Masaryk University Faculty of Arts Rigorosum Thesis

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Masaryk University Faculty of Arts Rigorosum Thesis MASARYK UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF ARTS RIGOROSUM THESIS BRNO 2018 MONIKA RŮŽIČKOVÁ MASARYK UNIVERSITY Faculty of Arts Department of Slavonic Studies Area and Philological Studies Mgr. Monika Růžičková ROMANIA - THE PROBLEMS OF THE IDENTITY OF JEWISH WRITERS IN EXILE Rigorosum Thesis 2018 „Prohlašuji, že jsem předkládanou rigorózní práci vypracovala samostatně s využitím uvedených pramenů a literatury.“ V Brně dne Podpis: Na tomto místě bych ráda poděkovala za spolupráci prof. PhDr Ivo Pospíšilovi DrSc., jehož cenné rady a připomínky pro mě byly neocenitelným přínosem. Slova poděkování za odbornou pomoc při zpracování dokumentace patří i PhDr. Jiřímu Našincovi a mému kolegovi Mgr. Milanu Malému za čas a trpělivost. Abstrakt Exil je možné chápat, jako odchod z domoviny. V Rumunsku se za exilové období označují léta 1945–1989, spojená především s komunistickým režimem. V dějinách rumunského národa hrál exil vždy významnou úlohu. Z tohoto důvodu představuje literatura, psaná v exilu po roce 1945 jak rumunskými, tak židovskými literáty, nejen důležitou součást rumunského písemnictví, ale i projev národní identity. Po druhé světové válce se nejvýznamnějšími centry rumunského literárního exilu staly Španělsko, Francie, území dnešního Státu Izrael a USA, ke kterým měli rumunští spisovatelé tradičně nejblíže. Nejdříve do exilu odcházeli sympatizanti krajní pravice a monarchisté, jejichž cílem byl hlavně Madrid. První část disertační práce nastiňuje, jaký vliv měla na život a tvorbu židovských autorů ekonomická a politická situace, jak na tyto autory působila kultura a náboženství jejich předků, sociální prostředí i vlastní přesvědčení. Jejich literární odkaz není nahlížen izolovaně, nýbrž z politického, kulturního, společenského a náboženského úhlu pohledu. Druhá část práce seznamuje s exilovým literárním prostředím, srovnává nejvýznamnější autory exilové literatury v Izraeli a analyzuje jejich dílo. Rumunští Židé odcházeli do exilu postupně. V létech 1939–1949 v rámci první exilové vlny opustili rodnou zemi například Elie Wiesel a Aharon Appelfeld. Do druhé exilové vlny, probíhající v 60. a 70. letech minulého století, lze zařadit významné rumunské židovské intelektuály, například Alexandru Mirodana, Eugena Lucu a Šaula Carmela. Ve třetí, poslední vlně odlivu židovských spisovatelů, která proběhla od konce 70. resp. začátku 80. let, odešli do emigrace například Virgil Duda, Tatiana Lovinescu nebo Leon Volovici. Všichni tito lidé byli nuceni opustit domov a začít zcela novou životní i tvůrčí etapu v exilu. Jedná se o téma, které dosud zůstávalo na okraji zájmu – snad i proto, že v případě Rumunska jde o postkomunistickou zemi. Je relativně nové a zvýšené pozornosti se mu dostává teprve v posledních patnácti letech. Exilová literatura je nezbytně nutná pro pochopení nejen rumunské, ale i hebrejské identity a kultury, jíž tato přijala za svou. Prostřednictvím děl vybraných autorů si lze utvořit představu o tvorbě a životě jednotlivých spisovatelů během procesu integrace v nových podmínkách a zároveň nastínit rumunský židovský literární exil v Izraeli. Klíčová slova: Identita, asimilace, integrace, izolace, exil, emigrace, dvojí identita, diaspora Abstract Exile can be comprehended as leaving one’s native country. The exile period in Romania has lasted from 1945 to 1989 (i.e. from the beginning to the end of the communist regime). As exiles have always played an important role in the history of the Romanian nation, Romanian exile literature after 1945 represents an integral part of Romanian literature as a whole. After World War II the most important centers of the Romanian literary exiles became Israel, France and the U.S.A. (one of the first groups is represented by the sympathizers of the extreme right wing and the monarchists whose target was mainly Madrid) because the relations of Romania to these countries had been traditionally very close. The introductory chapter of the dissertation shows what effect exile had on the lives and work of Jewish writers, their economic and political situation, how they were influenced by the culture and religion of their ancestors, the social environment and their own beliefs. Their literary work cannot be seen individually, but from a wider political, cultural, social and religious point of view. The second part of the dissertation presents the exile literary work environment, compares the most significant authors of literature in exile in Israel, and analyzes their work. Romanian Jews left for Israel in waves. During the first wave from 1939 to 1949 left the Jewish writers Aharon Appelfeld and Elie Wiesel. In the second wave of the sixties and seventies left many Romanian Jewish