M., 317 E. Wilson Horwitz, Hayim, 630 51st Kay, Dr. H. M., University Club Kleinman, Rabbi Ph., 1006 Slst Kneller, S., 203 King Koenig, B., 415 M. & M. Bldg. Landman, Rabbi S., 1829 Van Hise Krasno, J. E., 351 E. Water Av. Lekachman, H., 638 Bartlett Av. Levitan, S., 10 E. Gorham Litow, Chas., 731 Hi Mount Blvd. Mack, Mrs. H., 2117 Regent Manhoff, Miss Sarah H., 114 Grand Perlman, Dr. J., 1805 Rowley Av. Av. Perlman. Prof. S., 1805 Rowley Av. Mayer, J., 2701 McKinley Blvd. Picus, M., 824 Mound Miller, Morris, 467 Webster PI. Schein, Judge S., 23 S, Mills Morse, B., 545 Stowell Av. Simon, E., 1111 Lincoln Nathan, Harry, 200 Muskego Simon, J., 445 W. Gilman Padway, J. A., 814-16 Brumder Bldg. Sinaiko, S., 30 N. Murry Rel. School Temple Emanuel-El, 501 Sinaiko. Mrs. S., 1521 W. Wash. Av. Kenwood Blvd. Stein, S., 819 Mound Rotter, L. H., 1038 Grand Blvd. Sweet, B. F., 1501 Chandler Saltzstein, A. L., 609 Lake Dr. Sweet, I., 1321 Wilkanson Schlomovitz, Dr. B. H., 901 Straus Bldg. Manitowoc Schwartz, H. D., 957 44th Stern, Morris, 1009 Hackett Av. Balkansky, D., 733 N. 9th Sure, Dr. J. H., 423 Kenwood Blvd. Temple Beth El Library Milwaukee Ullman, Leo, 444 Wyoming PI. LIBRARY MEMBERS Wiener, Dr. A. R., 623 Galena Freschl, Edw., 41 4th Wolfsohn, Leo A., 302 15th Men's Club, Cong. Beth Israel Wollheim, H. S., 1st Nat'l Bk. Bldg. 438 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK

Minocqua Sheboygan Ehrenreich, Rev. B. C. Ochs, J. L., Box 376 S. Milwaukee Arne, L., 1023 Milwaukee Av. Superior Racine Siegel, A., 1905 John Av. Goodman, J., 1810 Wisconsin Siegel, Mrs. E., 1610 Hughett Av. Silver. N. S., 17th & Holborn Red Granite Waukesha Robock, Sam Levine, Dr. B. S., U. S. V. H. 37

AUSTRALIA AND NEW ZEALAND Auckland, New Zealand Malvern, Melbourne Nathan, David L. Jona, Dr. Leon, 104 Wattletree Rd. Brisbane, Queensland Melbourne, Victoria Blumberg, D., Inkerman Barnet, N., 117 Alma Rd., St. Kilda Hertzberg, Abraham Brandt, H. A., 34 Queen Hertzberg, Marcus, Charlotte Brodie, Rabbi I., 340 St. Kilda Rd. Levine, B., Bo\yer Ter., New Farm Groenewoud, A., 31 Norwood Rd. Roubin, S., Oriel Rd. Ascot Mestel, Rabbi S., 94 Simpson E. Rothberg, S., Pasadena, High, Kew. Footscray, Victoria Schalit, Dr. M. A., 139 Wellington Benjamin, Arthur, c/o Footscray Tannery Benjamin, L., 12 Bunbury South Brisbane, Queensland Boas, I. H., care of Footscray Eshensky, I., Church Av. Tannery Hawthorn Sydney, New So. Wales Jona, Dr. J., 124 Glenferrie Rd. Blaski, A., Box 1051 G. P. O.

BELGIUM Antwerp Behr, A., 17 rue de la petite Ourse Schulsinger, J., 236 Rue de l'Extension

BRITISH WEST INDIES Kingston, Jamaica Myers, Horace V., 188 Harbour Delgado, A., 19 Kingston Gds. de Pinto, C. S.. 10 Port Royal Meyers & Son, F. L., "May Ville" N. de Souza, S. M. A., 32 Church

CANADA Calgary, Alberta Halifax, N. S. Shumiatcher, A. I., C.P.R. Law Dept. Simon, J., 103 Upper Water Chipman, Alberta Hamilton, Ontario Olyan, Harry Franklin. A., 174 Catherine, E. Levy, M., 129 King, E. Fort William, Ontario Shacofsky, Meyer I., 260 Aberdeen Av. Tritt, S., 405 Victoria Av. Silverman, Morris, 130 Ontario Av. Glace Bay Hotter, Sask. Begum, M., Commercial HoPfer, I., Via Tribune JEWISH PUBLICATION SOCIETY 439

