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Jewish Romanian Intellectuals in The

Jewish Romanian Intellectuals in The

CEU eTD Collection in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of BETWEEN MARGINAL REBELS AND MAINSTREAM CRITICS: JEWISH ANDMAINSTREAM REBELS MARGINAL BETWEEN ROMANIAN INTELLECTUALS INTHEINTERWAR PERIOD ROMANIAN Presented to the Faculties of the Central European University European Central Facultiesofthe to the Presented Supervisor of Dissertation Prof.KOVÁCS ANDRÁS A DISSERTATION Camelia CR , History 2009 in Ă CIUN CEU eTD Collection person unless otherwiseperson noted. materialsininstitutionsno any by written publishedother and previously and/or another degrees for any other accepted materials no contains dissertation this that I herebydeclare the of Author. permission written the without made be not may instructions such with accordance librarian. Thispagemust form a partof any such copies made.Further copies madein Author and lodged in Central the European Library. Details maybe obtained from the mayeither in part, bemade infull or only instructions accordance with by the given the in the text of this dissertation rests withCopyright NoticeandStatement ofResponsibility the Author. Copies by any process, CEU eTD Collection Jewish intellectuals in the process of redefining their position in order to penetrate a penetrate to their in position order of inthe process Jewish intellectuals redefining my identified thestudy aseries for of acculturated integration”, of conclusions research and“conflict” “inclusion”, defined inturn by andconstruction” “identity by“strategies of finally it in theiranalyzed works andidentity terms of integrativediscourse approach. a socio-cultural individualintellectual moved and and private of their to analysis paths political contextdetermining their and options their shaping later discourse, it then Romanian cultural my canon. Thus research focused first socio-cultural the on and and identity Jewish their with in connection discourse public their they articulated how and were they who models, identity specific some chose intellectuals of group this and cultural life. The main problemslegislation in late1930smarginalized and then excluded themfrom Romanian society which the current study anti-Jewish until Emancipation, long-belated the after and before period, interwar triedthe to answerduring WWI, were before slightly from whyactivity their followed I Chronologically, acculturated. Jewish intellectuals bornand growing upwithin Romanian culture and thus deeply My research aimed at answering a few questions related to the first group of firstgroup tothe related few questions a answering at aimed My research Following the theoretical level of research organized by concepts such as ABSTRACT iii CEU eTD Collection Romanian society within its borders. its within society Romanian multi-cultural includeof newreality the in to canon order cultural the of transformation aiming orto“Jewisha rebellious theirdespite literature,” avant-garde to at affiliation by a constantintegrativeall, was adopted position representation within works, their “minority’s language.identity culture” While within the Romanian the analyzing a identity” whileconstructing “Romanian of for searching essence the debate intellectual of anation-wide replica in a spin-off consisted and culture aconservative by long time for a neglected of reality a social reflection cultural belated the represented literature” “Jewish the of construction The “reterritorialization.” of sense in the be employed to had theory this a reverseof but my analysis, supported demonstration theoretical Guattari’s in literature” Romanianthe language focusing mainly social on criticism.Deleuze and emergence ofa“Jewish the through manifested space, Romanian identity the within Emancipationa long finallylegally secured space for belated assertion the Jewish of the context, In this values. to their accommodate to unable and incompatible repertoire suitable option reflecting their outsider position and saving them from a national cultural most the trends avant-gardist and modernist non-canonic yet marginal in the found frustration. Thisfrustration materialized in emergence the of a rebelliouswhich group, and social context they social remained generatingoutsiders, ahighamountindividual of legal the due to but ofthelocal culture, insiders as acting werejustifiably intellectuals Robertthrough Merton’s Acquiringtheory. solidRomanian education, young the conflictexplainable for astrong background set the and exclusion marginalization and persistent acculturation advanced between tension the identity, their and intellectuals influencing milieu. among Thus, cultural conservative of the profile factors the the iv CEU eTD Collection who taught me the first lessons on multiculturalism To the enduring support of my mother, Maria Varvarikis-Gál and András Gál, and Maria Varvarikis-Gál To the loving memory of my father, and of my maternal grandparents, Prof. Camelia- Cr to whom I dedicate this work Eng. Nicolae Cr Nicolae Eng. ă ă ciun, ciun, v CEU eTD Collection Society Institute in 2006/2007. University Oxfordof supported by the Foreign Commonwealth Office and Open year. I also greatly benefited from a reputed Chevening Scholar Fellowship at the through a Hanadiv Foundation Doctoral Fellowshipduring the 2004/2005 academic supportthat this made extensive research possible in , Israeland whom Iwould like tothank. as Dr.M the Center for the Study of Romanian HebrewJewry, University ,of aswell my research greatly benefitedfrom the kind support Dr. Ditzaof Goshen, Director of Also, way. the along guidance and support steady his for and work my in confidence support and guidance, as well as my mentor, Prof. Leon Volovici, for his patient I would like to thank my supervisor, Prof. András Kovacs, for his enduring his for Kovacs, András Prof. supervisor, my thank like to I would I would like to express gratitudemy to the Hanadiv Foundation for their ă riuca Stanciu, Library theof of Sciences,, to Acknowledgments vi CEU eTD Collection usinghis Romanian pseudonym, Beniamin Fundoianu, throughout text.the language, intellectuals Romanian Ipreferred of focused Jewishthe of on activity the research my factthat current tothe Due Fondane. as Benjamin known internationally isBeniamin Fudoianu, andprofile of note version. work relatedtothe second The hope the beauty of the original pieces was not destroyed bydo I my and too-close-to-the-original translation English my in here appear versions original Romanian The English. Most of the works mentioned in the current research were never translated into translated never research were in current mentionedthe of works the Most READER NOTES FORTHE vii CEU eTD Collection Chapter 1. Introduction...... 1 Between Marginal Rebels and Mainstream Critics: Identity Options ofRomanian Jewish Intellectuals...... Jewish Community B. BetweenAcculturation and Identity Preservation. The Context. MarginalizationA. Between andExclusion. TheRomanian E. Comparative Dimension. Methods. D. C. Concepts. B. Theory. A. oftheTopic Educational Life. Educational and Economic Social Structures. Political Orientations. A Portrait oftheRomanian Jewry. The Romanian Cultural Milieu. The Socio-Political Factor. LegalFactorThe Table of Contents 21 CEU eTD Collection Chapter 3. Chapter 2. From Social Revolt to Modernity as an Option...... A Generational Portrait: Romanian-Language Jewish Intellectuals during the ...... Conclusions. K. Intellectual Horizons: France Networks.and International J. Political Orientations. I. MainAttraction: . H. Pseudonyms and Identity. G. Occupations and Affiliations. F. The Professional Background of the Writers. Intellectual Circles. E. Intellectual Groups, Contacts: Informal Networks, D. Formative Environment andIntellectual Influences. C. Religious, Linguisticand Early EducationalEnvironment. B. Socio-Economical Background. A. TheOrigins: RegionalandCultural Identity. Conclusions Century. 20 ofthe Decades First inthe Intellectuals Acculturated andCultural Options Jewish Discourses. C. Identity “Double Identity” asanIntegrative Project. Creating Jewish Identity inRomanian Culture. Social FromRevolt toModernity asan Option. Emergence JewishIntellectuals. ofRomanian The Press. Jewish 121 74 th CEU eTD Collection Chapter 4. Constructing Jewish Identity in Romanian Culture...... A. I.C Conclusions C. Identity as the Periphery of the Self: . B. andthe Interplay ofSymbolic Registers. Fondane. A. Representations of Jewish Identityinthe Work of Benjamin B. I. Peltz: The Identity Crisis of the Jewish Community. Modernization. Cultural Identity atthe Periphery of Experience. Jewish as an Life Existential Background. Representations ofIdentityin the Work ofMax Blecher. Core. Identity asthe Poetry Violence. of Remembrance Discourse: the Subverting thePublic Reconstructing theRomanianLandscape. FrenchFondane’s Years Romanian Period. The Jewish Life. Integrating aGenre: as Periphery the of Literature Political Alternatives and . the City. The CrisisTraditional Identity:theModernity of and of theShtetl. Poverty, Sickness, Hunger: ANaturalisticDescription Jewish Life. Against Forgetting: oftheMoldavian AMonograph ă lugaru: Life betweenTraditionalism Jewish and 170 CEU eTD Collection Appendix. Conclusion...... 259 Chapter 5. Bibliography...... 273 Bio-bibliographical Data...... The “Double Identity” Model and the Integrative Project. . . B. The Troubled Posterity of the Jewish Intellectuals. A. TheComparative Context. Conclusion. B. or the Dilemma of Double Identity. Facla A. “Romanianwriter” OR“Jewishwriter”: Survey the of Conclusions Intellectual. C. Ury oftheJewish Crisis Benador: Politics andthe Journal. The Novelof Authenticity and Experience. The Problem ofDouble Identity. The Position of the Intellectual. Intellectuals Identity oftheJewish andPolitics: the Crisis The Profile of the Jewish Intellectual. A Generational Critique ofIdentity Crisis. Identity Changes. Consequences and EconomicFactor:Social The c) Concentrating onthe individual. Observer andcritic. b) a) Detachment. 270 222 CEU eTD Collection second decade of 20 the second decadeof the in only was it Ronetti-Roman, poet and playwright of exception remarkable the With late. very until reality this reflecting resisted milieu cultural Romanian the settlements), culture from slightly before WWI and during the interwar period until until WWIfrom interwar period anti-Jewish the the before culture and during slightly in Romanian present actively milieu, Romanian the to acculturated intellectuals Jewish of analyzing the group research aims at thecurrent terms, Inmore specific as keyconcepts. function in integration conflict and which and state the groups between ethnic interaction inclusion strategies. andintegration, conflict andfocusing on ofidentity cultural descriptions and construction 20 the decades of process of inclusion of Jewishthe identity within Romanian culture during the first investigatingaims long-belated the The research project at current literature. stereotyping topic had to literary life asalegitimate Jewish Nevertheless, movements. cultural and avant-garde wait modernist until marginal still the within life intellectual Romanian within emerged intellectuals early 1920s to be represented, if we ignore inconcentrated crafts theand trades and in living mainly the semi-rural anti-Semitic Romanian Regat(4.5% of populationthe inin 1899,reaching 10,5% Moldavian the area, The current analysis represents a case study concerning the larger process of larger process the concerning acasestudy represents analysis The current lifeof the economic thesocial and within Jewishpresence thestrong Despite th century by analyzing social mechanisms such as marginalization, th century that a significant number of acculturated Jewish acculturated number of a significant that century Introduction shtetls 1 and urban and 1 CEU eTD Collection legislation imposed their silence. Born in the last years of the 19 the of years last inthe Born silence. their imposed legislation identifying for anexplanation their specific identity through an options analysis the of strategy for individual the and group. forthe Thus, focus the of research falls on conflict andintegration determining process ofshapingeventually identity the the indevelopment relation with groups andother adeconstruction of mechanismsthe of by followed an analysis of identity isnecessary, the strategies self-defining the supporting them. In order to analyze the process of conflict and inclusion, adescription of isvalues, conflict identity outcomethe incompatible of and values constructs theof sets identificationand Romanian cultural space. While integration could be theresult of relative identity withJewish their with in connection discourse public their articulate they did thehow and other group intellectualsof group chose models, identity some specific analyzed actors whowerethe through adherence communication groups. and relations established between or adoptionthe for crucial became position, majority’s the with connection in identity of structure of similar with as well is significance it the thediscursive invested, which identity construction, sets of identity differentmodels and strategies.Within inclusive thisprocessof the framework, of adoption the through overcame eventually exclusion, and marginalization facing when manifested astrong identity manifestedcrisis and within their works discourse public Romanian the resultof culture as of a process profound group acculturation, the within up growing intellectuals Jewish of generation first the Being nation. the of body inthe inclusion symbolical legal by a followed exclusion, cultural and social significant writing before andafter their Emancipation works in granted 1923, thus facinga while 20 the th In this context, the current study plans to answer a few questions such as why this century, they century, they asolididentity,preserved Jewish but(also) for usedRomanian th century and the first of 2 CEU eTD Collection or deliberately “forgotten” episodes of the for episodes deliberately of history. Eventually, Romanian cultural “forgotten” or ignored these clarify,reintegrate and explain able to approach comprehensive integrative an into culture connectJewish history and Romanian ismy thetaskof result, to research As a research. of both areas for relevance has agreat thus and of communication, bridge asa intellectuals functioned Jewish of Romanian-language group the , Romanian between and intermediary theirposition area.Dueto research developed while Romanian historiography cultural hardly was tointegrate thisreceptive newly their and but intostagnated anexclusively ethnicprofiles, works approach, histories’ Revolution, historiography the Jewishof the community in rediscovering Romania started which forDevelopingwas essential their discourse. public the1989 rapidly after element ethnic the ignoring while writers Romanian as culture Romanian communist Jewish intellectual history a whole group intellectualsof assimilated by post-1945 the analysis. the for element key a represented language Romanian of milieu literary and intellectual Especiallyintellectuals way theirthe the negotiated identity Jewish inthe representation Romania. Greater of and creation the Emancipation the before andafter context generated intellectual inclusion integration andcultural thewriters employedthat newly inthe individual profiles with their specific characteristics and finally the strategies of socio- mechanisms theanddetermining further cultural identity followingoptions, the explain the research to plans current the Thus, strategies. andintegrative discourse background andintellectual paths and research to their in identity works of terms individual their of analysis socio-cultural a follow to plans dissertation the Therefore, discourse. determininglater andshaping their context socio-cultural and political My research attempts to recuperate from the perspective of European from Eastern torecuperate the of perspective the My attempts research 3 CEU eTD Collection legislation. anti-Jewish and WWII of outbreak the before intellectuals these of activity of length the here twodecadesanalyzed of period represented the roughly Marked by sign-posts, these with failure model the doubleidentity andof the integrative of in the late1930s. efforts finally mid-1930s presenting the best works “Jewishof literature in Romanian”, ending publication of firstthe collections by of inspiredstories Jewish life in early 1920s and intellectuals within in avant-garde mid-1910s, continued with Emancipationthe and the acculturated Jewish first the of with emergence the started research the Chronologically, Jewish intellectuals activewithin Romanian lifecultural during the interwar period. research focusedRomanian onthe best-known current literary canon, asthe and cultural Romanian the within visibility of criteria the followed intellectuals analyzed the of lifein of impactof experience Romania. the Jewish well of cultural debate as the the for alongidentity within by ignored Romanian culture, time literary a national canon,as interwar period, my study plans to open up the discussion on the importance of Jewish economic and intellectual legal,educational, the analyzed studies of an increasingnumber ethnicity,discussions about the anti-Semitism Holocaust and were forbidden.Although Romaniais in currently following its early stages, thecommunist when period Romania history the larger of European within agreat Eastern Jewry represents in Jewishthe of history community Although the covered by historical research. periods and community the of history social and political of in terms exist still gaps major A. Historiography oftheTopic. fluctuatingselection the borders, waslargeand demonstrated Although group the 2 situation of community the end the during of 19 the The historiography of Jewishthe community in th century until WWII, until century 4 CEU eTD Collection balanced perspective. balanced Gr file”at recasting in by the“Sebastian Studies acontestable Dorina demonstration. a deliberately and provocative academically study by questionable Petreu, aimingMarta intellectual identity and anti-Jewish persecutions in late1930s, culminating recently with gravity the political the of it polemicsproblems raised, openedupthe topic of Jewish gainedwork popularity 1996whenhis only after Sebastian’s Martin). example,Mircea (for scholarship Romanian by neglected pre-1989 programmatically its also Jewish component, after the fall of the recuperated Ferrer, Fondane Gabriella from Benefiting the butthey differently. researched, were approached Farina, Moniqueand understanding out-dated ofnational historiography. Jutrin),which missing. belongedcontribute isstill My researchthey tothis to plans major gap into , butanintegrativelarger the approach to culture of studies Romanian the profile and the work of Fundoianu Volovici,Liviu Rotman, M history the of JewishRomanian greatly intellectuals from profited works by recent Leon Nevertheless, inminorities. up and of include toopen approach thehistoriography order Romanian historiography, whichis still slow inchanging its nation-basedRomanian interest into and issueisthemarginal problematic studies lackintegration of these the of Romanian historiography would bealsoextremely important. In this themost sense, and contribution a frequent in of topic and research Romania itsIsrael, contribution to ă soiu, Cornelia Iconic figures,such asMihail Sebastian and Fundoianu, Beniamin werelargely series, as well as several monographs and extensive studies (Olivier Salazar- (Olivier studies andextensive monographs several as aswell series, ù tef ă nescu and Leon Volovici came to offer a more complex and ă riuca Stanciu,riuca and Simona F Jurnal ă (Diary) published. Dueto was rc ăú an an coming from fieldthe of Cahiers Benjamin 5 CEU eTD Collection the complexity complexity mainly focusingthe phenomena literary-artistic the previously on the of a comprehensive complex) systematically approached (2007), study and historically that Avangarda româneasc in his Cernat by Paul wasoffered process, the of contextualization international the elaborated perspective on Romanian includingavant-garde, the presenceofJewishmore intellectuals andA perspective. historical a from trends avant-gardist the repositioning and determining aspects non-literary the more on concentrating astudy avant-gardism), movements. In2005,Ovidiu published Morar hypothesis for substantial the interest that these young intellectuals in took modernistthe presentation mostthe of visible profilesandfailingactually to aplausibleprovide the on only focusing Movement), Avant-garde Romanian in the Intellectuals (Jewish dedicated a study to this phenomenon, tothis astudy dedicated Jewish intellectuals literaryemerged. historian In 2001, Ovid Crohm S. the of contribution in the interest special a thus and phenomena the triggering factors focused onthesocio-political approach exclusively andand literary stylistic and cultural the abandon to started avant-garde Romanian the on studies culture, and history followed by of process the historicalin reevaluation of terms approaching Romanian lacking socio-historical Only background. theafter fall of communistthe regime in 1989, discussion originthe of involved, writers the of deliberately preferring atextual analysis justify the motivationsspecificity behind the emergence of such a large cultural and social phenomenon, able to socio-historical the neverquestioning perspective, literary and aesthetic from a strictly of the Romanian case. These studies avoided any reference or in Romanian was substantial was Romanian in Although amountthe of onRomanianstudies written andavant-garde ú ă i complexul periferiei 3 , these analyses preferred exploring the general phenomenon general the exploring preferred analyses , these Evreii în mi Evreiiîn (The avant-garde and periphery avant-garde the (The Avangardismul românesc ú carea deavangard ă româneasc (Romanian ă lniceanu ă 6 4 CEU eTD Collection for the larger context of largerforinterwar literary of the period. of context Romanian the studies and history intellectual Jewish the for is significant which profile, their as well as writers, life of citizen Peltz)). Thus, my research also plans to recuperate the contribution of these Romanian and Jewish of roots Dadaismthe movementand its members book to the “outsiders.” awhole demonstration, Continuing the Sandqvist dedicated Tom avant-garde artistic was theprofound groups self-consciousness asbeing of in these presence Jewish massive the in determining element essential the Mansbach, Mansbach.AccordingAmericanhistorian to SwedishSteven artSandqvist and Tom came mainly avant-garde the to intellectuals theJewish of contribution the to specifically dedicated from the international studies history. cultural from Nevertheless, of and social context perspective ignored the scholarship through the works of two historians, Rodica L Rodica forgotten is(as it the orlittle case of Benador) Ury (I.Peltz’s researched onlymonograph, Crohm of and (initially interwarthe period G.C Lovinescu E. was less fortunate. Apart from being includedin the literary general historiesand cultural inliteratureattention of“JewishRomanian” in of writers of the case analysis, terms the agreater thus and of culture Romanian and reputation for interest the position privileged enjoyed for avant-garde needfurtherIf the inspiration avant-gardism a demonstration. of sources were and tradition Jewishcultural European Eastern the that show amongmodernism his andavant-garde intellectuals, Jewish to planning allegations for emergence the factor condition of asadetermining the Jewishthe of population argumentconfirmed andenforced empirically marginal contributions totheprevious ă lniceanu after 1945), the works and the profiles of the writers were sadly were thewriters of profiles andthe works the 1945), after lniceanu ă]ă rescu’s Via Ġ a cuhaz ú i f ăUă anumituluiPeltz (The funny and not-so-funny funny (The and ă linescu, andOv.S. 5 . But, if the main if the But, . 7 CEU eTD Collection social and cultural sources of of “anomic stress” sources social cultural and the on focuses theory Merton’s Robert intellectual, Jewish modern the of inclusion and of mechanisms conflict inclusion. the In ofexplaining terms of strategies and mechanisms Toward aMinorLiterature demonstration of Gilles Deleuze and Felix Guattari developed in their work andintegration of provides thedeconstruction conflict processes. myand study, For Merton’s in reading social organization. Mendes-Flohr’s theory ideologies structures, these theiralienation for contesting andoption canon ossified the rejection of from also and of their aconsequence exclusion represented marginal careers “rebels”find in marginality profession and intellectual pursuits attractive; adoption the of and “escapists” context, In this rebellion. and escapism namely case, intellectual Jewish the to specific being as two only considered Mendes-Flohr which of out disjunction intellectual and social frustration. According to Merton, is the mounted which a contradiction “social outsiders”, as who wereapproached on evethe but already insiders”, functioned as“cognitive of modernism acculturated and were Mendes-FlohrJewish intellectualsof theory Merton’s on applied group who the point. a starting functioned as Flohr Mendes Paul of inthe reading emerging groups B. Theory Searching for a theoretical approach inclusionfor approach to atheoretical theoretical Searching the strategies, As a consequence,identified Merton five types of tothisreactions fundamental socially structured capacitiessocially structured act groups the of to according tothem. the and goals and norms cultural the between disjunction acute is an particularly there where occurring cultural structure, the …a breakdown of . Several theoretical works will support my research in terms of conflict appears as a productive perspective of perspectiveappears asaproductive on Based the of research. 6 applied to the specific category of of recently category thespecific to applied 7 Kafka: 8 CEU eTD Collection domination of culture rooted in domination of rooted Yiddish culture the by a large characterized Jews him,were European to Eastern According genealogies. intellectual in different Jews European and Eastern Western the grouping differences main acategorization the of hemodel, alsoelaborated intellectual Jewish European restitutiveWhile messianism. preparinghis demonstration of specificity the of Central the and Romantic between polarization intellectual of theory the Löwy elaborated utopie: lejudaïsme libertaire en EuropeCentrale. Uneétuded’affinité élective it.appropriate in literature to order minority’s trademark withincanon, majority’s culturebut placing the rather and the a process literature” is of “minornot multiculturalism within cultural the absorbing discourse and opening a new space for the discourse of the minority. Thus the creationmajority’s the within atrend literature separating from within, of or dominantculture the of subverting process the analyzes basically theory their “deterritorialization”, of concept ( and Russia) and the Western integrative model, Central European Jews were Jews European Central model, integrative Western the and Russia) and (Poland exclusion large on based Jews European Eastern of condition pariah the between Finally, ideals. Revolution’s French the of line the in and liberalism to attraction large a finally, and renewal religious or in interest an without identity Jewish liberaland aweaker arather interest attitude, revolutionary identity alower determining and acculturated integrated more by a weredefined Jews European Western contrary, religious values perceivedleft from as the obscurantist wasspecific On for group. the the of a pariah Also, rationalistthe group. by supported perspective atheism andthe of refusal existence of a working class, high social persecution and anti-Semitism shaping the image the extreme due poverty, the massive movements into participation revolutionary In his inspiring book In hisinspiring book on Central Jewish intellectuals,European shtetl life with its communal outlook, by a Rédemption et Rédemption , Michael 9 CEU eTD Collection individuals severing ties and Jewish with community the original culture dueto of andasacategory a modern phenomenon as intellectual, approached of Jewish the case the with werefascinated literary researchers and sociologists historians, intellectual Bell’s “prophets of alienation” or John Murray Cuddihy’s “uncivil Jew”, many Daniel Steiner’s“meta-rabbis”, George Jew”, “non-Jewish Isaac Deutscher’s pariah”, to From onthetopic“Jewas Hannah literature Arendt’s Naturally, emerged. extensive an advancements. socio-economic the and secularization and of acculturation process large the Enlightenment), (Jewish suchas Haskala factors the a series of to connected compulsory. is literature” and“Jewish as“Jewish writer” aswell side, intellectual” onone “Jewish of concepts less familiar the of a clarification my work, of specificity due tothe that, consider I Instead, readers. for the reference asageneral function and familiar became energy-exhausting of effort largelyclarifying already used which bynow concepts issue and the extensive the of debate complexity The work. my in included be not behind will identity” “Jewish of category it exceed the aims and limits of my research as an interferences. exceptionalism and commonalityintendplaceidentify I myresearch, that the framework specificity planning to the of to theoretical general ofin this is It one. thenational a than rather Romanianidentity, Jewish cultural Jewry placed on individuals,based religious on a stronger andgeneratingtheir semi-integration and a space of cultural bringsupposed to in previously athirdtype, of ignored, semi-excluded, semi-pariah A consequence of the modernity, the appearance of the Jewish intellectual was Jewishintellectual of the appearance A of modernity, the the consequence C. Concepts . A definition of the concept of “identity” with its largely used 10 CEU eTD Collection intellectual in the Jewish society is a modern invention: the noticed that he of all, First account. synthetic ina topic onthe perspectives two either. one were and were tool-kit intellectual notnon-Jewish a using intellectuals part Jewish the showed, enthusiastically of Jewish culture anymore while not being entirely part of the and, as a consequence, a “non-Jewish Jew,” although in a positive sense: exclusion. conservative to attachment variesenthusiastic from andJewishlife from thisJudaism estrangement of negative aspects or positive the evaluated thinkers in which manner The secularization. Beyond the beauty Beyond beauty the of essayistic Paul the demonstrations, Mendes-Flohr captured of paths thinkingThus, bridging specific asDeutscher and transgressing cultures Jewry” one“transcending the intellectual Jewish the considers Isaac Deutscher mentally intowide new horizons andfar into the future. abovenations, their above their and times strike generations, and to out societies, their above in thought rise to them enabled that this was It it. of not yet and it of it, in not yet and society in was them of Each nations. lived They other. each fertilized and crossed influences diversemost cultural on the where mind matured Their epochs. theup on borderlinesvarious the of marginscivilisations, religions andnational cultures. Theywereborn broughtand various of borderlines the on dwelt they Jews as or that in exceptional in the They were apriori intellect. Jewish of lifeand the Jewish of quintessence nookswere very Jewish indeed. Theyhad in somethingthemselves of the and politicscrannies in the last three centuries.profound upheavals thathave taken in place ,most philosophy, and the of substance and (…) sum the Yet represent I they think and it, of beyond that fulfilment in sometheir ways they narrow, too archaic, too Jewry respective andfound all too constricting.They Jewry. of They boundaries the all lookedbeyond for went ideals all They and (…) Spinoza, Heine, Luxemburg,Trotsky, Freud. Marx, Rosa and (…) tradition. Jewish a to belongs Jewry transcends who heretic Jewish The 8 11 CEU eTD Collection affiliation. As an exceptional case, the specificity of the Jewish literature is given by “the by is given literature Jewish the of specificity the case, exceptional As an affiliation. who, by choosingmade aspecific language, also aclear statementon their cultural of authors their regardless of origin the culture, respective the belong languagecertain to Literary histories in that thegeneral totality consider produced inartistic works of a excludingincluding or formally from work acertainthe of corpus cultural products. has the languageof quality marker asthe writer” literature” and “Jewish “Jewish bridgecultures two and communities its borderthrough identity. in “Jewish intellectual” modernity isrelevant belonging sense to the and managingto of Mendelssohn Moses and Spinoza are examples Mendes-Flohr’s debates; secular in the immersed for theintellectual modern a being as time same the at Judaism, two with and community the of life mentioned the with connections the maintaining of capacity the on also depended paths possible two cases. Forcutting theirclose toJudaism, ties could serve Obviously, better. humanity and truth the my currentcommunity, research, or positively, as we have read leur themoutof the judéité” detakes as the“dépassement negatively were perceived alreadythe in Deutscher’sconcept text, as thosean innovation, being cutting excluded)their with (or ties traditional the community. They who, byof intellectuals were values the modern hierarchies, and acknowledged contesting tradition, The debate becomes even more complicated when discussing concepts such as such concepts discussing when complicated more even becomes debate The Lacking the previous spirituelle et culturelle était le était etculturelle spirituelle vie la de excellence par le gardien traditionelle, juive société la Dans et lasagesse du Dans la société moderne, le Dans lasociété nature de l’existence juive. del’existencenature la dans profonds changements des reflète radicale mutation Cette affirmé. l’intellectuel,par l’autorité etla dont d’un sagessesont sécularisme talmid ’s talmid hakham 9 talmid hakham talmid sont fondées sur sa conaissance de la Tora. authority (the wise and learned man), learned and wise (the authority hakham est de plus en plus remplacé , le sage et l’érudit. L’autorité 12 CEU eTD Collection Hana Wirth-Nesher fundamentally by defined non-Yiddish and non-Hebrew creations during modernity. of Diaspora, of the aJewishliterature recognition alsothe of determined Jewish culture in languagesaspart writers non-Jewish acceptanceof works implicitly,of the the Jewish multi-lingual Thus, asmulti-cultural its a cultures,other whileconstruct. / status altering cultural reality existence,of Diaspora adapting the changes to andin surviving different Jewish culture attempted toclarify issue;theconclusionsthe usuallydepended sociologists of on their definition and as historians an literary openexceptions, these all orBeyond writer. closedJewish as construct,simply ignored these cultural references while the authorable did not identify himself herself/ others some but to attachment, this integrateexpressed and author the of origin the by and life Jewish or not the from premisethe of writer’sthe identity and identification; were manyinspired works by social and started works these integrate to culture ofJewish thecapacity around debate The great and life cultural of Gentilethe valuable society, producing textsinthelocal languages. in participate to social morethe intellectuals andstarted modernized andHaskala, more after Nevertheless, Ladino. and Hebrew creations inYiddish, to literary texts of corpus the restrict languages Jewish the technically, in Thus, general. andliterature culture varied phenomenon did not generate an ideal conclusion. Thus, in a debate on the essence the on a debate in Thus, conclusion. ideal an generate not did phenomenon varied elusive, complex disadvantages, of an process such and the suggestingdefining that history Wirth-Nesher, and all To traditions. hadjustifications andthese definitions specific“Jewishinclude to themes,” finally usage the Jewish languages,of religion, categorize the texts ranging from the origin of their authors to the employment of some culture” territory, language, a common absence of In a comprehensive overview of literature, onJewish ofdefinitions varieties In a of the overview comprehensive 11 listed a series of criteria which were used in time in order to 10 perceived as essential markers perceivedessential of as 13 CEU eTD Collection nation, and I expressthe interwarmy Jewishnessfrom writers Polish-Jewish the period, of one of declaration the through expressed in synthetically Maurycy one of theSzymel, many whotongues concerning in manifestations existence consideredtheirJewish specificity. This factcould be it uses.” that “I am a genuine son of my that he considered theReferring multitude to of of in origincreatingnon-Jewishlanguages,writers Jewish hisher Jewishorigin. or with thewriter with of language self-identification the together and culture legends, myths, folklore, religion, its with memory” collective the or soul a Jewishlanguage from creation andincluding the culture, Jewish within “thecollective Aharon Appelfeld of Jewishliterature, the modern experience. Jewish modern define seems the context theto it modern adapting and to culture identity,and tradition Jewishness, through the Jewishness, is part of he is” of what is part Jewishness, the through Jewishness, comes into the large world andis affected by world,the andis notsimply by defined the writer in “the which aspects, secular its life with Jewish modern the of very essence Jewish identity. The disadvantage of this strict definition consisted in the exclusion of type religious experiences” bythese andbe affected are non-Jewish that experiences of the change,can’t encounter susceptible based to vision that a “static…. not on cultural were Appelfeldconsidered that EugeneAppelfeldhis inthe Goodheart and closed debate, To the opposite, the integrative vision of Jewish culture included the totality included totality culture the of vision Jewish theintegrative of To the opposite, deep and meaningful,notmake does them writers. Jewish some Jewishness in theirit writing,is hidden. Thehidden, even if itis is there If countries. of main to streams their literary the environment, …most of those brilliantminds belong to their social and cultural 12 ’s answer is rather clear; he listed the usage of 15 . Reinterpreting Jewish Reinterpreting . 13 14 Opposing 14 CEU eTD Collection this perspective when when discussing this perspective Wisse Ruth approached R. Thus bycontemporary research. supported reality was mostly sense in the themodern thus perspective Jewish period, ofamulticultural, pluri-linguistic from andall debates definitions, openculture the perspectiveappears tomake evenmore PhiloAlexandria, of and the writings ofMaimonides and Yehuda Halevi.Apart included in works non-Jewish languages such theAramaicas , Greekworks the of and benefited fully world Jewish the earlier, even Actually, modernity. for essential as “sense of literature as the repository of modern Jewish experience” Jewish as modern of repository the literature “sense of polyglot as wouldbe because study havemodern as “anliterature Jewish to of literature,” adequate the people explainbeginningbook thatto “this tries the phenomenon a multilingual Jewish of who wrote it.” Polish cases of Jewish culture. According to her, to According culture. Jewish cases of Polish useful for my research duediscussed the case Jewish literature in of very in Polish a convincing manner, especially to the Eastern European affinity between the Romanian and anomaly of the concept, Ruth R. Wisse noticed that including the languages in which Jewishthe community lives and creates.Aware of the As a result, the open concept of multicultural Jewish literature and culture appears and culture literature Jewish multicultural conceptof open the As aresult, Continuing this direction of Eugenia Continuing direction approaching Prokop-Janiec this concept, of the integral, though peculiar, part of integral, literary Ontheotherhand,peculiar, partof Polish though output. an as treated be may it hand, one the On perspectives. different two may be viewed from literature Polish-Jewish …as aliterary phenomenon, interpretation. on-going alone requires that literature of a received concept Jewish traditional the other, the on and, language national in a literature national a one on hand,the conceptof literature violates, the multilingual Jewish …a 18 The Modern Jewish Canon The Modern 16 Obviously, this approach supported Wisse’s Obviously,supported approach this , declaring from , declaringfrom the 17 and thus necessarily and thus 15 CEU eTD Collection for all their Jewish origin comes up at a certain point in their work in a more or les or more in a work in their point a certain at up comes origin Jewish their all for intellectuals”,“Jewishno in Ifind problem identifying them factthat as such due tothe inclusive approach to Romanian culture andlinguistic affiliation. As for the concept of his indue to literary survey,writer” “Romaniana asbeing a openly elements declared considered a“Jewish duetohis from writer” life inspiration Jewish and biographical belonging couldbe“Jewish defined as writers” asthis alsodeterminesconcept specific choices of to a cultural only Jewish focuses my although intellectuals, a partof them on acculturated research ideology. sense, In choice. this of personal area basically an became self-representation identity For example,intellectuals decide through their own andself-identification autobiographical as pieces I. Peltz whom I would have gladly themselves asJews” themselves inJewish literature: works written Jewishidentify by authors who Polish on themes Jews” are they know that reader let the and know orcharacters authors the literature as “in Jewish literature Jewish of concept the work chose todefine and my perspective,for I thepurpose EugeniaProkop-Janiec’s of current well. my as for solution ideal be research appears to follows the identity a that approach double Acritical with equal rights. and culture, ofboth, Jewish Gentile aspart creations Due to the theoretical affinity that I identified in and agree with Ruth R. Wisse In thisway,be when these can envisaged approach recuperating adouble mutually exclusive. rather obvious thatboththese approachesequally are valid and not Itseems literature. in Jewish “Polish School” the alternately, or, literature Polish in School” “Jewish the about talk may we Thus, Jews. Polish polysytem of consisting creativethe in activity allthelanguages spoken by it may be treated as a part of the polysystem of Jewish culture in Poland, a 21 . As for the concept of “Jewish writer”, I prefer to let“my” I prefer to writer”, “Jewish of Asfor concept the 19 20 and, more formally, that “Polish- that formally, more and, 16 CEU eTD Collection terms of cultural definition and literary identifications. literary and definition cultural of terms tend to be more tospeakfor cautious and allowauthors individual themselves the in suggested by the similar analyzedapproach in my dissertation as “Jewish intellectuals” of based on a Michaelsociologicalintellectuals the all definition considering of liberty the took I Löwy.Therefore position. prominent For the case of “Jewish writers” I representation inspired by the literary by inspired literary the analysis. representation identity on focusing works their of analysis in adiscourse consist chapters three last The intellectuals’ discourse. history interactions, adopting andof asocial period cultural formative their ason well as intellectuals, the of background individual the on focus will Thesecond componentdefined within group. the identity mechanisms leadingto options emphasize socio-cultural the ableto approach, historical reconstructive selective a follow will chapter first the intellectuals, acculturated Jewish the of models identity certain shaping for responsible context the determining factors the of analysis an with main directionsthree impose will research of specificity the accordingMethodologically, prominent. are syntagms to the structuresociological ofanalyses of theirthe discourse and historicaldemonstration. reconstructions of concepts and literary and protagonists, intellectual of and social the these strategies, As the study will start strategies study involveof analysis.basedthe Among artistic different products, will message- of and emergence ideologies the shapingcultural processes certain milieu, the explainhistory. Aimingto socio-cultural mechanisms withinand conflicts the intellectual andpolitic of socio-economic larger background the analyzedagainst and processes studies and sociology of culture, my analysis focus onindividuals,will cultural products D. Methods . Placed at the interference of the history of intellectuals, literary intellectuals, of history of interference the . Placed atthe 17 CEU eTD Collection Jewish experience in . in Jewish experience Eastern of emphasize thelarger Romanian case the theoriginality andorder similarity to within in analysis parallel implicit an and region in the cases other the of knowledge a thorough comparative study, the whole construction of my demonstration would be articulated with Although function as a I willnotapproachmy point. reference an as research openly Austro-Hungarianthe model, Michael Löwy’s work on Jewish intellectuals could and George Mosse could offer significant information for the German case. Finally,for of Mendes-Flohr Brenner,Michael Paul Prokop-JaniecShmeruk.The works andChone of Eugenia works the through be documented could Polish case The similar material. theoreticalby Gilles approach DeleuzeandFelixcould Guattari provide significant Spector, Martheand Robertfrom Kieval, Gilman, Sander aside seminal Scott the Hetenyi. Zsuzsa For recently, and theLvov-Rogachevsky Czech Stone-Nakhimovsky, Alice of works the include case with the whole literature, Russian-Jewish be for mentioned should who scholarship researchers and case studies on Kafka,the the endworks of ofthe Hillel dissertationa complex and under-researched field. A detailed bibliographical collectinglist could be found in cultures andinspirational which function for an could such source comparativeas support all comparative in with Gentile articulated connection models identity cases of Jewish Central European sources. However, and in Eastern am other Iinterested conditions, andsocial economic similar relatively a summary of E. Comparative Dimension. Due to the common Ashkenazi heritage and heritage Ashkenazi common the to 18 CEU eTD Collection 18 17 University of Chicago Press, 2000), XV. 16 15 Years Interwar 14 13 a Life) acclaimed and translated in many languages ( languages many in translated and acclaimed 12 11 (Cambridge: Massachusetts 1993), 2. 