intellectuals like Alexandru Mirodan, Eugen Luca and Shaul Carmel. In the third and final wave of Jewish writers, which ran from the late seventies to the mid-eighties belonged Virgil Duda, Tatiana Lovinescu and Leon Volovici. Romanian Jews were forced to leave their homeland and start their new and creative lives in exile. This topic has not been paid so much heed – possibly because it concerns a former communist country. So, it is relatively new and raw. The exile literature is necessary for understanding not only the Romanian but also the new Israeli identity and culture. On the basis of its selected works it is possible to get the picture not only of the creation and lives of individual writers during the process of integration, but also of the Romanian–Jewish literary exile in Israel. Keywords: identity, assimilation, integration, isolation, exile, emigration, double identity, diaspora Contents 1 INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................................... 9 2 THE OUTLINE OF ROMANIAN EXILE ............................................................................................ 12 2.1 Accessible sources of Romanian and Romanian-Jewish exile ............................... 12 2.2 Exile in general ........................................................................................................................... 15 2.3 Historical Romanian exile in literature ........................................................................... 16 2.4 Romania 1938–1989 ............................................................................................................... 19 2.5 An exile country – a new home ........................................................................................... 24 2.6 Identity in exile .......................................................................................................................... 28 2.7 Exile literature and its reception in Israel ...................................................................... 31 2.8 The reception of exile literature in Romania ................................................................ 37 3 THE HISTORY OF THE ROMANIAN JEWS IN LITERATURE ................................................. 41 3.1 The first literary documents ................................................................................................ 41 3.2 Later literary influences ......................................................................................................... 42 3.3 The image of the Jews in Romanian literature ............................................................. 43 3.4 Jewish contribution to literature written in Romanian language ........................ 44 3.5 The dilemma of personality – a Romanian or a Jew? ................................................ 45 4 ECONOMIC-POLITICAL INSIGHT ..................................................................................................... 48 4.1 Romanian anti-Semitism ....................................................................................................... 48 4.2 Romanian politics and exile .................................................................................................. 49 4.3 Communism and exile ............................................................................................................. 51 4.4 Romanian political arena in 1945-1989 ......................................................................... 53 4.4.1 The 1950s ........................................................................................................................ 53 4.4.2 The 1960s ........................................................................................................................ 56 4.4.3 The 1970s and 1980s ................................................................................................. 57 5 CULTURAL AND SOCIAL ASPECTS ................................................................................................. 59 5.1 The cultural identity of emigrants ..................................................................................... 59 5.2 Cultural associations and organizations in exile ......................................................... 61 6 THE VIEW OF THE JEWS IN THE WORK BY VIKTOR EMIL FRANKL ............................... 65 6.1 Biography ..................................................................................................................................... 65 6.2 Trotzdem ja zum leben sagen – the literary-dramatic experiment ...................... 67 6.2.1 The first phase ............................................................................................................... 68 6.2.2 The second phase ........................................................................................................