London, Ontario Stern, Rabbi H. J., 4128 Sherbrooke, Goldstick, I., 318 Oxford W. Stewart, J., 813 St. Paul, W. Montreal, Quebec The. Eagle Pub. Co., 1207 St. Law- rence Blvd. LIFE MEMBERS Vineberg, H., 1202 St. Lawrence Blvd. Cohen, Lyon, 25 Rosemont Av. Weinfield, Henry, 120 St. James Jacobs, S. W., 83 Craig, W. Weinstein, H., 1120 Lajoie Av. ANNUAL MEMBERS Wiseman, S., 953 S. Urbain Abel, J., 1610 St. Lawrence Blvd. Workman, M., 585 Sherbrooke, W Abramowitz, Rev. Dr. H., 507 Argyle V. M. H. A., 697 St. Urbain Av. Albert M., 628 Victoria Av. Ottawa, Ontario Alexander, A. J., 198 McGill Abelson, J., 188 Sparks Berger, Rabbi J., 102 Grey Av. Berger, S., 74 Sparks Blaustein, S., P. O. Box 104, Station Caplan, C, 201 Friel B. Epstein, L., 181 Bank Brown, M. A., 1179 Bleury Franklin, J. M., 420 Lewis Caiserman, H. M., 2081 C, St. Urbain Freedman, J., 43-45 George Av. Freiman, A. J., 69 Rideau Cheifetz, L., 4319 St. Dominique Goldfield, B., 360 Friel Cohen, A., 4899 Sherbrooke, VV. Marks, J. J., 416 Somerset Cohen, A. S., Powers Bldg. Rosenes, H., 172 Cartier Cohen, A. Z., 36 Prince Cohen, Harry, 260 St. James Outremont Crown, Myer, Box 321, Station B Poyaner, Mrs. M., 718 Hartland Av. Darwin, R. A., 20 Glencoe Av. Fed. of Young Judea, 226 Sherbrooke, Regina, Sask. W. Ellman, M. C, McCallum Hill Bldg. Fitch, L., Power Bldg. Garber, M., 120 St. James Kabaker, I., 1940 Quebec Gittleson, A. L., 4260 Dorchester, \V. Regina judaean Lib'y, 2030 St. John Glickman, M. J., 242 St. Catherine, W. Rosenberg, L., 2632 Victoria Av. Glickman, P., 207 St. Catherine, W. Goldstein, Mrs. G., 670 Sherbrooke, E. Saskatoon, Sask. Greenspon, Dr. E. A., Medical Arts Rose, M. A., 334 2nd Av., N. Bldg. Satanovsky, J., Suite 7, Boston Apts. Haltrecht, S. B., 48 St. Louis Sq. Vogel, Aaron, 410 Av. D, So. Hart, A. J., 30 St. John Wolochow, D., c/o Univ. of Sas- Hellig, L. E., 50 Drummond Apts. katchewan Jassby, A. H., 427 Wood Av. Kahn, Maurice, 292 St. Catherine, \V. Sydney, Whitney Pier Kahn, S., 4555 Sherbrooke, W. Gallay, A. J., 752 Victoria Rd. Kaplansky, A. L., 312 Addington Kellert, Sol., 85 St. Catherine, W. Timmons, Ontario Levin, Leon, 1179 Bleury Levinson, Jos., 2S2 St. Catherine, W. Halperin, L., Box 1270 Levinson, Solomon, 282 St. Catherine, Toronto, Ontario W. Levy, William, 1435-43 Bleury LIFE MEMBERS Meyer, Miss B., McGill University Granatstein. T. S., 138 Madison Av. Monteflore Club, 399 Guy Kates, Dr. M., 16 Edgar Av. Neuman, J. N., 204 Cote, Antoine Rd. Rose, T. F., 43 Dorchester, W. LIBRARY MEMBERS Rosenbaum, Dr. J., 1396 St. Cath- Cohen, M. G., 93 Madison Av. erine, W. Scheuer, E., 131 Yonge Rozovsky, L., 1064 Clarke Rubin, 453 Strathcona Av. ANNUAL MEMBERS Sanders, G., 170 Laurier Arkush, S. F., 20 Oriole Rd. Sessenwein, H., 230 McGill Bochner, E. L., 67 Breadalbane Shalinsky, D., 361 St. Catherine, \V. Brown, B., 600 Bay Share, S., 310 Marlon Av. Cohen, Abr., 126 Hilton Solomon, Dr. A. S., 121 Bishop Cohen, A., 165 Lowther Av. Sommer, A., 50 Westmount Av. Cohen, J. L.. 310 Excelsior Life Bldg. Sperber, M. M., 120 St. James Cohen, C, 58 Cheritas Av. Steine, M. B., 86 Grey Nun's Draimin, Mrs. C, 80 Howland Av. 440 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK

Gelber, L., 133 Lowther Av. Yolles, L. S., 66 Roxborough Dr. Gelber, M., 221 Richmond, W. Zeidman, M., 165 Elizabeth Goldstick, Ed., 356 Delaware Av. Goldstick, M., 3S8a Delaware Av% Vancouver, B. C. Goodman, H. M., \60'A Arlington Av. Goodman, M., 124 Spedina Av. Brotman, M. H., 4637 Marguerite Av. Gordon, T. M., 403 Dundas, W. Gotfrid, S. S., 401 Manning Av. Westmont Greenberg, Mrs. H. C, 43 Northcliffe Cohen, Joseph, 418 Mt. Stephen Av. Blvd. Goldenberg, H. C, 417 Mt. Stephen Herlick, C. M., 72 Queen, W. Av. Holy Blossom Libr'y, 115 Bond Jacobs, E. W., 4185 Sherbrooke Isserman, Rabbi F. M., 115 Bond Levin, A., 478 Strathcona Av. Kamman, M. J., 6 Braemore Gds. Levy, P., 606 Victoria Av. Kronick, S., 49 Bathurst Robinson, B., 510 Grosvenor Av. Lavine, Dr. J. J., 11 Fyndall Av. Mehr, H., 13 Balsam Rd. Winnipeg, Manitoba Messinger, Mrs. H., 32 Ulster Brotman, E. A., 306 Confed. Life Phillips, H., 26 Lauder Av. Bldg. Pollack, Dr. M. A., 297 Rushton Rd. Cantor, A. E., 656 Main Pullan, H., 6 Maud Cohen, A., 424 Grain Exchange Rosenberg, H. S., 2a Sylvan Av. Cohen, M., 167 Machray Av. Rotenberg, H., 122 Federal Bldg. Finkelstein, M. J., 137 Westgate Rotenberg, L., Jr., 99 Kendal Av. Frank, Rabbi S., The Fort Garry Hotel Schwartz, L. M., 33 Monroe Pk. Av. Haid, M., 669 Bannatyne Av. Simon, L., 20 South Dr. Kay, H., 96 Canora Singer, J., 517 Palmerston Blvd. Miller, B., 816 Main Solway, Dr. L. J., 410 Dundas, W. Morosnick, L. D., 422 Wardlaw Av. Taube, H. N., 324 Huron Savitz, Rabbi D. S., Royal Bk. Bldg. Till, M. S., 24 Spadina Av. Shinbane, A. M., 8 Ellesmere Apts. Toronto Heb. Journal, 253 Queen, W. Stein, J. I., 248 Garfield Vise, B., 20 Victoria Steinkopf, Max, Canada Bldg. Weinrob, A., 70 Lombard Sternberg, J. N., 300 Grain Exchange Willinsky, Dr. A. I., 316 Bloor, W. Weidman Bros., 244 Jarvis Av.

CENTRAL AMERICA COSTA RICA Limon Wendorf, G. C, Box 477

CHINA Foochow Sokobin, S., American Consulate

CUBA Canaguey Havana Weil, Wm. D., French Consul Schechter, M., 58 Muralla

DENMARK Copenhagen Simonsen, Prof. D., Skindergade 28 EGYPT Alexandria Cairo Alexander, A., 2 Chareh El Kadi El Dwek, Raphael, Box 71 Fade Goldrei, I. A., Box 502 Curiel, E. M., c/o Messers. Mosseri Nadler, Marco, B. P. 13-15 & Co. Mosser, J., P. O. Box 988 JEWISH PUBLICATION SOCIETY 441