1992, 31, March Lecture, Memorial Levy Engel Irene and Max The Bercovitch, by Sacvan moderated 10 l’histoire 9 University Press, 1981), 26-27. 8 modernity 7 6 Institute of Technology Press, 2006). 5 4 româneasc Avangarda in literatura român 3 dissertation. the of bibliography 2 Europe (Russia, Poland, and Romania). traditional religious communities, thus preserving the Jewishculture especially pre-Holocaustin Eastern 1 Notes: Paul Mendes Flohr, “L’intellectuel juif moderne” in Shmuel Trigano ed., Trigano Shmuel in moderne” juif “L’intellectuel Flohr, Mendes Paul Isac Deutscher, “The non-Jewish Jew” in Jew” non-Jewish “The Deutscher, Isac Ibid., 162quotedPaul in Mendes Flohr, Robert Merton, Tom Sandqvist, Ovid S.Crohm Main critics were Ion Pop, A list of the most important works on the historiography of Romanian Jewry is included in the Ibid., XV. Ibid., 19. Ruth Wisse, Ruth Maurycy Szymel,3 quotedProkop-Janiec,part “Kij”,inEugenia Aharon Appelfeld is the author of more than twenty books of prose, novels and short stories, widely HanaWirth-Nesher ed., Shtetl What is Jewish Literature? What is Jewish Literature? What is Jewish Literature? . is the term used to denominate the small urbanJewish-inhabited settlements inhabited mostly by , volume, 1, (: Fayard, 1993), 239. (Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1991), 42. ă (Bucure , (Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 2002), 30. ă The modernJewish Canon:ajourney through language and culture Social Theory and Social Structure lniceanu, DADAeast.The ofCabaret Voltaire ú ti: Minerva, 1983). What is Jewish literature Evreii în mi 15-16. 4. Avangardismul poetic românesc Asymposium withIsraeli writers AharonAppelfeld andYoav Elstein ă (Bucure ú carea de avangard ú Divided passions: Jewish intellectuals andthe experience of ti: Minerva,ti: 1990) andMarin Mincu, Badenheim 1939 The non-Jewish Jew and otherEssays (Philadelphia, Pa: JewishPublication Society, 1994). (New 1957).York, ă româneasc (Bucure , The Immortal Bartfuss ú (Cambridge, Mass: Massachusetts Mass: (Cambridge, ă ti: Editurati: pentruLiteratur , (Bucure Polish-Jewish inthe Literature La société juive àtravers ú ti: Hasefer, 2001). or Avangarda literar , (: Oxford (London: , Tzili, the Story of (Chicago: The ă , 1969); 19 ă CEU eTD Collection 21 20 (Hanover: Published for Brandeis University Press by University Press of New Mendelsohn,, JehudaReinharz Chone and Shmeruk, eds., 1989), 413. 19 Prokopowna, 413. Wisse, 15. Eugenia Prokopowna,“The Sabbath Motif in Interwar Polish-JewishLiterature” inYisrael Gutman, Ezra TheJews ofPoland Between TwoWorldWars 20 CEU eTD Collection articulation of intellectual discourse with its with variants. intellectual of discourse articulation the on concentrating secondly and WWI, eve of the on intellectuals acculturated Jewish the of of emergence the determining context factors on the first the focusing sections, two of consists chapter current the Therefore, discourse. cultural of direction specific acertain chose intellectuals Jewish acculturated answer why to will try context an traits, analysis of identity possiblethe models and intellectual paths shapedby this specific cultural intellectuals their with emerged acculturated from Jewish which the socio-economic and cultural evolution.After presenting the Romanian and Jewish context structure, origins, its distinct with Jewry Romanian the of characteristics the on also and but legal cultural discourse, socio-political attitude community in of terms treatment, Jewish in with the connection context Romanian the of on specificity focuses the analysis answer intellectuals. question, the of Inorderto this amongJewish acculturated thegroup models identity options and intellectual theconcerns mechanismsof articulation of answer planschapter to current the main precisely, question More the intellectuals. acculturated of group Jewish the among identity options certain shapingof the Between Marginal Rebels and Mainstream Critics: Identity Options The current chapter aims at identifying and analyzing the factors responsible for responsiblefactors identifying the andanalyzing chapter aimsThe at current of Romanian Jewish Intellectuals Chapter 1. 21 CEU eTD Collection second half of second halfof 19 the accomplished and in the context of backward economic structures, problem of the economic structures, inof backward accomplished and context the yet not were aspiration territorial whose Romanian one), (asthe state national young mid-19 the Towards rights. collective with Romanianthe andauthorities political classin toobtain order equal individual and community several went through politicalstages of effort, struggle andrapprochement long belatedEmancipation. Livingfor onRomanian territory centuries, the Jewish situation of the Jewish community before WWI was the lack of civiclegal, socio-political rightsand cultural levels. due to the on the manifested discourse xenophobic a nationalist of with it emergence the overlapped creation of modernthe Romanian state and society was initiated during these decades and The provinces. with historical the Regat the of theunification WWIand country the until stable Thispolitical frameworkstructures. secured general stability forand continuity the for secured framework internal the political theof general society the development within in 1877/1878 and theproclamation Kingdom by Kingof Romanian the led Carol in 1881 independencefinalized Ottoman the Empire from towards from decisivesteps 1866. The into starting a monarchy state of the led the transformation Al. to Cuza, I. of leadership cultural life. Theunification of Principalitiesthe in followed1859, by brief the reformist the economic, social and political structure of statethe with obvious consequences for the changes most accelerated the of history modification inRomanian causing theprofound A. Between A. Between MarginalizationExclusion. TheRomanian and Context. The LegalFactor. The th century until the eve WWIof represented probably the period with In political and legal terms, the main element defining the defining element main the terms, legal and political In th century, “in the politically agitated context of a The 22 CEU eTD Collection national minorities was extremely important.” extremely was minorities national special law granting political rights in a block for the population in Dobrudja received citizenship through a block law,only Jews a 529 mainly were naturalized, due to from change, by in enrolled1913, apart 883Jewishcombatants the 1877war who the into the possibility individualof naturalization starting from 1879. Despite this new therecognition1878, which imposed Jewishthe of minority in Romania, wereconverted expulsions as any foreign from restricted owning properties,in settling the countryside and was exposed to citizen. Eventually, was which community Jewish the of situation the worsening subjects, Christian the to stipulations of the BerlinConstitution of Romanian1866 stipulated that wouldbecitizenship granted exclusively Congress in Evenmore,lack asforeignerscivicthe the of beingto positions rights. and treated due beingcivic not settlefrom rights, beingexcluded allowed tointhecountryside, public the lack of expulsions, todiscretionary weresubjected they had citizenship, and noother community remained marginal. Although most of them were born on Romanian territory 1848 Revolution hopesfor Emancipation,which gave situation the of Jewish the the of failure the to Due groups. ethnic other and foreigners against reactions xenophobic consul in Ia the Jewish population, soon afterperiod this TheMârzescu moment. Law was of torevise1924 created citizenshipfor after the adoptionhoneymoon- a resemble not did state Romanian the and population of Jewish the between Constitution of 1923; the in legal despiteterms relationship the recentemancipation, national body. the the But, principle of 1919 andincluded infinally 1923Constitution,was later in including the community the in individuals Jewish the to citizenship Romanian granted finally Law Minorities’ new Due to the political changes brought by the end of WWI and its aftermath, the ú i, Carol therise basedi, Iancu stressed of Carol on Romanian 1 Quoting Victor Place, the former French 2 . 23 CEU eTD Collection Adev result, they suspended democratic “Judaized” press they result, as press democratic “Judaized” suspended aggressive anti-Jewish campaign immediately after its creation in December1937.As a professional training and practicein crafts. was only foractivities and privileges such as of process the being awarded prizesin visual which arts Romanians field,educational excluding these started regulations from non-Romanians certain as wellapplying as the foraccessspecified as a criteria diplomaticof participation as in the text of several laws issued in 1937 or when to courses, positions exams at the andForeign contests Affairs forMinistry. In the artistic and being subjected to possible expulsion. topossible beingsubjected including professions, publicfunctions, accesstopubliceducation, while property rights, families from the new territories 16 Between lostreasons. bureaucratic for20 and done 000 be to Jewish impossible 000 citizenship and thus a great number of officialcivic documents thatrights, they had been registered in their localities of origin, a fact often with prove Jews obliged to Regat to referred also territories) acquired newly the cases of indigenate Letters and Philosophy Faculty. andPhilosophy Letters origin were required,origin started beto implemented; in many withcases starting 1937, documents of ethnic such as for the enrollmentrestrictive. at the Cluj Science more even was situation the state the of defense and safety the areas concerning Faculty as well asforced haveminimum anyenterprise of to in employees,of 80% Romanian the while Enterprisesin issued 1934 and by consolidated a series dispositionsof subsequent in 1935 ă rul (The Truth) and Truth) (The (permanent residence on Romanian territory by the time of Unification for the 4 The new Goga-Cuza government of strong radical composition started a more From now on, in many cases, the distinction due to ethnicity and religious Lupta 5 In some other cases, Insome other bluntly Romanian ethnicity was (The ledStruggle) by Jewish journalists such as C. 3 The Law for Employing Romanian Personnel in Personnel Romanian Employing for Law The 6 Diminea Ġ a (The Morning), 24 CEU eTD Collection the entire social, economic and cultural life. In a collection of anti-Jewish legislation, anti-Jewish of collection a In life. cultural and economic social, entire the almost from individuals Jewish the officially excluded and discriminated and regulations state the of part important an became legislation Anti-Jewish community. Jewish the from in theworking limiting Romanian press, theirjournals activity only to for destined in initiated 1939 regulating journalism asa profession and Jewishjournalists excluding A newlaw was andproject integration equality. values,of of promotion democratic of main pressastheideological platform the against directed legislation whole controlling press, thus nationalizing FagureGraur, Emil journalists Labin,of orSaniel Jewish from and excluded rest the the the whole field. This radical decision was followed soon by a social social inparticipation and professional membership lawyers, such as organizations from were excluded the Jewish elite of Also categories other theatres. motion-picture and studios, film-making of andby the artists free-lance beingas from by a resolution eliminating Jews from trade unions and professional organizations, as well werefollowed in1940 and theatres and companies allartistic institutions houses, private opera theatres, national from Jews excluding Laws journalists. Jewish of treatment with the my together research, topic of for the relevant lifewas particularly cultural regulations. population deprivedforbidden of property, to workand tolabor subjected camps extinction a be to practically condemning applied, ceasedto legislation the 1944 when the more andrights from 1938until of Jewishthe manifestation population startingpublic areas of and more limited legislation The Romania. in population Jewish the of status the andlegal sessions resolutions, concerning ministers council decrees, of hundred reports, one than more contained legislation anti-Jewish of collection the to dedicated section The exclusion of the elite and intellectual groups from Romanian social and social Romanian from groups intellectual and elite the of exclusion The 7 the 25 CEU eTD Collection of nationalism, a stimulus for the ‘national awakening’.” for theconsolidation become catalyst the problem’ to ‘the Jewish determined and traditional international pressure against tothereactions related circumstances “political Hearguedthat national shaping conscience. of process a partof the fact that anti-Semitism was employed starting from the last decades of the 19 Volovici Leon in life1930s,study on stressed the cultural the during anti-Semitism the community. Jewish the of situation the worsened anti-Semitism motivated politically and exclusion of the Jewish citizens from Romanian society. marginalization the to led legislation of culmination the Basically, institutions. education from state-run gradeswereexpelled of all Jewish students was issued.Eventually, banning the leaseof laboratories drugwarehouses,pharmacies, Jews factories and drug to practice medicine, also to unable College andthuswere from Doctors’ excludedthe also Jewish), beneficiary was when the cases from law(apart practicing Barregarding the members of engineers Jewish the to applied were restrictions Therefore pharmacists. engineers,and doctors, were excluded from the Council of Engineers, doctors were of nationalof accompanied rich the which thecultural tradition unification the of emergence the with and state Romanian national modern the of origins the with blended Raport Final question” became extremely important in the public and political debate. In the same line, during Congress” the Romanian elaborated anti-Semitism was manipulating mass conscience. According to Carol Iancu, “the ideological platform of in further time for andthe“Jewishquestion” wasoften used asaninstrument The Socio-PoliticalFactor. (Final Report) considered that “the roots of considered“the anti-Semitism Romanian that roots (Final Report) In terms of social life, the presence of fluctuating a of presence life,the Interms ofsocial 8 This process actually expanded actually Thisprocess 9 when the “Jewish th century as In a 26 CEU eTD Collection from from mid-19 the in and Thus, by later newpolitical elite. the and intellectual reshaped interwarperiod the andmodern and astrong state discourse generated andlanguage violent often claimed Romanian the of andaccomplishments efforts the with coincided anti-Semitism century Mihaipoet drastically reacted Eminescu, Berlinthe to Congressconditions.Thus, 19th poet , novelist ,historian Al. D.Xenopol and national future Conta, Vasile philosopher as such elite intellectual indignant the Also Bolliac. Cezar or interwar period. and whichof production afterEmancipationcultural continued goods and during the of andlack instability precariousness, Jewishfor of safety individuals, activity property, climate a maintained which level social the on attitude anti-Jewish fluctuating a generated launched adiscriminative political through Bratianu, discourse Mihail Kog Ion community theJewish grant citizenship, nextdecades the exposed tonot did Constitution 1866 of more abuses the the Berlin state with Although citizenship Congress. granting during Jewish the as expulsion Romanian the of international recognition of open conditioning the due to radicalized from ruralindependence,main obstacleagainst prosperity inand culture which opinion Romania, areas, beingthe Jewsas elite perceivedthe Romanian debates the 1866Constitution,the on as the new political elite the firstthe openly and anti-Semitic programmatically in party Romania. Separating from and Ia historianNicolae Iorga it. Reputed harassing formsaggressing and and of organized into morelarge aspartof ideological trends and movements targeting Jewish the population Principalities, the Independence and the creation of .” ú i University professor A. C. Cuza created in 1910 the National-Democratic Party, in National-Democratic 1910 the A.created C.Cuza i professor University In the20 th th century, the anti-Semitic discourse started to be articulated more and century on, intellectual currents and anti-Semitic ideological trends ideological anti-Semitic and currents intellectual on, century 10 During the During ă lniceanu 27 CEU eTD Collection articulating a strong nation-based identity after the recent unification of two the of recentunification the after identity nation-based strong a articulating of politicallife. the intellectual Theselargerpreoccupations trends reflected Romanian Romanian literatureculture weredominated and intellectualby two shapingtrends the finding in inspiration 19 the natural backgroundfor rise the in topower of groups extremist 1930s, often mid-late the a created elite from intellectual the level of the articulated massdirection anti-Semitic Mihai or Such a strong such of works VasileAlecsandri popular writers Eminescu. as Jewthe in literaturewhichRomanian emerged in secondhalf the of 19 the image of negative a of by creation the generated was atmosphere an anti-Semitic creating in element significant Another rebellions. and movements youth initiating and students of influence their and ideological instigatingwas of larger,even power masses propagation thus academics, also they was were that many ideologists of characteristic An important University. atthe them whileeducating young intellectuals of influenced largecategories introducedIonescu politicalthe and economic anti-Semitism cultural into life and Nae and Crainic Nichifor Theologians WWII. of end the after until in exile later and 1927 which,forms under different andreorganized renamed himin outlived country the in movement Guard Iron found the and from LANC the later separate would Z. Codreanu generating the student’s anti-Semitic manifestations from early 1920s. Cuza’s C. godson, ferment and movement important an became Defense) National-Christian the of League his in1923byracial Nazis.anti-Semitism,(the LANC sameCuzawith Created the the N.C.Paulescu,and openlyadopting professor before the swastikaeven asasymbol, the A.C.Cuzacreated in National-Christian Union the Iorga, renowned biologist 1922 with The Romanian Cultural Milieu. th century anti-Semitic intellectual discourse. intellectual anti-Semitic century Towards the end of Towards theend 19 the of th century inthe century th century, 28 CEU eTD Collection Romanian intellectual and political milieus were related mostly to this lack of correlation of lack this to mostly related were milieus political and intellectual Romanian inequality. Theideologicalbecause andeconomic thetheirwithin social disputes of changes producedby unificationthe newlythe of acquired territories in 1918 and startingLetters), in 1880. history history already Al.with Macedonski’s activity and his review a had affiliations, French, especially international, its with of influence the decade of 20 the in first the modernist emerging direction, feeble rather The perspective. asnational aswell from but conservative, a rather factors, N. Iorga, with his futureleader, anti-Semitic movement and The involvement of nationalist-conservative the representation impossible due its to conservative Romanian ethnic religious and focus. strong leftist orientation, the movement Russian by Inspired peasantry. and traditions national folklore, life, rural were promoting arevitalization of Romanian inspirationthe culture through from the 19 publications, s religion. and history ethnicity, language, same the sharing while of Regat the rest the with connection and cultural for historical arguing the articulated this cultural, and political social Romanianunification effort, a strong ethnicidentity was In . and namely WWI,beTransylvania, after acquired territories to of the ofgainingthe rest intensivethe efforts theeveof Principalities on andemerged ăPăQă th century of 20 decade first the and the century Serious adjustments to the political and social reality were deeply needed after the torism 11 , filtered through the contribution of C. Dobrogeanu-Gherea and promoting a promoting and Dobrogeanu-Gherea C. of contribution the through filtered , Via were two literary and cultural trends emerging during the last decade of the Ġ a româneasc 6ăPăQă torul ă publication, focused basically on the same elements and elements same the on basically focused publication, (Romanian life) and life) (Romanian poporanist th cultural cultural madeJewishtrend identity century literary in two Romania century around 6ăPăQă th century and represented by represented and century torul Literatorul (The Sower). Both (The Man of narodnik and 29 CEU eTD Collection tendencies was even more visible at the cultural level where the two directions two the level where cultural the visible at more even was tendencies two these between tension The modernity. and tradition between relationship dynamic Romanianthe worldcultural between scene two the wars was influenceddeeply bythe in ideological the oppositions debates geo-cultural transformed Orient orthodox conservative self-centered the praising by values Occidental the of nation. rejection The the form for restructuring astheonly appropriate appreciated was regime totalitarian the , of expense the At implicit. was denominations Orthodox element. At the same time, the lack of tolerance for other religious it by to the Romanian the reducing specificity traditionalistarticulated direction the terms, local in attitude aconservative such of rights the support to order In nation. as a theidentity for Romanian people the of change asdangerous wasperceived at of anynew From denying theimportance this perspective, major attempt these changes. attempts towards anymodernistinnovative refused influences against Thecritical one. appropriate attitude most the was organization European political and social Romanian “peasantist” specifically the integration,in from attitudes a ignoring past traditionalist modernity that the direction and asserting ignoringback conservative the traced orientation second The constitutionalism. and democracy the the appreciationnew of the existence of multiple realitypolitical options, and of the promotion of on heavily relied orientation The . “peasantist” old the of marginalization after the for the world advocated European of the rest the with synchronization the WWI and pro-modernistthe favoring direction integration European cultural and political through first, thus, significant; were thought intellectual and political within directions main the Thus, “forms”. ideological old andthe “substance” newthe between geo-socio-political Reflecting andprolonging the ideological of confrontations politicalthe milieu, 12 . 30 CEU eTD Collection with the Western cultural trends and ethic values, together with the intellectualism of mainLovinescu, director was theoretician E. Incubus) some of their collaborators left the publication. the left collaborators their of some element in culture. When this extreme ideology of fascistethic the orientation and spiritualism became the obvious,nationalism, messianic the irrationality, the stressing time, acampaigninitiated against democracy, praising totalitarian at the of regimes Europe the wing ideology wingindeveloped Romanian ideology society, cultural the nationalism by promoted Beginning with them.1928-1929, while theright- partiallyaccepted intellectuals, butsomeonly them of of Romanian the polarized apart Romanian the of specificity the stressed trend this modernism, and spiritinternationalism of “danger” as relatedformer rigid andbackward traditionalism. Romanian from Defending culture the to the values folklore, history ajustifying direction and the for created transcendental dimension of Orthodoxy.itself of asasort of conceptof the protector “Romanianness”by promoting national the The traditionalist orientation “spiritualism” of of “traditionalism” the connecting by Ionescu), Nae (directed by the Nichifor1927 Generationwriting or Crainic) forgroup rest of the “traditionalist” publications influenced by it by publicationssuch as influenced rest of “traditionalist” the directions: “traditionalism-spiritualism”, modernism and ”liberalism-rusticism.” and modernism “traditionalism-spiritualism”, directions: interwar of displayed Romanian period cultural three the the ideological picture trends, these According to debates. and cultural forms of distinct represented “traditionalist-spiritualist” trend gathered around the old literary review literary old the around gathered trend “traditionalist-spiritualist” The modernist trend was represented by literary byliterary wasreviews represented The modernist trend or Revista Funda Gândirea Ġ , and the Romanian of the 1930s. Projecting 1930s. the of existentialism Romanian the and , iilor Regale (The Review of the Royal Foundations) and its Gândirea Sbur ă torul and the rest of thepublications of rest the and literary society. Synchronism Gândirea Cuvântul 6ăPăQă 6ăPăQă Sbur (The Idea) (led Idea) (The ă (The Word) torul torul torul, 13 , the , The (The the 31 CEU eTD Collection presence and written presence andwritten intellectual to added dynamics collaboration life. the innovative spirit. Although many of left them country the 1930s, before intermittenttheir Lovinescu andby criticism.by theirwas demolished practically whilethe culture values world acknowledged Since of refusal the spirit, most conservative the to aversion intellectuals’ young the express of them were promoted in their pre-avant-garde period by E. Vinea, Beniamin Fundoianu, and Marcel Iancu, Marcel and Tzara Fundoianu, Tristan Beniamin Vinea, I. by Founded fields. different from artists European other with together movement Tzara and Marcel Iancu, the first promoters of this direction, were the initiators of the such as garde direction in Romanian culture by was supported a series of cultural publications politicalthe took a short leftist transitionthrough option tothe group. Theavant-socialist provincialism. Continuing themodernist in direction intellectualthe life, avant-garde the folklore and archaism, ruralism, preservation, in ethnic be interested should destroyingnational specificity infield, thereal theartisticandarguing spirit that patriots and “ethnicism” of the traditionalist trend. The traditionalists accused traditionalists The trend. of traditionalist the “ethnicism” and “peasantism” the to hostile was backwardness social and tradition rural the from culture Romanian in extract latest trends to intellectual an the attempt synchronization with conservative trend.Romanian cultural life with the rest of the world’s culture and toovercome the provincial The politicalwide and rapiddemocratic assimilationprogram, views of exceptthe Westernwere for the modernists the leading figures inRomanianliterary adistinct Without alsocriticism. esthetic cultural promotion central. values of real in order madetalents, from of element emerging appreciation ethnic instead the of the The toconcept synchronize the modernist of the ideas advocated for a Sbur ă (The Contemporary), torul , they to also, they related modernistthe poll theirthrough 75 H.P ., and Integral Contimporanul (Integral). Tristan (Integral). Sbur ă torul would of 32 CEU eTD Collection neglect of ethnicity, national specificity and a leftist or apolitical orientation. apolitical or leftist a and specificity national ethnicity, of neglect hand, modernist the option could have amoreoffered appealing itsalternative through other the On nation. Romanian the within identity cultural collective Jewish on discourse theoretical framework on the political and social level for the emergence of a parallel few laws in whichenforced Jewisheducation 1928 and Mosaicin the a cult1925 created of non-Romanian Still, any group. newpolitical 1919andafter the context especially the but basic ofthe“Romaniannation” the fundamentally definition excluded theexistence theoretically appealing for apotential of buildingprogram a Jewish , been have would preservation cultural and identity national on focusing camp, intellectuals.for Thetraditionalist youngJewish acculturated the extremely restrictive democracy. acleargroups, publicationthe against position them took andpromoted openly a clear majority of of leftistthe artists rational andorientation ideas,with promoted progressive M. Ralea, Ibr themoment.intellectuals leadership of Underthe of theimportant pages practically all sociology.” The central promoter, the group of modernism, trend appeared this asaideology “populistof combination and cultural and between Aform traditionalism mediation of “rusticism.” and “liberalism” In this theidentitycontext, withinoptions Romanian limitedculture were and The in thirdleftist originated andcut ideologically trend the thought acrossboth poporanist ă ileanu and C. Stere, the publication enjoyed the collaboration of the direction and a democratic attitude. Facing the rise of rightist the of rise Facing the attitude. a democratic and direction Viata româneasc ă gathered itswithin 33 CEU eTD Collection in 19 early-mid the Jewry Romanian permeating Haskala ofthe by program the stimulated andacculturation self-emancipation modernization, of aprofound process started The Jewishcommunity (education, communallinguistic (Hassidicand andOrthodox), (Yiddish Hebrew)andpatterns cultural institutions, and lifestyle). connectingstrong the AshkenaziEastern itreligiousEuropean structure traditions to Despite the old existence of a Jewish 19 of consisting mainly Jewry, Romanian the of origin mostly industrialization of modernization, tothe recent urbanization country.the Due and of economic inthe process Jewish population the of participation successful Emancipation was listed among the objectives of the Revolution, as well as due to the the 19 the of half second the during territory Romanian and Hungarian rural towards numbers large in Galician overpopulated Austro-Hungary, Jewry massively the migratestarted in to lived in WallachiaMoldavia, and Hungary. After aseries of political restrictions imposed remainder tiny the while Commonwealth Polish-Lithuanian in the lived Jews Ashkenazi in thatYIVO Encyclopediamore states than 1772, 95% of Eastern the European identity was possible anditharmoniously withcoexisted Romanian acculturation. Jewish strong a of preservation the context, this In rapidacculturation. to incentives Jewishthe Christianity, Orthodox non-proselytizing practicing and communitytraditional archaic, society, Romanian of character specific the to and cohesion, low community consequent the felt no pressure to assimilate. Nevertheless, the community had th B. BetweenAcculturation andIdentity Preservation. TheJewish Community. A PortraitoftheRomanian Jewry. and beginning of and beginning 20 the of th century,ideas bytheenlightened of 1848 where Jewish th century. In this context, the Romanian Jewry secured a Jewry Romanian the context, this In century. The general demographic data quoted in quoted The general data demographic th century migrants from , to 34 CEU eTD Collection Romanian and Hebrew. The urban Jews were mainly concentrated inwith Regat the concentrated mainly Jews were The urban andHebrew. Romanian degree of acculturation, speaking less Yiddish, in favor of Hungarian, German, Russian, ininterested signaled Jewish not high the but arelatively assimilation, population was that obvious became it numbers these From acculturation. of level significant a signaled Jewish number population of general within the speakers of Yiddish lower percentage individuals,the while assimilated the represented nationality the and representing one the population general the among percentage population Jewish total the between difference behaving Jewishand ethnically YiddishasamotherThe tongue. 2.9% declared 0.2% religiousIn affiliation). termsnationality, of 4%of the total only declared to population 756,930 4.2%of general whichthe the to to rise (according population represented new borders, causingthetotal population includedJewish the Romanian territories within the to due community Regat the joined Jews million half a than more Thus provinces. historical with the unification Regat the the of changes due to great census contained inhabiting in rural the areas, butwas still less urbanized thanin . The 1930 predominantly in urban communities and cities duetorestrictions whichlimited In insignificant.terms of Jewish urbanization, the inpopulation wasliving Bucharest, while in restof the provincethe andin countrysidethe the population was reached 50.5% of even population.the Wallachia In thepopulation was mainly in present of the whole local population, while in the cities of the Northern part such as Ia as such part Northern the of cities in the while population, local whole the of US,Russiathe and Poland). largestJewish intoit (after in fourth the community during world the period interwar the incorporation of new territories inhabited by a significantJewish population transformed the and waves migration massive recent relatively the Romania, in community In 1899,72.4% of Regatthe Jewry in livingwere Moldavia, representing 10.5% ú i it 35 CEU eTD Collection than than Wallachianthe one, Yiddish speaking initsmajority and influenced by Hassidism more life proletarian in and urban prominent the More lands.from migrating Eastern the more recently larger, much Jewry was Moldavian The assimilate. to they were reluctant acculturation, high although before community degree of acquired a the Emancipation, high urbanization inandwas concentration Bucharest, the capital long Even established. Romanian, to acculturation ofsignificant interms Jewry of Western type tothe basically corresponding small relatively Jewry,group, a Jewries. TheWallachian five distinct Bukovina hada small,butstrong Jewish elite German. acculturated to most acculturated. werethe andHungarian) German (for and Romanian) (for Regat while the speaking, majority still Yiddish was agreat where Bessarabia, speakingJewish national feeling was stronger. Those not speaking Yiddishin Transylvania were Hungarianbut where the andTransylvania Bukovina Bessarabia, ifhigher with compared nevertheless regions, all in low extremely was Romanian to assimilation andthe acculturation, of German level variable Thus, the 91.8%. despite waslower, reaching in percentage the Wallachia as motherbewhile ethnicallyJewish,assimilation, 97.6%to Moldavian declared the communities tongues.in varyingin 79%inWallachia 82.9% from Moldavia. 32.3% and to In terms of Acculturation in represented evenand Bukovina. Bessarabia stronger wasmany also were there communities lowest as togetherwith urban situation city was differentpopulation.Moldavia, the In compact in the of 11.8% representing in Bucharest, living were Jews Wallachia’s of Most settlement. 94.8% of the regional Jewish population as a result of the previous restrictions for rural According to Ezra Mendelsohn, in interwar Romania one could speak of at least Mendelsohn,inspeak of Ezra one interwar could According at to Romania Regat, Old inthe mainly significant was Romanian to acculturation of level The shtetls , small communities, Jewish communities, small , tîrgs 14 , which were 36 CEU eTD Collection interwar period was the struggle for dominance between the former Regat Jewry the Jewry and former Regat the between dominance for thestruggle was interwar period the during community Jewish Romanian the of life political the within element significant most The Socialism. and asZionism as well varieties, many its in assimilationism political variedoptions from nationalismJewish undermanifestations its different to the Therefore, communities. joined newly the of adhesion cultural the to according WWI, after dramatically changed and specificity community the to according region to region culture. Romanian choosing naturally ones the as Jewry, Moldavian and Wallachian the on concentrate will analysis further intellectuals, Jewish acculturated Romanian on dissertation current the focus of specific the mainly of Hungarian and German acculturation,more modern and of Western type. Given Yiddish-speaking type, while inhistoric Transylvania andin ,the Jewry was Maramure three main parts, each with its own specificity. Thus, in the northern region of Cri of region northern the in Thus, specificity. own its with each parts, main three Cern Germanized elite in Jewish Empire and hadsignificant more Austro-Hungarian tolerant partof Bukovina the life,was intellectual with while culture contact closer and Russian had and legislation and marginalizing its restrictive with RussianEmpire was partof the different differentquite formerbelongingdue to their political ThusBessarabia to units. Bessarabia both andBukovina of were Easterntypethe but underGalicianinfluence, with new old joined new territories, communities RegatJewry. the the Thus Jewry in Romania Greater of creation and the settlements WWI After the type. Eastern the to and and traditional lifestyle, Moldavian Jewry was inmany respects closer the Galician Jewry ăXĠ Political Orientations. i. In Transylvania, the situation was even more complex as the region consisted of ú , the Jewish group was similar to the Galician one and of Eastern traditional The political options of from varied Romanian Jewry The of options the political ú ana- 37 CEU eTD Collection Transylvania. In the Regat, Zionism raised a smaller interest, concentrated mainly in mainly concentrated interest, smaller a raised Zionism Regat, the In Transylvania. Zionismof Israeli had positionthe state. in astrong and Bukovina Besserabia, political,complete having as finaland religiousautonomy, cultural a creation the purpose by in represented needof nationality of recognition the Romania Jewish through the the former in than territories new the in represented better force, post-WWI important an as Regat,emerged where UER was dominant.assimilation. Thecultural,not but political, advocating mosaïque,” thus dereligion nationalité roumaine, main goal Romanian society. Thus,in UER’sleaders declared 1927 tobe of“d’origine juive,de the movementidentity as well as a definite political agenda struggling first of all for Jewish rights within was Romanian interests, but also a clear articulation of Jewish ethnic and religious-cultural UER the declared Regat. with the limited andidentification acivic being political to its adherence new territories, afollowing inthe create to failedrepeatedly organization and afterWWI Zionists. Redesigned asthe Union of Jews(UER),the Romanian inassimilationists wasplaced middle, between the politically WWI,UEP active before ideology “assimilationist” the of aprolongation being of Accused civic emancipation. and legalequality,for acculturation sametimeJewish struggling RegatJewry,the atthe Romanization the andprofessionals favoring gathering BucharestJewish of vague EvreilorP Uniunea formerJewry.within the Regat tendency dominant “assimilationist” national non- the and territories in the practiced politics Jewish national the between tension involved naturally This territories. the of rest the from communities Jewish joined newly At the opposite pole, the national Jewish movements, especially Zionism, especially movements, Jewish national the pole, opposite the At The most important political force in the Regat was ideologically was the in Regat the force political important The most ă mânteni (Union of mânteni founded in 1910and (Union of Native Jews-UEP) 38 CEU eTD Collection refugee who settled in Romania and became one of the most notable intellectuals of notablethe intellectuals most in andbecame of one the settled whoRomania refugee wasaRussian-Jewish (1855-1920) Constantin ideologist, socialistDobrogeanu-Gherea main The discourse. collective larger and adherence mass of possibilities real no had banned until endofWWII, conservative Being from the society. rather 1924 communism a of resistance the to subjected was it as limited was its success factors, these Despite narodnicist of from 19 last decades the the life starting intellectual Romanian territories such as Bessarabia, in the Principalities new the unlike Still, in Romania. intellectuals democratic asthe well as population in power. new provinces as in the Regat the efforts were rather channeled for alliances with parties innational Emancipation.after Jewish politicsthe existed only for Nevertheless, grounds creation inof a Jewish Party by RomaniaplaceZionists requested took years only ten foundedwho firstZionist the dailyinRomanian, the region. The main voice in the interwar period was A. L. Zissu, writer and industrialist, influencethe of new the rising Jewish groups, anti-Semitism migratingand the Zionists to underincreasedit interwar the period inWallachia Moldavia, but and after also during Socialism had a relatively stable representation within the Romanian society and society Romanian the within representation stable relatively a had Socialism Leftist movements and ideology attracted a significant part of the Jewish the of part a significant attracted ideology and movements Leftist channel” résoudre lerésoudre problèmeà juif. contribuer pouvaient internationales idées des victoire la et socialisme fut souventElle unchoix individual, fondée sur la leBund. convinction que le par ailleurs préconisée celle telle juive’, ‘politique possibilité une comme perçue pas n’était elle mais juifs, intellectuels milieux les parmi adeptes ses aussi, elle aura, marxiste, socialiste, ...l’option 16 created by created immigrants. persecutedRussianrevolutionary the 15 Mântuirea th century through the “Russian (Redemption), in (Redemption), 1919. The 39 CEU eTD Collection Liviu noticed Rotman increasingthe migration Jewish the to urban space as“a favorable transforming intoprosperoussettlements. them For secondthe half of 19 the interest in the fate of the community he originally came from.” came he in originally of community the fate interestthe any it, with together and, identity Jewish their ignore and totally abandon to “prefer who intellectuals of series in the first the was Gherea option, political his justifying populating a great number of small towns or founded semi-rural orfounded numbersmall towns of populating agreat started they Thus under-developed. left gaps socio-economic in the fill to merchants beapproached.” rightly could intellectuals of number Jewish movementan important of Socialist tothe adherence attemptthe spread among to them instruction which they missed. In contextthis the masses,’ for ‘lower the care hadtheir movements incommon “the two as ideas Haskala its openingto through adoctrine readyfor such society was Jewish Intellectually, the urban and semi-rural the andcraftsmen livingartisans verge onthe of survival. from of the consisted community Jewish alargegroup the andeconomically, Socially intellectuals. the of case in the visible especially was this and community Jewish the from coming were members the of many ideologies, leftist to hostility political general and adherence lack of the dueto represented poorly were ideologies political communist end of end 19 the of , determined the determined capitalism, Adrianopol involvingTreaty, exchangingthe for feudal emergencesystem the of discontent. of their own arealization agenda socialist rhetoric” socialist of the and camouflage the Economic andSocial Structures. th century. Due to his complicated ideological, personal and cultural situation 18 Also, the ideological confluence between the “messianic idea “messianic between the Also, theideological confluence voivods (political leaders) of the Principalities to invite Jewish 19 The economic development after the after development economic The appealed larger who to found groups in the 17 Even if the socialist and shtetls in Moldavia in th century, 40 CEU eTD Collection prompting economic anti-Semitism. economic prompting increased visibility and in an fields and these thus overrepresentation also an lackgenerated of rights imposed by civic in areas limited agglomeration some TheJewish andsociety. within economy Jewish the traditional the occupations demand Europeanization ina modernization real towards trend and blendedand they with economic developmentand artisans newoffered opportunities for business, butalso new opened forms of within the country. focusing more crafts Theinnovations on and trade. and creativity merchants of Jewish New professions emergedindustry, to commerce from ranging professions of number acertain only practice and on the market on live As forcedinmainly to 23.3%. urban a consequence,they the were represented areas professionals andthe Jewish doctors, veterinary pharmacists and medical doctors, were accessible professions liberal only the example, For administration. and offices public to connected moreprofessions than from 200 practicewere also excluded to and agriculture Romanian citizenship, they had no right to settle in the countryside, to own rural property, community, andmodernized. developed outlook of the Romanianthese economy economic whichand the Jewish craftsmen, artisans,merchants and professionalssociety, greatly contributed. All developments as well to of produced an increasedprocess urbanization economic soon the leaders, development as the structure local initiative of the the political was accomplished grounds at Regateconomic on to the and of thechanges Jewish altered the social structures as both the activities, the further economic growth of towns.” of the growth economic further the activities, their by intensified, turn in which cities, big in the settle to merchants and artisans Jewish of numbers large encouraging development town and environment economic Due to fact the before that 1919,Jews from olderthe Regat didhave not 20 After a period when migrationthe 41 CEU eTD Collection became now an even stronger professional outlet than before Emancipation. In the field of Jewish population as publicadministration and educational schools.training Commerce Romanization Thus after 1918andpolicies). Emancipation, new openedareas upfor the specificthe policies Romanian state’s (mainly concerning ethnic groups the civilization. access to local society and thus guiding Jewish community to the European model of heder identified themselves strongly process with the modernization.”of “Jewsin end, the Basically, landscape. Romanian the urban of transformation the fields to with introduction which ofnewoccupationsof activity contributed and new the and “Jewish the workman,” together industrialist” as the“Jewish realities emerged,such urban reorganization.” movement activity.