DOCSLIB.ORG

Final Report

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON THE HOLOCAUST IN ROMANIA FINAL REPORT www.polirom.ro Editura POLIROM Ia[i, B-dul Carol I nr. 4, P.O. BOX 266, 700506 Bucure[ti, B-dul I.C. Br\tianu nr. 6, et. 7, ap. 33, O.P. 37, P.O. BOX 1-728, 030174 Descrierea CIP a Bibliotecii Na]ionale a României: INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON THE HOLOCAUST IN ROMANIA (Bucure[ti) Final Report / International Commission on the Holocaust in Romania; president of the commission: Elie Wiesel; ed. Tuvia Friling, Radu Ioanid, Mihail E. Ionescu. Ia[i: Polirom, 2004 ISBN: 973-681-989-2 I. Wiesel, Elie (pre[ed.) II. Friling, Tuvia (ed.) III. Ioanid, Radu (ed.) IV. Ionescu, Mihail E. (ed.) 323.1(=411.16)(498)1939/1945 94(=411.16)(498)1939/1945 Printed in ROMANIA President of the Commission: Elie Wiesel Editors: Tuvia Friling, Radu Ioanid, Mihail E. Ionescu POLIROM 2004 The members of the International Commission on the Holocaust in Romania: Chairman: Elie Wiesel Vice-chairmen: Tuvia Friling (State Archivist of Israel), Radu Ioanid (United States Holocaust Memorial Museum) and Mihail E. Ionescu (Institute for Political Defense and Military History, Bucharest) Members: Ioan Scurtu (Commission secretary Nicolae Iorga Institute of History, Bucharest), Viorel Achim (Nicolae Iorga Institute of History, Bucharest), Jean Ancel (Yad Vashem, Jerusa- lem), Colette Avital (member of the Israeli Parliament), Andrew Baker (American Jewish Commit- tee), Lya Benjamin (Center for the Study of Jewish History, Bucharest), Liviu Beris (Association of the Survivors of the Holocaust in Romania), Randolph Braham (City University of New York), Irina Cajal Marin (Federation of Jewish Communities of Romania), Adrian Cioflânca (A.D. Xenopol Institute of History, Iasi), Ioan Ciuperca (Al.I. Cuza University, Iasi), Alexandru Elias (Federation of Jewish Communities of Romania), Alexandru Florian (Dimitrie Cantemir University, Bucharest), Mihai Dinu Gheorghiu (Centre de Sociologie Européenne, Paris), Hildrun Glass (Ludwig-Maximilians Universitaet, Munich), Menachem Hacohen (Chief Rabbi of Ro- mania), Vasile Ionescu (Aven Amentza Roma Center), Corneliu Mihai Lungu (National Archives of Romania), Daniel S. Mariaschin (Bnai Brith International), Victor Opaschi (Presidential Counselor), Andrei Pippidi (University of Bucharest), Ambassador Meir Rosenne (Israel), Liviu Rotman (University of Tel Aviv), Michael Shafir (Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty), Paul Shapiro (United States Holocaust Memorial Museum), William Totok (Arbeitskreis fuer Geschichte, Ger- many), Raphael Vago (University of Tel Aviv), George Voicu (National School for Political and Administrative Studies, Bucharest), Leon Volovici (Hebrew University of Jerusalem) (Government Decision no. 672/May 5, 2004, published in Monitorul Oficial al Rom^niei, no. 436/ May 17, 2004) Contents Foreword ............................................................................................................. 7 Speech Given by Mr. Ion Iliescu, President of Romania, at the Meeting Dedicated to the Holocaust Remembrance Day in Romania October 12, 2004 ................................. 9 Message from Elie Wiesel, Chairman of the International Commission on the Holocaust in Romania ................................................................................. 15 Message of President Traian Bãsescu at the Ceremony for the Commemoration of the Martyr Jews Killed on January 21-22, 1941 ....................... 17 Background and Precursors to the Holocaust. Roots of Romanian Anti-Semitism. The League of National Christian Defense and Iron Guard Anti-Semitism. The Anti-Semitic Policies of the Goga Government and of the Royal Dictatorship ................................................................................. 19 Romanian-German Relations before and during the Holocaust ........................................ 57 The June-July 1940 Romanian Withdrawal from Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina and Its Consequences on Interethnic Relations in Romania ............. 71 Anti-Semitic Propaganda and Official Rhetoric concerning the Judeo-Bolshevik Danger: Romanian Jews and Communism between 1938-1944 ............ 89 The Holocaust in Romania ................................................................................... 109 The Exclusion of Jews from Romanian Society during the Antonescu Governments with and without the Iron Guard: Anti-Semitic Legislation, Romanianization and Expropriation ........................................................................ 181 The Life of Jewish Community under Ion Antonescu and the Jewish Communitys Response to the Holocaust in Romania ............................. 205 The Deportation of the Roma and Their Treatment in Transnistria ................................ 