ENGLAND Bangor, No. Wales Hove Wartski, Isidore, Derwen Deg. Asher, Mrs. S. N., 30 Westbourne Birmingham Villas Hove Brighton Cohen, B., 558 Stratford Rd. Wand, Dr. S., 40 Bristol Rd. Barovitch. M., Vallance L., Vallance Wolfson, H., 557 Stratford Rd. Gds. Cohen, A. A., 30 New Church Rd. Bradford Rosenbloom, A., 34 Pembroke Crescent Bergson, Harry, 29 Oak Lane Brodie, Dr. A., Allerton Hull Ludman, A., 8 Oak Mount Barnett, S., 109 Park Grove Goldstein, H., 31 Westbourne Av. Brighton Sawyer, J., 3 Cavendish PI. Lancashire Hawkins, H. L., 85 Peel Rd., Bootle Cambridge LIFE MEMBER Leeds Israel Abrahams Memorial Libr'y, Brodetsky, Prof. S., 62 Headingly Christ College Lane, Westgate Frais, A., Esq., Bentcliffe St. Lane, ANNUAL MEMBERS Roundhay Goldstein, S., St. John's College Freedman, H., Esq., 4 Hamilton Av. Super, A. S., Emanuel College. Friedman, A., Esq., 54 Harehills Av. Goodman, L., Esq., 171 Hyde Pk. Rd. Cheltenham Gottliffe, L., Esq., 55 Cowper Harrison, B., Esq., 81 Harehills Av. Lipson, D. L., Corinth House Heaps, N., Esq., 1 Oak Rd., Chapel- town Rd. Dartford Kent Hurwitz, S., Esq., 46 Sholebroke Av. Harris, H. (M. B.), Joyce Green Lightman, V., Esq., The Towers, Hospital Roundhay Morris, H., Esq., 185 Chapeltown Rd. Edgbaston Birmingham Newton, D., Esq., Greystones, N. Park Bernstein, A., 127 Pershore Rd. Rd. Cohen, Rev. Dr. A., 2 HighBeld Rd. Sandelson, D., Esq., Chislehurst St. Cohen, Isaac, 158 Bristol Rd. Lane, Roundhay Dalton, G., 7 Speedwell Rd. Silman, M., Esq., 167 Chapeltown Rd. Davis, A. B., 270 Pershore Rd. Stross, M., Esq., Roland House, Weth- Drapkin, L. H., 97 Belgrave Rd. erby Rd. Dresden, E., 159 Pershore Rd. Yewdall, A., Ashbourne, Chapteltown Glass, Dr. L., 218 Pershore Rd. Rd. Goodman, R., 130 Bristol Rd. Liverpool Hamberger, A., 232 Pershore Rd. Benas, B. B., 43 Castle Marks, Hyman, Oakmount, West- Ettinger, P., Soho, Islington bourne Rd. Lewis, S., 45 Prescot St. Rainbow, M. L., 241 Hagley Rd. Solomons, Rev. S. I., 7 Speedwell Rd. London Winroope, S., 306 Edward Rd. Winston, T., 23 Carpenter Rd. LIFE MEMBERS Adler, E. N., 20 Porchester Sq. Harrowgate Yorks Baer, Mrs. S., 262 Finchley Rd., iM. W. 3 Burton, M., 64 Kent Rd. Baron, B., Arcadia Works, City Rd. Cope, L., Esq., Duchy Rd. Baron, E., Arcadia Works, City Rd. Hipps, P., Esq., 50 Kent Rd. Baron, L. B., Arcadia Works, City Rd. Kahan, Rev. E., 142 Valley Dr. Rubinstein, B., Broad St. House Herne Bay FRIEND Hochbaum, F., Kent Coast College Japhet, M., 60 London Wall, E. C. 2 Herts PATRON Salaman, Dr. R. N., Homestall, Barley Schiff, O., 155 Sloane, S. W. 442 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK

LIBRARY MEMBERS Elkes, J. H., 182 Oxford, Putney, S. W. 15 Epstein, M., 80 Cranwich, Stamford, Epstein, M., Broad St. Ho. N. 16 Epstein, Miss R., 80 Cranwich Rd. Gold, A., 196 Whitechapel Rd., E. 1 Feitelson, D., 11 Antrim Mansions, Montefiore, C. G., Al Portman Sq., B. Pk. W. I. Fersht, B. A., 20 Gt. St. Helens Stepney Public Libraries, Bancroft Frumkin, E., 8 Beaulieu Villas, Seven Rd., Mile End Rd. Sisters Rd., N. 4 Gertler, H., 14 Spital Sq., Bishop., ANNUAL MEMBERS E. 1 Ginsburg, Miss O., 36 Lemon, E. 1 Aaron, D. H., 63 Threadneedle, Goiten, E. D., 23 Bloomfield, M. V., E. C. 2 W. 9 Abraham, M., 26 Staverton, Brond'yi Goldberg, P., 12 Langbourne Av., N. W. Highgate Abrahams, P., 59 New Rd., E. C. Goldman, F., 77 Comberwell Rd., Abromowitz, M., 290 Queens Rd., SCI Upton Goldstine, A., 230 Whitechapel Rd., Adler, H. N., 5 Abercorn PI., N. W. 8 E. 1. Adler, Rev. M., 38 Hallam, Porfd. Goldston, Rev. N., 2 Pepys Rd., New PI. \V. Cross, S. E. 19 Asher, S. G., 30 Berkeley Sq., W. Goldwater, Mrs. H., 120 Walm Lane, Baker, F., 40 Heber Rd. Ckwd. Baker, Mrs. P., 229 Willesden La., Gollop, Rabbi M., 7 Westbourne, B., N. W. W. 2 Barling, N., la Stirling Mansions, Greenberg, L. J., 8 Aylestone Av. Canfield Gds. Greenwood, S. H., 36 Grosvenor, H., Barling, S., 22 Mansen, E. 1 N. 5 Barnett, P., 39 Fitichley Rd., St. Gross, Mrs. S., 42 Gloucester Rd., N. 4 John's Wood Hagin, L., 98 Gt. Tower Bentwich, H., Fountain Ct. Temple Harris, Arnold, 1 Goswell Rd., E. C. 1 Bernstein, W., Angelo Porter Ct., G. L. Hertz, Rev. Dr. J. H., 48 Hamilton, Block, I., 66 The Ridgeway, G. G., N. W. N. W. Hirsch, J. M., 81 Goldhurst Ter. Bloch, S. D., 16 W. Heath Av. Hpstd. Gold. G. Hoddes, J., 19 Antrim Mansions, Blooman, S., 18 Heath Dr.. N. W. 3 N. W. Bodner, B., 4 Davis Av., Hunten, E. 1 Hyams, A. H., 73 Gore Rd., E. 9 Bowman, L. G., Esq., Jews Free Irwell, Mrs. H., Gliucester PI. School Jackson, E. L., 34 High Holborn Briscoe, Mrs. Ida, 33 Hook Rd., Jacobs, B., 11 Cleveland Sq., S. C. 4 Surbiton Jacobs, H., 123 Inverness Ter., W. 2 Brom, Rev. M., 17 Lawford Rd., Jacobs, J., 69 Brondesbury, N. W. 6 Camdentown Jewish War Mem., 20 Great St. Helens Brudno, Dr. H., 241 New Cross, S. E. Jews Hosp. & Orph. Asy., West Nor- 14 wood Buchler, Dr., Tewish College, Queen Joseph, H., 125 High Holborn, W. C. 1 Sq. Ho. Kahan, Dr. L., Durham Row, Step., Cardozo, D. A. Jessurun, 40 Ashworth E. 1 Mansions, Elgin Av., W. 9 Kessler, L., 8 Parcival Rd., N. W. 6 Cohen, B., 30 Hilldrop Crescent, Cam- Korn, M. F., 101 Canfield Gds., dentown N. W. 6 Cohen, Rabbi H., 66 Fountayne. N. 16 Lazarus, E. V., 65 Cazenove, Stanf'd Cohen, I., 31 Thistlewaite, Clapton, Hill E. 5 Lazarus, G., 94 Highbury New Rd., Cohen, I., 27 Pattison Rd., Childs Hill N. Cowen, Jos., 1 Berners & Oxford, W. Leibowitz, D. I., 30 Heathland, Stoke Dainow, S. H., 2 Inglewood Mansions N. Daltroflf. E. M., S3 Anson Rd., Lindsay, Dr. S. E., 443 N. C. Rd., N. W. 2 S. E. 14 Davis, M., 8 Ladbroke Terrace Livingstone, Rev. I., 15 Golders, De Mesquita, Rev. X>. Bueno, 4 Ash- N. W. 11 worth Marchant, M., 4 Heneage La., Bevis Dimson, Mrs. Z., 1 Kelross Rd., M. Highbury Marks, J. M., 14 Woodchurch Rd.. Eban, Dr. I., 12 Kennington Pk. Rd. N. W. 6 JEWISH PUBLICATION SOCIETY 443