“conquering by“the of caused this cities” the process of was Thus, industrial the suburbsor with center of suchascommercial city the parts for other areas initial the left Jews of numbers growing while structures, economic new of variety in suffered Romanian alterationsdevelopment town the towns, and dueto duetothe dramatically in “Jewish the urbanization. of usually former process The presentquarters,” 24 to the Israelite-Romanian schools with secular modern education facilitating the modern education with schools secular Israelite-Romanian tothe In newthe context of Greater Romania, the professional structures changed due to These changes also affected the new structures in education and culture, from thein These and education affected new also changes culture, structures the In terms of social analysis, Jewish life at the turn of the century changed century the of turn the at life Jewish analysis, social of terms In against – the Jews were called on to take anactive to role. take called on Jewswere –the against discriminated or – tolerated being involved passively changed. Insteadof so (openingup the in (…)it mental those necessary structures. and do cultural the became to and structures in social changes the between bond intimate an was … there 21 Due to economic development and industrialization, new social new industrialization, and development economic to Due shtetl ) as the position of the Jews in Romanian society inRomanian theJews of position ) asthe 22 Thus, 23 42 CEU eTD Collection century, modern Jewish intellectuals in such modern century, Romania as intellectuals Barasch Jewish Iuliu 19 the of half first of By end the the qualifications. teaching for criteria or evaluation educational abilities and in low hygienic with nopremises, forms standardized of with conditions, poor in practiced was system in with The and as time, Biblicalsources. quality declined Talmudthe education the of after studying life.” andway of ethos Jewish traditional of , effective most the aswell as reflection, authentic identity, and As religion culture. of preservation wasfocusedthe on education Jewish community, the within Practiced Jewish population. European Eastern a traditional, typically the needsof satisfied educationRegat identified with within knowledge,religious taught the Jewish Romanian identity on the social and intellectual level also became necessary. became also level intellectual and social the on identity Romanian Jewish the shaping new reality the of representation for acultural need the and increased, integration and acculturation modernization the urbanization, and involvement, professional of extreme context In this activity. Jewish the to extent wasdueagreat period interwar Avram Rosen modernizationconcluded and thatthe industry of development in the economy, Romanian the to contribution Jewish the on study his In textile. and crafts of commerce, character mixed its newly determined country the economy of agrarian predominantly tothe contribution Jewish the Overall, veterinaries). lawyers, architects, aside pharmacists, years from engineers, liberal interwar (34%of the professions, liberal representedmedical a professions, doctors privileged liberal duringprofession the Educational Life. heder 25 Even if, due to economic , not all children could continue could children all not reasons, economic to due if, Even , they acquired at least some basic Hebrew knowledge and familiarity and basic Hebrewknowledge least some acquired at , they Until mid-19 the YIVO Encyclopedia th century, for the Jewish community inthe community Jewish the for century, defined it, the melameds (teachers) with limited with (teachers) heder hadarim was “the most “the was 26 had already , which 43 th CEU eTD Collection started. The name, as well as the concept of the school demonstrates integrationist the school demonstrates the of concept as the Thename, aswell started. system educational the of from Jews andexclusion forthelimitation framework legal the Nevertheless, period lasted the until 1885 when the anti-Semitic ideology emerged and students as majoritythe the Romanianentered public system, especiallyin Moldavia. able it model. attractmany was not to its modern character, Despite larger European Romanian history andmathematics,later French) English geography,following and a (Romanian, subjects secular and history) Jewish Judaism, of notions (Hebrew, subjects system a community-supported proposed school promoting abalance between Jewish new The started. system educational Jewish modern the thus and Bucharest in created “abandoning the underwent distinctthree stages within its process of modernization. Thefirst, representation of the Jewish subjects within of process. representation teaching Jewishsubjects the the for agreater pressing Jews conservative of category social a modest needsof the itfact to responded that the due to School as forms Israelite-Romanian modernized the in conservative circles and in the Hasidic society and even coexisted with such the life, educational the within andchanges modernization despite education. Nevertheless, traditional the also change to wanted in turn, which, society the of transformation the environmentand becoming economicallymore active and involved,publicly determined opening lifestyle, conservative upthe gettingof pattern surrounding tothe closer variants accordingtheirto newidentity. Thechanges life, Jewishwithin modernized and elite models abandoningthe more fortraditional education of updated and searching criticizing theneedstarted this newtraditional education and expressed for modernized heder According to Liviu Rotman, the education in the second half LiviuinAccording 19 the education the the second Rotman, to of “remained a central in “remained thea central Jewish componenteducational system,” hadarim ” started in 1851 when the first public Jewish school was 27 especially th century 44 CEU eTD Collection milieu until beginningof the 20 the suggestingintellectual ideasstrong integrationist within Jewish theexistence of the Romanian public schooling system tothe return to plans Beck wasdiscussing intellectual as M. an important 1909, in Thus results. have to started and consolidated system new the when even persisted organizations AIU andJCA. Despite growing anti-Semitism,ideas the integrationist regarding problem the alsoeducation, by internationalof supported great the Jewish community levelsof Jewish the educational and social activation on the the generated society Romanian the from coming rejection of process The School. Romanian Israelite the of expansion rapid the forcing implemented, be to started schools Romanian in starting Romanian limiting legislation children the in1893,when the Jewish presence of success of the assimilationistwas ratherslow asnot stimulated by students’ significant demand, demonstrating also the policies of education of tostudy.Jewish the the Thus modernization wherewere encouraged they the Romanian state. face a fundingAlso, crisis.The until schools1892 Romanian were openfor Jewishchildren last to stagehad community Jewish the structures, and took organization traditional the of placeeffectiveness modernization lack andtothe undergoingof to organizational crisis. asevere Due of period for schools itself theJewishpublic community aswas crisis the lasted between characterized bystagnation, 1870sandthe it a 1883and represented Theacculturate. secondstage, to determined of Jewishcommunity, the attitude balance of subjects withinat the theschool sameprogram (RomaniantimeRomanian School was aunique model theenforcing integrationist ideology,maintaining subjects, the JewishJewish subjects andidentity through culture and education, reflected in the Perceived as a bridge between the Romanian and Jewish worlds, the Israelite- the worlds, Jewish and Romanian the between asabridge Perceived th century. 28 if the legislation would have been cancelled, would have legislation if the 45 CEU eTD Collection the Jewish press in Romania was better represented years in Jewishforthe better the inYiddish pressinRomania early was the camp, elite traditionalist and astrong Western educated andspeakers, asmall Romanian community in the second half of the 19 the of half second the in community Jewish Regat of the specificity tothe Due community. for theJewish interest of Romanian languagepublic thecaseof Jewish language)issuespress of Romanian (in inidentity, ideologicalpopularizing in directions and an communicating tolargereven by the Israelite-Romanian School. life intheinterwar Romanianperiod stimulated wassignificantly values by the promoted social inand cultural presence Rotman, Jewish massive the According to Russian cases. for the elite, especially Yiddish of expense the at whichundertaken was but Emancipation, after or ledSemitism to a more acculturated of anti- the emergence after Jewish consciousness national of a crystallization the Jewish communitymigration. than Finally,in the the Polishstudy of Hebrew or The study foreign languagesof serving was but thesame purpose, also wasbeneficial forand of Jewish subjects generated the advantages into forRomanian graduatesto integrate the context society find and to employment. for level increased languageRomanian of knowledge through systematic teaching offering the Israelite-Romanianwithin accomplished process educational ofthe effects The as complementary. reserved school was morea attractive option, and the traditional Jewish education was sometimes for publicRomanian children,school of option education the Jewish the while was an system public Jewish the believe not did society Romanian Jewish the that fact the by justified changedthe German thelanguage). profile The slow development ofof the theschool beforecommunity the 1880s was also through the Jewish Press. Jewish Jewish press was extremely important in shaping a larger collective larger a in shaping important extremely was press Jewish th century, with a great majority of Yiddish 46 CEU eTD Collection 1869), Jewish publications in Romanian ( in Romanian publications Jewish Bruc I. the Schwarzfeld brothers, Elias and Moses, M. Beck, M. Rosenfeld, and later A. L.Zissu, journalists Jewish (famous journalists of languageRomanian appeared now, for example work as intellectuals marketexpandedintermsjournalistic able to publications. The of Jewish of language Romanian the development a rapid universities determined and inschools education language Romanian for community the within interest the identity. Jewish Romanian a of in process shaping the with time, aswell as their changes ideological discourses the analyze in to language order Romanian in press the focusJewish on research will current 1872, again in1872, again Ia masses, but only traditionalist intheRegat, Thefirstmasses, one butonly to groups. the to accessible not were as they inHebrew few publications the were less popular Jewishthe functioning press for as instrument an acquiringthe of civic rights.the Much purpose of fighting for the Emancipation of Jews,” published in 1855in Yiddish, although it had a Hebrew name, of 20 first decades the the especially inIa especially masses, for non-acculturated the duetoits largeraccessibility press waspopular read Romanian.Romanian environment, asnotmanywere able to Initially, Yiddish the modernist elite andthe weremainly smalleducated the targeting language gazettes Romanian- Therefore groups. for traditionalist the Hebrew used andalso larger audience ă L’Espérance The emergence and the development of the Romanian-Israelite schools, as well as r, Horia Carp, and I. Ludo) and as a Romanian acculturated readership. The first The readership. Romanian acculturated andasa Ludo) I. Horia and r, Carp, ú i, where a compact community of Yiddish speakers existed, at leastat until existed, Yiddish speakers community of i, acompact where ú i. Despite the general significance of Yiddish and Hebrew press, the significance Hebrewpress, Yiddish and i. thegeneral of Despite (1866-1867), th century. Thus, the first Jewish journal in Romania was in journal Romania first Jewish the Thus, century. Rumanische Post /Po Israelitul român 29 thus being the first to set a trend of (The Romanian (1857; Israelite) ú ta român Korot Haitim ă Di Tzait (1871-1873)) were (1871-1873)) appearedin , “with the “with , 47 CEU eTD Collection publications by in Romanian endthe of 19 counting for thenewlysolid already market readership quality ten press emerged Jewish common roots andcommon roots the length existenceof onRomanian territory and articulated against of the direction following same in and cultureRomania, history Jewishresearch on scientific of initiation the through visible became culture Romanian within identity Jewish trend ofarticulating asignificant Nevertheless, adherence. cultural promoting by simply or politics Romanian current in the involved being while people, its and country to the of attachment gestures demonstrative the Romanian , promoted citizenship, civic andpolitical rights within the Romanian nationit continued, butalso intellectual level The through professionalization. continuation forof struggle the high a attaining while community, local the of problems on the concentrate to and andfamiliar with use local the the Jewish presspreferredproblems, Romanian only to (Equality) and the last decades of last 19 the decades of the of the country” the of fate the with identification their and nation Romanian the for Jews of sympathy the also showing (…) life in Romanian Jews of integration and acculturation favoring tendencies community wasJewish the for significantidentity civic a articulate to effort the context, this In Emancipation. as the publicationsobtain to and audience international and national the for Jews were Romanian the of promoting the ”social publicizemeant meanspress thesituation asocial,to struggle, of andcultural andas political political comingfrom (Iuliu abroad Barasch, ArmandLevy, B.F.Peixotto). They the introduced bilingual,short-lived and issuedduringthe initiatedand1850s 1860s, by intellectuals The larger public within theJewish community appeared in Curierul israelit 30 as Israelitul român th century as an urban, literate population and it soon became a became soon it and population literate urban, an as century (Israelite post)). Written by journalists born in the country inthe born journalists by Written post)). (Israelite wrote . th century (among them the reputed the them (among century Egalitatea 48 CEU eTD Collection The most important Zionist publication in the interwar was newspaper period inthe important Zionistthe The most publication especially among the young and generation, students as evenamongyounger well. groups the public, quality andits itsincreased to whenitinterwar journalistic appeal period political constrictions. TheZionist press was andeffervescent very duringthe productive freely designand to and explore newidentity previouslyoptions, limited by legal the and express their opinion to stimulated intellectuals felt increased. Also, it inside competition ideological butJewish communitiesgranting variety and the of the of citizenship, Jewish Romanian press as mainpoliticalthe project wasaccomplishedthe through popularization, self-knowledge and “rise of national consciousness” scientificJewish amongculture andspirituality Romanianincreased, Jews the transforming the on focusing of tendency the century, the of trend turn the at attitude anti-Jewish increasing from the Asto areaction history and culture. Jewishidentity, the to dedication and profound the last century abandoning wasfinally politicalthe attained, project when constant without the decadescitizenship and rights integration continued until endof the secondthe decade of 20 the of the anti-Semiticthe The discourses. long-lasting journalistic ideological trend supporting 19 as it was declared to bewas declaredas it plan to the of publication the long-term the that agenda planned Lumea israelit The periodfollowing the end of WWI and Emancipation changed the image of the ă heart through Jewish art and literature and art Jewish through heart ourselves” through “the cultivation of the are.soul and education And of the Jewish before…we want that people,all, those amongwe whom wewant live, to know us justto as we search within ourselves and get to know (Israelite World) or Cultura (Culture) Cultura 32 th (1911; 1936-1940).In this context, century into a larger work of . 31 in journals such as 49 th CEU eTD Collection press… Collaborators from all political directions, all social currents, all literary schools. literary all currents, social all directions, political all from Collaborators press… to gather important mostthe Jewish writers bestjournalistsand of some in the Romanian Romanian identity. One of publications first the in thisline, Jewish a and environment intellectual and cultural literary, Jewish strong a establish to Zionist-oriented National Jewish Student Circle. time Romanians” good citizenship, equality and inclusion as “Jews mustremain Jews, they being atthe same to rights the legitimize of to theoretically in mankindthe cultural order progress (1919-1920), founded byI.Bruc and Miron Grindea, focused on presenceof focusedthe on Jewish culture: Grindea, and Miron publication literary Romania, identity strong Jewish in cultural language. theRomanian Aof in Jewish peak press complex justifying be of their to society part Romanian right and shaping start a would literary publication literary 1938) issued by Zionist Federationthe in Romania,for or remarkablethe cultural and for readandwrote intellectuals mainideologue Zionist and political figure.Nevertheless,many young Jewish Mântuirea An importantdirection in the interwar Jewishpresswas by efforts represented the Designed as a cultural publication for all Jews, all for publication Designed asacultural (1919-1922), firstthe “Jewish byA. national daily”, directed L.Zissu,the contribution to our enterprise...” among Jewsand everything whichcouldbe animportant foreign everythingin Jewishjournalism, isour that everything a cultural element course, through course, …we wanttomakea Jewish,cultural purely culturally demonstration, of Hasmonaea 33 . Later, this direction will abandon this “second-rank citizens” “second-rank this abandon will direction this Later, . Adam Adam ù ă (1915-1940), aJewish (1915-1940), students’ the publication of r, plannedshowr, the Jewish to social contribution to and tiri dinlumea evreiasc (1919-1940) directed by by then Cohn (1919-1940)directed I. Ludo, Idov ’s existence… We plan to group within group ’s review the Weplan to existence… 34 Adam ă (News onJewish (1922- (News Life) declared that “we managed“we declaredthat Lumea evree Lumea (Jewish life) (Jewish 50 CEU eTD Collection population and cultural 1918to after wereattached production, larger the Romanian with massiveandsurprising Yiddish direction. Bessarabia territories Bukovina, speaking Moldavia.traditional Northern more from of the speakers Yiddish also attract to started Romania, acculturation Greater creation the and Emancipation After acculturation. and Romanization of process a long of result were the intellectuals Jewish Romanian Moldavia, modern areas of more butalso Bucharest, capital the with Wallachia areas, especially Regat former the focuses only on Romanian the Jewish intellectuals.Residing exception almost without in currentresearch the factors, linguistic andeducational due to cultures their respective the fact that the Hungarian, German and Russian acculturated intellectuals belonged to due to problem. general the But andcomplicated picture enlarged the cultural complexity This territories. acquired newly the from intellectuals Jewish Russian and German, of last 19 the by quarter factandcultural the asocial already intellectuals, Jewish Romanian the only not included intellectuals Jewish and as an outcome of the Haskala intellectual secular values, Jewish the modern emerged after surrounding culturesandto movement. The special case of the Greater Romania This ourprogram” was Jewish identity and rights the of adhering Romanianthe to language andculture. the context in identity non-assimilationist emancipated, Romanian ofJewish a generating for theessential post-Emancipation in andintellectual literature Romanianenvironment the language. This direction was society and culture, restoring the dignity of the The situation ofYiddishculture in andliterature newthe in context evolved a The Emergence ofRomanian Jewish Intellectuals 35 . Themainagendaof th century in the Regat, but also Hungarian, also but Regat, the in century Adam was basically to create a Jewish create basically to was . A result of acculturation to 51 CEU eTD Collection and more appealing for youngthe Jewish intellectuals. more USbecame the for Franceor migration abroad or acculturation appeal the towards intellectual life.Although Yiddish toflourishculture continued duringyears, theinterwar &ă andIon of thecases Benador Ury were Such Romanian writers. became acculturated Yiddish from migrated language theprovincewithin formerBucharest Regat to and slightly in afew young the Yiddishcultural world.declined of talented writers Quite the Goldfaden, Avram Odessa-born by in 1876 theatre Yiddish the of creation the of place cradle of firstthe Jewish publication, of the first Yiddish daily in the world, as well as the Yiddishin culture Romania andits outof inWalachia”nothing appearance hadflourishing period “interwar of the the the Basically, asEzraMendelsohn concluded, Romanian strongest the on territory. were modernization and urbanization acculturation, in Yiddish and Theybrought acquired culture literature territories. an area where newly from the intellectuals coming with Bucharest, together other moved to awhile for Bessarabia, in born Steinbarg, Eliezer poet Bickel, Shloyme Galician-born Sternberg, Cern in born in Manger, Romania.Itzik Thus center cultural creation the a newYiddish of for context the andset Bucharest migrated to Yiddish writers reputed some Nevertheless, profileRomanization the Yiddish andcentralization also affected of culture. which the minorities’ population in general was subjected to a process of nationalization, fruitfully Also, communicated. through administration, education and cultural policies, Yiddish in culture groups Galicia the Tsarist Empire and with which they and previously with lost larger contact the communities ThustheYiddish-speaking and development. sameself-consciousness the previously attained not had culture Yiddish where territory lugaru, transplanting their talents of future Yiddish writers to Romanianlugaru, language offuture Yiddish to transplantingtheirtalents writers ăXĠ i, one of the greatest Yiddish writers of the 20 th century, Bessarabian poet Yankev 36 . Ia ú i, the 52 CEU eTD Collection intellectual path of Dr. Iuliu Barasch (1815-1863), born in Brody, the first important bornin intellectual first Brody, the (1815-1863), Dr. Iuliuof Barasch path environment society which was traditional modernchanging for a attachments and dynamic in the first ableworldvoices ofmodernizing appearance determined offer the to fora new directions decades of Galicianthrough or Jewishthe immigrants thein theelite studying German-speaking second half toappear.Theinfluence in of started intellectuals imported Romanian Haskala the of the 19 of 19 the half second the in only society Romanian with contacts intense into interest and process last decades of the first half of 19 half the firstdecades of the of last turn of the century. the at reality a became group intellectual Romanian Jewish the professions, liberal and articulated. Educated abroad and even in the country, mainly coming from the universities was the elite individualshighly educated whopermeated intellectual andalargegroup phenomenon. Thus, in a shortperiod, Jewish society enriched with significant numbers of of 19 the end the elite, towards while new social Jewish type of join, would the educators creating and medical doctors, group, To this occupations. due totheir specific environment surrounding to the andbecome acculturated to life secularized economic prone and 19 intellectual half second to the From religious occupations. of the dedicated individuals of rabbinical figures andother elitetraditional community, consisted the Jewish intellectuals, wasby endacculturated 19 the of the th century century on, anew ofelitetype appeared,consisting ofindividualsinvolved in Although the general modernizing process of the Jewish community started in modernizingAlthough ofthe Jewishcommunity process general the started the The modern elite, Jewish grounds for providing emergence the future the of th th century, when education, press, cultural century, cultural institutions when education, press, andof works Jewish century, the emergence of university graduates manifested as manifested a mass of emergence university the graduates century, th century, the Jewish elite began its secularization its began elite Jewish the century, th century already consolidated. In the In consolidated. already century th century. The double century.The 53 CEU eTD Collection mission of improving the life of the community as educators, leading to a profound leading aseducators, to community improvingthe mission life the of over the took they deliberately their activities, dignity to conferred assumed which Jewish heritagenever it,and nourishing denying asolid deliberately loyalty double with Familiar yetaccomplished. not ideal, sameemancipation the to were subsumed ideological trends, but also connected to the Jewish community and Judaism. Their efforts new by Jewishpress,influenced modernthe Romanian to avidreadersof and directions students educatedin Romanianthe public schools andin public Jewishthe schools, open due of modern maturationa larger to the intellectual group firstof the generations of and Romanian culture. Thus, the secondhalf of 19 the Jewish identity in terms of religious and linguistic dimensions towards secular education anew represented from stepaway living traditional patterns the of and thinking about This impact. collective their andeducative due to modernfirst intellectual generation press, already presented within were thischapter, essential in shaping the profile of the development. cultural its and modernization community’s togetherand with their profiledetermined wassignificant the Maskil evolution the of Galician Jewish intellectuals bringing specific modernizing models and reforming ideas the of contribution special The institutions. community’s the of modernization the Enlightenment ideas,Enlightenment was creatorof the Jewish first the publicin school Ia Beniamina Maskil combining (1822-1896), traditional Schwarzfeld with education butinalso society. in Romanian the Born Galicia andmoving Ia to intellectual involvedgenerations in lifepractically Jewish community and development, first the of a symbol into him transformed life, scientific Romanian to contributor also but agreat Romanian of press, creator Jewish intellectual and the Jewish Romanian Two major institutions, the Israelite-Romanian school and the Jewish Romanian th century witnessed the emergence ú ú i and initiated i 1848, after 54 CEU eTD Collection modern modern world andtheprofound Enlightenment bridgingideas of oppositional worlds, the within community Jewish the for hand at options the illustrating in Romanian, written play Roman’s used.Ronetti in thelanguage his creation and topics of the acquired hisBerlinHisdoublecultural during studies. wasexpressedaffiliation mainlyin Galicia, had a solid Jewish education, but also a modern secular one work the of Ronetti OriginallyRoman (1847-1908). from a Hassidiccommunity in social was the great Romaniancanon, despite literary andgenerated, political opposition decades of 20 firstthe with the Thus valuable literature produced by Jewish Romanian intellectuals emerged only starting linguistics,folklore, capable for of providing the with arguments emancipation struggle. the 19 the from intellectuals Jewish the of manifestation of areas main The emancipation. external and internal for struggle social and political in the enrolled were voices energetic most Hayman Tiktin (Hariton) (1850-1936) became inspecialists Romanian philology. field of both field both of Jewish and Romanian whilestudies, Laz Similarly, Moses (1856-1939)wasa Gaster folklorist,linguist andliterary in scholar the Jewish journals and thefounders of professional JewishRomanian historiography. great of firstthe creators asbeingthe place acentral occupied brothers Schwarzfeld the journalism.this second generation, mainly In audience creating asecular through leaders, figures opinion theauthority tendedtoreplacereligious the as symbolically of discourse scientific areas and knowledgein dissipation toinformactivities, order and educate.Their on concentrated they thus way; militant a in it using writing, of functionality the of involvementin the community life. Focusing on education and the press, they were aware th In these conditions, the literary works were few and not very accomplished as the very accomplished not and few were works literary the conditions, In these century were those able to support historiography, political ideas suchaspress, century were those able to th century. The only memorable exception for the for exception memorable only The century. ă r ( ù ain) ùă ineanu (1859-1934)and Manasse, 55 CEU eTD Collection the best synthesis of the general emerging situation as articulate to proved considerations Leon JewishVolovici’s intellectuals, acculturated the also Discussing identity of the evolution during period. interwar the rhetoric perpetuated as connected toJudaism and Jewishthe to community, involvedin often a sentimental inner conflict, these intellectuals continued toperceive themselves as Romanians, but also community’s and the context hostile political and larger social the Despite Romania. in Jewishintellectuals the for crisis of identity a period of beginning the represented rejection social and anti-Semitism by rising contested were integration social and socio-cultural levels. The lasttwo decades of 19 the and political both in emancipation towards efforts their as well as writings their defined of ideals. and language culture, identity Projects integration and political preservation of adoption local and universal of context larger inthe identity Jewish of preservation forideasliberalism the the oldandEnlightenmentand of subsumed to allowing internal crises and dilemmas without belonging ideaintroduced the of a double concept “cultural adouble This citizenship.” accepting turn of bedefinedcould century as the 1901. in on stage when produced play the was byanti-Semitic groups social generated protests Despite the varied options and discourses, the group of modern groupof intellectualsatthe the Despite the varied anddiscourses, options temptations by the confronted identity Jewish the of dilemma the transform to first the was Ronetti-Roman Romanians. as and as Jews of sorts, of total assimilation into a subject of literary thought and Gaster, H. Tiktin,Moses intellectuals – Jewish prominent first The arena. Romanian cultural Laz law and publicopinion alike preventedthem from full integration in the of the Jews of .assimilation The status of religious ‘foreigners’ and in spiritual the eyes of of the level the from far were – formation Jewish…the intellectuals in Romania – a grouping in still the process of ă r ùă ineanu and Ronetti-Roman – led a double life th century century when cultural adaptation 56 CEU eTD Collection interested in conversions or assimilation. Due to these characteristics, the pressure exerted pressure the characteristics, tothese Due assimilation. in or conversions interested Christianpracticing not not Orthodoxy,attached proselytism, a denomination thus to strongRomanian rural, profoundly society archaic,traditional character, was definedbya 1918 and by in brought changes the new of Unification terms andreligious ethnic groups, Before option. a significant became never assimilation while strong, was identity Jewish of preservation the acculturation, intellectuals. strong Despite Romanian acculturated education within community,the Romanian Jewish press andfinally emergence the of by was prompted creation supporting language the elite of economic the Romanian which and secularization acculturation for determined need adrastic social advancement elite and economic fast individuals. The for attachment communal astrong which generated religious Jewish influential a with character, traditional strong a with community, cohesive anold, well-structured, Jewry was Polish the comparative reference, level of community cohesion and greater openness for a rapid acculturation. As a back a with Wallachia only afew inweak community generations, dated and Moldavia Jewish the migration, recent of A result attitude. marginalizing multi-layered a by blocked environment Romanian the to acculturation a profound between complex conflict Jewish intellectual in group beginningof the 20 the Intellectuals in the First Decades ofthe 20 C. IdentityOptionsandCultural Discourses. Acculturated Jewish their literary literary their oeuvre times, at and disposal, their at options political and intellectual the Jews, Semitism theirself-definition response it andthe as affected engendered resolute integration intoRomanian culture was in rejected 1930s.the Anti- complete, their after others many and Sebastian, Fundoianu, Aderca, for crisis existential an became quandaries the WWI, Following fullest. Ion and Trivale, experienced 1900,that emerged dilemmas after these which tothe Sanielevici H. of that generation, next the actually was It writing. 37 . th Century. th century century was mainly by given the The specificity of the Romanian 57 CEU eTD Collection in rural, more traditional Moldavia with its with Moldavia traditional more rural, in possible, while for conditions acculturation,in greater more modern Wallachiaurban than was identity Jewish the of inexternal preservation easier. Thus, of pressure, absence the in Western than was lower makingidentity other significantly cases, thus preservation on the Jewish community to convert, to abandon Yiddish for Romanian or to acculturate identifying the mechanisms for choosing one identity model or cultural discourse. By a feeble presence in Romanian 20 culture. The following section existencethe On otherhand, non-Romanian of indecade any groups. the the first the of of this chapter excluded fundamentally focuses which nation” “Romanian the of definition on basic the discourse its of center the at placed preservation, cultural and identity national on focusing variedcamp, not had were limitations. Thetraditionalist and all intellectuals serious foryounghandJewish community, the Jewish atRomanian-language options the not sharinggroups cultural heritage. this religious non-Romanian theother wasunabletoaccommodate Christian values, Orthodox focusingin a national and manner an culture defined onRomanian ethnic organic of articulation the on based milieu, intellectual Romanian the Also, anti-Semitism. strong context of a “hostile tolerance” ( tolerance” of a “hostile context the persistence and Emancipation civic of and absence intellectuals.rights Thelongbelated acculturated of socialranging from marginalization exclusionto and deepening the identity forcrisis mostthe and directions, in several manifested cultural community Jewish its to in relation culture and society anti-Semitism state, attitude the of Nevertheless, Romanian the languageandculture. of Romanian shaped a constant socio-political th century century intellectualswhen Jewish acculturated modernism started to emerge, was still In this larger context shaped by the specificity of the Romanian society and ù erban Papacostea) ranging from anti-Jewish attitude to attitude from anti-Jewish ranging erban Papacostea) shtetl culture, were met with a fast acquisition fast a with met were culture, 58 CEU eTD Collection consequences and direct manifestations. direct and consequences section linkingaims withat the socio-politicalitsdetermining factor shapedculturally this discourse, intellectual specific one chose intellectuals why question the answering factors from the spherea seriesmechanisms subjected social how acertain whichexplained clearly group to of of politics, society and culture might hierarchy. develop a certain and identity order consecrated to connected ideologies cultural of contestation radical the especially for for revolt, made themavailable byexclusion marginal generated condition Their reaction. strong a determined state, Romanian the of ideals national and political loyal to intellectuals, identity of Jewish acculturated the acculturated profoundly Christian non- non-Romanian the integrate to society Romanian the of incapacity The reality. within its ethnically and regulatednorms religiously ablatantly visible social and cultural unablewithin ossified conservative, toaccept structures, its boundaries and integrate its with a society whole of rejection the and of rebellion crystallization the accelerated fitin. Professional and social marginalization and the presence of anti-Semitism by the previous generation which was able to sacrifice to alarge extentidentity in order to ideology secondly promoted failureproject of and“assimilationist” the integrationistthe a recognition oftheeducationalandsocio-economic inlocaland achievements the code, emerged. firstfrustration bythe Thedeepening of refusal Emancipation generated was as 20 the decadesof in first the Jewishthe community characteristics of and by distinct context the Romanian by the of provided specificity the From Social RevoltFrom toModernity asanOption. Sociologically, this generation of revolt was the result of certain socio-political certain of result the was revolt of generation this Sociologically, th century, a “rebellious” generation In this social and cultural milieu cultural and social In this 59 CEU eTD Collection goals and the socially structured capacities of accordingact capacities groups the to tothem.” of andgoals structured socially the and norms between cultural isthe disjunction anacute there where particularly occurring structure, cultural the “aof breakdown is “anomie” Merton, Accordingto groups. emerging of recently category specific the to applied stress” “anomic of sources cultural sociologist Robert Merton developed a convincing theory focusing on the social and normative axio- of dissent “articulation the to due rebellion, and escapism namely thatintellectual, Jewish seeks to maintainas specific the two last to the identified Mendes-Flohr byMerton, analyzed a of reactions moral community withcontradiction theintellectual mounted which frustration.Amongand social thefive types one’s society” but approachedwho“cognitivefunctioning insiders,” were as“social as a outsiders,” and acculturated already modernism of eve the were on who intellectuals Jewish theoretical of Merton’s demonstration,on group the theory Mendes-Flohr employed namely conformism, ritualism, innovation, escapism and finally rebellion. In a fascinating perceived fundamental five of Merton tothis consequence, disjunction, reactions types and direction of discourse. In his work In discourse. of anddirection legal and social context they remained social outsiders, generating a highof generatinglegal amount they outsiders, social remained andsocial a context aprofoundwhich feelingcreated and acting asinsidersof local the due but to culture, the education and inculture Romanian they acquired similar, century that was sense the Romanian case, the situation of Romanian Jewish intellectuals in the beginning of the 20 option contestedideological and alienation Their structures. these of rejection also and theexclusion ossified marginal aconsequenceof their represented attractive.of Theadoption pursuits careers canonintellectual and profession in marginality andfind “rebels” and “escapists” context, this social organization. intellectual being previously definedby historianthe as “axio-normativean In dissident”). Indeed, applied to the Jewish Social Theory andSocialStructure, Social Theory 38 well-known 40 (the 39 In 60 th CEU eTD Collection repertoire of literary topics. Recently emerging, the avant-garde had the conscience of of a had conscience the theavant-garde emerging, Recently literary topics. of repertoire alienation” ofhistorical “feeling a by accompanied from wasnaturally culture A traditional the detachment certain culture or set of values in exchange with anew one could take the form of such a conflict. first decades of the 20 decades of first Romanianelements of avant-gardistthe doctrine to appealed intellectuals inthe Jewish which socially a was already group acculturated. deeply rejection against acertainand protest andexclude social which structure order used to ideological directions, Romanian Jewish intellectuals basically expressed a form of revolt, these largely choosing By other. the on inRomania intellectual Jewish modern explain betweento modernism on theavant-garde andthe one handand connection the individual as beingrefusedfrustration bythe society. theory This couldbe able therefore called the old generation, the generation of fathers.” of the generation the generation, old called the “aesthetic radicalism previous generation: againstthe between andespecially form conflictgenerations the of often expresses itselfsociety, the ossified A publicand order. social natural derivation of revoltthis the took by opposing that “antagonisticthe attitude” special category of coming from its fundamental anti-bourgeois criticism and opposition. Poggioli identifiedsociety characteristics specific certain manifested asaphenomenon avant-garde the this context, Burger considered the “avant-garde as the self-criticism Artof in Bourgeois Society.” movements areaction emergedwithin bourgeois society. and respect, as against this In of complex the that considered avant-garde, the of major theoreticians Burger, Given the theoretical sociological explanation, the initial question reappears: what reappears: question initial the explanation, sociological theoretical the Given th century? In theoretical terms, both Renato Poggioli and Peter and Poggioli Renato both terms, theoretical In century? 