223 The Role of Ion Antonescu in the Planning and Implementation of Anti-Semitic and Anti-Roma policies of the Romanian State..................................... 243 The Holocaust in Northern Transylvania ................................................................. 255 Solidarity and Rescue. Romanian Righteous among the Nations ................................ 283 Trials of the War Criminals .................................................................................. 313 Distortion, Negationism, and Minimalization of the Holocaust in Postwar Romania .......... 333 Findings and Recommendations ............................................................................. 381 Afterword ......................................................................................................... 391 Index ............................................................................................................. 395 Foreword On the initiative of Mr. Ion Iliescu, President of Romania, the International Commission on the Holocaust in Romania was established on October 22, 2003. The Commission was conceived from the very beginning as an independent research body, free of any influence and political considera- tion. The Commissions budget and composition were approved under Government Decisions no. 227 of February 20, 2004, and no. 672 of May 5, 2004, respectively. At the invitation of the President of Romania, Mr. Elie Wiesel, Nobel Peace Prize laureate and honorary member of the Romanian Academy, accepted the chairmanship of the Commission. The Commissions aim was to research the facts and determine the truth about the Holocaust in Romania during World War II and the events preceding this tragedy. The results of the research by the Commission are presented in this Report, based exclusively on scientific standards. The Commission met three times in Washington from May 16 to May 22, 2004, in Jerusalem from September 6 to September 9, 2004, and in Bucharest from November 8 to November 13, 2004 to evaluate the state of research and draft the Final Report. On November 11, 2004, the Final Report of the International Commission on the Holocaust in Romania was presented to the President of Romania. We hope that the Commissions conclusions and recommendations will promote the education on and understanding of the Holocaust among all citizens, and particularly the youth of Romania, as well as contribute to further research on the subject. Besides Mr. Elie Wiesel, the Commission included respected experts in history, the humani- ties, and the social sciences from Romania and abroad, survivors of the Holocaust, representatives of national and international Jewish and Roma organizations and representatives of the Romanian Presidency: Tuvia Friling (State Archivist of Israel), Radu Ioanid (United States Holocaust Memorial Museum) and Mihail E. Ionescu (Institute for Political Defense and Military History, Bucharest) vice-chairmen; Ioan Scurtu (Commission secretary Nicolae Iorga Institute of History, Bucharest), Viorel Achim (Nicolae Iorga Institute of History, Bucharest), Jean Ancel (Yad Vashem, Jerusalem), Colette Avital (member of the Israeli Parliament), Andrew Baker (American Jewish Committee), Lya Benjamin (Center for the Study of Jewish History, Bucharest), Liviu Beris (Association of the Survivors of the Holocaust in Romania), Randolph Braham (City University of New York), Irina Cajal Marin (Federation of Jewish Communities of Romania), Adrian Cioflâncã (A.D. Xenopol Institute of History, Iaºi), Ioan Ciupercã (Al.I. Cuza Univer- sity, Iaºi), Alexandru Elias (Federation of Jewish Communities of Romania), Alexandru Florian (Dimitrie Cantemir University, Bucharest), Mihai Dinu Gheorghiu (Centre de Sociologie Européenne, Paris), Hildrun Glass (Ludwig-Maximilians Universitaet, Munich), Menachem Hacohen (Chief Rabbi of Romania), Vasile Ionescu (Aven Amentza Roma Center), Corneliu Mihai Lungu (National Archives of Romania), Daniel S. Mariaschin (Bnai Brith International), Victor Opaschi (Presidential Counselor), Andrei Pippidi (University of Bucharest), Ambassador Meir Rosenne (Israel), Liviu Rotman (University of Tel Aviv), Michael Shafir (Radio Free Europe/ Radio Liberty), Paul Shapiro (United States Holocaust Memorial Museum), William Totok (Arbeitskreis fuer Geschichte, Germany), Raphael Vago (University of Tel Aviv), George Voicu (National School for Political and Administrative Studies, Bucharest), Leon Volovici (Hebrew University of Jerusalem) members. Speech Given by Mr. Ion Iliescu, President of Romania, at the Meeting Dedicated to the Holo- caust Remembrance Day in Romania October 12, 2004 Messrs. Presidents of the Legislative Bodies, Your Holiness, Father Patriarch, Your Eminence, Chief Rabbi, Honorable religious leaders, Ladies and gentlemen, Ambassadors,
Recommended publications
  • Trials of the War Criminals