Marks, Simon, 35 Frognal Hampstead Cohen, Rev. M. M., 64 Heywood, Mattuck, Rabbi I., 28 St. John's Cheetham Wood, N. W. 8 Davis, N., 73 Claude Rd., Chortonville Menken, Mrs. R. H., 14 Chatsworth Dr. Moses Gaster Lodge, I. O. B. B. Rd., Brondesbury, N. W. Finestone, A., 9 Wellington E., Hr. Meyers, M., 67 Cazenove Rd., N. 16 Br. Millward, I. L., 37 Brondesbury, Goldberg, I. W., 10a Lever N. W. 6 Jaffe, S., 18 Bignor, Cheetham Morris, S., 92 High Rd., Chiswick, Lampell, S., 22 Devonshire, Hr. Br. S. W. 13 Letter, L., 4 Parkfield Rd., Didsbury Myers, B., 67 Exeter Rd., N. W. 2 Locker, L., 75 Port, Piccadilly Myers, DT. I., 13 New Rd., E. 1 Mendoza, Rev. J. P., 6 Queens Rd. Myers, M., 55 Buckley Rd., N. W. 6 Mordell, Prof. L. J., University Naftalin, R., 43 Clapham Rd. Morgenstern, J., 117 Gt. Dude Ogez, C, 24 Queen Eliz. Walk, S. N., Pereira-Rodrigues, Rev. B., 227 Cheet- N. 16 ham Hill Rd. Perlzweig, Rev. M., 28 St. John's Quas-Cohen, Mrs. P., Raynor Croft, Wood Rd., N. W. 3 Bowdon Philipp, O., 33 Ferncroft Av., H., Samuels, I., 142 Bellott, Hghtn. N. W. 3 Shalyt, Wm., 21 Candos Rd., S. Pines, Dr. N., 41 Philpot, E. 1 Shammah, A. J., 6 Hall Rathbone, J., Green Bank, The Avenue Sieve, M., 484 Bury New Rd., Kersal Retkinsky, W., 23 Stamford Hill Slutzkin, N., 3a Queen Rich, J. M., 23 Finsbury Sq., E. C. 2 Sortman, M., 11 Derby, Cheetham Rosen, Miss O. N., 59 Brondesbury Sunlight, J., 4 St. Ann's Sq. Rd. Susman, Dr. W. B., 5 Addison Ter., Ross, D., 6 Sherriff Rd., W. Hpstd. Viet. Pk. Sacks, Dr. S., 13 New Rd., E. C. Webber, Geo., Sunnyside, Leicester, Samuel, W. S., 17 Carlton Hill Br'n Samunov, I., Sinclair Rd., W. 14 Schauffer, Mrs. M. L., 9 Lodigges Rd. Middlesborough Schen, L., 98 Great Tower St., E. C. 3 Epstein, Rabbi L, 3 Ayresome Schryver, Mrs. E., 32 Bolton Gds. Simon, Leon, 55 St. Pauls Av. Middlesex Smith, S., 38 Kings Rd., Sloane Sq. Snowman, H., 71 Brondesbury, Phillips, Dr. L., 28 Sheepcote Rd. N. W. 6 Snowman, S., 8 Manstone Rd., Crickle- New Castle-upon-Tyne wood Drukker, Rev. E., 21 Lyndhurst Av. Soloman, J. A., 4 New Rd., E. 1 Newton, I., "Lyndore," The Grove Solomons, M. A., 14 Cliffords Inn, E. C. 4 New Chichester, Sussex Sonabend, J., 80 Bow Rd., E. 5 Spanjer, S., 58 St. Kildas Rd., N. 16 Cohen, C. W-, Nyton, Aldingbourne Swager, S., 43 King Edwards Rd., E. 9 Newport Monmouthshire Swaythinjr, The Dowager Lady, 28 Harris, Lionel L., 11 Fields Rd. Kensington Ct. Phillips, H. D., Napoli Stow Pk., Av. Tuck, Esq., Gustave, 33 U. Hamilton, N. W. Weizmann, Dr., 77 Great Russell Northampton Woolf, S. J., 38 Wentworth Rd., Doffman, Mrs. S., 43 St. Matthews N. W. 1 Par. Yale, Dr. S., 35 Hampstead Rd., Richmond, Surrey N. W. 4 Howitt, A., The Castle Zeitlin, Dr. I., 157 Jubilee Taylor, J. H., 21 Church Rd. Manchester Adler, B., 41 Smedley Southport, Lanes Adler, N. T., 44 Bignor, Hghtn. Claff, S. A., 24b Alexandra. Rd. Alman, L., 171 Gt. Xhicie Bernstein, S., 1 Nightingale Yorkshire Btesh, E. M., 14 Broadway, With- Jerome, L., 1 Redburn Av., Shipley Cansino" I., Bedford Lodge. Br. Pk. Wolverhampton Caplan, N., 63 Stocks, Cneetham Chadwick, Dr. W., 148 Oldham Rd. Caplan, Dr. H., 77 Waterloo Rd, 444 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK

FRANCE Paris Pasquier Jewish Colonization Ass'n, 2 rue Meller- E- A- 6S Rue de Ia Victoire