42 to be directed against tradition, history, but alsobut against be againsttradition, history, directed to 44 from the society, so familiar for the avant-garde 43 The negation of of Thenegation a certain 41 In 61 CEU eTD Collection culture and bourgeois taste. Eventually, andbourgeoisculture taste. culture” “minority destroyed all the forms of folklore and ethnic culture.” between and artist, links the broken artisan all (had) as“modern society culture” common views, the fact that Romanian cultural life, intellectual trends and the general the and trends intellectual life, cultural Romanian that fact the views, common determining themodernist option was, aside from this affinity with modernism based on factor The second test. aProcustian to Jewishintellectuals youngacculturated the subjected which and based was time the of canon cultural Romanian the which on values ignoringidentity and religious and theethnic and urban discourse, parochial debates the accommodate them. Also, modernism promoted a largely cosmopolitan, internationalist conservatism the structures, rigid exactly these criticized andseverely undermined trends modernist of previous justified commonalitythe through social of and political views. Theand avant-gardist generationsbe could generation intellectual young the upon exerted avant-garde, the manifestation, and a socialanswers. organization possible some provide could work their of elements some The intellectuals, Jewish of specific which focus and case the on did contexts not cultural and socio-economical European Western was attractionunable to that the modernist direction, as well as its extreme In this context, Poggiolibasic In identified “ethnic with context, conflictthis a of avant-garde the Although Renato Poggioli’sAlthough Renato Burger’s andPeter theories were on grounded production. contradictory ofartistictypes struggle (pseudo-artistic) againsttwo . (…) the necessity that forcedopinion, traditional against itand academic culture, againstbourgeois the to do battle on two fronts: to task …the struggleof avant-gardism articulate to against public(was) 45 opposing usually mass the by “majority culture,” the represented 46 47 62 CEU eTD Collection modern movements.modern Writing in literature language, Romanian the frustration despite and intointegrate emerging the to butfinally including canon,challenged, contesting the declared that Ilarie Voronca characteristics, urban modern and cosmopolitan its with poetry new the about Writing legitimation. modernof the also an forpublic the avoidance world,group excuse offered in artisan the from distance the through avant-garde the on theory the in justified culture”, in “ethnic interest of lack the Still, Emancipation. despite situation, political and social a “majoritywith their one” resonated against struggling “minority and culture” opposing a represented avant-garde fact the that Finally, the policies. xenophobic anti-Semitic and from derived nation body idealized an of insearch identity ideal an shape to tendency the and reality cultural and social the on lack of reflection the expressed basically repertoire expand individuals. the literary to and Thisincapacity update also theacculturated any ethnic and,other religiousbased and historical identification,group on cultural and identityand Christian in Orthodox reflected literature fundamentallyRomanian excluded already assimilated culturally. model Theethnic-religious basedcultural onRomanian in aculture reaction to which refused tointegrate and accommodate which group the it intellectuals. many For modernismthem,of andthe became avant-garde a viable option accommodate of specific the Jewish ideas) group modernist to future to the emerging and Symbolism to particularly here referring am (I if any room, little left canon resulted Eventually, the adoption modernismof and avant-gardism signaled a strong desire integrally integrally living organism existing simply among natural phenomenon. poetry-poetry,poetry brain, bytheengineer, cement, cried poetry human, becamehistorical) aspoetry suddenly national,(erotic, universally levels be different approachedanymoreon issue…the cannot poetry of 48 63 CEU eTD Collection Jewish cultural identity in the new context. new inthe identity cultural Jewish Romanian a reconstructing later and society pre-WWI the rejecting while Sebastian) the creation of inspired C creation example by Jewishlife inRomanian the (for a literature of evolved initial from an stage of excluded rebels the one ofinternalto involvedcritics in avant-gardists and modernists some Thus, rebellion. temporary through solved was inclusion. Basically,the essence of the revolt was based on an integrative approach which Emancipation,after on secured legally the groundsofcitizenship national and symbolic of only later, aversion and emergeda project inintegrative such approaches interested mainly were intellectuals young the Secondly, culture. Jewish Romanian preexisting beto included in largerRomanianthe cultural debates as itwould havepresupposeda which continued their periods. activity during First, these such impossible was a project Romanian culture, distinctfrom the Hassidic and Orthodox Yiddish and Hebrew circles toJewish a cultural was aidentity withinRosenzweig),(Buber,through return revival exclusion, functioned option available, other the largely Central which inmodern Europe legal of context given the In it. in included finally be to way a as canon the against revolt the approached it and modernism traditionalism and between debate national youngintellectuals shaped ofthe by existence,in was discourse the the this convoluted Even rebels. intellectual formerly the by exactly there promoted level, international the on in pole interwar culture modernist which of short becamethe time Romanian trademark a the through it of part soon becoming up ended eventually they canon, the Rejecting a interestcontestedfor alarge discourse, into theestablishment. through of discussion will represented strong anbeincluded,even revolt, andthe obvious declaration to ă lugaru and 64 CEU eTD Collection heritages of cultural and historical affiliations, as well as different sizable minorities sizable different as well as affiliations, historical and cultural of heritages new bearing from newterritories the history Romanians restof the his co-nationals.with and language same the sharing denomination Christian Orthodox of peasant Romanian modeldefining the memberof citizen or benation, of the reduced unable to typical to the their connection nation, with Romanian the from society newculture and grounds of avoid thisissue. (Greeks, Armenians, orSerbs), , post-WWIcontextcouldthe not Bulgarians 1912) and dominance duetothe Christian of Orthodoxy ethniceven among other groups in 3.3% represented community Jewish (the of population the character national largely the in could exclusion dueto forRomanian of terms or policies assimilation state press Ifinwas pre-WWI the Romanian Orthodox. period, the ethnically 91.5% while minorities, contrasting previous situation when with inthe 1899,92.1%of population the ethnic 28% almost to ranging character multi-national largely its of aware became ethnicArmenianGerman, Romanian nation religiousgroups,the and Greek, and other which accept theinhad to state, Along amulti-cultural newfact. with Hungarian, 1923 the marked Constitution Romanian afinal official recognition inclusion of political Emancipation in firststipulated 1919 through Minorities’the includedTreaty and later in the of significance the inclusion, political and social of limits the against and of anti-Semitism thepersistence Despite nation. in legally Romanian the was included line.a rupture finally By citizenshipacquiring andequalrights, theJewish community for represented Jewishthe community yesterday” for of an “end andthesymbol era,” the rather than WWI, which was considered regularly as the final marker for “the world of This new situation significantly changed the status of the individuals as well as Creating Jewish inRomanianCulture. Identity Jewish legal Emancipation, legal Jewish 65 CEU eTD Collection language writers of Jewish started origin to find aninspiration in intheir roots, Judaism, Romanian realities. emerged newly political and social the following and Emancipation by Romanian language, encouraged andlegal political the securedby grounds in identity Jewish of a articulation of beginnings the reflect the started to literature and culture Romanian reasons. several for option natural a became culture Romanian gather around many Jewishtalented intellectuals. national Europeanization cosmopolitanismcontinued to and against parochialism The modernistpole, in consolidated time new with and refined doors variants,opened for Cultur in such Irina largely works as Livezeanu’s theirconsequences, with together analyzed, nationalizing duringinterwar centralizing implemented and policies periodwere the 1920s through “national the Thespecificity” and“Romanian essence” debate. development, Romanian intellectuals started to promote a neo-ethnic revival in the late social and economic uneven and regionalism strong a by also dominated state, multi-national a of context the in search identity and integration of problem the Facing traditionalism. and modernity between confrontation long-lasting and familiar already prejudice and limited integration, Romanian lifecultural entered anew of stage the and social insidepositioning the nation as equal citizens. cultural a different allowed and achieved finally was terms legal in integration formal the discourse, political in the argument a central into it transformed radicalism until decade into next the persist andto early manifest in1920s violently the exist andto continued to anti-Semitism if even community, Jewish the for Thus, definitions. former the altered ăú In this general context, the process of constructing a Jewish identity within Jewish identity a of theprocess constructing In this general context, Still promoting a conservative canon which tended to reflect most of the social i na Ġ ionalism înRomânia Mare (Culture and nationalism in Greater Romania) in (Cultureandnationalism Greater 66 . 49 CEU eTD Collection Yiddish cultural center of of Ia Yiddishcenter cultural Romanianenvironmentto capital, andmoved tothe vibrant abandoning the formerly WWI afew quite Yiddish andjournalistsshiftedwriters languagesand the working in the new context. A final perspective with process a Jewish soul-searching Romanian the replicating and recreating proof in favor of of ethnicthe in revival nationalisticpresented terms by Romanianthe establishment, this endeavor was the couldidentity asa be discourse spin-off perceived on“ethnic Jewish debates specificity,” fact that after the terms the reflection of an already historical social reality. Secondly, in the middle of these incultural complete to came practically discourse this culture, and presence inliterature perspective integration and of Assertingrapprochement. theJewishsocial andhistorical paralleling and replicating the mainstream Romanian national one, nevertheless from the securing a civic space for the socio-cultural manifestation of “minority discourses” of thefunction rather performed legal the Romania, inclusion interwar In ideology. aninflux assimilationist of generated whereone Emancipation Austro-Hungarian to the casecontrasted Romanian the respect, this In lands. inRomanian experience Jewish Jewish community and traditions aswell inas life thelargerperspective by on shaped the also a version of Diaspora life for the religiously and politically conservative Jewish conservative politically and religiously the for life Diaspora of a version also includingconstruct ethnic for anon-Romanian cultural reality the Romanian canon, but wasanopen grounds these emerging on literature vehicle.The samelinguistic the through transmitted society Romanian the for as well as Romania, in community Jewish affirmation of Jewish identity, values andlifestyle created a new model identityof for the exclusion. and marginalization politics, radicalized right-wing of rise mid-1930s when important mostthe works were written,immediately followed by the Eventually, the combination of spaceand Romanian the the Eventually,acculturation combination to of the ú i. The peak of this cultural direction was represented by the represented direction was this cultural of i. peak The 67 CEU eTD Collection to define their place. andfor “essence the of challengingRomanianness” the intellectuals Jewish acculturated specificity” “national for search obstinate in an engaged debates intellectual Romanian by prompted were they when case the more even was This sides. Romanian and Jewish the reconcile both model forable to an identity forsearch the necessity existential profiles andin evolving socio-politicalsuch circumstances, these manifestedwriters an profound identity bearers theseBeingthe crisis cultural grounds. of complex such on path” modelJewish traditions and religiousof values. Also, they were thethe first to overcome the “double previousborn in a mixed cultural background combining Romanian language and culture with generation werealready young intellectuals the andacculturation, modernization self-emancipation, intoafter but integration, and assimilation before zone, border Jewish in Romanian the placed a cultural rootsin being cultures, both generation terms. strong Maintaining practically first the synthesis,model, by accompanied a large andintegrative multi-faceted inproject socio-cultural also group naturally acculturated modern,them prompted a individual,to identity double exposed to a ethnic cultural project. cultural ethnic multi- in a milieu Romanian the into community and life Jewish the integrating and Jews modern conception of nation and culture on both sides, opening Jewish culture to non- and the of state newcultural of indication this became an Italso integrated. largely influences comingboth from cultures andbe transgressingsides onboth into order circles. Romanian literature with Jewish topics represented a border zone open to fluid “Double Identity” asanIntegrative Project. The intellectual profile of the of profile intellectual The 68 CEU eTD Collection project. socio-cultural integrative of the limitations in the be showing exception the to proved cultural orientationsof hison bothtime andsides. managed Through to form elicitall the tensions, contradictions, and dilemmasthe of the Romanian Jewish relevant cultural spacebook with reactions its myhis in bears for fact uniquework due tothe that significant a concentrated research debates, from all Sebastianthe important analyzed, becameandratherforstory group interwar discourse Mihail the Sebastian’s political and Without being thecivicasacase-study representative fifteen years obtaining status. after only emancipation their of limits the faced who intellectuals integrated relatively and acculturated of of a generation manifestation climactic the represented novel Sebastian’s a real foroption the writers. Formulating“double in the identity” model literary terms, as than milieu,rather social and for thecultural functioned asatest-case project identity” “double the that demonstrating debate, andaheated radical reactions scene prompted terms. social and cultural in inclusion of the process have completed would identity” project “double the enrollment, avant-gardist massive the behind as as well in Romanian” culture “Jewish of articulation the behind identified approach of integrative the Amaterialization dimension. multi-cultural modern, construct intellectuals of a few identity defininginindividual, their acivic,equalitarian, the theoretical identity”reflected “double project intellectuals, the Jewish acculturated by WithoutMihail Sebastian. representing identity model areal thewithin group of by “double identity,”of supported a few articlesby Benador andby Ury novel a debated Jewish community after Emancipation, a few intellectuals proposed the theoretical model The appearance of such an identity model, even theoretically, on the intellectual Representing the aspiration for normalization and socio-cultural inclusion of the 69 CEU eTD Collection Romanian culture. Manifested culturally through the massive culturally the presenceManifested within Romanianthrough avant- the culture. rejectingresolution within andpublic placedtheir artistic discourse between avant-garde, the the traditionalistevolution of formation whichand shapedthe creation, factors cultural and a series of social, political the intellectuals. aestheticthe mechanismsworks manifested behindtheir ideological asa of consequence culture, Also,against their itsancestry cultural This politicalwith discourse. identity crisis connecting theand crisis the and theirfactlimitationsintegration, discourse of evenopposed whichseparated a their found emergence several beinggroup both born within cultures experienced adeep identity tothe crisis due forms ofof ona evolving “double from intellectual path” interwar cultural and socialperspective,the expressiona Jewish codes andexclusion from persistent Romanian the Unlike society. generations previous and identity local cultural of acquisition and acculturation advanced between their conflict profound within maturity toa eveon the comingWWI to of languageJewish intellectuals weresubjected increasingly WWIaround after Emancipation grantedin and Romanian- 1919/1923, the intellectuals during the firstdecades of 20 the approaching Jewish identity approachingfrom Jewishidentity a new, unbiasedperspective. cultureandproject from Romanian of approaching life the space,while Jewish re- within was theideological 1930s, theanalyzedperiod.Thus, part of model largera proposed substantialthat for integrationefforts inclusion andbe donein were still to 1920s the and society. Apartfrom formal the of Jews asequal recognition it in appeared citizens 1919, Romanian spaceand the into culture of Jewishcommunity andthe project integrative The “double identity” model, proposed by the group of Jewish of by acculturated group identity”the model, The “double proposed Conclusions . Emerging as a powerful cultural presence starting with the period th century, had inthe background alarge 70 CEU eTD Collection antievreiasc 7 2899 of Ministrythe of Work, Monitorul Oficial 196/1937no quoted in Iancu, 6 România 2114 of Ministry the of National Education, Monitorul Oficial 108/1937no quoted in Iancu, Education,Monitorul Oficial179/1937 no and 5 Imprimeriile Statului, 1934), 3. 4 2000), 102. 3 187 and 197. 2 Notes: paradigms of concerningthinking relation the between collectivethe andtheindividual. political and between identity definitions basicthe incompatibility failed due to strategies. The “double identity” an model ideal represented itsolution, but eventually cultural innovative through canon conservative a of shortcomings the overcome to able alternatives for search active an and integration of desire profound the reflected options milieu,andboth towards avant-garde Romanian the literature” the “Jewish the discourses culture” within the Romanian language. Articulating acommonality integrative of culturally the acknowledgmentRomanian nation, the emergence of a “Jewish literature in Romanianof language” expressed a social reality structures and society. inclusionFollowing andlegal traditional into Emancipation the through the emergence and intellectuals revoltrejection of the embraced ossified garde andmodernist trend, of a “minority 1 Federatia Comunit Carol Iancu, Carol Iancu, Carol Carol Iancu, Carol Regulamentul Facult Regulament deaplicare aLegii pentru preg Legea pentru folosirea personalului românesc în întreprinderi , 253. ă (Bucure Emanciparea evreilor din România (1913-1919) Evreii România din (1866-1919). excludereDe la la emancipare Evreii dinRomânia de emancipare la lamarginalizare. 1919-1938 ăĠ ú ăĠ ilor Evreie ti: Hasefer, 1993). ii de Litere ú ti dinRomânia, ú i Filosofie dinCluj ă tirea profesional Regulamentul Facult Evreii din România între anii1940-1944. Legisla , Law Decree no. 2584 of the Ministry of National (Bucure ăú i exercitarea de meserii ăĠ ii de (Bucure ú ti: Hasefer,ti: 1998), 20. ù tiin Evreii din România (Bucure Ġ e din Cluj ú ti, Monitorul Oficial (Bucure ú ti: Hasefer, 2006), , Decree Law no Law , Decree , Decree Law no Law Decree , ú ti: Hasefer, ti: Evreii din , 253. 71 Ġ ia ú i CEU eTD Collection 27 26 I, 710. 25 community. 24 23 22 16/1993, , 152. 21 the the 19 20 19 18 17 16 cristiano siècle“ in 15 14 Europe Life” in Ivo Banac and Katherine13 Verdery, 1975). Crohm 1995), , Regionalism, Nation Building,and Ethnic Struggle, 1918-1930, 12 peasants and the end of against landowners among 1860s and 1870s middle class Russians. 11 19. 10 9 Humanitas, 1995), 29. 8 Iancu, LeonVolovici, Hundert ed., Rotman, Article “Heder” in Gershon David Hundert ed., Hundert David Gershon in “Heder” Article The traditional school, the school, traditional The Ibid., 156. Ibid., 155. Liviu Rotman, “Mental and cultural Structures of Romanian Jews at the turn of the century” in Liviu Rotman, “Social and economic structures of the Jewish populationof Romania in the last part of F Rotman, F Liviu Rotman, Leon Volovici, “Utopie, idéologie et littérature: Intellectuels et écrivains Juifs en Roumanie au vingtième The classification belongs to Marian Papahagi, “The ‚National Essence’ in Interwar Romanian Literary Romanian Interwar in Essence’ ‚National “The Papahagi, Marian to belongs classification The For this synthetic presentation the sources were Irina Livezeanu, Irina were sources the presentation synthetic this For Comisia Interna Tîrg Narodniks ă ă rc rc th represented a small town, a form of semi urban settlement specific for Eastern Europe. Eastern for specific settlement urban ofsemi form a town, a small represented ăú ăú ă (Yale: Yale Center forInternational and Area Studies, 1995), 157-179. century” in lniceanu, Evreii din România, an, 301. an, 300. (Angeli, 2000), 54. Millenarismi nella culturacontemporanea –Con unappendice suyovelebraico egiubileo ù ù coala coala israelito-român coala coala israelito-român were the members ofthe members the were TheYIVO Encyclopedia ù Literatura român coala israelito-român Ġ Ideologia na ional Tradi Romanian ă Ġ pentru Studierea HolocaustuluiRomânia, în ionalism 150. heder Ġ ionalist ă ă , is the elementary schooling system organized within the Jewish ú ă , , i modernitate în deceniul al treilea 98-99. 378-9. între celedou Narodnichestvo , vol. I, 710. ă ú ă (1851-1914) i “problema evreiasc National Character and National Ideology in Interwar Eastern , Volume, I,Spring 1987, number 1,15. The YIVO Encyclopedia ofJews Europe inEastern ă r ideology “thesupporting people”, the cause of the ă (Bucure zboaiemondiale ú ti: Hasefer,ti: 1999), 378. ă (New York: Cornell University Press. University Cornell (NewYork: ” în România anilor’30 Cultural Politics inGreater Romania. . (Bucure Raport Final , (Bucure , ú ti: Eminescu.1980) and O. ú ti: Minerva, 1972; 1974; (Ia ú i: Polirom,i: 2005), (Bucure Shvut , vol. , , no ú 72 ti: CEU eTD Collection 49 48 47 46 45 44 43 42 41 40 39 Press, 1991), 42. Divided passions: Jewish intellectuals andthe experience ofmodernity 38 University, 2005),158. Raphael Vago eds., 37 36 35 34 33 32 31 30 29 28 Irina Livezeanu, Irina Ibid., 33. Ibid., 121. Ibid., 123. Ibid., 108. Ibid., 117. Ibid., 34. Poggioli, 30. Peter Burger, Ibid., 43. Ibid., 162. Robert Merton, Leon Volovici, “The Response of Jewish Leaders and Intellectuals to ”in Liviu Rotman and Mendelsohn, 201. “Însemn Ibid., 115. Ibid., 76. Ibid., 69. Kuller, 16. Marius Mircu, 136. Rotman, Adam , an I, no20, 15April 1930, 15. ă ri” in ri” Theory of the Avant-Garde Povestea presei evreie Adam Cultur Social Theory and Social Structure The History of the Jews inRomania BetweenTwo the World Wars , an I,no 8-9, 1 October1929, 31. ăú i na Ġ ionalism în România Mare. 1918-1930 ú ti din România (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1992), 20. (Tel Aviv:Glob Bat-Yam, 2003), 14. (New York, 1957) quoted in Paul Mendes Flohr, (Bucure (Detroit: Wayne State University ú ti: Humanitas,ti: 1998). (Tel Aviv: Tel Aviv 73 CEU eTD Collection chapter basicallychapter amissinglink offers between previous focused section, on the which the Thus, current in the individual terms. intellectuals Jewish were the whoacculturated researching while generational approach maintains acollective chapter the current writers, members of the generation from those who follow them in time” whilepatterns, “a with providing of sense rupture (…) thatthewill past distinguish later the consciousness” frame for asa identity which functioned of cohesive reference already the analyzed “generational a common articulated experience social and cultural political, andJewish integrate roots to them within the largerbody nation. The commonality of Romanian of status the for Emancipation of effects Jewsthe experience to first the were they Also, and, thus, for were struggling previouslegal generation for journalistsscholarsof who and Emancipation. the reshaping from early 1920s. Theyfully confronted end the of “assimilationist”the project of the of a modern manifestations theWWI anti-Semitic faced the later trauma and experienced intellectuals identity, the movement, national a Jewish of emergence the and century the of ablebeginning to preserve the A Generational Portrait: Romanian-Language Jewish Intellectuals Witnessing as children the massive Jewish migration towards the West from the from West the towards migration Jewish massive the children as Witnessing Undertaking a socio-cultural analysis of of trajectories the biographical the of Undertakinganalysis asocio-cultural during the Interwar Period Chapter 2. 1 . 74 CEU eTD Collection &ă Yiddish culture here. Ury here. was in Benador Yiddish culture Mih of tradition important the was factor another identity; and traditions their maintained which incommunities compact was concentrated factsizableJewishdue tothe that population communities. The Jewish from morewhich religious Romanian compact, segregated the were andrelatively culture was stronger here than in the other urban Regat regions part, known basically itsfor traditional semi-rural Yiddish speaking moving Bucharestto should bementioned. Thus, afewcases of MoldavianYiddish-born intellectualsRomanian shifting to and it. doincentiveshad to Romanian languageor to the acculturated werealready communities basically mainthe andWallachia, formerMoldavia areaswhereJewish Regat, from from identity of futurethe intellectual. Thus, generally speaking, all intellectuals analyzed came the thus and community the of evolution the influenced have might locality the of structure as well as onthegeneral background whichinfluencedthem. Alsothesize and ethnic the intellectuals usually offersimportant data on the community which to type they belonged, identitythe in options toshedorder light more on the collective processes within thegroup. case individual in each details eventually chapter this socialization, or education formation, origin, of in terms patterns common certain emphasize to able details biographical strategies of articulating identity in their writings.Focusing on investigationthe of private methods and to which are dedicated following chapters, andthe three cultural discourse, of politics and patterns identity certain for option the determining mechanisms of analysis lugaru came toBucharest from Dorohoi, Boto A. TheOrigins: Regional and Cultural Identity In Moldavia, the future intellectualsIn future mainlyfrom the Moldavia, itscame and Eastern Northern ă ileni, Boto ú ani County. Although he grewup in ú ani, Sa while . The birth place of the of place birth . The shtetl ú a Pan communities, ă and Ion 75 CEU eTD Collection province, at least Although milieu there. Ia for Beniamin Fundoianu,andWallachia andlater moving Bucharest to to join Romanian languagethe intellectual F. Brunea-Fox andidentities. I.minority’s ethnic Ludo distinct other in among model theanother first years intellectual intellectual problem; in multicultural Br asan rather perceived Romanian, beitJewish or identity, ethnic on perspective detached andstructure relationsalsochanged.have This Mihail fact might generated Sebastian’s American urban model; due tothe size and to the ethnic composition of the place, the social areas asin in competed city many different communities where ethnic a multicultural economic and social life of the Capital. Br integrated speakers andwith to the origin a special Sephardic remarkably native community of Romanian of majority the with acculturated, more was population the factor, concentration and percentage Moldavia.than Atthe same and time probably due also tothis them.Contrasting with Bucharest, the rest of Wallachia counted a smaller population opposition to the typical was he later born study and returned to in Ia famous Jewish quarters ( quarters Jewish famous livingmainly in Jewish hadits asignificant population Bucharest Nevertheless, character. were Jews, had a differentsocial determined byitsstructure modern andhighly urban 10% of out which asametropolisa bigpopulation with Bucharest, different; was radically of community the structure the inthis region, Jewishcommunity the greatest in Bucharest, especially and Wallachia In population. Jewish of consisting largely city a was time that by Fundoaia (nearHer Fundoaia Basically, two clusters Basically, two ofyoungintellectuals emerged,coming from Moldavia Ġ a, Bukovina) where his grandfather was wherehisgrandfather a, Bukovina) shtetls ú i intellectually appealingwas also asthe capital of Moldavian the Calea V of and of Benador Ury C Ion ăFă re ă ila, Jewish or Romanian identity justrepresented ă ú ti ila used to be a very cosmopolitan middle-range (V ú i his father hadwhere hisbusiness and which ăFă re ú ti ti Avenue)it novel in described ă lugaru), although not limitedlugaru),although not to arendar 2 , Beniamin Fundoianu Beniamin , 76 CEU eTD Collection support hissupport son in school, decidedtosend him learn to by a trade apprenticing; future the father,perspective.a Camil different poor Baltazar’s timber-maker whowasunableto Ion C communitythe offered tosupport them partially itwas as case,the uptoacertain forpoint, (unless interrupt their studies to childrenwereoften determined modestfamilies, the more and whilefor professional includingstudies abroad the university aseries opportunities, of family further career, couldand afuture education population as well.Therefore, offer expanding clienteleJewish within both andand poorer Gentile environment, richer arendars with small manufacturers, artisans, craftsmen and petty traders (tailors, merchants, secure amore thefamily for businessmen) wereableto stable environment compared when elite. emerging the of trajectory intellectual the on impact a significant had all resources and generalthe environmentwere directly influenced by financialthe level and accesstocultural studiesabroad, training, tohighertype,and professional access education family and the educational opportunities at handfor young the intellectual. The schooling the of capacity financial the in determining essential were level, economic families’ the Bucharest was a more acculturated place. was amore acculturated Bucharest of development and Yiddishfor culture Zionism and Hebrewlanguagewereleftbehind; Romanian language and Romanian milieucultural as the old traditional for centers the of of Ia the WWI, possibilitiesofferedafter by won the provincial the over Capital atmosphere the ú i. sameleavingthe Ia Attime, ă lugaru), become an unskilled worker at an early age and approach life from a , shoemakers). They were better paid, had more stable jobs, usually with an First of all, the professionals (medical doctors, lawyers, pharmacists, accountants, pharmacists, lawyers, doctors, (medical professionals the all, of First B. Socio-Economical Background. ú i Br or ă ila, the intellectuals made a clear option for the intellectuals madeaclearila, option the The parents’ profession and, subsequently 77 CEU eTD Collection more moneymore for anew biggerhouse, offering education asound and university studies for expandinghis doctor, as a earning professional clientele, provincial successful trajectory analyzing thecareer of andfinancial family the father’s the development through school years, accounting it later in his novels. Pan novels. in his later it accounting years, school classmate, Ion C classmate, during experiences hisstudies.traumatic anti-Semitic On contrary, hispoorer the and young wereinfluenced by father’s Sa social relations status the sad childhood years by assuring ahappylife histo children. Also Jewish the –Gentile happy protected childhood from any as restraints his father was trying tocompensate his 13 at the ageof attempt suicidal poet had towork in trades, different describinghis misery and unhappinesshis through living individuals. In his memoir his In individuals. living them ifpopulation lessaround interacting compared with and poorer, often the segregated- Gentile the amongst also but themselves, for identity Jewish of perception different The social broughtby determined connections their profession togethera and status different as the self-consciencefor andthefamilyfuture projects the expectations, andchildren were strivings accountant, of a social standing and aspirationsfinancial set different standards.and higherimposed expectations from their offspring. Even ifmight therenot be agreat social difference education. further between abandoned they age, early an from a successfulcaused theyoung toabandon writer and starteducation makingliving. a Starting towork tailorinmaker hardly Jewishthe quarter, making alivingfor family,the factwhich a soon and a small a in tailor and his fatherwas a family his mother manufacturers; wasalingerie- small of businessman or The middle-class professional environment offered adifferentbackground and ă lugaru, seemed to have been affected by have during lugaru, attitude seemed to been anti-Semitic affected the 3 . A similar case was represented by I. Peltz who was born 1ă scut in02 4 Sa in ‘02), (Born ă ’s memoir offered rich material for material rich offered memoir ’s ú ú a Pan a Pan a ă ă wassparedby described his described 78 CEU eTD Collection even if practicethey not would later, supporting them sacrifices. sometimes great with The continuechildren were to their and university professions studies “respectable” embrace their that were determined all of families son a teacher, the casewith the Emil Dorian, a request formal higher degree.Evenif family didthe nothave aswas sufficientresources, andprinters, even as editors publicationsthe neededtalented individuals and didnot education. Thus many them of ended upworkingin publishing and press ascorrectors, they rebelled and for looked moreintellectual liberal occupations, butnot requiring higher jobrequest or practice market tothe according it, they to continued a skills within trade, for awhileapprentice ingain order to fortraining themselves securingthen, and after the families had to take up an occupation manualconnected with activity, work as going to them from beginningthe to intelligentsia/elitethe Usually group. childrenthe born in poor degrees (sometimes never finished) with clearly determined liberal professions ascribing practiced chosencareer,they the by were determined familiestheir topursue university never they if Even intellectuals. born middle-class the for status of consolidation and acknowledging,maintaining andcontinuing the parents’ success, aswell as social progress in form of a area of expertise parents’ the with was connected for choice aprofession the profession of their children.Apart from financialthe securingresources their future studies, was significant. integration with and thedegree of acceptance status of social and economic the The connection school. prosperous remembered happily his time spent as a child on the estate administrated by his father, a friendship with peasantsthe during hisin childhood his his son, butalso imposing choice the of his future career. Describing this sympathy for and Secondly, parents’ occupation and economic level determined the future career future or the level determined and economic occupation parents’ Secondly, arendar in justMoldavia, asmuch as Sa ú a Pan Amintiri ă evoked his happy years in (Memories) 5 , I. R , I. ăFă ciuni 79 CEU eTD Collection high. Having such examples in front of them, intellectual the and professional models were children to continue same at the level intellectual of the occupations familytheir were very Mântuirea of the family, later facilitating Beniamin’s entrance into Bucharest journalism as editor of Steuerman–Rodion) was also an important figure of the time while A. L. Zissu was a friendRomania and alsoinworked journalism.Fundoianu’s uncle Adolphe (the poetAvram Schwarzfeldfamily foundedwho and Jewish promoted historiography and culture in intellectual Beniamindebates. Fundoianu’smother camefrom famousthe intellectual foreign toFranceand traveled were familiarduring theirthey studies, andwith with Romanian languagesRomanian literature. Asand French a rule, theyoungintellectuals were speaking French from whoParis,his last sharingwere with his sympathies readersof also parents passionate home,reader spending all hissavings childhood on books and ordering the last novelties from had of integration children and theirsuccess. Sa professional early accessspeaking also Yiddish asafirstlanguage) theeconomic greatly increased andsocial as a it in (even mother tongue were andspeaking Romanian caseswherethe parents to culturein foreign languages and musical education, when parents were emphasizing learningthe of and children grew up with home libraries in Romanian and inforeign languages, with training were familiarintellectuals,success of as future the identity.well as middle-classfuture The their fact that with applicants. Jewish secure their earningbeing without forced dependto on state jobs, usuallynotaccessible to any exceptions, intellectuals thefuture were supposed to join liberal professions able to werecoming from law,the professions field; medical without economic, preferred financial . Coming from such an educated family andbackground, the expectations of the Thirdly, the level of culture acquired from chances of increased the from home acquired of level Thirdly,culture the ú a Pan ă was an was an literature avid 80 CEU eTD Collection Romanian language affiliation represented to a literature, culture and intellectual the schools, Romanian Israelite inthe or system public Romanian in the education extent the identity identity the extent model of intellectualsand discourse the analyzed. Thus the socio-professional and economic position of the families determined to a great professionals, financially stable individualsless were prejudiceexposed to and persecution. the and educated the community, Jewish the to if belonging Even elite. Jewish in favor of made for society the Gentile difference agreat background social Here the and professional environment which acted as a safety which as Sa (see network asafety acted andenvironment professional andanti-Jewishdue prejudice to the socialinherentnetwork, connections a decreasing of chancesthe of youngthe men to experience hostile the and environment the survive professionally. those market, unable toread,write and speakRomanian had tofind aJewishmilieu to trapped Otherwise environment. within professional Jewishcommunity the working knowledge onRomanian society, which would later favor then his Romanianadaptation to chancesgreater theyoung man had tobetter by acculturate andacquiring Romanian the cycle, educational end the Jewishtraditional of the especially after further, education her) (or his continue to child the send to had family resources more The system. schooling toreligiousearly inwas restricted education and knowledge Hebrew reading the journalism,literature. practicing teaching,In and the case of poorer the traditional families, families intellectual in born children those of case in the significant more even was this already from familythe apart tocontinuedefined, pressure asocial and professional path; C. Religious, Linguistic andEarly EducationalEnvironment Finally, the economic level and the social position of the family sometimes caused ú a Pan . Acquired through ă ’s memoirs). heder 81 CEU eTD Collection The same happened with intellectuals and in writers; order to gain a wider audience,in jobs,occupations, education,most andsocialization, entertainment of inthem Romanian. andindividuals more leave had to their communities for urban spaces offering new More changes. political new the to due disappeared exchange, constant in a before contacts culturally flourishing environment, such as in former Galicia and Russia with itwhich had Yiddish from writers endthe of 19 the great in of the tradition for aliterary the space career the context newthe post-Unification andin Jewish communities peoplein within compact the rural offerareas, butunable the to mainlyliterature, andYiddishculture was amonglanguage agreat popular the generating in topursue higherorder education for social and economic advancement. Although a rich decreased,whileformeryoung the Yiddishgenerations alsohadtolearn centers Romanian althoughwere severed; Yiddish togenerate a continued rich andgreat literature poets, the population in regionthe with largerthe Yiddishin speaking centers Galicia, Russia, Poland between Jewish the contacts joined the Romania, and Bucovina when Bessarabia where majority the settlements, of Yiddish the1918Unification After consisted speakers. ( communities semi-rural traditional compact of consisted settlements due to lower, most factthat the of the of Romanian speakerswas percentage Moldavia, the speaking Romanian and even declaringitas a mother intongue 1930 the census. In public consisting not only of , but also of Romanian acculturated Jews. awider accessto the enlarging also represented state of language the tothe acculturation regions previously by dominated Hungarian, German, RussianorYiddish cultures, in minorities nationalizing at aiming institutions and education, official administration, whichenvironment became dominantin all after WWI.regions Due to thecountry’s In Wallachia there was already a strong majority of Jewish majority population of astrong already was there In Wallachia th century. Chances of further development in a development further of Chances century. shtetls ) orurban 82 CEU eTD Collection change was writer Ury Benador; son of a Yiddish language writer, Benador had Yiddish as cultural life developing in new forms Emancipation.after Jewish strong the through as well as atmosphere, anti-Semitic intermittent the through be factcould explained this acculturation and Emancipation; despite the recent intellectuals the for strong remained identity Jewish Nevertheless, terms). similar in Judaism in Hebrewlanguage, wasconducted the and on focusing education, mandatory early The family). Zissu’s L. A. example, (for Moldavia in Northern communities Hassidic important as well as communities, speaking to Romanian. significantly speakers werenativeacculturated Romanian or intellectuals current study came exclusively from Moldavia andWallachia astheonly areas where the as aculture literature Therefore, writers researchedin the and theirthe through education. started their careersin Romanian havingafter studiedin it school and beingfamiliar with it Hebrewin the beginningand toRomanian then changed L.ZissuandUryBenador),(A. or Romanian. Thisis casethe writing of whoeitherinseveral writers started and Yiddish order to findjobs and participate in a larger dialogue, intellectuals had tochoosewritingin participation in religious celebrations (Sa celebrations religious in participation as aswell community and family with connections entertaining of value symbolic system. Littleof the Gentile by majoritylittle,ininterested studying further, student the compromised a traditional lifestyle with habits the with whom underhe came inusually traininginthe decreased in Jewish subjects order to favor secular topics. If contactthe whileeffect entering before Israelite tothe the Romanian goingschool system public Romanian or to where a ofnew educationalacculturation, religion was reduced to the One of One in of interestingandlanguage most ofidentity cases the articulation terms Yiddish traditional observant many were there Moldavia in religion, of terms In heder ú a Pan a , the community’s, the first educational level ă ’s memoir described his relation with relation his described memoir ’s 83 CEU eTD Collection and with his connections nostalgic and past identity; in profound this sense, he was still and although he understood occasionally used it, mainly foras translations artistic purposes tongue, mother his not was Yiddish Fundoianu, Beniamin for contrary, the On country. audience his for themostlyZionistcultural doctrine inBucharest, region acculturated the of prestige of andZissu acculturated start decided writingto in for Romanian reachingalarger Thus, apart frombecame a successfulin journalist Romanian andpublications writer. his writing in both Hebrew and Yiddish, even a Zionist leader of the publication Puntea defilde review directed the language, Zissufounded the monthly review Casa exegesis and Jewish thought and by ageof the 20 adiploma of rabbi by (recognized the languages.both By ageof the asound16, Zissu acquired knowledge in Talmud, versed in Judaism, Hebrew hemastered and Yiddish and was able topractice journalism in originally from Northern Moldavia, was imposedintellectual trajectory needthe mastering of Romanian the language. A.L.Zissu, the descendent of a famous Hassidiclaterand to Capital the finally,a careerinand, building and after literature family. his pressthere, Well dominantarea of work. After moving from his Moldavian his became which inRomanian activity his with in parallel 1940s, till intermittently newspaper andliterature practicing journalism. His journalistic debut wasin Yiddish in in 1916 pointlater hemasteredtothe mother of acquiring tongue,writing a which Romanian ù coalelor) which he never used. Starting his journalistic career first in first Hebrew the career journalistic his Starting which henever used. coalelor) Licht Der Hamer Mântuirea , before collaborating on Romanian-language Jewish publications like Hatikvah ú (The ivory bridge) ivory (The review in Gala review . Despite these strong connections with Jewish culture, Zissu also culture, Jewish with connections strong Despite these . which he edited with Iacob he which Boto edited with Iacob , Hasmonaea Ġ i. Writing also in Yiddish, he collaborated with the with he collaborated in Yiddish, also Writing i. Hamekitz or founding greatest the Jewish Romanian ú in Piatra Neam in Piatra ansky and continued publishing shtetl to the multiethnic Br multiethnic the to Ġ , and later also , andlater Adam, ă ila 84 CEU eTD Collection successful alsoreligious thus the successful decreased while thefamily environment; attachment were comingfrom families, already usually middleacculturated from class, professionally intellectuals Jewish Romanian-speaking native The identity. Jewish a strong shaping of knowledge effect hadthe and religious Hebrew on based Jewish education The traditional majority. local the of language the choice natural a as had who and field professional the comingfrom traditional milieus of Yiddish speakers with a strong ambition to succeed in shiftfrom Romanian mainlyYiddish to occurred in the case youngof the intellectuals social leadingconsequences toinsertion into the Romanian intellectual Theenvironment. Regat Jewish intellectual groups though a strong process of acculturation followed byits former language consolidation among the of taking nowdemonstrated place Romanian andlanguage the wider Asaresult, audience. changeprocess professional accomplishment visible within Jewishintellectual the duringgroups the interwar period in a search for Semitism. whobutalso Emancipation, abandoning granted without asocio-cultural anti-and political minorities, of nationalization cultural and political the involved which milieu conflicting of a basically expression the represent with culture Jewish theirand connection reviving writersthe acculturating and toRomanian for practical purposes intellectuals preserving the customs symbolizing his connection Even ifwith Judaism. suggesting two opposing trends, community schools through inparticipation religious and celebrations preservation of being religiously Jewish was reinforced in absencethe of ineducation of consciousness the Still, family. his of socialization and profession through integration himself comingfromas a non-religious family which hardly any observed due rules to the able to translate Yiddish poems and publish them in different reviews. Sa in different them publish and poems Yiddish translate able to Basically, an important trend of language change from Yiddish to Romanian was Romanian to Yiddish from change language of trend important an Basically, ú a Pan heder ă declared and 85 CEU eTD Collection cosmopolitanism history through music,of foreign arts, languages, worldliterature and provided anextensive and knowledge onarts , anopening world tothe and to system educational same The schools. non-Jewish only track educational entire the ifreligious education, he never attended Romanian formal ifor education he attended for type the and Jewish cultural and influenced degreeof and to shapedaccording differently hisher)identity was of (or perception a Jewish student’s Therefore, identities. ethnic distinct of affirmation and regionalism against worked policies educational the identity, and and groups religious even Romanianthe maintainedpopulation astrongregional Unification when a sizable percentage of populationthe (roughly consisted28%) of ethnic history. Justified religious or anationally-centeredRomanian education approach Orthodox on culture and by theoppressing the actual background of non-Romanian the student with Christian obligatory identitysometimes instrument, nationalizing a as also functioned groups, identity regional crisis of Greaterin which, caseof the background andminorities as well ethnic as in religious caseof the cultural Romanian Romaniasolid a secure to planned disciplines These Judaism). and history Jewish in the yearswell as after“Jewish subjects”theliterature, 1918 classes (inFrench the public education provided basically Israelitea sound trainingin Romanian languagehistory, and and sometimes Romanian Romanian the as well as School Israelite Romanian the example, For Germansystem. schooling system, as inforeign terms of languages,Hebrew,formal education theattended, individuals had astandard training by programmed the music and visual arts, as Judaism asbeing of concern private due to families”“non-religious their their and declaring theirintegration, planning acculturated became more secularized, D. Formative Environment andIntellectual Influences. According to the level of level the to According 6 . 