    Trials of the War Criminals

    TRIALS OF THE WAR CRIMINALS General Considerations The Fascist regime that ruled Romania between September 14, 1940, and August 23, 1944, was brought to justice in Bucharest in May 1946, and after a short trial, its principal leaders—Ion and Mihai Antonescu and two of their closest assistants—were executed, while others were sentenced to life imprisonment or long terms of detention. At that time, the trial’s verdicts seemed inevitable, as they indeed do today, derived inexorably from the defendants’ decisions and actions. The People’s Tribunals functioned for a short time only. They were disbanded on June 28, 1946,1 although some of the sentences were not pronounced until sometime later. Some 2,700 cases of suspected war criminals were examined by a commission formed of “public prosecutors,”2 but only in about half of the examined cases did the commission find sufficient evidence to prosecute, and only 668 were sentenced, many in absentia.3 There were two tribunals, one in Bucharest and one in Cluj. It is worth mentioning that the Bucharest tribunal sentenced only 187 people.4 The rest were sentenced by the tribunal in Cluj. One must also note that, in general, harsher sentences were pronounced by the Cluj tribunal (set up on June 22, 1 Marcel-Dumitru Ciucă, “Introducere” in Procesul maresalului Antonescu (Bucharest: Saeculum and Europa Nova, 1995-98), vol. 1: p. 33. 2 The public prosecutors were named by communist Minister of Justice Lucret iu Pătrăşcanu and most, if not all of them were loyal party members, some of whom were also Jews.
  • E Muslim Brotherhood and Egypt-Israel Peace Liad Porat

    E Muslim Brotherhood and Egypt-Israel Peace Liad Porat

    102 e Muslim Brotherhood and Egypt-Israel Peace Liad Porat [email protected] www.besacenter.org THE BEGIN-SADAT CENTER FOR STRATEGIC STUDIES BAR-ILAN UNIVERSITY Mideast Security and Policy Studies No. 102 The Muslim Brotherhood and Egypt-Israel Peace Liad Porat © The Begin-Sadat Center for Strategic Studies Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 5290002 Israel http://www.besacenter.org ISSN 0793-1042 January 2014 The Begin-Sadat (BESA) Center for Strategic Studies The Begin-Sadat Center for Strategic Studies advances a realist, conservative, and Zionist agenda in the search for security and peace for Israel. It was named in memory of Menachem Begin and Anwar Sadat, whose efforts in pursuing peace lay the cornerstone for conflict resolution in the Middle East. The center conducts policy-relevant research on strategic subjects, particularly as they relate to the national security and foreign policy of Israel and Middle East regional affairs. Mideast Security and Policy Studies serve as a forum for publication or re-publication of research conducted by BESA associates. Publication of a work by BESA signifies that it is deemed worthy of public consideration but does not imply endorsement of the author’s views or conclusions. Colloquia on Strategy and Diplomacy summarize the papers delivered at conferences and seminars held by the Center for the academic, military, official and general publics. In sponsoring these discussions, the BESA Center aims to stimulate public debate on, and consideration of, contending approaches to problems of peace and war in the Middle East. The Policy Memorandum series consists of policy-oriented papers.
  • Sinai Disengagement Agreement - Vol