Recommended publications
  • Between Worlds Contents
    BETWEEN WORLDS CONTENTS 14 Acknowledgments 16 Introduction Timothy 0. Benson and Eva Forgacs SECTION 1: STYLE AS THE CRUCIBLE OF PAST AND FUTURE Chapter 1: National Traditions Germany Carl Vinnen. "Quousque Tandem," from A Protest of German Artists [1911I Wilhelm Worringer, "The Historical Development of Modern Art," from The Struggle for Art (1911) Czech-Speaking Lands Milos Jiranek, "The Czechness of our Art," Radikatni iisty (1900I Bohumil Kubista, "Josef Manes Exhibition at the Topic Salon," Prehled ii9ii) Poland Juliusz Kaden-Bandrowski, "Wyspiariski as a Painter-Poet (Personal Impressions]," Przeglqd Poranny I1907] Stanistaw Witkiewicz, Excerpts from Jon Matejko (1908) Jacek Malczewski, "On the Artist's Calling and the Tasks of Art" I1912I Wtodzirnierz Zu-tawski, "Wyspiariski's Stained Glass Windows at the Wawel Cathedral," Maski (1918] Hungary Lajos Fulep, Excerpt from Hungarian Art I1916I Yugoslavia Exhibition Committee of University Youth (Belgrade], Invitation Letter (1904) Chapter 2: New Alternatives Prague Emil Filla, "Honore Daumier: A Few Notes on His Work," Volne smery (1910] Pavel Janak, "The Prism and the Pyramid" Umeiecky mesicnik (1911] Otto Gutfreund, "Surface and Space," Umeiecky mesicnik (1912) Emil Filla, "On the Virtue of Neo-Primitivism," Volne smery (1912) Vaclav Vilem Stech, Introduction to the second Skupina exhibition catalogue (1912) Bohumil Kubista, "The Intellectual Basis of Modern Time," Ceska kutturo I1912-13] Josef Capek, Fragments of correspondence I1913] Josef Capek, "The Beauty of Modern Visual Form," Printed [1913-14I Vlastislav Hofman, "The Spirit of Change in Visual Art," Almanoch no rok [1914) Budapest Gyb'rgy Lukacs, "Forms and the Soul," Excerpt from Richard Beer-Hoffmann 11910) Karoly Kernstok, "Investigative Art," Nyugat (1910) Gyorgy Lukacs, "The Ways Have Parted," Nyugat [1910) Karoly Kernstok, The Role of the Artist in Society," Huszadik szazad (1912) Bucharest Ion Minulescu, Fragment from "Light the Torches," Revisto celorlaiti (1908) N.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 PETRE P. CARP 100 De Ani De La Moarte (Bibliografie Selectivă) (N. 29
    PETRE P. CARP 100 de ani de la moarte (bibliografie selectivă) (n. 29 iunie 1837, Iași - d. 19 iunie 1919, Țibănești) I. OPERA 1. Volume Afacerea tramvaelor la Senat : după note stenografice / discursurile domnilor P. P. Carp şi Al. Marghiloman. - Bucureşti : Tipografia şi Stabilimentul de Arte Grafice George Ionescu, 1911. - 47 p. Auswartige Politik und Agrarreform / reden und zeitungsartikel von P. P. Carp; autorisierte Ubers. von Victor A. Beldiman und Erwin von Fehlmayr. - Bukarest : Socec, 1917. - 78 p. Discursuri : vol. 1 : 1868-1888 / P. P. Carp. - Bucureşti : Editura Librăriei Socec & Co. S. A., 1907. Discursuri parlamentare / P. P. Carp. - [București] : Tipografia Curţii Regale, [1895]. - 299 p. Discursuri parlamentare / P. P. Carp; ediţie îngrijită de Marcel Duţă; studiu introductiv de Ion Bulei. - Bucureşti : Grai şi suflet - Cultura naţională, 