86 CEU eTD Collection atmosphere andatmosphere an officialeffacing the Jewish background supporting the education couldenvironment supportand consolidate asecularized,through culturally Romanian interpretation on cultureand approach andidentity. Thusthe home and the familiar home the information, with of contradicted andnew sources environment educational offriendsor and observance. Thenetwork enriched, stimulated andacquaintances religious language of usage,traditions, preservation customs, education through and acculturation Jewish identity was often preserved asaform of effects the of Romanian counteracting according to directions, historical theinterpretation, andmanners of approaching surrounding the world family history, and and forcertain preferences literary refinedtastes consolidated politicized types, the contacts with societywriting. controversial in a or culture Romanian with characterized Fundoianu as empire French the of the cultural aperiphery and ” became a“cultural whileRomania main center, asthe functioned training.France Regat, former the for regions, European Central for and area Transylvanian the for centers alsosignificant Austria andHungary represented century ,already. If 19 in the life Romanian in the influence French the of importance the showed position. economic and cultural political, predominant its to due it in interest education,state anatural inclination for theFrench speaking world, from apart natural the translationsavailable were not inmany Therefore studentshad,cases. once studying inthe originalthe language was notonly itbutadvisable,was often a must asRomanian languageforeign studied in former andthe in literature Regatareas.Reading press French first wasprivilegedin literature was practically asthis the and interest culture French history. Because the cultural training wasplannedas general as possible,and European the Apart from Apartfrom formal education, background the provided by family and friends 87 th CEU eTD Collection environment of environmentof his intellectual family.identity His was of product the intellectual the inregion hewhich was born,as well theas to cultural background and intellectual synthesis Romanian,of Jewish modern intellectualand European influences due tothe enrolling in cosmopolitanthe modernist direction. in comparedinterested more on Jewish topicsif with more acculturated the writing traditional with littleenvironment, in formal education officialthe system were naturally literary of topics, intellectuals the with a strong Jewish educational and background coming terms from in a Also cult. personality a built creation entire his whom for universalism paradigm absolute Ludwigcomposer van the and creative Beethoven, of genius , Franz novelists were his favorite languageliterature; German the preferring and frivolous, Werfel, Stefan for French as taste general the perceived healways nativespeaker, to it.AsaYiddish Zweig, whilepromotingmainly French culture andliterature, Ury Benador hisopposed own background his obsessiveconnection intellectualtheir and writers the of identity intellectual the of to development the for Romanianimportance model culture was permanent tension between formal personal education and was environment of utmost and society. offered of Benador in their accounts interpretation. experiences This school supporting this Contradicting the formal education system rejectedfinding and not himself/herself represented within it. IonC butnever andassimilated, feltas intimate personalduetothe constant feeling ofbeing would developin contradiction with a Romanian education and culture which will be Romanizing in atmosphere school and find hisidentity repressed; thus Jewishthe identity traditional, family, religious self-conscious of his identity would havebeen puzzled by the shaping of Romanianthe identity.cultural In the same way, astudent comingfrom a BeniaminFundoianu’slife representedand work agreatexample of complex the ă lugaru andUry 88 CEU eTD Collection French literary literary scene, wasageneral French trend. forpersonal worldliterature, currentliterary efforts, andtrends movements and especially Nevertheless, international the opening, beit acquirededucation, through family or capital; the literary trends that attracted the intellectuals, the publications on which they which on publications the intellectuals, the attracted that trends literary the capital; effect of intellectual circles and network affiliation for the intellectual evolution was university (where, just as just Sa university (where, culture without complexes and dilemmas, aside from hostilethe environmentperceived in Jewish, Romanian shapingand universal cultural roots, acomplexidentity at easeinany in Fundoianu’s Haskalainfluence casepromoted environment the contrary, andthesecular who, although felt excluded acculturated, from school the and On official the discourse. education strength reinforced the of Jewish identity and among background some students national-oriented A Romanian periods. later the of individualities intellectual complex the generated formative conflicting trajectory within one’s or influences converging these of combination the also affinities, and interest personal and orientation schooling time Romanian andculture French his and roots, languages. Jewish literatures and German proof of interestthe inmodern culture. ThusEuropean Fundoianu embracedatthe same (influential in Bukovina)and French informer(influential were cultures Regat) presentas a with which Fundoianu’shad sound knowledge of Yiddish and Hebrew)andfamiliar with Romanianthe literature generationfamily (his tradition cultural Jewish the to time same at the connected principles, identifyHaskala to a great Jewish bourgeoisextent. milieu of Northern Moldavia,culturally followingemancipated, the At the same time German E. Intellectual Contacts: Networks, Informal Groups, Intellectual Circles. Intellectual Groups, Informal Networks, Contacts: E. Intellectual The cultural opening and direction acquired throughfamily and friends’ influence, ú a Pan ă a fewyears hefaced later, anti-Semitism). The 89 CEU eTD Collection as Marcel Iancu and whom withheVinea, andIon hadmet in worked in his adolescence Tzara Tristan poetry, pre-Dadaist Romanian Tzara’s of Tristan collection the contacts withcontacts literary the in scene when Paris in Thus traveling. 1934, Sa their as well as in Romania, living still were they while work friends’ their of abroad in direction,opposite helping processthe of publication,and translation publicization in participation and projects home.publications Also functionedconnections these in the through scene literary Romanian the within presence artistic intellectual’s the maintaining to Evenafter connectionscontributed leaving inRomania,these together Bucharest. as group his avant-garde formernative in and colleague Dorohoi education continuing their publishing house,he of edited some C Ion debut in When debut Sa print. inspent Capital,the and whereFundoianu Brunea-Fox’s determined literary supported common interests in avant-gardethe and was consolidated during theirjournalistic period in Ia started within environment.work The friendship between Beniamin Fundoianu and F. Brunea-Fox individual friendships, personal connections, especially builtthose during school years or integrate individualthe Jewishwithin and Romanian cultural backgrounds. formative theenvironmentreconstruct plans influenceschapter of andto the to current intellectual . By including this social intellectual dimension of analysis,the the level was especiallysignificant during as adolescence peak the formative momentin one’s thesocial through literary affiliation mediation of the The context. social by the filtered in movements collaborated or cultural the they could betoalargewhich participated extent The basic social contact mediating the early cultural influences was represented by influencesmediating was represented early cultural the The basic social contact ú i, where they were studying in the same school. It grew stronger due totheir grew stronger It in same school. the studying i,were they where (First poems of Tristan Tzara), while Tristan Tzara kept in touch with artists ú a Pan ă became the animator of theanimator became ă lugaru’s himlugaru’s and writings promoted within the (one)publication and Primele poeme ale lui ú a Pan ă published 90 CEU eTD Collection the amphytrion of the circle, Ilarie Voronca, Cezar Baltazar, Ion Ion C Baltazar, Cezar Voronca, Ilarie circle, the of amphytrion the Attending the same Integral, brought together Jewish and Romanian contributors. As a member of the editorial board regardlessof of their intellectuals Jewish most political of Romanian-language of the collaboration the supported opinions. Its editors, I. Ludo, Idov Cohn and Miron Grindea, connections and milieus werecreated. andmilieus connections sharing similar artistic andpolitical opinions and thus artisticnuclei intellectual of futurethe intellectuals found in jobs fields)these facilitated between contact individuals relationships between individuals. Working fora journal or a publishing house (as most of collaborator. andfriend former toIon Vinea, was dedicated français”, poem de in first “Exercice French, Sernet, Constantin Brancusi and . As a proof of theirfriendship, Fundoianu’s Claudesettlefriend actorLucaGridu, to sincechildhood, Voronca, such inFrance as Ilarie friendly inenvironment Paris, being surrounded by friends coming from Romania in order exchange of literary his a and cultural with in updates friends and recreated Romania distance, the maintainedChandelier). Despite and Fundoianu an correspondence extensive Fundoianuin translated Zissu’sFrench friendship with A. L.Zissu, trying topromote latter’s the work in inFrance; 1928 representative poems in Romanian. After his departure, Fundoianumaintained his old his friends in Romania the volume the in Romania friends his Romania. WhileFundoianu wasalready in hemanagedParis, topublish with supportthe of Apart from school or family environment, the working place also facilitated personal Brunea-Fox Brunea-Fox withworked together IlarieIon C Voronca, Sbur ă torul circle, such as writers FelixAderca –greatly by appreciated Priveli Confesiunea unuicandelabru Adam ú ti , a well-known Jewish literary literary Jewish , a publication, well-known (Landscapes) (1930), collecting hismost ă lugaru and M.H.Maxy. (The Confession of a ă lugaru, Beniamin lugaru, 91 CEU eTD Collection unable to allow them support themselves while practicingit. Therefore, securinga their remained literature in study currentthe essentially defined themselvesas writers, for thegreat majority writing to function in wider projects, associations, formal organizations. in associations, to function projects, wider acquaintances)small to (informal social groups circles)groups, extending networks able to through socialthe level comingwere personal connections (friendships, through Adrian and Marcel theIancu review andfriends Vinea, Ion with founded forcolleagues France, Tzara together Tristan departure his Before professional orartisticfurther favoringcollaborations. endeavors activities for cultural literary interests, networks by were created projects, of facilitated community maintaining the connection with most of them. In time, based on individual connections forcontributors thepublication, groupunited the keeping aroundtheir artistic creedand funds theperseveranceoffinding and through group andthe readers,publishers founder of founder of reviewthe and of publishingthe house and Ion andC Ion projects involving Ilarie Voronca, involving IlarieSa projects Voronca, house example, For grouparoundpublicationwere created. the avant-gardist and publishing the chancethe before of works beingpublished. each other’s reading Fundoianu,Peltz orUry I. regular in Benador, participants socialized debates, the andhad Thus, apart from the home and educational environment, other influences mediated influences other from homeandeducational Thus, apart the environment, Based ona community literary of and cultural views, intellectual groups and circles unu F. The Professional Background of the Writers. ă maintained a communitystrong feeling,forging friendships and common lugaru.Especially Sa violon d’Ingres ú a Pan ú a Pan ă , the center as of , the group the editor-in-chiefthe and as the socio-economic and cultural context was context andcultural as socio-economic the ă , painter Maxy,Bogza,, painter VictorBrauner Geo unu (The Symbol) (1912). , contributed to the preservation of preservation the to contributed , Although all the intellectuals the all Although 92 CEU eTD Collection support (Mihail finishSebastian could not his indoctorate law in France) and being forced universitynever graduated they as neverfinished their education; financial usually lacking philosophy, Tristan Tzara settledin Paris in 1920 to study chemistry. Many intellectuals of a liberal profession. Forinstance,leaving in 1915 for Zurich to studyletters and infavor finally but their course in changed humanities, a career initially chose intellectuals diploma recognized by Casa Advanced School Commerce.of A. L.Zissuhada solid training, religious his getting rabbi from graduated Commercialthe Academy while Sergiu Danhadsome training atthe R Isaiia option: wasalsoan army. Economics in theRomanian rank officer graduatingmedical from doctor, military school and amilitary becoming with doctor an and asmilitary served medical staff WWI; Sa during University from Bucharest graduated was option:a second Emil Dorian medical profession inworking the office of a attorneyreputed and representingcases in different court. The Mihail Sebastian practiced only during financial breaks from his journalism playwriting,or wasstill he although member practiced, Ilarie never BarAssociation; Voronca, of a the Emancipation whileperiod being toRomanian restricted citizens. Thus arelawyers:there Jewish during pre- inaccessibletoapplicants the because these areaswereusually individual system within state the such administration, as education, andmilitary ranks on liberal the market.job Notmuch interest into was professionstaken placing the in secure aspecializedsciences order to andhighly qualifiedjob with opportunities greater or medicine, law, economics people chose success, and integration social economic and professions; following the family model and the efforts of previousthe for generations First, was of there liberal some category the although of them never practiced. themselves, formal profession for apriority through familyrepresented education their as well for as ù coalelor, but coalelor, which he used. Exceptionally, never afew ú a Pan ă followed his father’s path hisfather’s followed path as a ăFă ciuni 93 CEU eTD Collection Bucharest for furtherBucharest studies, but hewas unable tofinishitdue to financial difficulties. Dorohoi, IonC in gymnasium and school Israelite–Romanian the attending After publications. important at corrector first became I.Peltz thus, lowest paid; ifthe accessible, even most werethe press differentjobs tosupport himself. Due to lackthe of any formal editorialdegree, the jobs in primary school, fromUry school in Benadorthe 6 was theself-taught, anti-Semitic father of one of his competitor colleagues, which caused him to be expelled forced social andFelix political. Aderca was unablefinish to his due studies to ascandal caused by from early notfinishing for Reasons varied, from were therefore education ranging economical to adolescence to practicenational-oriented educationalto pursuestudies outside community, their on capacity interestand of studyingin a system, as well as to integrate financial on the depended received in of the type with support chosen education connection in the state schooling system. factors these conditions; and difficult competition economic social prejudice, to exposed from were writers comingmiddle future the intellectuals families, class with comparedthe if in time Earlier writing. and journalism to limited practically were who and qualification was a difficult problem whofor those had tointerrupt their studies earlier any without literary interests. field,closer to their in journalistic for alternatives the look field they abandoningwere trainedfor, families’ their their or own inold projects to order andAlmost abandonedliterature none of them inthe journalism and university). practiced journalisticor occupation (Brunea-Fox and Beniamin Fundoianu became more interested in workto more in toearn order money,many were already involved in favorite literary their Gazeta ilustrat Unlike thoseintellectuals whohad aprofessional unfinished education alternative, ă lugarumoved with financial help offered by Jewishthe community to ă (The Illustrated Gazette) (1916), and later became editor for several became (1916),andlater Gazette) editor Illustrated (The th grade.Coming from a poor family unablehis tosupport studies after 94 CEU eTD Collection and literary andcareer. literary school, move toBucharestand his dedicate activity histo already journalistic successful A.Cuza, C. fearedthe failed professor Fundoianu, determining poet the toabandon Law anti-Semitic with economy political Studying province. Moldavian the of capital in the also After studying for the whole educational wholeforAfter the Ia educational studyingin cycle 1920s described inhis memoir, hemovedBucharest in to tocontinueorder hisstudies. twoyearsatIa after institute; students. Planning tobecomestudents. Sa amilitary doctor, professor A. C.Cuza, who propagated his ideology and hismembership party among center of anti-Semitic studentdemonstrations intheearly 1920s dueto presence the of inespecially terms literary of life.Evenmore,and journalistic Ia more for professionals, andopportunities offered more thus resources concentrated which, especiallywas 1918, after reinforced asthecapital Romania,of Greater which decreasedandcultural capital center favoring Bucharest provincialized, and academic Exceptionally, Beniamin older Fundoianu andhis friend Brunea Fox Sa (and were studies the futureUniversity. students overwhelmingly Bucharest choosing in provincethe for writersthe originally from Moldavia andWallachia,for university publication literary his at job Eventually he entered journalism when his Latin Eugen professor Lovinescu offeredhim a During 19 the of their studies,before but finishing their academic education they moved toBucharest. while) studied atIa If high-school education was completed usually in the native or nearby town th andbeginning of 20 the ú i boreareputation University, which timethe still at of beginning the Sbur ú i University, due to the anti-Semitic environment in early the environment anti-Semitici the to due University, ă torul and quitted school. th century, the reputation of Ia ú a Pan ú i, theLaw started School Fundoianu ă enrolled in enrolled medico-military the ú i becameUniversity the ú i as a Moldavian ú a Pan ă for a 95 CEU eTD Collection unavailable toJewish graduates like most of jobsthe in public Eventhe sector. if were there of the young intellectuals able andpublicdiscourse researchers, formation toinfluence the and education generations. were supposed graduates to lookfor jobs ineducation in and professors, university as Before testifies1923, these the as opposed perpetuationto thesignificantnumber among of humanities graduates Romanian students crucial positionsstriking of orientation Jewishthe of studentstowards practical studies and liberal professions a social and in economic society measure werestudies. oflegally security.a short university in period before leavingBucharest, in 1915 forZurich attendto university The humanitiesLeaving hisnative Moine inParis. school medical in the enrolled Blecher Max inRoman, gymnasium attending After anyways,period France choose somepreferred to from beginning,the avoidingBucharest. publicfuture acknowledgementof their training would haveinvolved aFrench studies the and studies doctoral the later that fact the given and space a new to move to necessity have hadtomoveaway Bucharest, from to milieu.familiartheir Thus, dueto inherentthe became culturally less competitive andpolitically problematic, Moldavian students would A wasrepresented by by second factor fact that, the Ia excluding language literature and andfamiliarity acquire French culture andwith social environment. immediately graduatingafter in high-school toobtain order sound education in French families whocould afford thefinancial senteffort their children to study abroad the well-off Especially degreesabroad. pursue also their to chose undergraduate writers especially France. If as a in rule doctoral pursued studies were France, somefuture of the A trend insecond mobilitythe universityof involvedstudents moving abroad, If compared with the Gentile intellectuals and writers of If intellectuals andwriters the Gentileof sameperiod, the with the compared ú ti, in high Tzaraattended ti, Moldavia, Tristan school and allegedly ú i University which 96 CEU eTD Collection of a status of middle class, elite position. intelligent, but poor children, as well as the practical orientation generated the consolidation their offspring, but also from Jewishthe community which decided tosupport its most comingfrom family the background of off better the fundwere able who to the studiesof mostly for success, Thedrive position. economic and andastablesocial career successful for better education, professional betterment, and improved level of training toguarantee a or sameFrancethe supported desire Bucharestto andRomania from to Wallachia provinces Moldavia from cities, to towns from towns, to villages from mobility economic and Thecleargeographical safety discrimination. the netand integration and against exclusion to contribution form of indirect and asecond standing, asocial economic and consolidate preferably in samethe field with businessthe of the parents orat samethe level in order to bea soundprofession, continued through had and secured to generations. This success more even or one for involved were families their of most in which process advancement cases A humanists.of secondmotivation by was suggested socialthe and economic ethnicity and religion. regardless of criteria, on capacity performance and sector in andjob private market the free This is why there of intellectualsthe wereadvised ordeliberatelywere practicalchose liberal on professions the doctors, lawyers, most werevisible. anddiscrimination in Thus public the of terms sector regulations official economistsin employment of interms insecurity avoid to and measures safety certain only Emancipation, the few become after andstarted creative to all that were educated confirmed intellectuals Jewish augmented by before legal lackof the status 1919/1923.Even if analyzedthe casesof aclimate insecurity, legal of was any generated which occur changes rhythm the of time; regulationsin the ofchanges field, inthis theexceptionally institutionssucceeding intellectuals Jewish of cases or in the regime of employment of Jewish population could 97 CEU eTD Collection lawyer, apart from being a successful playwright and controversial novelist; still, his work his still, novelist; controversial and playwright successful a being from apart lawyer, left, hislong train hours, his sleep and his financial Mihailresources. wasSebastian a and meetings his collaborators with with correspondence writers other all occupied time the the of publication periodical the work, literary his Nevertheless, army. Romanian in the officer work calls,modest paymentand the overwhelminginterdiction publishto whilebeing an memoir his described missionsendless the far to provincial military by units train, sudden Sa find acompromising solution, individuals the hadtomake efforts to concentrate both. on in to order writing almost aspirations; incompatible dedicated were being to income while for A. most of Butsecuring businessman. became L.Zissu fixed writers, the asuccessful a Dorian Emil Work; writing. for time individual be dedicatedto tohis in profession tomakeorder aliving whilefind trying to to materialize in published books andto materialize in books successful careers. published these intellectuals as the closest option to theirliterary plans, waiting for the proper moment requirementsliving for without formal Therefore journalism education. usually absorbed an journalism attractive option. Both represented areas wereable toprovide aminimal to as well as interests and time their of most taking literature to return a jobs, their unhappy with the practicality of theirfamilies’ aspirations, or for graduates dissatisfied with ú a Pan unu G. Occupations and Affiliations. magazine, activity the of house publishingthe For studentsFor lacking poor the financial but also support, for students frustrated the ă was a military doctor, was workinga military in doctor, a demanding and tiringhis arrangement; had a twenty-year long career as a clerk in the Ministry of in theMinistry as aclerk long career had atwenty-year Felix Aderca practiced as a medical doctor in Bucharest till asamedical his in end till life, while the of doctor Bucharest practiced In rare cases, the common sense determined the determined sense common the cases, In rare unu as well as the almost daily 98 CEU eTD Collection each other and the ideal ideal andthe other each option. of continuation natural a as seemed directions both tasks; professional the with overlapped literary views, as well as meeting other people in the same field. Thus their personal interest provided a social environmentfor exchanging, enriching intellectual andcreating and intellectually stimulating milieu. Editorial teams and boards,as well as publishing houses makingof alivingfrom writing, journalism had also the advantage of offering an situation Apartwas usuallymore than precarious. from being option the ideal the closest to cultureliterature, and public discourse through journalism, if even as a result,financial their favored intellectuals many thus income; an and place working a offering of capacity intelligentdiscourse. As a rising tradedeveloping spectacularly,journalism had the mostthe popular occupation, asa new boomingfield,in need ofintellectual voices and as they were more difficult to access andfield orin the editorialrare houses, theatre or cultural toinstitutions appear as closest areas to writing. But on the job market, journalismtook a lotwas of time. Thus, many artisticthe and developments innovative trends on Romanianthe andinternational scene of the writers preferred with writing, literati other keeping contacts readinggroups, maintaining and date upto with to look for jobs in thelivinga out of practicing writing same exclusively; atthe long the time, hours spent on journalistic time in Romania, just as in any other country, a literary person was notusually able to make writers literature and found dedicated also art, to themselvesinadifficultsituation. Atthat needs. his for income minimal offering not were activities literary and journalistic was practicing mainlywhenhis financial were diminishedresources and whenhis as described extremely forharmful hisliterary boringactivity, andthe least He preferable. in of office a famousthe lawyer aswell were as his BarAssociation activity the within Dissatisfied with their original mainlyprofessions, decided early by families,their but 99 CEU eTD Collection played with played such with variations Wechslerescu as Alex Vilara, from Ia otherjournals In theliterary anddifferent song). publications pseudonyms of Judaic resonance, such as Ofir (aBiblical andtown) Hashir (in Hebrew, or name original his using a while for published he Wechsler, Benjamin Born Fundoianu’s. writing. Alexandru,and aRomanian word Binder, Sa Binder, the at boss his of invention the was it strong Jewishidentity as C monk was birththe name of I. C a mixture between Romanian and Jewishidentities. Beniamin Wechslerescu Fundoianu, asapseudonym, choosing healso choseaparody and at pseudonyms adopted least aRomanian resonances; or ending for example,in casethe of name and stages several into versions. fragmented was process the when writer the of identity intellectual A pseudonym,the provide wasable to formaterial reconstructing history the of the form of Basically Semitic attacks. firstrecognizable the sign of adherence totheRomanian milieu, compromise,meant to integrate them better in the cultural environment and to protect them from anti- when writers. Usually changed writers the their original names with Romanian pseudonyms still identity was provided by a chronological analysisof changethe of pseudonyms used by preserving the Jewish name, the (a clear reference to the Christian denomination), surprising for a writer withfor sucha awriter surprising Christian the to denomination), (aclear reference The most interesting and transparent evolution in terms of identity was Beniamin was identity of terms in evolution transparent and interesting most The H. Pseudonyms and Identity ú a Pan ă chose a combination of the Russian diminutive of his original name, original his of diminutive Russian the of a combination chose ă lugaru. The story behind the surprising situation explained that ă lugaru; a strange pseudonym, C pan . An interesting factor for analyzing the problem of Sbur ă (feather), a symbol occupation, (feather), his favorite of ă torul review, E. Lovinescu. review, E. Born Alexandru ù trul orBuiumLeiba Croitoru Croitoru 7 (his original Jewish name with a ă lugarumeant in Romanian ú i and Bucharest, he i and Bucharest, 100 CEU eTD Collection Jewish name, partly changing it to a toponymical equivalent confirming his origins from origins his confirming equivalent a toponymical to it changing partly name, Jewish same choseway, the Nacht pseudonym ofIsaiia Isaiia R Fundoianu asaproof and hisof Romanian emotionalroots connection with land.In the the himself name to chose Wechsler Benjamin from, coming originally were they region message of preserving Jewish identity and eventually assuming amission. or “land” for word Romanian the with hisnameinsimilar changed andTzara, of creator Dadaism, young avant-gardist the especially symbolic, as his original name, Wechsler, meant “changer”. Samuel Rosenstock, years. was His in radicalized trajectory the dissimilation during a forced culminating one, cultural a French for then and aRomanian for environment Jewish Moldavian the mythical name of Laquedem, Isaac the pressof wherehesigned the French the Résistance relation to certain The last of stageperiods his in by career. wasrepresented publication the in Paris” Fondane and (…) in Bucharest Fundoianu B. (…), neighborhood in the or Hârlau at “Wechsler was he that variations name Fundoianu’s about said had Lovinescu E. Sarcastically, Fondane. choosing version, Benjamin French possible France,he closest the adopted to migrating was grandfather paternal the where County, in Dorohoi Fundoaia, Moldavia, in Northern a place of name the associating he decidedfor Beniamin Fundoianu, preserving the name maternalthe of and grandfather environment, Romanian intellectual in the Whennotoriety he Meletie, reached etc. Const. specific Romanian name suffix), Ia “ grief” Juif errant Following the model of the Romanian peasants identifying themselves with the with themselves identifying peasants Romanian the of model the Following , “ pain” . All these changes symbolized his cultural affiliations, the change of a . 8 , actually synthesizing his whole professional and personal evolution in evolution personal and professional whole his synthesizing , actually In these cases, names became a form of asserting a political cultural and apolitical aform of asserting became names cases, In these or arendar “ country”, but also with the Hebrew of “worry” of meaning Hebrew the with also but country”, ú anul (a derivative from the Moldavian city of Ia and Beniamin where spenthis After childhood. ăFă ciuni, partly his ciuni,preserving partly 101 ú i), CEU eTD Collection Regardless motivation,of press represented a central point in the activity of all the analyzed as a formdirect of expression of their otherwise publicly politicalopaque options. as reviews,literaryavant-garde journals orsimply toZionistcontributed Socialist or press in journalisticpresent many projects; created intellectuals revolutionary such projects press a political commitment to need publish the literary determined be to and careerwhich and new andpromising, developing area.The second reasonwas culturalthe and political livingeditors,earn amodest reportersandbuilt careersin ascorrectors, soon strong this in intellectuals, language, interested future to already and communication writing, started individuals andit was open regardless formalprevious of many education. Therefore the of aliberalyoung of represented also for chances affirmation offering and talented profession It field of expertise. in defined one trajectory career cut aclearly and aprofession access to educated people, unabledue to economicfinish reasons to their and studies tothen have First, it intellectualsmany theinterwar period. was during young for a natural option Hebrew) and, finally, he chose Ury Benador when he started publishing his novels. changed his name to Simon Schmidt, then Uryto Ben Hador (the son of his generation,in Grinberg, the future writer society. Romanian to affiliation their consolidate Ury Benador, meant gesture to “assimilationist” ametaphorical Fundoianuregional accomplished had a complexplace, region and country through confirmationthis of name choice, R evolution. Moldavian townR the In adolescence, he I. MainAttraction: Journalism nameSimon preoccupied intellectuals Moise acculturation, Unlike other with ăFă ciuni. A manner of ciuni. Amannerof expressing their tothe personal attachment . Journalism was a major option for the career of ăFă ciuni ciuni and 102 CEU eTD Collection publishing house was thefounder of andtheeditor-in-chief review in this direction; Sa direction; in this remarkable review andpublishing house publication Zionist of board editorial the of secretary the worked asan worked for several editor inIa publications editorialpublications or ahigher houses, represented Ludo degreeof professionalization; I. reputable journals; Mihail Sebastian worked on on journals; editorial worked the Mihail reputable Sebastian of team many of them developed solid careers in cultural press and were invited to work for and (1927)Notebooks) and important publications ofand important period the even directing reviews for (The Scene) (The careers were built; startingpublications simultaneously theirduring career. This is professional how journalistic to work as a corrector,were for forseveral all who often working intellectuals temptation interesting the I. Peltz soon moment),at life, journalism intellectual dominantthe wasan traditional rather conservative became editor for permeateit the for groups, innovativewas a larger the young to difficult public(especially literary magazines unable survive to on market. the ephemeral issuing of initiative the from and publications other many to collaboration their from board inof editorial was involved the apart as an publication one research employee, my for selected intellectuals of list the from individual every Practically intellectuals. Chemarea Revista Funda A ofincomean source or opportunity for publicizing the of discourse for a group , Presa , (The call) and call) (The unu Ġ ú iilor Regale liber a Pan . Zodiac ă (1918) (Free press), (1918)(Free in 1917N. D. Cocea hired him an as editor ă , the main animator of the avant-gardist movement in Romania, movement avant-gardist the of animator main the , (Star signs) (Star (1930-1932).Earning areputation as journalists, Facla (1936-1940). Initiating(1936-1940). newjournalistic such projects, as (The (1919),eventually torch) for themost working Adam . Avant-gardists were extremely industrious ú i before movingbecomei before toBucharest to unu (1928-1932), and of (1928-1932), director Mântuirea Caiete lunare Cuvântul and the founder of (1927-1934) (Monthly Scena 103 CEU eTD Collection etc consisted fourth leftistetc press a represented the finally,the thirdof direction; orientation expressing theinnovativeexpressing perspectives reviews of modernistthe andavant-gardist channeling groups and the Jewish publications in Romanian as in Romanian publications Jewish the româneasc intellectuals wrote; first there were the major cultural publications such as journals among for variety which were several the of there directions publications, andfinally became also atribune of delivering artistic andpolitical discourse. Interms of early beginnings, helping andsupplementing the efforts of building anintellectual career administrative jobs, writing different for publications as appeared a meansof supporting the of slaughter. The Diary of the Legionary Rebellion and its Crimes) in 1944. Bucharestpublishing model Bogza. Hewasalso of was Geo first reporter the Guard Iron the in of 1941 a real school and a style in the field journalism; into hecreated anewthus of poetic style creativity hisformer of converting needs, literary-journalistic reportage and stylehe the tohis journalism, interviews adapted the commercial of artistic and reportage a follower of this he was attachedmodernist writing, Brunea Fox was influenced by and by avant-gardistthe group to, mainlyhis artistic inclinations his with profession current into asuccessful by synthesis. Fascinated by it literary bridged to the sceneaswell, Introducing Fox interwarpractically press. Brunea reporters” famous journalists of interwarthe period nick-named emblematically “Prince the of the for his contribution to the creation of the genre of reportage in Romanian A promising avant-gardist poet in his youth, Brunea Fox became one of the most the of one became Fox Brunea youth, in his poet avant-gardist A promising Apart from professional journalism in terms of editorial, typographic or typographic editorial, of terms in journalism professional from Apart ă , Contimporanul,România, literar Ora ú ul m ă celului. Jurnalul rebeliunii ù tefan Roll and B. Fundoianu. Moving to mainstream unu, 75H Adam, Zionistnewspaper ă (Literary Romania), etc.; then were then there etc.; (Literary Romania), . P., Contimporanul, Punct ú i crimelor legionare Mântuirea Sbur , Lumea evree ă (The Point), (The torul, Via (The city 104 Ġ a . CEU eTD Collection Hatikvah discover signatures of the FelixAderca, Beniamin Fundoianu, A.L.Zissuin review Zionist numberHebrew,certain of publications hosted itistheirsurprising not creations; to Mihail Sebastian. For the writers whose native tongue was Yiddish or who were able to useAderca, Beniamin Ury Benador, Fundoianu andA. L.Zissu, respectively Felix Aderca or Lumea evree Mihail Sebastian, A. L. Zissu, Emil Dorian or Max Blecher. Zionist press represented by Brunea-Fox, Felix Aderca, Ury Sa Beniamin Fundoianu, Ury FelixBenador, Aderca, Brunea-Fox, time published,despite political cultural or orientation, amongC whom Ion it and became place of the of intellectuals the where most intellectuals the language Jewish cultural cultural review Aderca,who I.Ludoascontributors.Fundoianu The Beniaminworked or agendaof the 1920s a great number of intellectuals amongdiscourses to the international scene as a confirmation of theirwhom cosmopolitan opening. Ion C after theirmigration France, to in French literary publications and integrated their or home from published, poets avant-gardist the abroad, from debates and life intellectual the processofwith located; the expression of besynchronization direction could they often contributed onliterature perspectives in theirinfounded own publications or mainstream cultural press, more of to categories publications. While defining their artistic views andinnovative the Jewishintellectuals Romanian had often press Aftergroup. intheir debut a beprint, it in a traditional reputed or a minordoublelocal the review, or astriple well. journalistic Sometimes activity, writing even at the samea thirdtime for Founded by A. L.Zissu, political Zionist newspaper (Gala and Ġ i) or Ury Benador’s in Adam ù tiri dinlumea evreeasc focused from very the beginning onbringing Romanian- together Der Hamer ă received contributions from contributions from C received Ion , A. L.Zissu’sin Yiddish publication Mântuirea ă lugaru, Brunea-Fox, Felix ú a Pan brought together in together brought ă , Ilarie Voronca, ă lugaru,Felix ă lugaru, 105 CEU eTD Collection to political and legal limitations and social anti-Semitism, certain positions were still were positions certain anti-Semitism, social and limitations legal and political to through their activity an integrationintoextraordinary Romanian cultural life; ifeven due during the interwar period, the Jewish Romanian intellectuals andjournalists proved Peltz, MihailPeltz, and I.R Sebastian Reputed Fox, Ury Benador, Ion C Peltz, Mihail Sebastian, Ilarie Voronca, Camil Baltazar or I. R Camil or Ilarie Voronca, Baltazar Mihail Peltz, Sebastian, Sa Ury Fundoianu, Benador, journal was areputed cultural Beniamin where Baltazar. Camil or Voronca Ilarie Dorian, Emil Aderca, Felix Fundoianu, Beniamin Eugen amongLovinescu counted well-known its members future intellectuals such as contributions ofyoung while writers, theliterary circle aroundthe publication by directed artistic, but also existential existential alsoterms. but artistic, were listedthe in publications natural the expression identity cultural-theirof rebellious Ion C Ion and Brunea-Fox; salaries, as it was the case of was the as it salaries, freelancing withand fewfinancial theirthrough projects often own resources supported Sa Aderca, published of C works Ion for creed. expressingtheirpublications aplace artistic andpublicizing Fundoianu published in also Licht (Ia Avant-gardist press Avant-gardist press gathered also agreatpart of theintellectuals, whofoundin these ă lugaru, Ilarie Voronca and Tristan Tzara (French). Initiated by these intellectuals as by Initiated andthese lugaru, (French). Ilarie Tristan Tzara Voronca ú Revista Funda Reputed mainstream cultural publications such as i) and also in Hebrew review ú a Pan ă unu , Ilarie Voronca, Tristan Tzara (with poems in (with Tristan poems his French departure) Voronca, Tzara after , Ilarie collected the most vibrant names in the avant-garde as Brunea-Fox, as avant-garde in the names vibrant most the collected Ġ iilor Regale ă ă lugaru, Beniamin Fundoianu, Mihail Sebastian, Benador, Felixlugaru,Fundoianu, Beniamin Mihail Sebastian, Benador, lugaru, I. Peltz and Mihail Sebastian worked for Cahiers juifs unu ăFă surviving efforts irrepressiblethe through of Sa ciuni. Aremarkable presence in cultural Romanian press published FelixAderca, Ury Sa Benador, . Hamekitz . Abroad, Ilarie Voronca andBeniamin Voronca Abroad, Ilarie . Sbur ăFă ă ciuni published. Brunea- ciuni published. torul included often the Contimporanul ú ú a Pan a Pan Reporter ú a Pan Rampa ă ă 106 , I. , I. ă , . CEU eTD Collection ideology which continued fluidly with the international collaborations of many gardist press mainstream and Avant-gardistpress leftistpublications. often supported avant- in Romanian involved time same the at being and journals Socialist for writing of these writers consists in the fact that collaborating to Zionist press did not exclude limitationsconfusing could bein noticed terms of paradox the collaboration; of activity the if contributed, name only to the most visible. Apuzzling situation bordersof and open Aderca, Brunea-Fox,Beniamin Fundoianu, Sa For contributed. I. Peltz published inalso published articles of Beniamin Fundoianu, Sa intellectuals, included many Socialist journals, mostly short-lived. mostly journals, Socialist many included intellectuals, published in Entretiens, Commune, LePontdel’Épée, Europe, other publicationsother to among Voronca collaborated In France, Ilarie French the of Résistance. illegal reviews Poètes Les Nouvelles Littéraires Les Nouvelles most prolific and renowned names; he inpublished international Beniamindebate. living Fundoianu, in France from 1923 on, was one of the the in integration intellectual their of a confirmation France, to migrated who those for also journalism had to itsopen gatesin front of newthe innovative voices. marketcultural competitiveof open writers, the young talented and these inaccessible to (), The collaboration to leftist press, indicator of the political sympathies of the of sympathies political the of indicator press, leftist to collaboration The Publishing in reviews abroad meant, for the intellectuals living in Romania, but in Romania, living intellectuals the for meant, abroad in reviews Publishing Les FeuilletsLes inutiles EraNou Bifur, Bifur, Les Volontaires Les Nouvelles Littéraires, Cahiers du Sud (reviews in Belgium, , ), Argentina, in Belgium, (reviews ă Flac (New Era) and to ă ra and (The Flame) many intellectuals, among whom Felix Le Surréalisme auservice delarévolution (France), etc. He also collaborated to a few of the ù antier ú a Pan ú a Pan Cahiers duSud,RevuePhilosophique, (Construction Site), Emil Dorian and ă etc. From Romania, Max Blecher and C Ion ă , Ilarie Voronca,IonC () ă lugaru; C Ion Clopotul Le Journaldes (The Bell) , Méridien, . ă ă lugaru lugaru 107 CEU eTD Collection citizenship fact despite army,the tothe evenhaveRomanian simply did they peoplecalled not were to impose theirthe volunteer participation. enrollment verythe few possibilities of citizenshipobtaining Romanian for Jewish the population was into the army Emil and the participationDorian was in a mobilizedconflict. In some cases,on the front as a necessary to integrate within the national literary withinliterary tradition. national integrate the to necessary thelatestdebates and and degree synchronizeof assimilate with profound acculturation the capacity both within the to andinternational scene, intellectual context Romanian the activity journalistic intellectualsthe demonstrated capacity of the to adaptandintegrate in intellectuals. To alternativesconclude, offered the by press,varietydebates.leftist Finally, anatural represented publications amongorientation political the as well ofas a possibleartisticartistic into writers the level international the on political integrating of capacity the proved andRomania optionpolitical for acculturatedfrom even or abroad when collaborated optionsintellectuals the which to Jewish publications foreign present in the of bridgingvast andthus cultures brought many together Romanian and Jewish The writers. ones, showed the samethe opening; showed ones, literary the especially Jewish publications, Alsothe intellectual voices. to include thenew cultural life wasopen fact that shows the collaborated, intellectuals the all which practically suggested alarge variety of options; the greatnumber ofmainstream literary journals, to important context for their discourse. most the was ideas of freedom discourse; intellectual in the integrated options political intellectuals. Thislack oflimitations provedtheprimacy andof art the fluidity of the J. The orientations of the publications to which the intellectuals collaborated intellectuals the which to publications the of orientations The Political Orientations. Adam Before 1919, when Emancipation law was issued, one of and Puntea defilde ú built their agenda on this idea 108 CEU eTD Collection the context for freer identity stressed differences. for context identity the freerand self-representation consolidating the national feelings, the war with its political consequences simply generated Jewish identity in by their works representation.enforcing its of Instead supposedly Beniamin Fundoianu, living experience the through tragedy the of his uncle,reshaped their andas aformer law.ThusEmil regulated by combatant Dorian Emancipation legal sector social becausethe withlevel could be cultural not and together reformed unattainable the still andintegration full were torealize acceptance that soon came individuals war, the Emancipation law. Despite the official granting of Romanian citizenship after the end of the without being by compensated rewardof the citizenship, grantedafew yearslater by the work their involved. the permeated After theirreturn, experience traumatic the tragic costs individuals and toregulate the legal of determination their in situation country,the with all individually citizenshipissue,the war the experience was andtraumatic itstressed will the subjects” Romanianwithout citizenship orleavingsolve voluntarilyespecially to problem. officially Drafted forced and to join combatdespitethe their status of “foreign novel write him determined which fact a cousin, his of distinction WarinGreat inperson, being tothearmy called 1914 andeventually rewarded with returningfrom WWI,the greatly influenced the young Although poet. experiencing the suicide of poet Avram Steuerman–Rodion, Beniamin Fundoianu’s uncle and mentor, after a new intoissue The existential perspective. attachment wholecast the citizenship–national cases, warexperience haddue the impact an even lossesinvolvedto personal greater which volume in military in describedMoldavia doctor 1916and1918; warexperience waslater inhis the De vorb %ă rba ă Ġ cub ie sicredin ă lanul meu Ġă , FelixAderca was traumatized while witnessing the death 9 (Conversations with my white horse). In some other some In horse). white my with (Conversations 1916 whichdiscussed the war 109 CEU eTD Collection trend was in political1934 Romanization of PersonnelLaw,the only the foroption cultural the integrationistterms, as well as the avant-gardismdiscriminative measuresthrough official such politics by the1924 as Mârzescu Lawor the in cultural terms. Both by supported social anti-Semitism, recurrently of context and persistent the equality. In rights civic obtain to striving intellectuals Jewish the of paradigm cultural Emancipation while Jewishintellectuals perceivedthe it asan expression outdated of previousthe pro- problem”, “Jewish the to solution assimilationist their with coinciding as milieu, Romanian would totally eliminate the relevance of ‘Jewish the problem’” lifecommunity and believing socialism that and the victory of internationalistthe approach Jewish the avoiding “those rather were intellectuals leftist the UER; integrationist which theJews for “unacceptable was largely of preferringRegat” bourgeois the L. Zissu. The“Socialist-Marxist” anindividual option represented rather intellectual option Filderman’s discourse and bythe Zionist doctrine by represented powerfulthe figure of A. by UER’sideology of persistence Wilhelm the wererepresented with anti-Semitism Leon Volovici stressed that mainthe shapedby options politicalthe andcontext by the symbolized by Aderca’s largely successful novel largely by successful symbolized Aderca’s (polemics with I. Ludo). The cultural identity Romanian and patriotic the gestures by sanctioned suchasAderca, by intellectuals restof the writers Felixthe wasdrastically a certain to extent represented approach, integrationist of the while writers, affiliations the intellectual milieu of Romanian language, if analyzing the discourse and journalistic differently prioritized. The Zionist and leftist directions became more prominentin the were UER integrationist the and Socialism-Marxism Zionism, life, cultural Romanian Romanian-language Jewish intellectual activegroup during the interwar years in the In his study on political directions within Jewish life in interwar Romania, in interwar life Jewish within directions political on hisstudy In 1916 werewellreceived onlyby the 10 . Nevertheless, within the within Nevertheless, . 