    Sinai Disengagement Agreement - Vol

    Scanned from the Kissinger Reports on USSR, China, and Middle East Discussions (Box 5 - August 21 - September 1, 1975 - Sinai Disengagement Agreement - Vol. III (3)) at the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library ~\)!!E~ ",«? ,= 0' ~ - Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library and Museum www.fordlibrarymuseum.gov Library: 1000 Beal Ave., Ann Arbor, MI48109 (734) 205-0555 fax (734) 205-0571 Museum: 303 Pearl Street, NW, Grand Rapids, MI49504 (6/6) 254-0400 fax (6/6) 254-0386 The documents in this folder continue from the previous folder. A Presidential Library Administered by the National Archives and Records Administration MEMORANDUM \ THE WHITE HOUSE WASHINGTON ~i!!6R:i:1? /NODIS/XGDS MEMORANDUM OF CONVERSATION PARTICIPANTS: Israel Yitzhak Rabin, Prime Minister Yigal Allon, Deputy Prime Minister and Minister for Foreign Affairs Shimon Peres, Minister of Defense Simcha Dinitz, Israeli Ambassador to the U. S. Lt. General Mordechai Gur, Chief of Staff Amon Eran, Director General, Prime Minister's Office Avraham Kidron, Director General, Ministry of Foreign Affairs Professor Barak, Attorney General Meir Rosenne, Legal Adviser, Ministry of Foreign Affairs United States Dr. Henry A. Kissinger, Secretary of State and Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs Joseph J. Sisco, Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs Malcolm Toon, Ambassador to Israel Monroe Leigh, Legal Adviser, Department of State . .,. Alfred L. Atherton, Jr., Assistant Secretary of rE~~,;,:-::~c;D ~~~ State for Near Eastern and South Asian Affairs [:J >:,:--- _-"Sr-_"ll(!f Harold H. Saunders, Deputy Assistant Secretary ,-01 - for Near Eastern and South Asian Affairs Robert B. Oakley, NSC Staff Peter W. Rodman, NSC Staff DATE AND TIME: Friday, August 29, 1975 11 :52 a.
  • From Periphery to Centre.The Image of Europe at the Eastern Border of Europe

    From Periphery to Centre.The Image of Europe at the Eastern Border of Europe

    Munich Personal RePEc Archive From Periphery to Centre.The Image of Europe at the Eastern Border of Europe Şipoş, Sorin and Moisa, Gabriel and Cepraga, Dan Octavian and Brie, Mircea and Mateoc, Teodor University of Oradea, Romania, University of Padova, Italy 2014 Online at https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/59276/ MPRA Paper No. 59276, posted 15 Oct 2014 12:04 UTC Edited by: Sorin Şipoş, Gabriel Moisa, Dan Octavian Cepraga, Mircea Brie, Teodor Mateoc From Periphery to Centre. The Image of Europe at the Eastern Border of Europe Editorial committee: Delia-Maria Radu Roxana Ivaşca Alexandra Bere Ionuţ Ciorba CONTENTS Sorin ŞIPOŞ, Dan Octavian CEPRAGA, From Periphery to Centre. The Image of Europe at the Eastern Border of Europe ………..………..… 5 I. PERIPHERY VIEWED FROM THE CENTRE …………………..… 13 Lorenzo RENZI, «Terra Romena» ……………………………………..… 15 Ion Alexandru MIZGAN, The Crusades – Cause of Tension between Eastern and Western Europe ………………………………………...…..…21 Florin DOBREI, Transylvanian “Schismatics”, “Heretics” and “Infidels” in the Vision of 13th-16th Century Catholic Europe ……………………..… 47 Ioan-Aurel POP, 16th Century Venetian Bailiffs‟ Reports on Realities in the Ottoman Empire …………………………………………………..… 61 Ion EREMIA, A False Theory Still Persists at the Eastern Border of Latinity .. 76 Delia-Maria RADU, From Centre to the Periphery and the Other Way Round ………………………………………………………..……..… 88 Teodor MATEOC, Identity and Race. The Problem of Otherness in Contemporary Cultural Studies …………………………………...……..…96 II. SELF-IMAGES AT EUROPE’S EASTERN BORDERS
  • Selected Records Related to A.C. Cuza and the National Christian Party RG-25.059M