2000. - 630 p. (COTA: III 27418; 32(498)/C26) Exproprierea marei proprietăţi / P. P. Carp. - Bucureşti : Tipografia şi Stabilimentul de Arte Grafice G. Ionescu, 1914. Patru discursuri rostite în Senat / de Petre P. Carp. - Iaşi : Tipografia Naţională, 1878. - 30 p. Politica externă a României : cuvîntările rostite în discuţia răspunsului la Mesaj în şedinţele din 14, 15, 16 şi 17 decembrie 1915 ale Camerei Deputaţilor / de d-nii P. P. Carp şi C. Stere. - Iaşi : Editura Revistei Viaţa Românească, 1915. - 61 p. Procesul Maiorescu cu actele autentice / P. P. Carp, N. Mândrea, G. Mârzescu, I. Negruzzi, V. Pogor. - Iaşi : Imprimeria Adolf Bermann, 1865. - 23, LXVI p. România şi răsboiul european / P. P. Carp. - Bucureşti : Tipografia Dorneanu I., s.a. - 32 p. Tulburările de la 5 aprilie şi Legea maximului : două discursuri rostite în Cameră / de Al.
    [Show full text]
  • OER STURM Oo PQ Os <Rh IRH ZEMIT A
    De Styl 2x2 <rH IRH & Weimar Biflxelles OER STURM L'ESPRIT Berlin £ Wlan NOUVEAU 3 o CO a LA o .6 VIE o s £ D E Paris PQ S IU LETTRES DIE AKTION ET DES ARTS Paris ZEMIT Berlin Berlin InternaclonAIlt akllvlsta mQv^ssetl foly61rat • Sserkeutl: KattAk Uijof m Fe- leldssievkesxtO: Josef Kalmer • Sxerkesxtds^g £• klad6hlvafal: Wlen, XIIL Bei* Amallenstrasse 26. L 11 • Megjelen^s dAtuma 1922 oktdber 19 m EUfflrctM Ar: EOT £VRE: 3S.OOO osztr&k kor^ 70 ssokol, lOO dlnAr, 200 lei, SOO mArka m EQTE8 SZXM XltA: 3000 ositrAk korona, 7 siokol, lO dlnAr, 20 lei, SO mArka MA •b VIE 6vfolyam, 1. tx6m • A lapban megJelenO clkkek6rt a weriO felel. Drackerei .Elbemflfcl", Wien, IX., Berggtue 31. a sourcebook of central european avant-gardes, 1910-1930 CONTENTS 14 Acknowledgments 16 | Introduction Timothy 0. Benson and Eva Forgacs 49 Germany 50 Carl Vinnen, "Quousque Tandem," from A Protest of German Artists (1911) 52 Wilhelm Worringer, "The Historical Development of Modern Art," from The Struggle for Art (1911) 55 Czech-Speaking Lands 56 Milos Jiranek, "The Czechness of our Art," Radikalni tisty (1900) 57 Bohumil Kubista, "Josef Manes Exhibition at the Topic Salon," Prehled [1911) 59 Poland 60 ; Juliusz Kaden-Bandrowski, "Wyspianski as a Painter-Poet (Personal Impressions)," Przeglad Poranny (1907) 61 Stanistaw Witkiewicz, Excerpts from Jan Matejko (1908) 64 Jacek Malczewski, "On the Artist's Calling and the Tasks of Art" (1912) 66 Wiodzimierz Zutawski, "Wyspianski's Stained Glass Windows at the Wawel Cathedral," Maski (1918) 70 Hungary 71 ! Lajos Fulep,
    [Show full text]
  • Romania's Cultural Wars: Intellectual Debates About the Recent Past
    ROMANIA'S CULTURAL WARS : Intellectual Debates about the Recent Past Irina Livezeanu University of Pittsburgh The National Council for Eurasian and East European Researc h 910 17`" Street, N.W . Suite 300 Washington, D.C. 2000 6 TITLE VIII PROGRAM Project Information* Contractor : University of Pittsburgh Principal Investigator: Irina Livezeanu Council Contract Number : 816-08 Date : March 27, 2003 Copyright Informatio n Individual researchers retain the copyright on their work