110 CEU eTD Collection especially especially JewishThisfact Romanian-language among intellectuals. wascaused by the effectinits new popularity and of hadasignificant Bessarabia territories the Transylvania, by groups. both autonomy due tothe common advocated cause of community’s cultural the agenda. Thus, Filderman himself, theleader of the UER,supported Zionistthe direction for sake political the weresometimes groups the performed of opposed ideologically paradoxical situation was not specific only to intellectualthe life; such alliances between ingather to aroundalargerorder have andthus audience to impact. astronger This from the turn of centurythe supporting community the by cause all adopting ideologies the Jewish community. In this direction, they followed the tradition of the great Jewish gazettes publications,basically supporting from politicaldifferent perspectives situation the of the illegality.Also, many intellectuals used publishto simultaneously in ideologically opposed in time still Party, of bythat Communistin the as adelegate for Peace Paris Congress and social forevents the Jewish youth. Still,in 1939 he participated in Intellectuals’the in Br organization Zionist in a member left; the to Zionism from moved Benador Ury directions. both in involved simultaneously even or consequently were intellectuals Some radical. not were clearlyand set conflicts the not limits were the fact that by the caused of options ambiguity hand. other the on discourse Socialist democratic official and Communism polarization between Zionists on one hand andleftism mainly represented by underground in a consisted group intellectual Jewish Romanian-language the within orientations political order to favor internationalism and class struggleagainstbourgeoisie. In this context,the directions had theof advantage excluding the specificity identity ethnicity of and group in Another characteristic of by shared views of political was the the characteristic intellectuals the Another Zionism, despite its smaller appeal to the former Regat, if with compared former Regat, itsto the smallerappeal Zionism, despite ă ila before WWI as an emerging local cultural he toorganize local used leader, WWI asanemerging ila before 111 CEU eTD Collection national Jewish daily founder of voicethe in of Jewishnationalism Romania, intellectual the most representative theoretician hisof time, gatheringhis around projects most the talented intellectuals. The prominent most the as well as himself, writer and journalist Zissu, L. A. of influence strong interviews in Zionist press. Another collaborator of Zissu at Jewish history, cause and destiny became alife-long interest, obvious inhis articles and for withlater Fundoianu’s pro-ZionistCollaborating preoccupation publications, other whom C Ion among milieu, intellectual Romanian Jewish the for as well as life cultural Romanian the years, agroup youngof andtalented intellectuals whowould become names important for Indeed, groups were alsogroups active inpressand theirideological obvious. wererather options From the Sebastian published articles in Zionist presssuch as Mihail tendencies. assimilationist and anti-Semitism against directed press Romanian 1930s asfounder of reviewthe during literature Jewish of Romanian-language apromoter publications; healsobecame intellectual, LudowastheeditorZionist I. of several andZionist cultural Jewish ă lugaru, Brunea-Fox, FelixAderca, BeniaminFundoianu I.Ludo. or prolonged dispute among them. relationship with Judaism, of regardless their eventual anddirection the Zissu had played a in decisive role theirshaping Jewish identity and their such as I.Ludo, Felix Aderca,C I. …several of his contemporaries – in particular, Romanian Jewish writers Mântuirea The leftist sympathizers and members of Socialist and illegal Communist illegal and Socialist of members and sympathizers leftist The Mântuirea was place the whichunfortunately for gathered, only three Adam , Zissu was also the leader of the Zionist movement. Zionist the of leader the also was Zissu , with a very long and powerful standing in interwar in standing powerful and long avery with 11 ù ă tiri dinlumeaevreeasc lugaru, B.Fundoianu –admitted that Mântuirea and an important an and ă . 112 CEU eTD Collection Basically, in files Siguran the created of secret by existence the fact testified well, a internationalCommunist Their manifestationsgroups. thewithin country were surveyedas in police with suspected bythesecret monitored connection andtheirwas activity C Ion Brauner, were under Bolshevikinfluence.Amongnames, astrong listed the Sa introduction, considered that the avant-gardist writers around writers avant-gardist the that considered introduction, interwar Jewish intellectuals. Stelian T Stelian intellectuals. Jewish interwar and with Parissuggested astrongMoscow movements, leftist Bolshevikattachment of the youngsurveying writers suspected the Romanian of avant-garde andpropaganda contacts the Secret Police), collecting a series of documents now declassified of Siguran the of declassified now of collectingdocuments aseries SecretPolice), the Avangarda româneasc rebellious artistic claiming discourse or publicly apolitical A positions. recentvolume, known about thepolitical involvement of avant-gardiststhe and writers other promoting a has on little early the been researched little in of movements leftistis Romania, period age) leftist publicationscollaborated to during 1930s,he joined the Socialistmovement and Communiststhe in illegality and meetings at the Socialist club on Ionic age of age of 18, Ion C , Clopotul ă (The bell).During the WWII wrote healso for theillegal press. Because lugaru, M. H. Maxy, Tristan Tzara, Ilarie Voronca or Gherasim were Gherasim Luca or Voronca Ilarie Tzara, Maxy,H. M.Tristan lugaru, to Bolshevism. to Aragon andgroup through their position on revolution andits attachment Breton- the of influence the through indirect, sometimes (…), Romania of Party Communist in the membership the through direct, sometimes …the relationship between Romanian surrealists and Communism was ă lugaru wasasympathizerandCommunist of movement attendedthe the ă înarhiveleSiguran 13 Cuvântul liber ă ă nase, the author of the selection of texts and of the of and texts of selection the of author the nase, Street. After the polarization and rise of the right Ġ ei 12 (Romanian avant-garde in archivesthe of (Free word) unu , Reporter, Era nou , Reporter, Era and Alge (Algae) reviews ú a Pan Ġ a archive. ă Ġ , Victor a police ă (New 113 CEU eTD Collection circumscribed regionally (former Regat was more circumscribed subjected regionally Regat (former to theFrench influencerather impact, from the this situation generating strong Aside was of reasons complexity the an uncomfortable social,many developmentsthe of and adapting them to the Romanian context, to findfrom refuge cultural or political importingenjoy learn innovations, cultural education,Western to to about civilization, context or simplyintellectuals started publish)to Romanian elite had been Paris to going for higher to entertain and interwar the acentury time (by morethe than life. For andintellectual literature socialize. tradition following the modelFrench influenceand cultural upon Romanianthe exerted intellectual Thisdevelopment. situation natural was the consequence of a long educational difficult to overstate the influence of the French culture on Romanian literary and surveillance of the state’s authority. the under nevertheless being eye, public the from sympathy and enrollment political their concealing while press, in cultural and in poetry doctrine political their of manifestations was banned from most1924 on. Thus, of writersthe limited themselves artistic to influence of the revolutionary trend. In this tense context, the Communist Party of Romania Romanian special took state preventeconomic andsocial measures to possible the ideas Bessarabian influenceanarchist started to beintensely in Regat, disseminated the the under and migration of wave the with together when WWI, During system. owning addressed toa threats conservative society based onprivate property andlargeland- a was justified by factthe that Bolshevism had avery negative reputation due to possiblethe ideological and political artisticunder and attitude rebellious orientation gestures, anarchist The secret character of their affiliation, or at least the camouflage of of their camouflage or atleast the character of their affiliation, The secret K. Intellectual Horizons: France andInternational Networks. It would be 114 CEU eTD Collection the moment. Sa moment. the of names reputed most the with correspondence in their described life cultural international group avant-garde manifested aremarkable opening andintegration profound within the place cultural for expression. into asecond and home, became favorable France Paris transform scene a French cultural Even more, for those deciding tomove toFrance orfor commutingthose often enough to initiation of events inclusion in cultural andprojects movements,and participation and contribution to activities, publication of their cultural the visit maintainedscene, traveled often to correspondence. Therefore, and avast works abroad cameconnections with intellectuals there,keptupdated with latestthe novelties and changes on as a natural continuation.studies too. Even returningafter toRomania, they maintained social and professional somebutfor and undergraduate degree, leastfor postgraduate wentthem at of graduate France, especially study wentto abroad, of Some them and collaborations. contacts cultural my dissertation, already expressing theirpublic acknowledgement andintellectual freedom. attachment to Frenchas Paris aspaceof wasperceived especiallyfor West, France. Inthiscontext, the departing milieu through a seriesanti-Semitic attitudes within Romanian society led many Jewish intellectuals to ideathe of of with tensions combined ethnic of and scene. Thethe geo-cultural “minorcomplex cultures” mother andreplacing tongue increasing thus thefamiliarity French the with socio-cultural modernization, of and elite point evenreachingthe preceding years of from early the the for language asecond than more naturally became French Wallachia, and Moldavia In German,centers). Austrian and Hungarian around than gravitating Transylvanian region the As an example for the international contacts of the Romanian intellectuals, the intellectuals, Romanian the of contacts international the for example an As intellectuals groupof analyzedin the applicable to This situation wasespecially ú a Pan ă , the editor of editor , the unu , traveled to France often and maintained close 115 CEU eTD Collection cultural establishment as a “minor culture” due to the lack of language circulation lackas a “minorlanguageto the and circulation of due cultural culture” establishment ossified traditionalin post-Emancipationthe Culturally,period. young intellectuals the rebelled against the old chancesthe integration of of youngthe Jewishintellectuals growing upand being educated Romanian society Romanianmanifestations society and undermined agitated student time,that anti-Semitic and itas aFrench characterizing and national the scene cultural colony. At criticizing harshly canon; they before heated hisdeparture, generated withindebates Romanianthe establishment as criticized harshly the Romanian Romania, and acquiring a sound journalistic andliterary inreputation Romania; his last publication in with literary Romanian press. Beniamin left Fundoianu for Romania France studying after collaboration his interrupting without France, and Romania between commuting of years in actively participated life. Ilarie inFrance cultural inthe settled Voronca seven 1933, after abroad. literary projects reviews and to contribute became arenowned historian of andRomanian avant-garde similar avant-gardist groups abroad. Internationally integrated from abroad. from integrated groups Internationally home, similar avant-gardist Sa collaborations from French writers reciprocating with similar contributions from publications ( hisbehalf he of group, exchanged books(with letters, Tzara, Eluard)Breton, and around it, were in contact with other avant-gardist groups abroad as well as publications; on French French publications.Sa Through collaboration. Tzara In turn, keptPana updated by sending him in Romania thelatest collection of Tzara’s early andaskingRomanian poems for Fundoianu’s frequent withcontact his friends Tzaraand Fundoianu, having the initiative of publishing a Quite a few intellectuals settled in France to start a career in the literary in field aand start literary career inFrancethe to settled afewQuite intellectuals Imagini Le Journal des Poètes, LeRouge etleNoir ú i c ă rti din Fran ú a Pan Ġ a (Images from books and publishedFrance), shortly ă ’s efforts, his publication unu from Belgium), received unu group, invitedoften to , as well as the group ú unu a Pan for 116 ă CEU eTD Collection the Romanian intellectuals living in France with whom he had permanent contacts, permanent had he whom with in France living intellectuals Romanian the of consisted friends of group closest Fundoianu’s Nevertheless, Gourmont. de Rémy writer philosophy,andtowards as thought andworked secretary forlibrarian successful the and became a influencingand friendclose of LeonChestov JulesdeGaultier,his both creation withcontacts homethe environment. Moving toParis in acquainted1923, he andgot maintaining also but scene, cultural French the into integration of terms in suggestive is case Fundoianu’s Beniamin andSernet. with Voronca and of collaborated Tzara editor Claude Sernet was the brother-in-law of Ilarie Voronca, while Sa Voronca, was ofIlarie Sernet brother-in-law Claude the Zissu’s work Zissu’s A. andpublished Fundoianutranslated,prefaced (in French L. the occurred 1928 scene andwhileattempts topublicizematerials correspondence exchanged), on Romanian writers French cultural life were sent back to Romania (Sa backlife to sent French cultural were Newsandarticles were quickly networks about with initiated. each less familiar other, more or were they from where a cultural space Coming into scene. French integrate the to connections with the Romanian intellectual life home, but it was at the same time struggling an identity area freeof and cultural dilemmas political and pressure. had The group close movementseemedwhoavant-garde tohavefound aspace intellectual andof development they were commuting simply or Paris to traveling mostly frequently, belonging to the worldtwo warsincreased;number asignificant ofjoined writers temporarily groupas the interaction. a andawiderof capacity larger access to audience France as the fora wayof public themselves apotential securing future acknowledgement, innovation. After demolishing the criticized foundations, the youngintellectuals chose translations, reducingit to positionthe of a “French colony”lacking originality and Little by little, the group of Romanian intellectuals settled in Paris between the between in Paris settled intellectuals Romanian of group the little, by Little Confesiunea unui candelabru ). Personal connections increased the contacts; the increased Personal connections ). ú a Pan ă wrote theintense about wrote ú a Pan ă was the Romanian wasthe 117 CEU eTD Collection were also lookingwere also for aspace freeidentity debates of on ethnicity and religion while assertfrom widelyApart theirbe desire publicly and they to work these, acknowledged. to the to culture” “minor in a born being of complex inferiority the from ranging complex, was anoption such for motivation The exchanges. information and correspondence atmaintain leastthrough and frequently contacts or to close literary career there travel differentconnections to groups, some intellectuals decided toreturn Franceto a andstart and social andenvironment sometimes with a solid education thus abroad, also having Dueto theirfamiliarity concentrating on discourse. artistic language,their with culture, the became partof international life escape the andcould identity the dilemma, while intellectuals common and projects contacts, milieu. Through international publications, in an for wider acknowledgement culture asmallperipheral of chance escaping from breakfree thepossibility and the traditionalism from to oppressing ethnic debates, found therealiterary life intellectual space freed intellectuals as cultural and French well, breaking with identity indebates Romanian culture. Fora while, until invadedpolitics andgardist groups their connection with Frenchthe literary scene supported the tendency of while he was already in France. him volumepublish helped they Romania; from friends his with contacts close maintained he also but France, language for French even before his departure, Fundoianu publishedmany volumes in Lupasco, Constantin sculptor Brâncu philosopher Stéphane Claude Sernet, Voronca, forFrance, then Ilarie before hisdeparture her husband Armand Pascal with whom he organized theatre company Insula and Lina sister his was there first inParis; group intellectual Romanian small a recreating The last part The last of plansthisdemonstrate chapter modernist to that andavant- the Priveli ú ti (1930)with his most representative in poems Romanian ú i and artist Brauner. Victor Changing Romanian the (Island) right (Island) 118 CEU eTD Collection promoted a clear integrative project within the Romanian as well as international milieu.within as asinternational aclear Romanian project well integrative the promoted identity to agreat despite extentintegration, advanced theyoungintellectuals cultural emerged; theimagethishighly of group preservingJewish context, modernized a dynamic, aswell securing aworkingIn and space solution outlet, as acommunication artistic area. position journalismof a as largely occupation practiced offered the perfect professional continuity long-term of eliteturninga bourgeoisprocess securedthe Romanian theJewish into group, with the social a higher with whilepurpose of professions, evidentthe acquiring a social status continuing project in it. focusliberal The on careers discouraging the context socio-political the despite of the previouslanguage andsupported strong culture the integrative direction withinlater discourse, their generation. intheRomanian education ofand acculturation intense process The debates. international the for and avant-garde the for intellectuals young the of attraction the Nevertheless,favored ambitions French, influence andeducation determinedabroad by orby legal restrictions family the centralin developed Themainly cultural strongas the European, Western their works. discourse social and cultural mechanisms toexplain able identity the analyzedoptions earlier, aswell certain of specificity the highlighted culture interwar during emerging intellectuals Jewish Romanian intellectual scene on European the cultural map. tobeanddebates, integrated European placing cultures,to bridge for the first timethe international and Romanian both of be part to managed also they direction, cosmopolitan interested become they Therefore, dilemma. vs. traditionalism thelocal modernism avoiding in cosmopolitanism and choose art and culture as identity. Despite their Conclusion . The analysis of the complex profile of the Romanian-language 119 CEU eTD Collection 13 12 11 University: Goldstein The Goren Diaspora ResearchCenter, 2005), 147. and Raphael Vago eds., Vago Raphael and 10 9 culturale Realitatea evreiasc journaliste“ in 8 7 6 5 4 Editura Minim, 1986). 3 Arenda 2 1 Notes: Emil Dorian, Cited in Leon Volovici, “Fundoianu/Fondane - Metamorfozele identit Metamorfozele - “Fundoianu/Fondane Volovici, Leon in Cited review For Pan I. R I. Sa AlexandruMirodan, Robert Wohl, Robert Arenda Ibid., 7-8. Stelian T Stelian Ibid., 156. LeonVolovici, “The Response of JewishLeaders and Intellectuals to Anti-Semitism” inLiviu Rotman ú a Pan ă ăFă , 29. ú /arendar ciuni, was a system of lease of land, estates and property, sometimes involving collecting taxes and dues. and taxes collecting involving sometimes property, and estates land, of lease of system wasa ă ă , nase, 1ă Mojicul Amintiri Cahiers De vorba cu balanul meu scut în‘02: memorii, filede jurnal, evoc The Generation of 1914 was the person contracting this obligation administering and the orland property. Avangarda româneasc , in 1915 according to Remus Z toRemus according in 1915 , Dic (Bucure The History of the Jews inRomania Between the Two World Wars III Ġ ionarul neconven ă – ú B. Fundoianu ti: Editurati: pentru Literatur (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1979). (Bucure ă înarhivele Siguran , No. 6 / 2003, 4. Ġ ional al scriitorilor evrei de limb - Strig ú ti: Cultura Na ă t întru eternitate ă stroiu, “Les cahiers d’un “Inactuel”: B. Fundoianu B. “Inactuel”: d’un “Les cahiers stroiu, ă ri (Bucure ă , 1967), 81 and 144-145. Ġ ei Ġ (Ia ional ú ú ti: Minerva, 1973). i: Polirom, 2008). ă , 1925)., (Bucure ăĠ ii” in Geo in ii” ú ă ti: 1998), 85. român ù ă erban ed., erban , vol. 1 (Tel Aviv: 1(Tel vol. (Tel Aviv (Tel Caietele 120 CEU eTD Collection origin intellectuals. I. Ludo analyzed the general situation in his article “Scriitori evrei evrei “Scriitori article his in situation general the analyzed Ludo I. intellectuals. Romanian among identity minority a articulate to writers Jewish of inability the ă evreiasc The early 1930s witnessed literary debates on the lack of andon onthelack literary Jewish literature debates of witnessed The early 1930s From Social Revolt toModernity as an Option vacuum, the classical model of art for art’s sake. thus itwhat should fatally be: improvised, empty,false, suspended in preservation, and–whatis –curiosity. evenworse is Andhis literature self- of spirit convictions, and mysticism, enthusiasm, lacking stentorian, a but internationalist, nor nationalistic, not is – talent a real possessing times many – generation isobligation scribbling The andchaos. belonging the youngwriter to personal tendency,idea, social – andhisonly preoccupation conviction, any where of generating heisabsolved literature, aneutral sexless trend, be anythingallowed to else,sothenhe findsarefuge in modernist the not is he Jew, be a to want not does He (…) happens? what then, And it. with have about anything himandheactually do knowledge can't thus to systematically anti-Semitism excludes himfrom Christian the not– whichurban society want does tohave while – life rural to foreign totally topic refuses ignorance; Romanian and of the despise (it) out Jewish topic– they refuse itselfhave tojournalists him,intellectualJewish the of tragi-comedy the here firstAnd (…) refuses origin Jewish of becausestarts writer the what feel. isexactly you areableto This that conviction artistic than– and asthis heJewish isismoved him – butabove everything toplace in literary your creation all the an bornexplanation inalmostwriters the forcity, from isnotnecessary from …literature buttheinternal, appear posing, the to organicfactandhe isthat writers we rather community of Jewish oforigin. the writer The with his genuine idea, which ă ” (Jewish writers and of Jewish origin): Chapter 3. je m’en fiche -ist – a prodigy child, self-sufficient, child, a prodigy – -ist 1 ú i de 121 CEU eTD Collection the interest in modernism and avant-garde coexisted. theanalysisin Therefore, modernism interest approaches the andavant-garde opposing the cultural established traditional Forcanon and structures. social all of them attention. international into the scene world’sthe literary toBucharest.Thisdebates practically brought Romanian the cultural andmoved internationally voices important became writers firsttime,for Romanian the intolife. Thus, world’s the cultural be afruitfulenter integrated and capable dialogue to Romanian literature became synchronic Romanian literature Romanianintroduced andwriters international tothe artists public first andfor the time Surrealism, , , Lettrism, Dadaism, famous writers or simply counted Romanian artists among their most visible representatives. The by wereinitiated abroad in Romanian-born andspreadabroad, few started Romania at time, a the literature in quite “-isms”many world Among the spectacular evolution. its through a “golden national age”for the canon abroad and madeitcultural well-known into turned the period modernism avant-garde, the thatis,literature, emergence the and of them. tointegrate canon torejecta nationalizingthus unable traditionalist audience or to the periphery of their work in order to enroll intomodernist direction and achosen towards directed discourse a second-rate to realm, private the to either identity Jewish relegated They intellectuals. secularized acculturated, of the definition credible intellectuals in the avant-garde movements provides the current chapter with the most portrayal andexaggerated invalidatedthe of I.Ludo’s mocking His criticism remarks The focus of this chapter falls on the group of Jewish Romanian intellectuals Nevertheless, one of the most important phenomena of interwar Romanian interwar of phenomena important most the of one Nevertheless, literary literature, history and high Due tothe modernistof avant-garde quality 2 with international cultural trends, as well as well as trends, cultural international with 122 CEU eTD Collection avant-garde poets, namely Beniamin Fundoianu, Ilarie Voronca, and Max Blecher. The Blecher. Max and Voronca, Ilarie Fundoianu, Beniamin namely poets, avant-garde manner Jewishidentity is in which in represented modernist casestudies three of and the analyzes chapter This intellectuals. Jewish of the status socio-political with the resonated which culture”, “minority in ageneric intellectual placedbut the nationality, and of ethnicity was ignoring representations deliberately avant-garde speaking, the Ideologically voices. representative most the and majority the formed intellectuals Jewish literary critics of the time perceived it, but it definitely represented an area where the modernism and avant-garde into a “Judaized” area ofculture “Judaized” area into a andavant-garde modernism became synonymous modernism with andavant-gardeitself. This factdid not turn Fundoianu, Ilarie Voronca, Sa Voronca, Ilarie Fundoianu, involved names such wasremarkable; asMax Tristan Blecher, Tzara, Beniamin Jewish intellectuals cannotice number the 1930s, one Romanian-language that of movementsincreasinglyavant-gardist starting 1910son, but during 1920sand with the opposition totraditionalism largerthe paradigm of modernity its radicalized,as more utopian version its basic due to Matei C Matei literary concepts considered avant-garde as modernity.” “extremismthe of consideredavant-garde literary concepts literatures European Eastern garde aspartof modernism as more a radical second especiallyinCentral and wave definedwho avant- from Bojtar, ApartEndre another. one to subsumed ideologically modernism literary is as on andtheoretical grounded arguments deeply actually related and avant-garde between association the intellectuals, Jewish of the case specific from Apart cultural movements. the as modernism and avant-garde related together While casting a glance upon the corpus of texts generated of and While casting by corpus the texts upon modernist aglance these ă linescu in linescu Five Faces of Modernity Five Facesof 6 . 3 , also Adrian Marino in his monumental dictionary of dictionary monumental in his Marino Adrian also , ú a Pan ă , Claude Sernet (Mihail Cosma), F.Brunea-Fox, Cosma), (Mihail Sernet , Claude 5 considered that the avant-garde belonged avant-garde thatthe to considered 7 , as some anti-Semitic some as , 4 As well, As 123 CEU eTD Collection connection with the Jewish world marked a clear mutation. He departed from from an Hedeparted markedaclearmutation. with Jewishconnection world the his as as well identity, Jewish his approach to manner hisown of time in evolution popularity in disturbed Romania his innerworld poetic andmadeitrevolve. The migration, removal from family, friendships, and social networks as well as from a certain inlate 1920s thanexperiencething inRomania,the meant1930s adifferent of and language change atthe frompoetic level. Apart this, being although Jewishin France yearsfour inFundoianu’s for activity difficulty the accounts adrasticoperating of coincided with his maturity, crystallization, artistic andlinguistic change; a blockage of fashionsliterary life. the Atcultural dominated samethe his time, Frenchperiod and specificity” “Romanian on debates centered ethnically the and society Romanian in 1919 / 1923,the yearof migration.hisAlso, anti-Semitic movements tormented only be obtained could rights legal and citizenship clear, not still was community Jewish in which he grewupandwasdifferent worked from French the of one: status the the public onlyin 1930 whenhisvolume his for an search an creations ambitious original poetic reaching which voice started the hetestifying through but would poet become, notyetlater mature at25, the leftRomania as thepoet stages biological work agesand periods marked different Definitely, two the marked hisRomanian and French artistic periods, that is, before and hisafter migration. difference a great work, Fundoianu’s in identity Jewish of representation the Discussing modernist movements, such as Symbolism. affiliations nationalitysuch asethnicity,and religion as asits well reevaluation of certain collectivist of rejection ideological of avant-garde's is that account into I take context A. Representations of JewishIdentity inthe Work Beniaminof Fundoianu. Priveli ú ti was published. Also, the Romanian milieu 124 CEU eTD Collection articles Jewishon intopics mainstream Romanian cultural butmainlypublications, for Freedman Eric press. inJewish mainly published selectively were articles these atmosphere, political conflictual the to due still, involvement; political unavoidable an by be generated many personally motivated discourse, on Fundoianu’s of Jewish topicsarticles to proved as impossible tobecomenot fully againJewish (…) Jewish”and politician’s declarations: “yes, ifyou hadlived in itRomania, would have been the struggle for civic rights for the Romanian Jewry, Fundoianu wrote as a reaction to thepublished in during his spent years in comeRomania doesnot as a surprise.In one ofhis articles Jewish roots hisown or Jewish community Judaism,often on Fundoianu wrote that fact comingfrom bourgeois rather families orpoorworkers’ professional background. The intellectuals Jewish Romanian of case usual the from different elite, intellectual Jewish condition. for thehuman as ametaphor perceived identity Jewish his of universalism and centrality the around self metaphysical and his creative of and redefinition an essentialisation for anewspace generated search experiencemigration, of removal of deliberate from a familiarin environment to order dominating his poetic and inphilosophical French.work Inmy interpretation, the a universal towards metaphor of Jewishness as ,embodying the mainly Jewish the inRomaniapublic through Jewish Romanian publications, andveered identificationethnographic,religious with theandtargeting Jewish cultural community Egalitatea, Hatikvah, Hasmonea, Adam Hatikvah, Egalitatea, The Romanian Period.The Romanian 9 listed Fundoianu’s that contributions on Jewish life appearedin publications Mântuirea on Luigi Luzzati, former prime-minister of , and promoting and Italy, of prime-minister former Luzzati, Luigi on Fundoianu’sfamily aremarkable represented example of and Mântuirea . Occasionally, he published he Occasionally, . 8 . In this context of context this In . 125 CEU eTD Collection differentsides of his intellectual personality according audience tothe andtheir agenda. activate to author the determined life intellectual Romanian larger the from topics and The separation Jewish culture of environment. nationalistic Romanian reactionsthe of the by also but separately, culturally existing thus society, Romanian the into integration incommunity notyet period, that emancipated, politically with a low degree of Jewish the of situation by special the was determined separation and internal formal Ia Yiddish Fundoianupoetry, signedB.Wechsler, F.Benjamin, in while literary journals in topic Zionist discussed. press debating problemof the or Jewish In the translating state and publication the aswell asto publictargeted, the to according used pseudonyms poet was byhisconfirmed as usageof Remuspseudonyms; thus, Z the other for the Jewish audience referring to politics, community life and Jewish culture - Jewish toculture, and philosophical related literary,topics on critical public andfocused Judaism. on articles of series a and interviews as well as Jews, Romanian of emancipation the and Zionism to state, a Jewish from of creation the ranged topics The community. Jewish Romanian the for significant events social and cultural as well as period, his for relevant issues political mentor, Steuerman-Rodion. where Fundoianu worked as an editor in in messageappeared of relevant terms political most the also and articles” “Jewish his of most Statistically, events. literary signaling permanent column, “Idei journalist and politician A. L. Zissu. In the publication ú i and Bucharest, he signed as B. Fundoianu, Wechslerescu andIa Fundoianu, Wechslerescu asB. hesigned i and Bucharest, This clear separation of discourses – one dedicated to the general Romanian general tothe dedicated one – discourses of separation clear This ú i oameni” 11 Inhishe inJewish discussed press, articles published (Ideas and people), title chosen as homage to his first 10 , hired by Schwarzfeld family’s friend, the friend, family’s Schwarzfeld by hired , Mântuirea Lumea evree ă , the Zionist publication , the Zionist stroiu 12 , Fundoianu hada also noticed, the noticed, also ú anul, etc. This etc. anul, 126 CEU eTD Collection settlements of compact communities preserving traditional cultural, religious and Northern Northern inMoldavia and organized backwardness, poverty, low-level infrastructure low-level poverty, backwardness, description in his tranquility (“In echoed oppositeevokinglife there. The andthenature described the locality, a reactions when evoked by the poet; a paradise of peace and rustic depiction, Moldavian region. pseudonym His atribute to idyllicwas placethe of childhood while a cycle of poems poetic the transgressing in“Her substance was dedicated attachment placeto the of origin where hespenthis wasremarkably childhood to Her its with life patriarchal includingatmosphere, manypoems inspired byJewishlife in the His region. rural Moldavian Northern of descriptions idyllic selected it thematically a mature and in selection literary werewhile which attempts eliminated, failures Priveli in Fundoianu that Romanian, spentpoetry published volumechildhood of Theonly there. still in was Romania represented by poetryinspired the byMoldavian lifeJewish his after ú The presence of the Jewish community was a natural part of Fundoianu’sof poetic natural part a community was of Jewish The the presence Geographically, the poetic rural in thepoetic rural had localization Geographically, the descriptions clear of Another source inof Jewish identity representation Fundoianu work the while ti, appeared in 1930, years profited for his appearedin1930,after from France.Thebook departure Here oats wasgrowing.Here oats raising was sun the field, the of middle in the Here, Destroyed by rain, by cattle and by carts – Wretched tîrg Priveli it smells like rain, like fall and hay” and fall like rain, like smells it ú tîrg ti volume. The Jewish community was demographically large in , with lanes and streets 14 Ġ a” cycle. shtetls or small 13 ), the place was also hated for its Ġ a, the other favorite place, tîrgs , basicallysemi-rural tîrg , possibly a , possibly shtetl 127 , CEU eTD Collection home speakingYiddish.” people simple “At linguistic characteristic: presenceof Jewishcommunity the the through introduced performance of traditional customs of the everyday life. the into and festivals religious into participating boy young the by experienced life Jewish and atmosphere the of description emotional was alsoan It space. of depiction pantheistic almost bucolic, a rural, into integrated naturally and ethnographic time same the be at to turned poetry his in community Jewish the of portrayal the Thus, years. early result of the inner reconstruction of his own memories and nostalgic projections of his the in was lifeMoldavia of Jewish the evocation tothe attached background emotional the verythe communicatebeginning to his poetic messagein Romanian. This parallel set of from he decided both, with familiar Although poet. the for bond emotional an represented cemetery: in the tombstones on present Hebrew written the to attachment own his showed poem,in Fundoianu language where wasstressed of a different The importance individualize from thegroup assimilated diffusethe community peasants of tothe picture. Ia in inof Jewishcommunity hisAs he picture wasborn the captured poems. Moldavian Therefore, evoking the area of Her area of evoking the Therefore, European specific Jewry. group toEastern of Ashkenazi the linguistic characteristic ú i and grew up in the observant family of his grandfather, the grandfather, his of family observant in the up grew i and Performing a transition from poet from of nature Performing describedarea,the atransition still the the Yiddish and Hebrew markersidentified as cultural highly community the and Sets the beehives sadness into the stones. the into sadness beehives the Sets The autumn,in the urban cemetery from the barriers, Andlove Iwould with atombstone Hebrew writing. Ġ a and Fundoaia, the Jewish presence confounded with confounded Jewishpresence the Fundoaia, a and 15 Heperceived language as firstthe element to 16 arendar of Fundoaia, the 128 CEU eTD Collection and Jewish” acculturation, Fundoianu noticed the absence of linguistic noticed Fundoianu acculturation, absenceof the communication: and compactthe communication. communities in Dueto separate the region lack of and selling theirmerchandisewere also inhis described poetry through issue the of language his message and sensitivity intodifferent idioms, as well as his later adaptation to French. transfer to ability Fundoianu persona, poetic in ease acertain This determined reshaping family,traditions presentthrough andreligious other performance inhischildhood. the languagesby level, enforced coexistedofficial one emotional on the andeducation representation of the village as a “small a“small Jewish villageas the of representation community: yearsthe in whenFundoianu spent thevillage hischildhood and histime in the usual in practice includingEastern Europe, coincided Romania; in this period fact with for future,usually byship,insearch aswell abetter andsocial as economic wasa safety, 20 the decadesof two first Inthe processes. Her series. landscape peasant-like Ġ a and Fundoaia, the poet also dated his poems through certain historical events and historical hisevents alsocertain through dated poems a and poet Fundoaia, the Everyday life practices represented by commercial activities of Jewish traders Jewish of activities bycommercial represented lifepractices Everyday Through linguisticThrough and of characteristics professional Jewishthe community, this Apart from from Apart very of by means the to reconstruction references geographic precise 18 ) placed the presence of the community for good in agricultural, for the good community of the ) placed the presence Wishes and travel tools Jews selling by on counters sign language 17 . th century, the massive the America, century, migration to tîrg ” (as in “The small in “The ” (as tîrg is humid, rainy humid, is 129 CEU eTD Collection its traditions andinto culture localthe environmentin a natural manner: integration of mysticalthe included feelinguniverse wider into the the community with the and participants on impact the exacerbated phenomena natural the with event religious audience who is awaremature the identifies with poet the asaspectator, episode of the recreation into the of the theatrical same asheisintegrated atthe time, catastrophe; a world of appearance took the event side of the ritual.In Fundoianu’s emotional representation a childexposedtoreligiousof performance, the Finally, the blendingperforming rituals Jewish festivals. He during them consequently incaptured hispoetry. of the grandparents’ house, he washighly impressed with his grandfather uttering prayersand Fundoianu’s memory and As poetic his recollections boy inof childhood. a young his “Her from references the completed by herdeath followed integration of difficulties the thereconstructing destiny a lovedof oneleavingfamily and birthplace for NewYorkand din nou uitat works as the saga of the emigrant, appeared in another poem left “Tev inin poem manuscript, appearedanother as emigrant, the works sagaof the Ġ a” poem with an emotional confessive tone. confessive with emotional an a” poem Essential part of everyday life, religious festivals and practices were present in The same migration story to America by ship, often present in his later French later in his present often ship, by America to story migration same The ă într-un p Suddenly,beacons were lit behind windows; From the panic brought from the red fields. To be protected by God, as it happened with theirancestors, They were asking of course – otherwise you would have wanted to pray – In evening,the ablack murmurfrom emerged synagogues: And reefs And deadbones. where the ocean downloaded reefs In houses, they know ships leaving for New York From thesame Jewsdescend. returning which wait every You thesamecarriage evening ă rete-n ram ă ” (I see you forgotten in a wall frame). The episode of 19 130 ă d CEU eTD Collection in Romanian and had been already living and writing in France. His volume,published years of activity as a young poet. By the age of 25, he willingly finished his literary career his first resultof His the Romanian sources. represented Judaism andBiblical poetry nature. In this respect, Marin Bucur wrote that wrote Marin Bucur In this respect, nature. focusedeither on Romanian influenceoron lackthe rural poetic of community with regarding nature inspired by Judaism.mobilized Thusit both previous interpretations that manner inwhichthe individual landscape with was connected mysticism via the a During several hisRomanian years,Fundoianu alsofrom inspired wrote poems The representations of Jewish life in Fundoianu’s poetry appeared in acoherent poetry inappeared life Fundoianu’s of Jewish The representations ancient song of the Exodus. the of song ancient nostalgia the preserves soul own its in whom, but cattle, the for ofmeadow the and its originalcustoms of having place, athandthefieldthe for oxen the ploughing, cart place. (…) Thehistory of its millennial songexile ordered its life as a rural society, adoptingof the theto landthe olderblendsintegrated space a of evocation was the It landscape (…). territories pure the to itself with attached which humanity, themodest humble a of settlements peripherical of Hassidicand provincial mix of communities, Jewish of space wisdom,unknown whereB. Fundoianu inbrought modern poetryRomanian previously the a world chased by the The pray from the low house with the roar from the field. Mixing in his headgrandson’s Was listening his cry from depth, the one No I-don’t-know-whom. with talking was grandfather And the from off Took And the house, staggering in the night, like a boat, itseems out, cleared blowA apparently snow iron of a firein shutters! Whatthe candlesticks the The ceiling full of gypsum angels rose to the sky; If I ever forget you, Jerusalem!