    Selected Records Related to A.C. Cuza and the National Christian Party RG-25.059M

    Selected records related to A.C. Cuza and the National Christian Party RG-25.059M United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Archives 100 Raoul Wallenberg Place SW Washington, DC 20024-2126 Tel. (202) 479-9717 e-mail: [email protected] Descriptive summary Title: Selected records related to A.C. Cuza and the National Christian Party Dates: 1834-1948 (inclusive) 1934-1943 (bulk) Accession number: 2009.267 Creator: Partidul Naţional Creştin. Liga Apărării Naţional Creştine Extent: 7,535 digital images 7 microfilm reels (digitized) Repository: United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Archives, 100 Raoul Wallenberg Place SW, Washington, DC 20024-2126 Languages: Romanian Scope and content of collection Contains records relating to A. C. Cuza, a leading anti-Semite in Romania and the leader of the National Christian Party (PNC) which was in power December 1937 to February 1938. Also contains records relating to Istrate Micescu, the Justice Minister of the PNC administration. Administrative Information Restrictions on access: No restrictions on access. Restrictions on reproduction and use: Restrictions on use. Fair use only. Use only for scientific purposes (not for commercial use) Preferred citation: Preferred citation for USHMM archival collections; consult the USHMM website for guidance. Acquisition information: Source of acquisition is the Arhivele Naţionale ale României (Romanian National Archives), Fond personal A.C. Cuza (inv. 1139) and Fond personal Istrate Miscescu. The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Archives received the collection via the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum International Archives Program in November, 2009. Existence and location of originals: Arhivele Naţionale ale României Historical note The National-Christian Defense League (Romanian: Liga Apararii National Crestine or LANC) was a virulently anti-Semitic political party of Romania formed by A.
  • Ideological Mistakes of Louis Ferdinand Céline and Emil Cioran

    Ideological Mistakes of Louis Ferdinand Céline and Emil Cioran

    JOURNAL OF ROMANIAN LITERARY STUDIES Issue no. 5/2014 IDEOLOGICAL MISTAKES OF LOUIS FERDINAND CÉLINE AND EMIL CIORAN Mara Magda MAFTEI Université de Paris 3 Sorbonne la Nouvelle Abstract: 2011 was a year of reference for both Emil Cioran and Louis Ferdinand Céline. We celebrated the centenary of the Romanian philosopher who chose to exile himself in Paris and also the 50-year anniversary of Céline’s death. In fact, we witnessed controversial issues in France linked to the question of whether we should include the 50th anniversary of the death of Céline among the official commemorations of 2011. While Cioran has been forgiven for having supported the Romanian far right (the Iron Guard), some French intellectuals cannot forgive Céline for his collaboration with Nazi Germany during the Second World War. In fact, the anti-Semitic rage of both Cioran and Céline cannot be ignored. Cioran and Céline gave up defending their political ideas after the defeat of Germany. But, while Cioran produced a new text on Jews in 1956, this time extremely laudatory, the extermination of Jews left Céline cold, and it is perhaps this aspect that makes him rather unique among the writers of the interwar period who were influenced by Nazi philosophy. Keywords: Louis-Ferdinand Céline, Emil Cioran, Fascism, anti-Semitism, Iron Guard 1. Philosophers in Support of The Fascist Doctrine The period between the two world wars was marked in Europe by writers’ hesitation to choose between the nationalist revolt of Germany and the philosophy of Hitler on one side and Stalinist brutality and the ideological thirst of the Russian nation on the other.
  • National Legionary State Between Laws, Journals, Memoirs, and the Jewish Repression Between 20-23 January 1941