products derived from research funde d through a contract or grant from the National Council for Eurasian and East European Researc h (NCEEER). However, the NCEEER and the United States Government have the right to duplicat e and disseminate, in written and electronic form, reports submitted to NCEEER to fulfill Contract o r Grant Agreements either (a) for NCEEER's own internal use, or (b) for use by the United States Government, and as follows : (1) for further dissemination to domestic, international, and foreign governments, entities and/or individuals to serve official United States Government purposes or (2) for dissemination in accordance with the Freedom of Information Act or other law or policy of th e United States Government granting the public access to documents held by the United State s Government. Neither NCEEER nor the United States Government nor any recipient of this Report may use it for commercial sale . * The work leading to this report was supported in part by contract or grant funds provided by th e National Council for Eurasian and East European Research, funds which were made available b y the U.S. Department of State under Title VIII (The Soviet-East European Research and Trainin g Act of 1983, as amended) .
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction Really, 'Human Dust'?
    Notes INTRODUCTION 1. Peck, The Lost Heritage of the Holocaust Survivors, Gesher, 106 (1982) p.107. 2. For 'Herut's' place in this matter, see H. T. Yablonka, 'The Commander of the Yizkor Order, Herut, Shoa and Survivors', in I. Troen and N. Lucas (eds.) Israel the First Decade, New York: SUNY Press, 1995. 3. Heller, On Struggling for Nationhood, p. 66. 4. Z. Mankowitz, Zionism and the Holocaust Survivors; Y. Gutman and A. Drechsler (eds.) She'erit Haplita, 1944-1948. Proceedings of the Sixth Yad Vas hem International Historical Conference, Jerusalem 1991, pp. 189-90. 5. Proudfoot, 'European Refugees', pp. 238-9, 339-41; Grossman, The Exiles, pp. 10-11. 6. Gutman, Jews in Poland, pp. 65-103. 7. Dinnerstein, America and the Survivors, pp. 39-71. 8. Slutsky, Annals of the Haganah, B, p. 1114. 9. Heller The Struggle for the Jewish State, pp. 82-5. 10. Bauer, Survivors; Tsemerion, Holocaust Survivors Press. 11. Mankowitz, op. cit., p. 190. REALLY, 'HUMAN DUST'? 1. Many of the sources posed problems concerning numerical data on immi­ gration, especially for the months leading up to the end of the British Mandate, January-April 1948, and the first few months of the state, May­ August 1948. The researchers point out that 7,574 immigrant data cards are missing from the records and believe this to be due to the 'circumstances of the times'. Records are complete from September 1948 onward, and an important population census was held in November 1948. A parallel record­ ing system conducted by the Jewish Agency, which continued to operate after that of the Mandatory Government, provided us with statistical data for immigration during 1948-9 and made it possible to analyse the part taken by the Holocaust survivors.