“ “May my right hand be forgotten, let my tongue be silent lit wasprayingGrandfather between candlesticks: Through the closed doors and sat at the table. (…) A shadow entered quiet small shops tîrg ’s street and started floating. (…) 21 20 131 CEU eTD Collection peasant caring for his creatures inforpeasant caring his creatures harmony.a pantheistic is not ahumble subject; Fundoianu’s Godlives byhis side, with cattlethe andtrees, asa According to Marin Bucur, the of Fundoianu are the songs of praise of a man who existence andsituation communicatewhile attempting to a prayer. with God through on meditated own characters inthe their monologues which basically of were David) Sulamitei” Adam” and Jewish Bible. Thus, “Psalmul leprosului” “Psalmul Thus, Bible. Jewish and in the Christian asaform appeared other, on the it addressed, which divinity was the to on onehand,the monologue, individualvoicing, the and his viaaprayeror discourse, and between, theanatural profiles; model connection psalm,expressing apoetic structure “psalm” for a whole category of poems inspired from religious events and personalities’ spiritual identification with the history of Jewish people Jewish of history the with identification spiritual publication his first poem in prose “Pl inprose poem first his influence present in the cycle of poetry “Sonete biblice” (Biblical ) (1916) or in aclear stage,Fundoianu’s Judaic episodes. From creation an demonstrated early Biblical visible sources, through presencethe of motifscultural or references and from Judaic and inspiredwere afewpoems production, diversepoetic Within this exercises. lyrical as early functioned language registers or inspiration of sources Different Many discourse. literary influences,forms, models becould already identified here. documented thebeginnings, and evolution artistic crystallization ofayoung artist’s clearly his of time, manuscripts aswell as inthe publications the scattered pieces the As a characteristic of his poetic form and structure, Fundoianu used the term Fundoianu term the of used form and structure, his poetic of As acharacteristic (The Psalm of Adam) (The Psalm of Sulamith), Hatikvah or in or ă zmuiri în noapte” în zmuiri poem “Metempsihoz poem , “ Psalmul lui Abel” lui Psalmul “ Psalmul inedit al lui David” (The Unknown Psalm Unknown (The David” al lui inedit Psalmul (Night Fantasies) (The Psalm of Leper), the of Psalm (The ă ” (Metempsychosis) centered on the on centered ” (Metempsychosis) . (The Psalm of Abel), , published “ in the Zionist Psalmul lui Psalmul “ Psalmul 132 CEU eTD Collection language, the dislocation from the network of friends and the annulment of the position the of annulment the and friends of network the from dislocation the language, asartistic French with Romanian of replacement the consequences: hadseveral self-exile migrationfor hisuniversalization widerworld. the The experience of of discourse and and of in essentialization a process references of local cultural set a time, heabandoned same the At searches. poetic Fundoianu’s of acontinuation rather represented trajectory, continuation his inby of although activity in French, perceived asafracture critics his political contexts.Fundoianu basically adjusted hisdiscourse according tothe public. and cultural in different identity intellectual facets of poet’s the different activated environmentand thus identity.a fragmented This situation circumstantial selectively wider into the Romanian Jewish community of the integration and acceptance of cultural alow degree a wider demonstrated Romanianlanguage to andof public addressed poetry criticism literary on works the and publications in Jewish appearing community Jewish the between and his inspired life to by Judaism clearJewish separation addressed works ruralmilieu. This represented of ethnographically inthe largercontext the rendering them about Jewish life in Moldavia benefited from the poet’s emotional and personal way of symbolism. with Recollections and expressionism associated substance of poems and the the into Hassidic dissolved astrong tradition, were for volume, although testifying lyric influences, process the of de-mystifyingnature the or pantheistic tone in publications and werenotincluded in volumethe published in 1930, while messianicthe psalms his press; Jewish in mostly published were articles” “Jewish His way. compartmentalized 22 Fundoianu’s French Years. Fundoianu’s Romanian creations represented Jewishin represented and life culture a rather Fundoianu’s Romanian creations and inspired poems by Hebrewthe Bible appearedoriginally inJewish His departure forFrance His departure in and the 1923 Priveli 133 ú ti CEU eTD Collection l’absurde’” de la du possible, liberté; ‘de aphilosophy thought, toprophetic directly related under the label of “Jewish” existentialism” “Jewish” of label the under classified be could features, particular certain to owing who, philosophers existentialist questions. his philosophical to answers for search the whichfocused on poetic selfand Fundoianu’s andexistential discourse on the poetic Judaism: were visible inhis study on Rimbaud, whilehis existentialistitself discourse alotowed to substancehis of his creation; structured they writings philosophical as Kabala elements of Titanic between theoretical writing andlyrical production.His major poems andillustrated byhis supported in poetic activity ideologicala complex continuity was His philosophical thought firstof the thinkers European philosophy. Existentialist gouffre malheureuse influence of Leon Chestov. Studies such as such Studies Leon Chestov. influence of nameBenjamin into Fondane andturned Existentialisttowards philosophy underthe perception of his Jewishness. own InFrance, Beniamin Fundoianu hisliterary changed new his a which condition changeof emigrant, operated great intermsidentity of and he already hadin front of Romanian In the exchange,haddeal public. to Fundoianu with (1937)and (posthumous, 1947) mixed (posthumous, 1947) esthetics himasone philosophy and and confirmed of As Leon Volovici stated, FundoianuAs Volovici Leon “placesstated, himself, therefore,among those 24 (1936), . In his profound identity search, his Jewish roots became the center and the and center the became roots Jewish his search, identity profound his In . en lesun Dieu quirenouvelle la jourstous le l’acte de Genèse (...), refus ...on reconnait ici les fondements mêmes de la tradition juive: la croyance Exode. Super FluminaBabylonis Exode. Super Faux traité d’esthétique 23 Rimbaud leVoyou (1938) or (1938) and “speaks of “speaks and existentialist of thought an (posthumous, 1965)essentialized (posthumous, Baudelaire et l’expérience du etl’expérience Baudelaire (1933), La conscience (1933), 134 CEU eTD Collection represented by the political radicalization of international and also French political life: political French also and international of radicalization political by the represented Fundoianu face to hiscircumstantial itintoposition and translatemetaphysics was space of foreignness,total alienation andbeginnings. difficultAnother factor determining for anewfree in exchange celebrity literary reached already where Fundoianu networks migration,inherent thefamiliar trauma from of of language,removal country,social be the could displacement and rootlessness of idea the on focalization his of explanation condition” humanbeinghaunted of the his also writings. philosophical Apossible “unhappy the of issue The nature. human unfortunate and conscience rootlessness, doomed Ulysses, poet, each all connectedother to through obsession the of voyage, the traveler, asthe such poems French his in all appear motifs and topics these forms, different In creation. French in Fundoianu’s ever-present obsession and motif significant a became exiled the of emigrant, the of image the poem, to poem from and poetry permanently Migrating nature. searching from his existentialisttragic philosophy to and restless mobile, its through existence artistic the of and human the of symbol The condition of being Jewish transgressed in all his three major poems as a the circle getting smaller and smaller around Judaism. around smaller and smaller getting circle the with terror, increasing the with but integration, with much so do to have profound way his Jewish Actually,condition. internalization this does not more and more in a he assumes that impression the leaves Fundoianu from momentthe when his being integration stopped a problem him,for …although he integrated very well in France ormaybe, to be more precise, ladu cri, prière et l’espérancemessianique. le dansl’existence, pouvoir de le mal inscrite d’accepter nécessité comme 25 26 135 CEU eTD Collection time a hissymbol poeticof self, his it inpoetry,double but was also reshaped as Starting Fundoianu’s with Romanian beginnings until hislast poems, Ulysses became in destin” de une sorte finalement dessinent et le àreconsidérer, sansl’obligent cesse harcèlent, semble y qu’il aitdes qui poèmes ne le sedéprennentpasdupoète, le poursuivent, tradition, religion and metaphysical experience, but also with the recent social history of history social recent the with also but experience, metaphysical and religion tradition, Ulysse” cependant et Jew in his creation. Hisunmistakably self-portrait started by declaring “Juif naturellement human beingsome dueto characteristics on Fundoianu which theimage grounded of the turned into a metaphor representing the condition people. Jewish of the artist as well as theconsciousnessbeing in of exiletogether started with revelationthe of of sufferings the the one of the and exileconfounded metaphorically itself with Biblical the Thus Fundoianu’sExodus. themes of the endless road, main the note folkloric herea on resumed poem the earlier, decades of acouple popular of the never-ending travels.song describing the massive migration of Jews from Eastern Europe towards TheAmerica and image of travel,included the“Chanson inwell-known l’Emigrant” de hisone of Inspiredby a poems. migration images. of structure this complex through andliterary representation metaphorical found a and the condition of the poet himself. Thus, the tragic existentialism in Fundoianu’serrant work , as a Jewish version of the mythological character representing the human destiny human the representing character mythological the of version a Jewish as , 27 Starting Fundoianu’s from declaration on his poem The poet identifies himself as being Jewish in several ways and this identification this and ways in several Jewish being as himself identifies poet The imageDominated by of Fundoianu rootless the obsessive this person, actually , critics motif the noticedin that persistently his appeared Ulysses poetry. of 28 ; thus his Jewish identity connected both with the Biblical the with both connected identity Jewish his ; thus Ulysse considering that “il that considering le Juif 136 CEU eTD Collection accrochés àl’air“ accrochés paintings Fundoianuwhose works commented while in France: “ville de juifspetits Chagall’s of manner the in childhood his of village the of remembers still persona ,the massive migration and Jewish lifedescribed in his poems. His rootless remembered to pray and toreconnect toJudaism and tradition: rootless: the enforceidentityhistory was employed to identificationand with universal destiny the of Jewish the contrary, the on Here, Empire. the Ottoman Greece or Ancient as the just atmosphere, of forrecreating hisintellectual exercises source as another used Judaism lessthe engaged and poems passionate from Romanianhis whenperiod he sometimes In times of crisis, as the center and the salvation of his being, the poet in like continues history and religion past, tradition, with identification strong The Adonai, Elochenu, Adonai Echod! je me souviens aux soirs émus de Ta Colère: en une langue quej’ai maisoubliée, dont je etcrieJe memets àgenouxet sanglote . voici Me leallait destemps?changer cours que le fusil sans Lui cru avais-je Histoire, avais-jecru vraiment qu’onpouvait t’arrêter faitla Mer Rouge à pied. Avais-je cru, ma romance. J’avais le Le Nilmesoir racontait ...j’étais venu de loin, de plus loin que l’Histoire! 29 . 30 31 137 CEU eTD Collection birthplace of the poet. As already mentioned, the evocation of Asalready the Moldavian of evocation birthplace the poet. mentioned, the of point of departure into the wider world to explore: into wider to world the pointdeparture of original as the wasdescribed Moldavian, Northern specifically Jewry, European Eastern natal?“ generically his about nameless birth: country “Qui seof souvientencore deson pays it;regions poetwondered belonging the a migrant, rhetorically to as perpetual and birthplace: his to in time back poet the sent events current with associations involuntary rural space; Romanian also typical but tothe European culture, Eastern the to suggestion functioned asadirect localization Romanian background, the asa Serving of Hassidism. animals the landscape plants, and under ona wasdescribed tone pantheistic influence the together with idyllic an description rural the of populatedsurroundings; with peasants, 34 The Romanian background was reduced to the function of localizing functionthe of the was reducedto background The Romanian The second path of identification followed the existing Jewish communities. Jewish existing the followed identification of path second The The poet never went that far to name the country, despite naming places and places naming despite country, the name to far that went never poet The . The lack of materialization of his country into his French poetry fitted into the into fitted poetry French his into country his of materialization of lack . The je voulais l’univers pathétique partir voulu j’ai mais cela tout chanté j’ai l’amourla sentait bouse humide ça sentaitle pain frais et le hareng salé j’étouffais debonheur dedégout sales des rubans étaient trottoirs les juifs àl’air ville de petits accrochés débordaientles héliotropes le deshaies soutien-gorge (...) ...je viens d’une petite ville pissaient blanche où les vaches steppe! on y marchaitlongtemps et c’était long la vie ...pourquoi l’océan me fait-il penser à ces plaines de Besserabie 33 32 shtetl came 138 CEU eTD Collection of of original the space: origin, despite the past abandoned there, as his desire to leave it came as a strong rejection demonstrative separation Fundoianuof from heRomania; never tohis returned country of representations of the fatal voyage: fatal of the representations self: human in more once employedhis inFundoianu’s andlargely work connection with poetic own Jew was wandering the motif of the andculture, literature in world long career With a condition into the image of “le Juif errant” which finally erases the symbolism of Ulysses. Jewish migrants, reached the pointof fusing his obsessive voyages and his tragic Jewish of groups the identified with toreveal.empathically asalonelystarted traveler, poet The The dramatic image of the Jews traveling on a ship was only one among other At poeticthis the point, Fundoianu’s andphilosophical equation within work je n’en avais jamais assez! delaencore terre, encore, et les pays dormaient debout – y Il de avaittant visages démeler. les ne pouvais je Les m’appelaient, morts les vivants, - quime pressaitde voyager? Je n’avais pasrevula terre profondément ancréedans lejudaisme profondément est l’Histoire, de sens d’un sens, d’un revendication Cette (..) réclame un sensle contreun il imposé, révolte passivement jouet, destin d’en être refuse et un lieu, se car celui-ci du voyageur, qu’un n’estaspect del’exilé. Mais ce terrestre se situant incarne Lacondition lacondition persécuté. de l’émigrant langue,dans traqué, l’HistoireleFondane, Chez juif errant? Juif etdu contremétamorphose nouvelle errant une serait-il Ulysse l’Histoire. se superpose souvent à l’émigrant, à l’homme sans terre ni 35 36 139 CEU eTD Collection . the of figure literary the of embodiment collective and a symbolical into ship the on group described realistically themade otherwise transform poet the history and past common with Empathy andidentification and assumed the existence. constructed past a previous of attributes a perpetual wanderer on presentationthe of by real the group creating a persecutions, pogroms, and poverty: and evocation of dramaticthe story of Jewishthe pushed migrants landsother towards by Discussing the Jewish presence in Fundoianu’s work, Leon Volovici noticed that noticed Volovici Leon work, Fundoianu’s in presence Jewish the Discussing mythical the transferred This longpractically of description destiny Jewish the The identifiedan empathic himself the Jewish groupthrough poet attitude with dans vos mains je lisais une ligne de vie. de ligne une lisais je mains vos dans d’énergie terrible aviezvous source une ressemeleurs bijoutiers demots, d’accidents émigrants vous n’aviez pas de racines semer enterre vouliez-vous crèpuscules quels quel attirait vous or dans les pays de tete surunemerdesang pauvres juifs qui ramiez vous n’aviez que votre vie dansles valises desvilles hors chassés avaient vous de Russie pogroms les je vous ai vus quittant les poches des provinces (...) permanente masoif êtes vous chevauchezvous lanuitdes temps votre sang mon fouette sang, votre paupière mesoulève ...où allez-vous mes frères (...) et personne ne les attend de l’autre coté de la nuit...froides, d’étoiles perclus immobiles, pleurent ils d’oignons, des caisses sur assis en hébreu, sanglotent ...vous rêvez des ponts de troisième oùdes juifs chassieux 38 37 140 CEU eTD Collection identity. His poems testify for a displacement of his Jewish identity from the marginal the from identity Jewish his of a displacement for testify poems His identity. - human universally and largely - poetic his for metaphor a into it transformed basically a process of repositioning andreshapinghis Jewishness in center the of his identity lack of and civil rights. manifestations anti-Semitic with acceptance, and civic political of level low a with associated time, that at Romania in community Jewish the of inspiration. This situation was generated by the low level of social and cultural integration of sources the and topics the references, cultural of set the adjusting milieu intellectual strong Hassidic andJudaic Weltanschauung) activated according was the audience to and the , perceived as “traditional” and of ininspiration andof “traditional” pantheism,rural the as perceived functionhis to even level, of substance poetry, on asthea more metaphysical profound due tosocio-political circumstances. This publicly identity divided impossible(although Fundoianu kepthisJewish “atsources andhome” works community’s for the audience of discretion. note asignificant contained Jewishidentity Fundoianu’s of representations functioning asanineffable, butsubstantial inhispresence poetry of circulation), in the situation of a simple literary source of inspiration among others or appearing in onlyinarticles Jewish theRomanian limitedpublished pressand with thus traditionsorigins, childhood, and inamarginalized culture. position Placed of terms (in influence Fundoianu’s on creation was foundationa strong andheavily it employed his Following the his afterrepresentations identity hismigrationof Jewish for France, Indeed, although not very very Indeed, not hisvisible although Romanian Judaic the during period, as a possiblehis answer to philosophically questions. existentialist for passageway of process the and exploration meaning the of creation of stillinvolving 1930s Fundoianu roots, them transcendedJudaic as a the source of inspiration for his lyrical his for inspiration of source Just asthe Jewish world from his native Moldavia became in hisyouth a Priveli ú ti , in , essaysin the the published Priveli ú ti Priveli , contained a , contained 39 ú ti , the , 141 CEU eTD Collection (universal, rather than Romanian or French) identity representations were synthetically were representations identity French) or Romanian than rather (universal, dual identity in circumstances, his Jewish activated appropriate and non-Jewish chance his toopenly inhis Expressing with owncreations. arather Jewishness reconcile him the offered exile that of experience the is exactly it sametime, Atthe substance. essential and in its universal existence express human to the metaphor experience asa to ageneral approach reality: philosophical , intellectualism, as identity Jewish on concentration and metaphysically assumed condition beingof Jewish profound this determined mutation / migration under differenthypostases. His ownexperience migration of together with his poem with different circumstantial variations: the poem of poem the variations: circumstantial different with poem allowing researchers of his philosophy acertain determined continuity between his theoretical andpoetic work, to treat his French poetrycentrality of poeticthis equation Jew-poet-Man,traveler- solidof the Judaicfoundations as a long-term human supportthe andmigration,of space, To existence. time, through exile travel, process of rewriting itsmodern versionone of “Jewish Ulysses” as a cultural metaphor for the common dimension on the destiny of mankind, Fundoianu basically employed the symbol of symbol the employed basically Fundoianu mankind, of destiny the on meditation Inalarge self. and artistic of hiswork center the his towards creation of strata Summing up, the greater significance of his work was that it used the Jewish Jewish tradition forJewish tradition meaning the of andhis existence own destiny. transformed himself into asuffering and searching pathetic prophet, inthe brotherhood,metaphysical poet the andthelonging for universal despair between Hesitating his. was it because voice biblical the chose who man, lyrics,“religious” butasthelyrical consciousness of proof a of tragic the or “Jewish” as nor themes, biblical on a variation as not intended poetry …elements from the Bible and Jewish mystics are fused in a modern Ulysses , Exodus le Juif errantle Juif / Exile, travel 40 142 in CEU eTD Collection manifestation in order to integrate into the larger intellectual debates. Finally, his Finally, debates. intellectual larger the into integrate to order in manifestation andadapt forms torepress other to of poet hisdiscourse the determined repertoire its of tendency nationalizing the and canon literary national the of rigidity the Secondly, city, the could explain inhis of such cultural appearance massive references the creation. lifeinspiredof bypeasant symbols and asopposed to themodernity to and register artistic a certain employing both Surrealism, of later and Symbolism of influence customs, perceived definingthenation Theinitial literary as national the anddiscourse. folk and Christianity Orthodox peasantry, lifestyle, rural including repertoire artistic Romanian and references lifeheavily assuming culture to employing and a nationalizing conventional blatantly of inflation of an context inthe was paradoxical Voronca Romanian cultural canon, at least in terms of poetic discourse. affiliation and apersonal strategy artisticof andintellectual inclusion within existentthe France in 1930s.Thisthe situation obviously suggested acertain public cultural to Judaismnot openlyincluded literary were into the migration hisbefore text to written references.At the same time, cultural or personal references to the Jewish environment or landscape, folkmemory customs, culture, language frequentand cultural through manyVoronca authored volumes of lavishlyandpoetry prose describing the Romanian critics “the billionaire of images” of “thecritics billionaire unabletosynthesize. separated, fragmented, rather inRomania identity survived while thedouble his after reunited departure, only The limited representation of the Jewish environment and culture in of work the andculture environment Jewish the of representation The limited B. Ilarie Voronca and the Interplay of Symbolic Registers. Symbolic Interplay of Ilarie B. Voronca andthe 41 due to the stylistic the his Ilarie dueto specificity work, of Called byliterary Called 143 CEU eTD Collection part of Voronca’s identity, the one of the Poet. important most the with together resurfaced eventually self-awareness, and symbolism mere to and representation from religious cultural the reduced Jewish background, on the human condition and on the of representations him ethnicity in concentrate and offered his opportunity to the writing condition of the poet. The repressed from conflicting the poet the liberated environment French the Jew. Basically, presence of his wandering the Ahasverus, imageof the with often associated rootlessness, and alienation by lonelystarted reinventing ashimself affected activity, awanderer, stranger, poet the hisyears French thelast of Towards and visionary poet. such asthecreator, identity poet neverdefined in himself ethnic-religious preferring terms, artistic coordinates of his into ittransformed aprofound humanistic andcreative philosophy. Inhis entire work, the and identity his Jewish of poetic representation the reevaluated Voronca norms, literary constrictive specific with comply to need the from liberated context, intellectual French new Inthe faded. background inhiscreation Romanian and representation the of the local references employing for culturally while theneed reshaped his discourse, artistic from detachment early influences andtheindividualization his of poetic discourse representation of Jewishthe inhis background work. andcontext played down, asthe other modernists and did, avant-gardists the Romanian of the the presence emphasized andwhich strategy register formal language by a assimilating inclusiveliterary discourse acreative designed Voronca environment, a conservative cultural forto aform adaptation Basically,of context. searching became an inspirationRomanian background,cultural his life and hisformative experiencesin country the for his poetry and transgressed into his work together with their Together with his artistic maturation and with his migration maturation France, the migration his with hisTogether andwith to artistic 144 CEU eTD Collection communicating the samemessage,communicating the whichbecame auniversal one. specificity language poeticof a certain segmentRomanian of in and succeeded as irrelevant for the new audience. In this way the poetic discourse was liberated from the partlocal references of agreat the cultural to renounced message, but poetic the preserved milieu and audience. Supporting French the this fact, translations of many his volumes of secure a integration cultural literary the to within intended and social language registers theformer of The preservation registers. language the and of references set cultural structural hislevel thepoetic while vocabulary poetry, much of of initial preserved the the rather altered changes these discourse, artistic innovative apersonal articulating internalized awholein which cultural code emerged his firstworks. Romanian language and,in and literature being educated culture, Romanian the he topoi” specific its with moment, the of convention lyric the to “subordination of degree certain a volume first in his identified critics while that considered Pop Ion literary critic respect, this In volume. first in his visible mostly trends, literary Romanian different of language poetic from coming and the motives, elements tropes Voronca’sassimilated poetry Ilarie Voronca himself admitted laterinfluence the ofseveral himself Romanian Ilarieadmitted poets, Voronca Reconstructing theRomanianLandscape. but also traces of also traces but (…), Bacovia’s poetic atmosphere to indebted greatly werepoems there Even later, whenhisinfluences poetry theabandoned visible and started atmosphere. poeticBacovia’s related to also Botez, Demostene …volume Restri ú ti (Distress) illustrated still the Symbolist formula (…); formula Symbolist the still illustrated (Distress) Vecerniile (Evening Prayers) of Camil Baltazar or 43 During its formative beginnings, Ilarie . After all, the poet developed all,. After inside poet the 42 145 CEU eTD Collection accent” Cotnar” /of in winecups served lointains” (“Tapis d’Olténie as carpets objects qualities or from originating a specificor place. region introduced objects He such emotional geography of the inanimate universe of the individual through the mediation jargon. In introducedthis asecondary way,poetic Voronca andgeographically-localized of from custom a definite region it, audience to appealed the asaform with familiarized of person, or of of audience;quality theprocess evokingthe a certain arenowned object, of knowledge general the byappealingto poeticthe discourse of expressivity enhanced the gained emotional quality from the recollection of a past event: interrogation “pourquoi ceport,cetâge” “pourquoi interrogation ai-je donc quitté the through followed jeunesse” dema nostalgia and port as“ce actually referred and physiological processespsychological aplace to of quality acertain or a certain place to event a certain attaching otherwise difficult to describe, the poet actually planned to childhood or adolescence. For example, in volume example, For or adolescence. childhood emotional potential due to the localizationthe poet’s livingof experience during discourse, suchrecreating the Romanian landscapein text. the Most places included into the poetic as cities,geography, to references viaspecific and substance clarity acquired poetry Voronca’s villages, rivers or mountains, were valued mainly for their 48 ). Geography contributed to an even more abstract level of localization; by level localization; abstract more of toaneven contributed ).Geography Apart from the emotional function of the landscape, the spatial references La forêt bruitle le souvenir crépitent dogcart ..la mère et sa main comme un regard, thé bu sur le peron a Soveja Frequently, the abstract metaphors and images vagueFrequently, abstract the in the employed 47 ) oreven nature (“whenmurmur leaves with Moldavian 46 ; Oltenian carpets), wine kinds (“the season is Amitié desChosesAmitié 45 44 . The recreated geography recreated . The , Constan Ġ a city was 146 CEU eTD Collection musket of musketlightning of the risen.” modernism. and component religious rangingfrom ’s expressionism orArghezi’s In the followingVoronca’s poetry was initially influenced byliterary models metaphysicalwith a strong volumes, this respect, In recollection. heroic historical the space and with rural together the while national expression, the belonging to areaas religious the considered canon which Voronca’s useddiscourse employedperiod that during by Romanian the cultural life and artistic discourse literary wider anda certain accept conform with will the to openly expressed poetry articulatedimages or memories. The inclusiona of thismore linguistic and imagistic register in Voronca’s sensations, localize form gestures, to scenes, lifeaiming aconventional approached religious Christian to referring vocabulary poetic the work, mature his in appearing also but volumes, in his first Mostly present logic. a similarartistic to subjected was register (the community’s outcasts, community’s (the de river in laces over the round stones.” round the over in laces river foam flow andagitated whichdances(“And the the dream foreheads /Likeon Trotu a river’s as certain functioned dream the area; from coming geographical metaphors the the breathing, employedindividualize process thefunction dreams or of Voronca of enhance their visual and artistic effect or to simply clarify them. Thus, in order to spectacular mountains (“breath stopped mountains lips (“breath spectacular stopped on likeabridge Carpathian the over side” customs ( (for example coming from localthe popular culture, customs, habits andlifestyle; musical instruments Ġ esut Voronca employed images, vocabulary and descriptions of specificvocabulary of concepts and descriptions employedVoronca images, - the mechanical device used for carpet manufacturing) and myths or folk stories hora , the youth gathering and party and youth party dancing),, the toolsgathering ( specific working bucium ) (“from springs solemn ) (“from haiduci 52 ). Belonging to the same local cultural area, the religious ; “The rain like a like rain ; “The 49 ) and breath suddenly stopped as over suddenlystopped ) anda bridge breath buciumul haiduc gathers its sound” comes forward with the with forward comes 51 Uă ), folk ), zboiul 50 147 ). ú CEU eTD Collection lived experience, the lived experience, Soveja, the memory of the poet’s past resurfaced and the place able to generate again the recalling when example, For evocation. for autobiographical pretext become the often could Similarly, side. intimate geography their enhancing authentic for his recollections, inherentlypoet themin evoked his texts, using thus self-referential them as abackground Naturally toplaces,attached and customs duringhis formative society experiences,the society, but also to the Romanian poetic tradition employing these cultural registers. all these specificit. The to by attached mainly organic cultural the integration manipulating of resonances event, artistic the of value the enhance to references meant dimension suggestive a merely into demonstrated function referential and denominative its evocative, down toned or “secularized” register a profound acculturation to the Romanian or vocabulary: of religious mediation the via audience the to offered spirituality to suggestions mere into volume, early his Christian religious vocabulary transformed its function of material reference in reference material of function its transformed vocabulary Christian religious individualized artistic and voice influences formativethe diminished, usage of the Voronca found inhis often a early source of biography Romanian inspiration.rich in Ulise, ripping the darkness like an abdomen and lightning crosses birches kneel and pray …the seas flow over the table cloth like a glass of milk silence of leaves among sermon the performs who vestment in priest a like wind the stars, faces atthe seamakes …the hisvolume publishedfive yearslater.In time, the religious language vécu 53 (the lived) occupied the center of the discourse. This This evocative lived) of center discourse. the the (the occupied 54 Restri 148 ú ti , CEU eTD Collection dislocated, memories automatically brought their context into the picture: the into context their brought automatically memories dislocated, similar one a with emotionally which connected from present the from startinga sensation fromrecreated the past. asit was remoteness of degree asupplementary space received lost view.The smell or Like the ground sound, similar by aseemingly of generated encountering act the childhood, to recalling hangingperfect onto theflavor, local their with environment and rootsfamily birthplace, of a plantrepositioned when within the in of itself.a source poetry poetic reconstructions anditfunctionedevents as forbackground grounding a necessary the poetical act andnot emotional for hisenvironment poetry, their presence intended localizing was rather for of the poems,past. Whileas a formRomanian localities,evoking rivers, mountains, and folk customsof mentioned into Voronca’s authenticating theimages.subordinated itexplainswhile thegreatnumberof This aspect lost the recreating poet’s and in it itsmemories, with geographical context of time thememory repository carried and coloring sometimes and of poetry generator the be to used the place If changed. forces of balance his past. the as in time altered connection This past. poet’s of the a part to access the mediate Although it able to alsozone functioned intermediary but as value, its an ownmaterial preserved they created influences; technique camefrom his literary andformer hand, past place the on one an ă After Voronca’s departure for France, the Romanian background was naturally Romanian for France, background was the departure After Voronca’s (Small manual of perfect happiness) employed a significant Proustian manual (Small significant happiness)employed perfect approach Proustian a of trentaine d’année auparavant dans le danubientrentaine port auparavantdans d’année de Br lapas douter voix d’un marchand d’habits que j’avais entendue une mar...chaaandà n’en annonçait-il c’était d’habits”, marchand et d’habits, d’habits, “Marchand d’habits... marchand d’un voix la par bercer laissais me je fermés, moitié a encore yeux les matin, ce que ainsi C’est Mic manualdefericire ă ila, lorsqueila, 149 CEU eTD Collection but the center of “his” space was represented by the “living quality” that these details these bythe “living that quality” of“his”wasrepresented space but center the mountains, colors, mentioned places, poet the context, sakeof the the For representation. of the overwhelming power of the past, often idealized and in need of nostalgic outcome the obviously were processes These other. each into immersing of danger the in space andtime which were unstableandfluid, wherepastandpresentwere permanently livedina practically poet the past, the recreated sensations and present the space) time or became and secondary. subordinated latter lived( the focusedon exclusively As theprocess of and evocation diminishedrecreation gradually. space of the characteristics the and in representation the time Nevertheless, glorious. present the itandundeservedly made evoked contaminated happy Thus, the one. past the other resembled space whichbychance even current the background, contaminated oldthe of Theidealization increased. space and, pastthe obviously subsequently,its of idealization of the and a spacewherecrystallized, happy memory event toa resemblance its remote dueto characteristics and embellishing positive spacereceived surrounding its quality memory of repository for poet’spast the experiences; when even currentthe to the level thepresent itwith andoverlap to past the recreate to was able a simple sensation context, the Proustian activator for a whole process of evoking Voronca’s past life. Despite the Witnessing this processes when the pastinfluenced the quality of the present (be it While asimple living abroad, image, sensation, sound, or feelingtaste could actas vécu of total idealized spaceimmersion dueto andconfusion. The wasinherently total of marchand. le paysagedela enfancevientdedéposer lointaine de la autour voix du tout quelques Pendant instants, jeunej’habitais chezadorable tante. et une ) and living experience, rather than on its current contextualization, the contextualization, current its on than rather experience, living and ) 55 150 CEU eTD Collection the other sequels and introduced sequels other the a feeling andintroduced of in poem: Voronca’s with contrasted episode The volume. the of ambiance emotional and artistic the into break The fragment consisted of a series of violent, deadly and terrifying images introducing a figure in internationalthe modernist 20 important Brauner, Victor his friend, painter sequelto the XVth dedicated Ilarie Voronca the early 1920s, as well as to the Iron mid-1930s, Guard raids Iron of early and early the the aswell tothe 1920s, volume in imagery lively and innovative a rich, of context the artistic event. for weresecondary andcharacteristics specificity Its context. beloved and idealized of an reducedtothe function whichwasafterwards nature recreation andbackground for the of past. His sensations, the people encountered, his feelings, became the essential motivation for his asacatalyst itandfunctioned remember necessity to fulfillpoet’s the to resurfaced in for its recreated it spacewasnot recreated his memory. the value,own Therefore but Subverting the Public Discourse: the Remembrance Discourse: ofViolence. the thePublic Subverting And you pass among out vegetation on a chlorophyll stretcher. rooms the flooded forehead and the mirrors When And from the destruction of flesh a flute of isolation When only a ribbon, afly remained from the killed bird wall the of nonail When exaltation scratches When rigid palm goes though the body of a flame Andin isany thought there arope youtying tothe stars, you you, crushes humanbeing strangles Atevery another step bats, and laughter of with saws paths, your crosses hooligans And But the bell of a bitter tomorrow sounds beneath the temples And a vision closes a night owl in blood. While in hospitals insomnia passes by with a convoy of bed sheets Without a direct reference to the anti-Semitic student manifestations from manifestations student anti-Semitic the to a directreference Without th century scene, also of Romanian Jewish origin. Zodiac (Astrological Signs), 56 In the In 151 CEU eTD Collection local cultural references, previously abundant, was reduced to a minimum; retaining only a minimum; retaining wasreduced to abundant, previously references, local cultural of employment the work, French his for inspiration of source important an represented self-referential, autobiographical meditation. Although his past and his yearsRomanian the towards more and more turned and imagery opulent the abandoned discourse poetic transition a largertowards meditation on existence during his Frenchperiod. dominated by its solar lively was character, dramatically initiatingundermined, the Voronca, Ilarie of profile Theliterary presence. an becomingobsessive and his dreams anti-Semitic political agitation, vividly described in Sa described vividly agitation, political anti-Semitic within RomanianHimself ina student and early the departing1920s for France only theriseafter of the society, Voronca could experience. of commonality solidarity or in of a gesture was actually dedicated poet not have missed the effects whom the friend’s to ofhis or poet the of experience personal a of a reenacting represent of the metaphors, could through background violent the obscuring discretely victim and such episode, a violent biologically physically assumed bythepoet identifying with the images. awhole depressingTherecreation of of dramatic,introduced alienating, register flesh,beaten sleep,andmedical a fingers, and bird,carrier) nails scratching killed wall, (hospital,aggression andnight physical attack owl, stars, fire, bell, blood, stiff rope, trauma, areaof specific the from coming vocabulary The threat. a permanent into involved the description,existencethroughout cart, transformingexpressed fear, utterly push- emergency the on victim the of death poetic the with ending and bats with armed vividinspiration.image caused The of thedaily streets, by danger on “young hooligans” of infamous source with havea rich, artist violencethe provided could experienced Poetry as the Identity Core. Identity asthe Poetry AfterFrance Voronca’s migration in to 1930s,his the ú a Pan ă ’s memoirs as penetrating memoirs ’s 152 CEU eTD Collection identification: marker of universalthe inadaptation andof poet the an obvious form self-of a here becoming condition, solitary human the of symbol Jew, wandering the Ahasverus, to one the was reference significant most the Nevertheless, traveling. of motive the through all connected island imagePatmos, of in Schlemihl apocalyptic the or Petre estrangement and migration crystallized in his poetry as the myth of Ulysses, the figure of butalsoin Europe.In of migrants, JewsWestern metaphor abstract 1930s time, this mightbe European this factconsequence asEastern the of common experience their and Ahasverus or Ulysses of myths same the by symbolized wanderer, the of myth the showed a Fundoianu’sdiscourse with similarsituation strikingly with obsessed poetry, identity in a new cultural canon such as the French one. In this respect, Voronca’s artistichis migrantcondition, butalso asa consequence of publicly hisre-assuming Jewish of expression anartistic as functioning France, for hisdeparture after often significantly identity was exclusivelyandart expressedthrough poetry: if his as interms of beand writing, definedalmostcreation started to persona exclusively self-referentialtranscendent, and symbolic universally his poetry. Moreover, poetic a to sublimated discourse Voronca’s experience, existential individual his of essence the Metaphors of Metaphors in andrejection rootlessness toappear hisstarted poetry La monnaie desmes peines n’ayantcours pour le bonheur. danslaRevant, nuitfroide aufeu d’un regard, Le diamante du poème pour le verre de l’ C’est moi que tu as attendu, avec mes remords, mes blessures, Je ne sais pas d’ou je venais, tu m’as pris par la main (...) Cela fera trente-neuf quelque ans quetum’asma accueilli, vie. âme, 57 153 CEU eTD Collection repeatedly writing about it: repeatedly about writing andhome native body, abroad, and