    National Legionary State Between Laws, Journals, Memoirs, and the Jewish Repression Between 20-23 January 1941

    Cristian Alexandru Groza The Fascist Phenomenon : National Legionary State between laws, journals, memoirs, and the Jewish repression between 20-23 January 1941 The Journal of Education, Culture and Society nr 1, 61-78 2014 Journal of Education Culture and Society No. 1_2014 61 The Fascist Phenomenon. National Legionary State between laws, journals, memoirs, and the Jewish repression between 20-23 January 1941 Cristian Alexandru Groza Faculty of History, University of Bucharest, Bd. Regina Elisabeta nr.4-12, Sector 5, Bucharest, Romania E-mail adress: [email protected] Abstract The aim of the study is to show the evolution of the National Legionary State from its beginnings to its fi nal form of revolt (20-23rd January 1941). This type of state was created on 14th September 1940 by the royal wish of Michael I of Romania, who was infl uenced by General Ion Antonescu. The study has the purpose to show how anti-Semitism can trans- form itself from a philosophy concept, through the ideas of Nae Ionescu, to a state ideology. The main documents which I studied are based on archives, the constitution of the state, during the period mentioned in the title, and the journals of general Ion Antonescu, or main political fi gures, and the notes written by Filip Browner, known better as Filip Brunea Fox, in his City of massacre. Journal of Legionary, Rebellion and Crime. This study is important because it analyzes a totalitarian regime that was made possi- ble by the intervention of political arrangements alongside the help of the Legion of the Archangel Michael, founded by the Corneliu Zelea Codreanu in 1927.
  • IOAN SLAVICI Scriitor, Istoric, Pedagog, Gazetar, Dramaturg

    IOAN SLAVICI Scriitor, Istoric, Pedagog, Gazetar, Dramaturg

    IOAN SLAVICI scriitor, istoric, pedagog, gazetar, dramaturg 170 de ani de la naştere (18 ianuarie 1848 - 17 august 1925) „Considerat primul mare scriitor al Transilvaniei, creator complex, excepţional nuvelist, romancier, Ioan Slavici întregeşte în chip fericit peisajul literar din a doua jumătate a sec. XIX-lea, alături de marii clasici ai literaturii române precum Eminescu, Caragiale, Creangă. Cunoscut în literatura română, mai întâi prin nuvelele sale, scriitorul aduce o viziune realistă asupra satului transilvănean, într-un stil sobru, personaje memorabile, teme universale…” SLAVICI, Ioan. Opere alese. Constanţa : Steaua Nordului, 2007. 607 p. TABEL CRONOLOGIC • 1848 18 ianuarie – la Șiria, lângă Arad, se naște Ioan Slavici, fiu al lui Savu Slavici, „maiestru“ cojocar, și al Elenei, născută Borlea. • 1854 - 1858 – urmează școala primară în satul natal, având ca dascăl pe Dimitrie Voștinari, figură luminoasă de cărturar, evocat în Amintirile scriitorului. • 1860 - 1865 – elev la liceul din Arad, clasele I – V • 1865 - 1867 – urmează la Liceul piarist din Timișoara clasele VI — VII • 1867 - 1868 – ca „privatist“, urmează clasa a VIII-a la Liceul maghiar din Arad. • 1868 august – trece examenul de bacalaureat la Satu Mare. • 1868 octombrie – se înscrie la Facultatea de Drept și Științe a Universității din Budapesta. • 1869 aprilie – se înscrie la Facultatea de Drept din Viena. • 1869 septembrie – este încorporat ca „voluntar“ (cu termen redus) la un regiment din Viena. Paralel cu stagiul militar își continuă studiile universitare. La Viena cunoaște pe Eminescu, cel care îi va rămâne toată viața „prieten și sfătuitor“. • 1870 mai – susține examenul de stat, obligatoriu pentru toți studenții după frecventarea a patru semestre. • 1871 martie – debutează în Convorbiri literare cu „Fata de birău” (comedie).
  • Robert O. Paxton-The Anatomy of Fascism -Knopf