GERMANY Bavaria Berlin Hirsch, Siefried, Hagenstrasse 8, Loeb, Herrn Jas., Landhaus "Hoch- Grunewald ried" Charlottenburg 2 Lehmann, Dr. J.( Fasanenstr. 6 HUNGARY Budapest Landes-Rabbinerschule, VIII Robk Sz- ilard-utca 26

INDIA Bombay ANNUAL MEMBER P R N T J u v T ,, ^ j i. OJ r- • Moses, M. A., Tarmahomed Bldg. Judah, E. J., 31 Wodehouse Rd., Fort IRELAND Dublin Levin, J., 42 Harcourt Tomkin, H., 19 Longwood. Av., S. Elyan, L., 16 Leinster Sq., Rathmines Cir. Rd.

ITALY Firenze Palermo Glass, Dr. C, care of Casa Editrice . , _ . . _ , Israel NathanT , E . TI., American Consul

MEXICO Sonora Leff, Dr. M. I., Apartado 38, Nacozari PALESTINE Haifa Hyamson, A. M., Dept. of Labour, Barnard, A. L., care of Dairy Bal- Box 437 fouria Kronenberg, Mrs., Rehoboth, Palestine Kligler, I. J., Hebrew University Landau, Miss A., Evelina de Roth. Rosenblatt, B. A., Box 1, Hador Sch. Hacarmel Sacher, Miss IL, Box 393 Jaffa Seligman, M., Salameb Bldg. Blumberg, J. A., c/o Post Office Viteles, Harry, P. O. Box 238 Wilhelem, H. D., Mea Shearim Jerusalem Agronsky, G., P. O. Box 625 Rehoboth Goldwater, A., Box 238 Sampter, Miss Jessie E, PORTO RICO Matz, Julius, Fortuna JEWISH PUBLICATION SOCIETY 445

PORTUGAL Lisbon 104 Avenida Duque de Louie—lo Amzalak, Prof. Moses, Bensabat, Levy, Abraham Abner, 17 Rua Castitho

SCOTLAND Edinburgh Mellick, J., 23 Apsley PI. Beinashowitz, Dr. J., University Union Morris, Dr. N., Glasgow University Ross, B., 6 Harrison Dr. Glasgow Samuels, J. M., 12 Beaumont Gate Bloch, M., 138 Renfield Sieve, I., 8 St. Andrews Dr., Pollok- Cina, L., 67 Robertson Lane shields UNION OF SOUTH AFRICA Aliwal North Cape Town Becker, D. N.( P. O. Box 19 Alexander, M., Sav. Bk. Bldg., 117 St. Becker, H., P. O. Box 48 George Becker, M., P. O. Box 9 Bashew, H., P. O. Box 343 Cohen, H. M., Queens Ter. Bashew, M., P. O. Box 343 Frankel, A., Imperial Hotel Bender, Rev. A. P., Synagogue House Gerber, Rev. B., Barkly Benischowitz, M. I., 8 Parliament Levy, Fanny, Queens Ter. Friedlander, Miss A., 38 Brownlow Marcow, A., Box 9 Rd. Sanders, B., P. O. Box 9 Grodner, L., Hilton Rd. & Montrose Sief, W., Somerset Av. Herbstein, Mrs. B., Tel Hai, Marmion Benoni, Transvaal Rd. Jackson, A. M., P. O. Box 341 LIFE MEMBER Policansky, Mrs. L., "Shalom" Av. Le Benoni Dorshei Zion Ass'n. Snear, Sea Point Schermann, I., P. O. Box 2227 LIBRARY MEMBER Schwartz, I., 84 St. George's Kirschner, N., 105 Ampthill Av. Zion, C, Box 1830 ANNUAL MEMBERS Zion, E., Box 1830 Benoni Jewish Cultural & Social Cape Province Society Guinsberg, Miss H. L., So. Sea View Frankel, L., 1-2 Benoni Arcade Hilton Rd., Muizenberg Goodman, I., c/o Rand Daily Mail Levin, Fannie, P. O. Box 29, Somerset Harris, M. H., 193 Elston Av. East Jacobs, M., US Woburn Av. Levenson, Mrs. M., Masonic Hotel, Levy, A. J., P. O. Box 342 Barkley E. London, G., P. O. Box 252 Muizenberg Kalk Bay Young Israel Segal, B., c/o Messers. Ackerman, Ltd. Society Smith, M., Bright & Mayor Av. Queenstown Sons of Zion, 22 Living- Toker, M., P. O. Box 247 ston Rd., Queenstown Schneider, B. P. O., Kenegha E. L. Bethlehem ! Zneimer, I., E. Buftelspaagts Station Jacobson, Rae, P. O. Box 51 Clocolan, O. F. S. Pincoos, S., Box 150 Regensberg, E., Box 116 Kornblum, A., P. O. Box 3 Righthouse, M., Box 96 Durban Bloemfontein, O. F. S. Bernstein, N., 198 Musgrave Rd. Brookstone, M., 75 Vance Rd. Bloch, Mrs. G., 4 Milner Rd. Freedman, A., Box 1218 Bradlow, H., P. O. Box 78, Maitland/ Marcuson, M., Victoria Hotel Pencharz, M., P. O. Box 755 Mashal, Dr. B., 249 Avondale Rd. Schwartz, A., P. O. Box 236 Moss-Morris, H., P. O. Box 879 Bulawayo, Rhodesia East London Blumberg, D. A., Box 409 Franklin, M., 114 Oxford 446 AMERICAN JEWISH YEARBOOK