    [Show full text]
  • Shoah: Intervention. Methods. Documentation. S:I.M.O.N
    01/2016 S: I. M. O. N. SHOAH: INTERVENTION. METHODS. DOCUMENTATION. S:I.M.O.N. – Shoah: Intervention. Methods. DocumentatiON. ISSN 2408-9192 Issue 2016/1 Board of Editors of VWI’s International Academic Advisory Board: Gustavo Corni/Dieter Pohl/Irina Sherbakova Editors: Éva Kovács/Béla Rásky/Philipp Rohrbach Web-Editor: Sandro Fasching Webmaster: Bálint Kovács Layout of PDF: Hans Ljung S:I.M.O.N. is the semi-annual e-journal of the Vienna Wiesenthal Institute for Holocaust Studies (VWI) in English and German. Funded by: © 2016 by the Vienna Wiesenthal Institute for Holocaust Studies (VWI), S:I.M.O.N., the authors, and translators, all rights reserved. This work may be copied and redistributed for non-commercial, educational purposes, if permission is granted by the author(s) and usage right holders. For permission please contact [email protected] S: I. M. O. N. SHOAH: I NTERVENTION. M ETHODS. DOCUMENTATION. TABLE OF CONTENTS ARTICLES Suzanne Swartz Remembering Interactions 5 Interpreting Survivors’ Accounts of Interactions in Nazi-Occupied Poland Ionut Florin Biliuta Sowing the Seeds of Hate 20 The Antisemitism of the Orthodox Church in the Interwar Period Joanna Tokarska-Bakir The Hunger Letters 35 Between the Lack and Excess of Memory Johannes-Dieter Steinert Die Heeresgruppe Mitte 54 Ihre Rolle bei der Deportation weißrussischer Kinder nach Deutschland im Frühjahr 1944 Tim Corbett “Was ich den Juden war, wird eine kommende Zeit besser beurteilen …” 64 Myth and Memory at Theodor Herzl’s Original Gravesite in Vienna Sari J. Siegel The Past and Promise of Jewish Prisoner-Physicians’ Accounts 89 A Case Study of Auschwitz-Birkenau’s Multiple Functions David Lebovitch Dahl Antisemitism and Catholicism in the Interwar Period 104 The Jesuits in Austria, 1918–1938 SWL-READERS Susanne C.
    [Show full text]
  • Network Map of Knowledge And
    Humphry Davy George Grosz Patrick Galvin August Wilhelm von Hofmann Mervyn Gotsman Peter Blake Willa Cather Norman Vincent Peale Hans Holbein the Elder David Bomberg Hans Lewy Mark Ryden Juan Gris Ian Stevenson Charles Coleman (English painter) Mauritz de Haas David Drake Donald E. Westlake John Morton Blum Yehuda Amichai Stephen Smale Bernd and Hilla Becher Vitsentzos Kornaros Maxfield Parrish L. Sprague de Camp Derek Jarman Baron Carl von Rokitansky John LaFarge Richard Francis Burton Jamie Hewlett George Sterling Sergei Winogradsky Federico Halbherr Jean-Léon Gérôme William M. Bass Roy Lichtenstein Jacob Isaakszoon van Ruisdael Tony Cliff Julia Margaret Cameron Arnold Sommerfeld Adrian Willaert Olga Arsenievna Oleinik LeMoine Fitzgerald Christian Krohg Wilfred Thesiger Jean-Joseph Benjamin-Constant Eva Hesse `Abd Allah ibn `Abbas Him Mark Lai Clark Ashton Smith Clint Eastwood Therkel Mathiassen Bettie Page Frank DuMond Peter Whittle Salvador Espriu Gaetano Fichera William Cubley Jean Tinguely Amado Nervo Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay Ferdinand Hodler Françoise Sagan Dave Meltzer Anton Julius Carlson Bela Cikoš Sesija John Cleese Kan Nyunt Charlotte Lamb Benjamin Silliman Howard Hendricks Jim Russell (cartoonist) Kate Chopin Gary Becker Harvey Kurtzman Michel Tapié John C. Maxwell Stan Pitt Henry Lawson Gustave Boulanger Wayne Shorter Irshad Kamil Joseph Greenberg Dungeons & Dragons Serbian epic poetry Adrian Ludwig Richter Eliseu Visconti Albert Maignan Syed Nazeer Husain Hakushu Kitahara Lim Cheng Hoe David Brin Bernard Ogilvie Dodge Star Wars Karel Capek Hudson River School Alfred Hitchcock Vladimir Colin Robert Kroetsch Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai Stephen Sondheim Robert Ludlum Frank Frazetta Walter Tevis Sax Rohmer Rafael Sabatini Ralph Nader Manon Gropius Aristide Maillol Ed Roth Jonathan Dordick Abdur Razzaq (Professor) John W.