    Robert O. Paxton-The Anatomy of Fascism -Knopf

    Paxt_1400040949_8p_all_r1.qxd 1/30/04 4:38 PM Page b also by robert o. paxton French Peasant Fascism Europe in the Twentieth Century Vichy France: Old Guard and New Order, 1940–1944 Parades and Politics at Vichy Vichy France and the Jews (with Michael R. Marrus) Paxt_1400040949_8p_all_r1.qxd 1/30/04 4:38 PM Page i THE ANATOMY OF FASCISM Paxt_1400040949_8p_all_r1.qxd 1/30/04 4:38 PM Page ii Paxt_1400040949_8p_all_r1.qxd 1/30/04 4:38 PM Page iii THE ANATOMY OF FASCISM ROBERT O. PAXTON Alfred A. Knopf New York 2004 Paxt_1400040949_8p_all_r1.qxd 1/30/04 4:38 PM Page iv this is a borzoi book published by alfred a. knopf Copyright © 2004 by Robert O. Paxton All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. Published in the United States by Alfred A. Knopf, a division of Random House, Inc., New York, and simultaneously in Canada by Random House of Canada Limited, Toronto. Distributed by Random House, Inc., New York. www.aaknopf.com Knopf, Borzoi Books, and the colophon are registered trademarks of Random House, Inc. isbn: 1-4000-4094-9 lc: 2004100489 Manufactured in the United States of America First Edition Paxt_1400040949_8p_all_r1.qxd 1/30/04 4:38 PM Page v To Sarah Paxt_1400040949_8p_all_r1.qxd 1/30/04 4:38 PM Page vi Paxt_1400040949_8p_all_r1.qxd 1/30/04 4:38 PM Page vii contents Preface xi chapter 1 Introduction 3 The Invention of Fascism 3 Images of Fascism 9 Strategies 15 Where Do We Go from Here? 20 chapter 2 Creating Fascist Movements 24 The Immediate Background 28 Intellectual, Cultural, and Emotional
  • FINAL REPORT International Commission on the Holocaust In

    FINAL REPORT International Commission on the Holocaust In

    FINAL REPORT of the International Commission on the Holocaust in Romania Presented to Romanian President Ion Iliescu November 11, 2004 Bucharest, Romania NOTE: The English text of this Report is currently in preparation for publication. © International Commission on the Holocaust in Romania. All rights reserved. FUNDALUL ŞI PRECURSORII HOLOCAUSTULUI. RĂDĂCINI ALE ANTISEMITISMULUI ROMÂNESC ANTISEMITISMUL LIGII APĂRĂRII NAŢIONAL CREŞTINE ŞI AL GĂRZII DE FIER POLITICILE ANTISEMITE ALE GUVERNULUI GOGA ŞI ALE DICTATURII REGALE Rădăcinile antisemitismului românesc Rădăcinile antisemitismului românesc se împletesc cu originile statului român modern şi cu apariţia bogatei tradiţii culturale naţionale care a însoţit unirea principatelor, independenţa şi crearea României Mari. Antisemitismul care s-a manifestat în România între cele două războaie mondiale a crescut direct din seminţele sădite în evenimentele majore ale dezvoltării ţării începută la jumătatea secolului al XIX-lea. Din motive care puteau diferi de la o persoană la alta sau de la un grup la altul, în viaţa politică, culturală şi spirituală a societăţii româneşti au existat, în forme variate şi cu diverse intensităţi, puternice curente antisemite. Acestea au fost prezente în cea mai mare parte a secolului care a precedat ascensiunea la puterea a Partidului Naţional Creştin în 1937, instalarea dictaturii regale în 1938 şi a statului naţional-legionar condus de Ion Antonescu în 1940 - cu alte cuvinte, a secolului care a culminat cu Holocaustul. Acţiunile antisemite ale acestor guverne
  • Mathematics Education in Romanian at Babes-Bolyai University Cluj