Humansdorp King Williams Town Markmann, A., P. O. Box 6 Cohen, M. B., 4 Wellington Schultz, Miss Esther, Royal Hotel Lindley, O. F. S. Jeppes Lange, S. Lubner, M., 336-7 Marshall No. Port Elizabeth Johannesburg, Transvaal Marcow, L. D., New Brighton LIBRARY MEMBER Beinashowitz, E., 6 Webb, Yeoville Pietersburg, Transvaal Pietersburg Zoutpansberg Zionist ANNUAL MEMBERS Alexander, B., Box 2590 Society Belcher, Lewis L., 31 Sauer Port Elizabeth Braude, M., Box 5084 Port Elizabeth Judean Club, Main Broadlow & Co., A. R., 83 Market Elion, S. J., P. O. Box 408 Cassel, P., P. O. Box 3511 Toffa, H., 4 Cambridge Rd. Cranko, J., 46 Sauers Bldgs. Mirkin, L., P. O. Box 9 Edenburg, S., Box 5472 Schumacker, J., Box 408 Elkin, B., Rock Ridge Rd. Solomons, W., 119 Princes Falkow, E., P. O. Box 7132 Weinronk, B., 12 Newington Rd. Hillman, M., Holland House, Park Weinronk, Simon, 16 Dickens town Pretoria Karnovsky, H. L., P. 0. Box 5933 Kuper, I., 10 Elm, Houghton Estate Hirsch, Rabbi W., 211 Struben Lenson, I., Geranium Rajak, H., P. O. Box 1235 Lipworth, A., Box 5084 Saks, J. L., 210 Church Lipworth, Dr. M. Eloff Rouxville, O. F. S. Lipworth, W., Box 7132 Cohen, M. London, S., Box 6009 Rubin, J., P. O. Box 30 Lurie, M., P. O. Box 3612 Massey, J., Box 4710 Valsch River O. F. S. Miller, A. J., 26 Lilly Av. Pencharz, B., P. O. Box 1147 Mankowitz, J. Schneier, S., P. O. Box 6009 Vereeniging Trans. Shaffer, D., 46 Sauers Bldgs. Feldman, Dr. S. Shapiro, J., 24 Regent, Yeoville Sive, Abr., P. O. Box 5933 Vryheid, Natal Sund, M., Box 5962 Slevanski, M. H. Kimberly Warmbaths Goldstein, J., 19 Milner Isaacson, M. I., Box 27

SPAIN Gibraltar, B. C. Province Hurcia Levy, M. I., 64 Irish Town, Turn- Smilig, S., Casas Neuvas de Lorca hills La.

VIRGIN ISLANDS, U. S. A. St. Thomas Trepuk, Max E., Villa Edlitham

WALES Cardiff Jerevitch, Rev. H., 79 Hamilton losephson, A., 15 Beauchamp Burstein, N. S., 135 Albany Rd. Roath Kibel, Rev. S., 122 Cathedral Rd. Pk. Ovitz, J., 121 Cathedral Rd. Cohen, G., 61 Marlborough Rd. Phillips, T., 46 Claude Rd. Cohen, I. C, 48 Penylan Rd. Reuben, E., 9 Glossop Ter. Cohen, M. J., 45 Colchester Av. Samuel, S., 200 Albany Rd., Penylan Diamond, A., 189 Bute Rd. Shepherd, I., 12 Richmond Rd. Hauser, A., 37 Park PI. Shepherd, M., 99 Kimberly Rd. Tarmer, B., 50 Tydraw Rd. Simmons, Rev. M. A., 70 Column Rd.