    [Show full text]
  • Between Denial and "Comparative Trivialization": Holocaust Negationism in Post-Communist East Central Europe
    Between Denial and "Comparative Trivialization": Holocaust Negationism in Post-Communist East Central Europe Michael Shafir Motto: They used to pour millet on graves or poppy seeds To feed the dead who would come disguised as birds. I put this book here for you, who once lived So that you should visit us no more Czeslaw Milosz Introduction* Holocaust denial in post-Communist East Central Europe is a fact. And, like most facts, its shades are many. Sometimes, denial comes in explicit forms – visible and universally-aggressive. At other times, however, it is implicit rather than explicit, particularistic rather than universal, defensive rather than aggressive. And between these two poles, the spectrum is large enough to allow for a large variety of forms, some of which may escape the eye of all but the most versatile connoisseurs of country-specific history, culture, or immediate political environment. In other words, Holocaust denial in the region ranges from sheer emulation of negationism elsewhere in the world to regional-specific forms of collective defense of national "historic memory" and to merely banal, indeed sometime cynical, attempts at the utilitarian exploitation of an immediate political context.1 The paradox of Holocaust negation in East Central Europe is that, alas, this is neither "good" nor "bad" for the Jews.2 But it is an important part of the * I would like to acknowledge the support of the J. and O. Winter Fund of the Graduate Center of the City University of New York for research conducted in connection with this project. I am indebted to friends and colleagues who read manuscripts of earlier versions and provided comments and corrections.
    [Show full text]
  • Maria PAȘCALĂU,Moses Gaster Și Lazăr Șăineanu: Problema Dublei
    MOSES GASTER ȘI LAZĂR ȘĂINEANU: PROBLEMA DUBLEI IDENTITĂȚI Maria PAȘCALĂU Universitatea de Vest din Timișoara [email protected] Moses Gaster and Lazăr Șăineanu: The Question of Double Identity In the 1880s, as a result of the acculturation process, a generation of elite Jewish intellectuals became active, who promoted the idea of Romanian Jewish identity and came to make significant contributions to Romanian science and culture. The present paper aims to study the question of double identity concerning the generation of Romania’s acculturated Jewish intellectuals in the late 19th century, by analyzing two representative cases: Moses Gaster, a moderate assimilationist with Jewish nationalist tendencies, and Lazăr Șăineanu, who came to adopt a radical form of assimilation by converting to Christianity. This research will be undertaken from an interdisciplinary approach that includes cultural, historical, and political perspectives. The question of double identity regarding the two Jewish intellectuals will be related to aspects of their biographical trajectory, with a focus on their personal and professional backgrounds, on the relationship with the Jewish community and religious life, on cultural and scientific concerns, as well as on integration issues. By following the personal and cultural destinies of the two Jewish intellectuals, this paper aims to emphasize the impact of their work on both Romanian and Jewish cultures and to reveal the main difficulties that the whole generation they represented had to face by assuming the Romanian Jewish identity: increase in anti-Semitism, hostile reactions coming from the cultural and political authorities, rejection of integration, the pressure of the Romanian culture with ethnic-national identity tendencies on their Jewish identity.