    Mathematics Education in Romanian at Babes-Bolyai University Cluj

    Stud. Univ. Babe¸s-Bolyai Math. 59(2014), No. 4, 399–418 Mathematics education in Romanian at Babe¸s-Bolyai University Cluj-Napoca Dorel I. Duca and Adrian Petru¸sel Abstract. In this paper, we will present the most important moments of the evolution and development of the mathematical education and research activities in Romanian at Babe¸s-Bolyai University Cluj-Napoca. The main figures of the mathematical university staff are also presented. Mathematics Subject Classification (2010): 01A72, 01A73, 01A70. Keywords: University of Cluj, Babe¸s-Bolyai University, Faculty of Sciences, Faculty of Mathematics. 1. A short walk through the history of the university education in Cluj On May 12, 1581 the prince S¸tefan Bathory decided to set up at Cluj a college with three faculties: Theology, Philosophy and Law. This is the first official attestation of a higher education institution in our city. After some climbings and descents and a contradictory evolution of the higher education in Cluj, on October 12, 1872 the emperor Ferenc J´ozsef approves a decision of the Hungarian Parliament for setting up the University of Cluj. This Hungarian university have had four faculties: Law and State Sciences, Medicine, Philosophy, Letters and History and, the last one, Mathematics and Natural Sciences. During this period some pre-eminent mathematicians (such as Gyula Farkas, Lip´otFej´er,Frigyes Riesz or Alfr´ed Haar) have had essential contributions to the development of the Cluj mathematical school. The great wish of the Romanian nation to have their own university with com- plete studies in Romanian was finally accomplish after the union of the province of Transylvania with the Romanian principality in 1918.
  • This Finding Aid Has Been Prepared by the National Archives As Part of Its Program of Facilitating the Use of Records in Its Custody

    This Finding Aid Has Been Prepared by the National Archives As Part of Its Program of Facilitating the Use of Records in Its Custody

    GUIDES TO GERMAN RECORDS MICROFILMED AT ALEXANDRIA, VA, No. 63. Records of German Field Commands: Divisions (Part HI) (Divisions 1-9 (Supplementary), 10 - 21) The National Archives National Archives and Records Service General Services Administration Washington: 1970 www.maparchive.ru This finding aid has been prepared by the National Archives as part of its program of facilitating the use of records in its custody. The microfilm described in this guide may be consulted at the National Archives, where it is identified as Microfilm Publication T315. Those desiring to purchase microfilm should write to the Publications Sales Branch, NARS, GSA, Washington, DC 20408. Some of the papers reproduced on the microfilm referred to in this and other guides of the same series may have been of private origin. The fact of their seizure is not be- lieved to divest their original owners of any literary property rights in them. Anyone, therefore, who publishes them in whole or in part without permission of their authors may be held liable for infringement of such literary property rights. www.maparchive.ru GUIDES TO GERMAN RECORDS MICROFILMED AT ALEXANDRIA, VAe No. 63. Records of German Field Commands: Divisions (Part IH) (Divisions 1-9 (Supplementary), 10 - 21) The National Archives National .Archives and Records Service General Services Administration Washington; 1970 www.maparchive.ru www.maparchive.ru R E F A E The Guides to German Records Microfilmed at Alexandria, Va. from 1941 to 1943, the campaign against the Soviet Union from constitute a series of finding aids describing National Archives 1941 to 1945, operations in Finland in 1941 and 1942, the cam- microfilm that reproduces seized records of German central, re- paign in Sicily and Italy in 1943 and 1944, and the western cam- gional, and local government agencies, and of military commands paigns in .1940 and 1944-45.