    [Show full text]
  • Executive Summary
    EXECUTIVE SUMMARY HISTORICAL FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS HISTORICAL FINDINGS Statement of Fact and Responsibility The Holocaust was the state-sponsored systematic persecution and annihilation of European Jewry by Nazi Germany, its allies, and collaborators between 1933 and 1945. Not only Jews were victimized during this period. Persecution and mass arrests were perpetrated against ethnic groups such as Sinti and Roma, people with disabilities, political opponents, homosexuals, and others. A significant percentage of the Romanian Jewish community was destroyed during World War II. Systematic killing and deportation were perpetrated against the Jews of Bessarabia, Bukovina, and Dorohoi County. Transnistria, the part of occupied Ukraine under Romanian administration, served Romania as a giant killing field for Jews. The Commission concludes, together with the large majority of bona fide researchers in this field, that the Romanian authorities were the main perpetrators of this Holocaust, in both its planning and implementation. This encompasses the systematic deportation and extermination of nearly all the Jews of Bessarabia and Bukovina as well some Jews from other parts of Romania to Transnistria, the mass killings of Romanian and local Jews in Transnistria, the massive execution of Jews during the Iasi pogrom; the systematic discrimination and degradation applied to Romanian Jews during the Antonescu administration—including the expropriation of assets, dismissal from jobs, the forced evacuation from rural areas and concentration in district capitals and camps, and the massive utilization of Jews as forced laborers under the same administration. Jews were degraded solely on account of their Jewish origin, losing the protection of the state and becoming its victims. A portion of the Roma population of Romania was also subjected to deportation and death in Transnistria.
    [Show full text]
  • Palestine About the Author
    PALESTINE ABOUT THE AUTHOR Professor Nur Masalha is a Palestinian historian and a member of the Centre for Palestine Studies, SOAS, University of London. He is also editor of the Journal of Holy Land and Palestine Studies. His books include Expulsion of the Palestinians (1992); A Land Without a People (1997); The Politics of Denial (2003); The Bible and Zionism (Zed 2007) and The Pales- tine Nakba (Zed 2012). PALESTINE A FOUR THOUSAND YEAR HISTORY NUR MASALHA Palestine: A Four Thousand Year History was first published in 2018 by Zed Books Ltd, The Foundry, 17 Oval Way, London SE11 5RR, UK. www.zedbooks.net Copyright © Nur Masalha 2018. The right of Nur Masalha to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted by him in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988. Typeset in Adobe Garamond Pro by seagulls.net Index by Nur Masalha Cover design © De Agostini Picture Library/Getty All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior permission of Zed Books Ltd. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. ISBN 978‑1‑78699‑272‑7 hb ISBN 978‑1‑78699‑274‑1 pdf ISBN 978‑1‑78699‑275‑8 epub ISBN 978‑1‑78699‑276‑5 mobi CONTENTS Acknowledgments vii Introduction 1 1. The Philistines and Philistia as a distinct geo‑political entity: 55 Late Bronze Age to 500 BC 2. The conception of Palestine in Classical Antiquity and 71 during the Hellenistic Empires (500‒135 BC) 3.
    [Show full text]
  • October Newsnet
    October 2018 • v. 57, n. 5 NewsNet News of the Association for Slavic, East European, and Eurasian Studies Celebrating ASEEES: Reflections on the 1980s Ellen Mickiewicz, Duke University As we celebrate the 70th anniversary of our organization’s new and different system? What were we to make of the founding and the 50th Convention, we take time to reflect stops and starts, the halting changes of direction, and on our history through the eyes of four AAASS/ASEEES the obvious internal disagreements among the Soviet Past Presidents. Union’s political elite? Gorbachev’s program of reform, perestroika, sparked a good deal of disagreement in the AAASS brought into one professional organization West about what exactly it entailed, and if the Soviet scholars and policy makers working on issues related to leader had eventual democracy in mind or just limited the Soviet Union and beyond, including the then-Soviet- production improvements or a step-wise change that got dominated countries of Eastern, Central and South out of hand and roared ahead once controls were loosened. Europe. We were (and continue to be) affiliated and The Red Army withdrew from Afghanistan, and Soviet unaffiliated scholars, policy makers, media practitioners television for the first time characterized the conflict as and critics, and more. We included all relevant disciplines a “war” instead of a foreign aid mission to build schools. and added emerging ones. I became president in 1988, Television news had not showed the war and even was during turbulent years inside our organization and in the prohibited from letting the black smoke of bombs be world.
    [Show full text]