language obsessedFrench acquired and poet the territory imagination, andof of mind abstract creativity.the between This dual existence or context. localization from a proper them universallevel,detaching abstract, the them to transferred Thus poet the but thenecessary, were references life, or personality poet past, his about writing When moved anymore. creation in his represented not was reciprocally from which mundane the with ties a specificpeople, acountry nation; to or hisin existence anideal space of poetry and artsevered his context, to a certain bespace or could to attached not poet rootless wandering the a consequence, tradition of wanderingthe the current migration strangerpolitics to of andlegislation involved.As and culture requests”, naturalization in and fill me forms to forcing to a me will acceptsometime asking in my country their for without ID papers,without appeared in In appeared a fewpoems. theWWIIaround for1920sand1930sin Romania, early the aswell as radicalized impositions. social and determinants cultural freedfrom his contextual his works of substance into identity the reintegrated Jewish finally most hisuniversal the poetic Voronca of through the one, Ilarie personality, side volume in wasassociated Ahasverus mythof the fate, Jewish the representing culturally butalso The idea of the impossibility to be accepted by the society, symbolical for France for bysymbolical be society, accepted the impossibility to of The idea the Symbol of the drama of human condition permanently in motion and changing, and motion in permanently condition human of drama the of Symbol Petre Schlemihl You sangYou and the shadowgotscared and ranlike abird. Love sounds in you like an alarm clock Without a shadow and searching the keys of the spring Ahasverus ever for thus, poet, a are You with the poet’s his artistic with back identity. poet’s the to Connecting roots Interviul 59 (The Interview) the poet wrote that “only the dead 60 adapting the mythical adaptingmythical condition the 58 154 CEU eTD Collection Blechershort life, published during his exclusion. social involving terms defining often overdisputes socio-political inclusion and NATION” astheidentity form hisartisticagainst anyethnic,ultimate of expressing “imagi- hepreferred belong to, nation to a instead of choosing Thus, “Imagi-NATION.” Land to Poetry, his tothe of whenmoving innerrealm to searchmoved realization, the culture appeared asa culture strong presence inhis work,although itwas placed in the Jewish and Judaism Nevertheless, identification. collective ethnic or dimension cultural suffering, experimenting, suicidaland fashionable madnessandignoredthe disease, the existentialist conflictexplored analysis ofidentity The the writing. human his through only selfexplored with and mediated the world the world and its limits in terms of pain, illness, the writer concentrated on a profoundexistentialist analysis of the self and of his existenceidentity identity and crisis, adaptation withand contact surroundingthe in world, terms. in Due to reality) and closest the his tragic destiny, prisoner of his own body and terminal Une patrie unanime. Un soleil égal attentif” C. Identity as the Periphery of the Self: Max Blecher. The image of the ideal place was generically described as “une patrie généreuse. patrie as “une described wasgenerically place ideal the of The image De deux langues, l’une d’ici, d’unl’autre pays non encore situé. De deux femmes, l’une de neige et de vin, l’autre de brume; l’uneDe deux denuages; l’autre patries, deterre, l’homme été j’ai pourtant Et Inimi cicatrizate Întîmpl (Scarred hearts), focused on the problem of 62 , but as the reality could not offer such a ă ri dinrealitateaimediat Both novels that M. ă (Events from (Events 61 155 CEU eTD Collection avoidance or repression, or avoidance asatransgressed Judaism experience. appeared essential part of his origin, culture andformation; without being subjected a to strategy of butitwork, naturally his being an emergedexistential while discussing condition as in Blecher’s issue an became never representation and identity Jewish up, Summing work. his in representation Jewish significant, nevertheless minor, a for pressed ethnicity ignoring movement in a interest writer’s the and avant-garde the with connections representationignoring irrelevant ofhis writing, any Finally, affiliations. collective the The limitedwork. social of shapedexperience author the theessentially individual exchange, individual’s the existential dramatic struggle tended tooccupy of his center the in terms; cultural and in social writer the for significant less became identity of problem the tragic determinedbackgroundBlecher’s justifiedthat eventually condition, through Jewish his of authentic, however marginalization, This experiments. emotional his monographic hisapproach employ to memories, butto functionallythem in the of context identity. Practically,all through descriptions,these theauthorneverintended add a to experiences and human of universalism on the on communicate the to meant rituals commonality generic essentially of pain and suffering, into them almost transforming ofanyethnic markers, thescenes emptied descriptions rather than expressthe Therefore, self. the of essence the and world with the incontact explorations a group further ego of atopic became it tragedy of Blecher’s substance in existential the context, Butenvironment. even if Jewishthe background of his functioned works as an authentic functional and authentic an with story his provide to rather but identity, Jewish obviously,functioncertifywork; and attachment to the their not of his preservation was life customs cycle such as process weddingthe of mourning, the andtheburial in his for his anatural background, context providing example,Blecher described writing. For 156 CEU eTD Collection representations of physical existence perceived as the central element in of central M. work asthe the perceived of element existence physical representations elementary contact with his as much as essential, became self-referentiality and thus sickness, or passage time the world. This direct of effect under the form of self-discovery process by a constant was generated situation the of experiencing the world impact duematuration cases,In both and diseasethe passage. or to of crippling time the assumed focused on the fact, the context and references tended to receive a special position within the narrative, withinthe position special a receive to tended andreferences context the fact, from his thisautobiography,following years; thelifestory of early due to character the universal terms. On contrary, the On terms. universal in unfolds drama while the disappear, descriptions and contextual background references the novel the in is fact that significant Another life. Jewish of specificity than the on rather experiences human level of publicuniversal the tothe relate on to andsucceeded character main of the cultural the environment offered source, of andtraditions ethnographic ritual a life fewlevel, Thesecond scenesdepicting through cycle events literature. represented Cultului Mozaic emotional and stylistic inspiration, was signaled by E. Suhor asintimateof sources literary structures profound asitidentified the within emerged on two levels of his creation. First, the most intimate level of creativity, difficult tobe The representation dreamsof his Jewish andliterary foundconstructs. identity be could background and traditional elements appeared in hisin narrative, descriptionthe hisof Representations of Identity in the Work of M. Blecher. Obviously, Max Blecher perceived Jewish tradition his of as tradition Obviously, Jewish perceived a natural MaxBlecher part Inimi cicatrizate transformation of the relations with the world and with his own self under self own his with and world the with relations the of transformation (The Review of the Mosaic Community) while analyzing Blecher’s , focusingin life , on the painanda sanatorium, any death, on Întîmpl ă ri dinirealitatea imediat 63 In both novels, both In in his article in ă was written as an waswritten the author the Revista 157 CEU eTD Collection basic acts, the former of grounds his being andhis identity: his fragility awareness started doubting while writer his the of and developed gestures determined his self- quicklyadeterioration self-conscience; own physical of a subsequent verdictwas suggestively as described finalthe moment his of existence: medical the face to had patient the when moment the following immediately disease self-awareness as a humandue tohis newly disease anddiscovered this condition; through extreme experience,his being received a primordial in main character place. The first the of profile the to gave substance contact contact and direct senses employing experiences the with his period of illness, the reaction painto and suffering, the limitations of the physical self and the during perceived intensely body, own his with connection the Corporality, Blecher. The effect of The of hishandicapping hissickness accepting effect and thus situation body? whole his powder into transform to sufficient not was vertebra broken fragmentbroke small if a from but it, thehammer, a wholewith hit thingeven be turned could to powder.they that so One singleglass, regular than resistant more became and hardened which composition melting of pieces in water throwing amused themselves workers the factories feeling very In hadfragile sinceafew ago. started glassthe minutes fall from his shoulders rolling down on the pavement as a bowling ball. He not ifhishead would street, in collapse not the if hewould hotel, reach the He wanted toaskmore questions; ifhis break spine won’t until he would ”Come in, please!... The guillotine is ready…” nextthe room: invited himto and opened adoor doctor the that moment unconsciousnesslike felt laughing.(…)Hewasactually waiting any amazing of in onesecond day, of the character sensational the placemanyand sententiously, by thatEmanuel,exhausted crushestook so Within previous hoursomanythe horrible had things happened calmly Inimi cicatrizate. 65 His physical integrity was placed in a profound crisis 64 158 CEU eTD Collection characteristics andpotentialities. characteristics individual his projected incapacitation own on surroundingthe transforming space, its The level basic existence. physical on the of operated mutation impact tragic of the change to reality rather managedunder thesurrounding representation inBlecher’s works expérience-limite existential specificity of the based on acounter-example novel Blecher’s created context, ofidentity collectivewithin the social reevaluations the andinvolving representation principles he knew before changed, and thus the whole world modified accordingly: modified world whole the thus and changed, before he knew principles reality instead of its master: himself as andbelongingobjectified toanew “category” whichmade him an accessory to impact of the changes operated on his physical self. From then on, the character perceived Unlike the previously Unlike in theself previously novelsapproaching the discussed with connection Under the effect of this fundamental physical alteration, the whole reality and the Hisidentity his were self-perception and severely altered under dramatic the strangely. asphalt.the While in office, hewas the reality doctor’s the thinned of substance the over floated have would if he as pavement the on slowly being out of way whose back housesstepped the fearfully. Hewas walking into world,Emanuel stepped an this vertebra, havingarotten unfortunate But everything seemed much sadder andmore an indifferent... Now ill hurry carriagerunning after the carryinghis luggage. of the family following the was infollowedpushed stretcher acart byhealthy Something like persons. walkthe of a corpse... or It waslike one of the strange sensationsone connected travelerto the illness, when a patient in a where the individual confronted individualonly his the where Identity own essence. confronted 67 66 159 CEU eTD Collection death, with a description of ritual the bath before the burial.Withoutany ethnographic of his recollection grandfather’s impressive wasthe most of the by thedeath aperson; feeling,memory, reaction as in the novels of : &ă the sweets of the day, did everyday life on Saturday withafternoons, not family gatherings, with preparedand food the follow any ethnographical intention as in the evenhis if a roots, relegated to space ofmemory marginality.and case of Ion reminder of function asaconstant observance life religious and Jewish with connected recollections writer’s the existence, limits of the experiencing spirit, acculturated modernist, despite his seemed todefine Nevertheless, cosmopolitan, construction. identity the universalBlecher’s themilieu work, representativity of and thecentrality of pain in Thus, with a counter-example. thereader thereprovided experiences existential years,evocatingin life hisearly the inafrancophone sanatorium milieu his spent and the a certain extentan localization,ethnographical significantly tohis related identity while spaceofferedhis native to If totheinternational illness andexperience. space of opposed as childhood novels thespaceof of describes background the the vagueness topics, the of author, the plot of the novels was located in both France and Romania; due to the lugaru. Instead, the author planned to recreate a background able to generate aspecificgenerate to able recreate abackground planned to theauthor Instead, lugaru. In the series of life cycle events, the writer evoked frequently the rituals involved rituals the frequently evoked writer the events, cycle life of series the In The precise descriptions of autobiographical details used whilepresenting details used autobiographical of The descriptions precise Jewish as an Existential Life Background. sweet-bitter cakes made with honey and almonds. and honey with made cakes sweet-bitter gramophone wasplayingoriental from tunes Every we usedafternoon Saturday to gather in living the where room the Following biography the of the Kismet 68 and Edda offered us and Eddaoffered 160 CEU eTD Collection clearly clearly in thebackground: cultural andspecific despite experience human forgeneric the a context simply offering of intention religious the novels, monographic confirmed specifictothe The lackof opulence, descriptive codes; still, experiences. fundamental reader’sown the appeal to image couldeasily a vividwhich the Jewishsufficient todraw a stylized sketch of the scene, the recollection of momentthe generated burial materiality. Focusing withfew suggestivethe essential on aspects, detailsbutonly involved,a its and traditions death case this in world, the of reality essential the with contact and customs author’s the anotherexperience facilitating loved death of the appearedas one that a emergedfact due to the author the of emotionality the involved deeply text Max Blecher’s agenda, economy of the novel: the of economy in functional the role apure received described actions the symbolism, cultural specific any of death.Emptied of impact person’s the of the asuggestion as tragic eventand sick person. Thedescription introductory functionedof custom the asan narrative for the custom of washinghands anticipated for the readers the announcement of the death of the A similar picture was described later, whilelater, A wasdescribed picture traditional Edda’sdeath; the evoking similar soap and wisps of straws. of wisps and soap heitinto brought the room washingand started corpsewiththe laundry courtyard in order to heat them in the kitchen.When the water warmed up, while filled hewasbringing the with from buckets water tapsfrom the the family the honorfrom the lying ona few My requested uncle table. tin a dead after days, of washing the shirtdead. (…) so He thatwastremblingemotion, and voice without getting dressed after inanewwhite trembling the prayer completelyto prayerthe of dying,the whichhe himselfit, pronounced with a was more I used to go to seesolemn. him every day there on the eve ofhis death and toassist In that small room I saw him 69 161 CEU eTD Collection involving a certain emotional aesthetic impact: aesthetic emotional certain a involving and decorations with specific their churches, in Catholic heexperienced atmosphere the evoking fewfragments werea There his origins. Jewish necessarily to connect surroundings offering sourcesofinspiration for his memory and experiences notdid The environment. non-Jewish to connected elements also memories early his into some material background tohighlight theabstract event. The forceremony was theplacing starting in point the crisis andforphenomenon giving love. and connection sexual the through together brought woman and man beings, human two between connection in mysterious the interested was This writer time the in thetext. earlier wedding, Edda’s description of brief the received function realizations. Thesame and his experiences world, the and reality the with in connection discoveries character’s In the context of In of contextthe relativization his background, M.Blecher personal of included Beyond culture and tradition, the event functioned as a pretext for revealing the lilies exhale their whole long and lugubrious perfume at this hour of daythe of at thehour feetthis at of Christ.perfume lugubrious and long whole their exhale lilies while sunset, red a of reflexes last the with altars the lights glass strained The in churches. of Jesus catholic natural alsothe size paintings There are time... she from returned canopy the andfor pulledup, Isaw them first the Edda face andonly when her veils werelowered over Herwhite on pedestal. the In backthe of living darkthe room, bride the was waiting inher armchair my father told me.Eddadied. whichmy hurt heart, Iunderstood what this –Wash meant. your hands, basin and towashmyhands. acupof a painfulwater convulsion With When I openedmy heintoeyes, stepped room,the me brought awhite 71 72 70 162 CEU eTD Collection origin background and cultural of youngthe butthecore writer, of Blecher’s narrative by existentialismthe of pain. Jewish culture preserved its position of contextualizing the fadedbe identity inand possibly replacedand the context to character’s the cultural order place theauthor’s within mutation took a significant suffering. Therefore, experience of a match to universal culture came vague to universal international,the the references and “Emanuel” character into self intimate his objectified character main the diminished, about maturity and illness coming with together end the his of adolescence, the references he wrote when and adolescence; childhood about when he wrote text literary referential participation. their general support conclusions andcompleted through universal whichwereaccomplished a central withinwas notdescribed thebut werenot text to one; for theirown they sake, biographical But theirbe environmentconnecteddetails.could place with the and traced butalso with Jewishlife, with Romanian the connected reality.surrounding Details explore the to author the of effort irrepressible inthe thesepractices attained through experience fundamental the favored writer the that fact the by imposed was identity belonging to a cultural alayerthrough suggestions of and details werepresent andhis background of author the code, but their theJewish literary origins text, the Within in experience. universal the message contained position was ratherbut essential the thecultural coding, description of not the was literary reconstruction marginal. This of but purpose the makethe authentic, appear theevent experience to ground or treatment of in environment asecondary on it inposition; background, the was important to order capital placedworld author and the through thesituations cultural experiences, The memories of the author’s Jewish roots and emergedinthe self- background Jewishroots author’s the The memories of PeripheryofExperience. atthe Cultural Identity While connecting with the with While connecting 163 CEU eTD Collection directed towards acculturated Jewish readership promoted in Jewish promoted acculturated Jewish Romanian readership towards directed depositedsymbols into parablesa secondary (M.Blecher),or encrypted and discourse constituting the main promoters of modernism. On the contrary, the early early modernism. the On 20 of contrary, the constituting mainpromoters the intellectuals, and inmodern ties severing Judaism,societies assimilated with emerging Romanian Jewish rebellious intellectuals did not correspond of to the generation Westernthe model Nevertheless, of topics. marginal represented religion and ethnicity culture, butexistence culture, large.to andhumanity at ethnicity referred not to and although religiouspresent, identity definitions.debate, The or cultural despitehuman collective, of existence profoundness the experience and of reachuniversality to eager identity, human by largely a occupied was permanently as inSa diaries, and correspondence, (memoirs, writings private areaof the to relegated Usually representation of contained the Jewishidentity despite modernist doctrine. asignificant attachmentto Judaism. private discourse and astrong any rebel assimilationist preferred to and reject writers the nationalmost canon its symbols and discourse,of producing replicas of with assimilated Romanian the assimilating of instead Therefore, Judaism. with and community Jewish strong relation preserved with andgrandparents the the young a intellectuals parents, observant religiously with families semi-modernized and communities compact from bilingual already(Romanian and Yiddish), or speaking.Romanian Originally coming sometimes families, acculturated recently from came intellectuals Jewish Romanian Conclusions A direct result of this identity model, the works of these intellectuals still intellectuals these of works the model, identity this of result A direct ú a Pan ă ’s case), marginalized to the external strata of their works inmetaphors, of their works strata external the marginalized to ’s case), . Itbecame common knowledge that, formodernism and avant-garde, th century 164 CEU eTD Collection modernist discourse started reevaluate and started modernist to discourse theirbackground cultural as roots Jewish their Once abroad, many others. and Tzara Brauner, Voronca, Fundoianu, case of the was it as in Romania, back network and connections the maintaining and commuting careers, artistic fascinating abroad starting West, the to migrated and of facts state strongcommunity dueto the connection. representation both Romanian cultural references as a sign of profound acculturation and Jewish identity preserve modernism, of to they and, adoptingtended the cosmopolitan doctrine although contestingnorms, they doitfrom preferredwithin to Romanian languageand culture, although worksof Jewishintellectuals; of the modernistandavant-gardist character the identity This integrative work. theprofoundissues emphasizes approach to specific in their selectively intellectual was public and cautiously represented groups acculturated recently these all of trajectory and profile in the present strongly identity Jewish the hand, other the On employed. references cultural Romanian the of conventionality the alsodemonstrates fact this in interestnevertheless, area; this alackof which displayed modernists andconfirmsmodernistthe cultural avant-gardists of theadoption doctrines doubleThis registers. artistic and linguistic traditional certain assimilated creations their peripheralizationpoetry), folkloric and even Christian Orthodox inspiration of some of the Voronca’sinfluence, and Fundoianu’sSymbolist (the moment the of canon cultural the to authors the integrate to able discourse artistic official the of with conformism a certain to and acculturation the ethnictheir andworks religiousin andbackground represented experience of settime,references, the Romanian cultural had the same same the Atspace. a significant occupied presence Jewish the publications (Fundoianu), peripheral element and incontextual the works function. of the Due to their profound Some of Some intellectuals of their these took end, rebelliousto the gesture rejecting the 165 CEU eTD Collection Benjamin Fondane 10 Benjamin Fondane. Périple d’un Juif irresigné 9 8 literature” within the nationalist pornographic “new and Romanian with pressconnection in in the 1930s.literature” ofRomanian “ of syntagm usage extensive /1982 (XII), 158,Sa 7 6 avangard (Durham:Duke University RomanianPress, 1987)and edition, 5 4 modernism. of part as avant-gardism 1, Spring 1990, 56. As this association serves the purpose of my research, I will constantly refer to the 3 as integration and adaptation tothe local context. române moderne, 2 Notes: languagethrough and cultural background,from but feltwhich they deeply excluded. certain social organization and cultural normativity which intellectualsto belonged a of andrejection protest of a form life, becameof away and avant-garde ideology modernist terms, his In a Parnassian.” but other; the or one, “neither being declared the politically radicalized intellectual theirofhuman assimilated identity existence; asymbol during questioned to period on his with identity. and further developedJudaism Jewish others and theirdiscourse The totally Jewish / Romanian identity,symbols oneof theof thehuman writers fate and creation. Voronca and Fundoianu revived their relation 1 Eric Freedman, Eric Article “Dac “Tristan Tzara-Sa “Tristan Matei C Matei Matei C Matei Adrian Marino, Adrian Endre Bojtar, “The Avant-Garde in Central and Eastern European Literature” in Literature” European Eastern and Central in Avant-Garde “The Bojtar, Endre , major literary critic, elaborated the theory of synchronism in his work inhis ofsynchronism theory the elaborated critic, literary major Lovinescu, Eugen I. Ludo, “Scriitori evrei According to Remus Zastroiu, “Les cahiers d’un ‘Inactuel’: B. Fundoianu journaliste“ in journaliste“ Fundoianu B. ‘Inactuel’: d’un “Lescahiers Zastroiu, Remus to According ă ă ă linescu, , decaden linescu, ă a ú Dic tr favoring Europenization and modernization of national instituions and values, perceived values, and instituions national of modernization and Europenization favoring Cinci fe , No. 6 / 2003, 5. “ ú ă Five faces of modernity: Modernity, Avat-Garde,Decadence, , Postmodernism Ġă Bibliographie sélective des écrits de Fondane relatifs au judaïsmede Fondane relatifs au Bibliographiesélective écrits des (1914-1934) ú a Pan a i în România“ Ġ a Pan ionar de idei literare , kitsch, postmodernism ú i de origine evreiasc ă Ġ ă e ale modernit . Investiga . presenteda letter in extremist to the Tristan Tzara cultural atmosphere and the in Ġ Mântuirea ie în arhivele pariziene”, series of letters in letters of series pariziene”, arhivele în ie ăĠ (Bucure ii , 88-89. (Bucure ă , no.2 / automne 1998, 64-68. 1998, automne / , no.2 ” in , I, 1919, nr. 15, 7 February, 1. ú Adam ti: ti: Eminescu,1973), vol.1, A-G, 195. ú ti: Univers, 1995). , an III, no 47, 15March 1932,12-13. Cinci fe Ġ e ale modernit Art Journal Manuscriptum Istoria civiliza ăĠ ii: modernism, , Vol. 49, No. , 4(49) Cahiers “ 166 in Ġ iei Cahiers CEU eTD Collection 35 34 33 32 31 30 29 28 no. 827 / March 1998,71. 27 Fundoianu. Strig 26 25 24 Tenth World Congress of Jewish Studies 23 lui Adam” inreview Adam” lui Zionist publication 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 Fondane, Fondane, Ibid., 25. Fondane, Ibid., 54. Fondane, Ibid., 23. Fondane, Revue Mircea Martin, “Exist Gilla Eisenberg, “B. Fondane, Juif témoin“ in Ibid., 82. LeonVolovici, “BenjaminFondane: Judaism as individual experience existentialistand philosophy” in “Sonete biblice”, “Moise”, “Scara lui Iacob”, “Ultima verba. Cîntarea lui Samson” were published in Marin Bucur, Marin Ibid “Her “Provincie”, “Alte priveli “Cîntece simple. M simple. “Cîntece “Her “Provincie”, “Her Ibid., 4. Ibid., 6. ., Ġ Ġ 18-19. Ġ a”, a”, a”, Messages Poezii Poezii Poezii L’Exode L’Exode Ulysse Titanic Ulysse ú Poezii Poezii ti”, Priveli ă , I, 17. , I, 14. , I, 14. t întru eternitate , 15. (Thouars), 1942 quotedMonique in Jutrin, “Ulysse: Poésie et in Destin” review , 23. Poezii Hatikvah , 81. , 23. , 56. Adam , II, 58. , I, 30. ă rior”, ú tile poeziei ă , I, 48. în figura destinului nostru lucruri ce nu pot fi schimbate” in Geo . ; “Psalmul leprosului” and “Monologul lui Baltazar” in Poezii (Bucure (Bucure , I, 40. , Volume II (Jerusalem:World Union of JewishStudies, 1990), 81. ú ú ti: Caietele culturale evreie culturale Caietele ti: ti: Albatros, 1985), 78. Cahiers Benjamin Fondane ú ti, 1998), 69. 1998), ti, , 2/1998, 17. Lumea evree Lumea ù erban ed., , “Psalmul , Europe 167 B. , CEU eTD Collection 61 60 stranger in a new land, 67 – 70. 59 58 57 56 55 54 53 52 51 50 49 48 47 Voronca, 46 45 44 43 42 Lovinescu. 41 40 39 38 37 36 “Autoportret Ilarie Voronca, Ilarie In “Petre Schlemihl”, XIV in Voronca, “Poeme” in Voronca, in “Poeme” “Zodiac”, XV, inVoronca, Ilarie Voronca, Ilarie “Ulise” in Voronca, “Mai tîrziu” in Voronca, in tîrziu” “Mai “Br “ “Ulise” in Voronca, in “Ulise” “Zodiac” in Voronca, in “Zodiac” Voronca, in “Hotar” “Cotnar“ inVoronca “Cotnar“ Ilarie Voronca, “Dîner chez Jeanne Coppel“ in Coppel“ Jeanne chez “Dîner Voronca, Ilarie Ilarie Voronca, Ilarie Ilarie Voronca, Ilarie Ibid., 9. Ion Pop, preface to volume to preface Pop, Ion “Miliardarul 83. experience”, individual as Judaism Fondane: “Benjamin Volovici, Leon de imagini” was a syntagm used to characterize Voronca’s later poetic style by E. Leon Volovici, preface for preface Volovici, Leon Fondane, Fondane, Monique Jutrin, “Ulysse: poésie et destin“, et poésie “Ulysse: Jutrin, Monique ù apte ” inVoronca, seara” apte Interviul.Unsprezece povestiri ăĠ ara ara nop Poeme alese Ulysse Titanic ” Ġ in Voronca, ilor”, XXIV, in Voronca, in XXIV, ilor”, Amitié des Choses Interviul. Unsprezece povestiri Mic manual de fericire perfect Ulysse dans la Cité , 30. , 33. , vol.2 (Bucure Zodiac , Zodiac Zodiac, Zodiac Poeme alese Zodiac Zodiac Zodiac Poeme alese Iudaism , 134. Zodiac Zodiac , 123. 159. , 155. , 211. , 151. , 144. (Éditions Sagesse,1937), 22. , vol. 2, 333 – 335. , 229. , by Ilarie Voronca (Bucure ú (Paris: Éditions du Sagittaire), 21. , several fragments on naturalization and the experience of being a being of experience the and naturalization on fragments , several ú ti, Minerva, 1972) 3,13. i elenism Poeme alese , vol. 2, 304. Zodiac Europe (Bucure ă , 138. , 195 – 196. (Bucure Dîner , vol. 1, 165. review, no. 827 / March 1998, 75. ú ti: Hasefer,ti: 1999), 16. chez Jeanne Coppel ú ti: Cartea româneasc Cartea ti: ú ti: Minerva, 1992), 7. (1952), republishedIlarie in ă ), 84. 168 CEU eTD Collection 72 71 70 69 68 67 66 65 64 1988, 5. 63 62 Ibid., 173. Ibid., 188. Ibid., 221. Ibid., 186. Ibid., 192. Ibid., 16. Ibid., 54-55. Ibid., 15. M.Blecher, E.Suhor, “M. Blecher: 50 de ani de la moarte” in “Étaient-ce des Hommes?“ in Ilarie Voronca, Ilarie in Hommes?“ des “Étaient-ce Inimi cicatrizate.Întîmpl ă ri în irealitatea imediat Patmos Revista Cultului Mozaic (Paris : Éditions des Cahiers Libres, 1934), 63. ă (Bucure ú ti: ti: Gramar, 1995), 14. , AnXXXIII,, nr.648/15June 169 CEU eTD Collection No!” Jewish culture? No! Dowas inin addressed byLudo more criticaljournal:1932 in terms thesame “do wehave a we have a Jewish literature? No! Do we have Jewish writers? definitionradical their justified which fact ofa direction, Jewishness Zionist the to tended intellectuals both in cultural terms. Still, Ludo’s conclusion to his article was a article)reviewing in quoted the as in Romanian” non-existent now “for was literature Jewish whom Zissuliterature, identified Ion C Jewish for asacriterion language life Abandoning Jewish culture. and expression of Romania Jewish writers were not using Yiddish and Hebrew as a means of authentic literature, writer, journalist and Zionist politician Zionist and journalist writer, literature, 2 Reciprocally, for Ludo, the only exception was Zissu (whose works he was Apart from Apart inclusion“Jewish groupof mutual the gratifying into the writers”, While being by interviewed journal the Constructing Jewish Identity in Romanian Culture territory isterritory unpopulated. feeling hisideology, through hisa hundred pure cent Jewish through per is – asserted who have we writer only the reservations, any without but only, …the and through the emotionalism of his work (...). Our literary ă lugaru and IsacLudoaspromisingfrom writers, apart Chapter 4. 3 Adam A. L. Zissu A. L. in 1931 on the state of in 1931onthe bitterly stressed that in 1 . The same criticism same The . 170 CEU eTD Collection benefited from the presentation of the Jewish neighborhood in Braila, Eastern Wallachia, Eastern inBraila, neighborhood Jewish the of presentation the from benefited quarter of legendary legendary V of quarter shetl one). Moving from from one). MovingC Ghetto Veac XX Calea V IsacPeltz’s moment: this publishedstoriesnovelson at topicshort this written were and focused emergencethe ofaliterature inlife majoron Romania.andJewish identity The Felix Aderca: writers”, “Romanian criticized program a and also thegreatly of one addressed to letter in apolemical literary source: productive a as culture Jewish of reevaluation and mutation ideological of sign from Northern Moldavia to the challenges of the urban life in the Bucharest Jewish Bucharest the in life urban the of challenges the to Moldavia Northern from Despite the skepticism, in terms of literary phenomena the mid-1930s witnessed Zissu in this returned in 1930s,1935 to theearly problem raised with a solution ăFă re ú receiving you without CONDITIONS. intrusion,accusation dissolution; subversion, the only of usurpation, us– after onlycitadelthe no whereunderone can you the chase out andyours andideas ones my the of birth of Jewish creators generation, all to addresses letter this you, through as say ‘yours’ – I rest can anchor sea Judaism.Thisis your…reconnection only bottom the where with contemporary reality, permanently and generatingeffervescent surprises. tradition spiritual and cultural unique a outside a also contains – …what a superb field of research our social and moral body offers – which ti 6 8 and Ion C and Ion and Foc în HanulcuTei ă ăFă lugaru’s life monographic ofthe description intraditional asmall re ă ú lugaru’s ti – Dude ti Copil ú ti of Peltz, the literary variety also variety description of literary the Peltz, of ti ă 7 ria unuinetrebnic (Fire in the lime tree inn), Ury Benador’s 5 9 (Childhood ofawretched (Childhood 171 4 CEU eTD Collection tropes, motifsin tropes, topenetratefrom it;forculture” and genres “majority order the the thus, its adaptation,cultural specific negotiation constant canon dueto of and employment of the became part in with Romanian literature Jewish topics my For study, the case minority’s withintrademark themajority’s cultureappropriate in andliterature to it.order multiculturalism of absorbing isresultof a process notthe literature minora of emergence the reading, their In minority. the of discourse the for space new a opening and discourse majority’s withinsubvertingculture orliterature thefrom dominant within,a trend within separating the the “deterritorialization” culturalTowardKafka: aMinorLiterature canon,theoretical but demonstrationrather culture bystruggling finda minority itsgroup very position was to well in analyzed the of Gilles the Deleuze languageand an artistic of “deterritorialization”/“reterritorialization” This of process outcomeand Felix Guattari national secured andinclusionliterary into the cultural penetration canon. registers the developed of inplacing theirRomanian andto adaptation the recollections” model, etc.) “childhood intellectual, work the the of drama the of periphery”, the “literature (the recipes” “literary timely certain Romanian-speaking public, the cultural translation of codes, as well as the employment of compromising its identity markers, traditions and religious values, while for the larger and modernization facing society of Jewish the criticism asevere articulated writers the public, at Jewishacculturated the andcultural sametime.audiences codes the Addressing fields, two address hadto topics, Jewish with in Romanian literature a of emergence work. Benador’s a multiethnic city medium initssize, semi-urban of in periphery poor represented In this context, the creation of a “Jewish literature in Romanian”, or at least the 10 , Deleuze and Guattari’s theory basically analyzed the process of process the analyzed basically theory Guattari’s and Deleuze , . Coining anew namely concept, 172 CEU eTD Collection years to thecapital face and him forcing political hardshipstemptations, financial and shtetl accomplishedliterary familiarity author’s construction due tothe with life inthe the conditions), studies, struggled survive to asateenagerin capital the studying andworkingin difficult Moldavian planned three-novel series planned three-novel demonstrate to life views his author’s the perspective and in political on through time the many an respects like novel autobiographical (just Buiuma In author. the of message main of the as arepresentative in andspace time developed and inthesequel complex and representative characters, namely Buiuma &ă representative writers: Ion C andidentity in Romania other,containedon inthe literary the of three works of most the life Jewish on discourse the on and hand, one on culture Romanian within representation self- as aswell inclusion strategies of literary the focusing on languagewas articulated Romanian culture. introduced world community on byJewish perspective the the within integrating of project the hadasalargergoal intellectuals astheJewish “reterritorialization”, namely useful, proved concept version the of analysis,a reversed current lugaru’s best known novel, known best lugaru’s , the second novel second the , A. I.C As a result, the current chapter analyzes how “Jewish literature” in Romanian “Jewishliterature” how analyzes chapter current the As aresult, shtetl Copil ă lugaru:Life Jewish between Traditionalism and Modernization. , worked for, worked various publications in never Bucharest, finished his Trustul ă ria unuinetrebnic Trustul (The Corporation), Buiuma 11 . If infirstnovel message the iscrediblethe setwithin and ă lugaru, Isac Peltz and Ury Benador. Copil isless convincing. Moving the inhischaracter teenage ă ria unuinetrebnic transforms its main character into a symbol meant a symbol into character main its transforms ú became a recurrent character who , made memorable one of his most ú a Tiprei; in other short stories ú , C ă lugaru came from lugaru from came a 173 Ion CEU eTD Collection larger literary trend popular within the Romanian intellectual literary of larger intellectual popular within the Romanian environment the trend characters, bound tofail and tobe attached to theirmisery, could be perceived as part of a periphery atthe marginal the and While the life life. intellectual Romanian within coexistingin C character profiles criticizingRomanian life. discourses Jewish both Theseand two and novels in his incorporated criticism socio-political leftist and ideology Marxist the justified marginal and disadvantaged in the interest the terms, political In discourse. naturalistic which perspective thenostalgically-susceptibleundermined ethnographic cruelty survival a by poverty, depression and utter dictated needsof imposed the hopeless characters Greek) Roma or Jewish, Romanian, also (but community Jewish the of memory the preserving of andmission environments, had obvious his the stories,First, work of monographic the dimension short articles). in the life at the periphery of the society, in and his providing new details and completing the perspective the completing and details new providing published, most probably after they sketcheswere used for as futurethe novel,butstill recollections, the of world the presenting novel first the a number&ă of short stories sharing the same space and characters were appeared in 1936, but the short stories focusing on the profile of littlestories profile on but focusing short the of Buiuma appeared in the 1936, behind them. Still, them. behind bytheideas manipulated sketches black-and-white tend tobecome the characters better, urban the politicalchallenges, message central becomes in and, tobe expressed order lugaru’s ideological universe, despite its lower literary accomplishment. Apart from Apart literary accomplishment. lower its despite universe, ideological lugaru’s Two main aspects aretobeidentified inC shtetl begantobepublished even earlier. ă lugaru’s work represented a natural part of the larger cultural anatural represented largerlugaru’s directions work part of cultural the 13 . Secondly, the writer’s interest in the marginal, the poor and the Trustul is an interesting continuation and a necessary completion of completion necessary a and continuation interesting an is shtetl ă lugaru’s lugaru’s (novels,work collections of throughBuiuma 12 . The first book of the series the of book first The . ú ’ childhood lucid’ childhood ú a ğ iprei 174 CEU eTD Collection middle of literary twothe anddirections influences, C Jewish life with the work of the great Yiddish writer Sholem Aleichem Sholem writer Yiddish great the of work the with life Jewish style critical his of connected picturesque interpretation.voices Someother describing of this type approach encouraged monographic common and the region described life; therural peasant alsodescribing Moldavia and the the Recollections), (Childhood the novel as a very accomplished reply Ion Creangto reply novel the as avery accomplished vivid style in his best-known novel, customs, the folklife and the specificity Moldavianthe of Jewish community in avery for us.” worldto the God for and uswhen to we aregone.Hewill usand mourncommemorate and his stated mission for future the as “A &ă with andpolitics the newminorities’ status. coinciding direction a new in canon literary Romanian the decentralizing of form a as &ă stressingmuch on ethnicthe Romanian WritingJews,chord. Greeksand about Roma allowingmodernism develop,enough space to apartfrom still the conservative groups ofinspiration, asource life poporanistsand abandonpeasantry as primitive tend to his work. The his work. by already and timewas the national outdated C creativity civilization to frame. The romantic interest in idealizing rural life and considering it the reservoir of moment lugaru’s shortstories, the teacher Glantzer referred symbolically histo pupil,Buiuma lugaru maintained probably aninner conflictthis with ofideology,type butfunctioned Against Forgetting: Jewish AMonographoftheMoldavian Life. 16 14 Truthful to his “commemorative” literary mission, C mission, literary “commemorative” his to Truthful (M. Sadoveanu, Zamfirescu, etc.), the monographic dimension is more difficult 6ăPăQă torul group and all the other rural national-oriented writers such as such writers national-oriented rural other the all and group Copil ğ ă iprei Buiuma ria unuinetrebnic ă ’s iconic ’s ú isintelligent and he will speak ă lugaru provided both the . Some critics . Some Amintiri dincopil ă lugaru described the described lugaru ă lugaru published 19 . Placed in the . Placed 17 In one of perceived ă rie 175 15 18 ú , , CEU eTD Collection language. As a C language.consequence, and structures its cultural changes within and effected communication process inherent the lifestyle and the cultural references of the Jewish community duethe to necessary and influenced neighborhood a Romanian in Life life. of areas in many culture local the by acertain inmostextent was influencedto closely Galician the particular, related group to repository of lefta world behind which to tried author the toreconnect. for Jewish the asareminderbackground, functioned public, a and monograph the introductiongood into the Jewishlifefamiliar by a using regional and socio-economic Creang with similarity the readers, Romanian for the If, experience. social models personal literary and different through accessible culturally was equally Romanian readership andtheJewish Romanian audience with a fascinatingwhich work comparisons tosuggestacertain in in situation order morememorable a vivid and way; A series of Romanian folklore cultural references are employed in the construction of spoken variants with its nuances, shows how Romanian and Yiddish coexist andinterfere. specific puns food, or folk costumes. in represented culture in material the but also characters, the names of the languageand the expressions, specific themannerof speaking, the in literature: reflected folk the influences become local mix surrounding the Thiscultural and community cultural through osmosis. visible when the the with connection the facilitating and flavor, local itauthor acertain giving references, presents the integration folklore,and languageuse,expressingits names, specificity through cultural verbal specificity itshuman customs, relationships, life, monograph through Jewry types, Moldavian the of of the group Moldavian Jewry, part of the larger Eastern European Jewish community and The language, captured through the written text of the novel trying to recreate the recreate to trying novel the of text written the through captured language, The ă lugaru’s novel and short stories offered alocalized stories andoffered lugaru’s short novel ă ’s book offered a offered ’s book 176 CEU eTD Collection Mochi Ciuc Romanization which made them moreto SaniilC them peasant ones: similar sound made the Romanization which a of trend dueto are transformed Jewishnames traditional Old acculturation. of stages early the through culture influence community on traditional Moldavian the interactions, business and business networking. interactions, social and economic the by determined naturally population, rural Gentile the with cultural exchanges significant communities inthisareawereexercising the observant, &ă in manner such localany case, influences presented in theRomanian apicturesque authenticity of such language usage or of the folklore elements inC folklore orof usage the such language authenticity of beginning of 20 the number of numberfolkloreinstudies on of theMoldavian Yiddish lifestyle and the Unfortunately, isrecreated. monographically community Jewishthe Moldavian through familiar references to the Romanian audience.At the same time, the specificity of more Jewishcommunity and culture the inprofile easilyintroduce employed to order and communication cultural of level this on facilitated is Jewish, or Romanian it be experience. common background the Theappeal cultural childhood of readership, the to theirwith own reconnecting the to readers appealing and localized were ethnographically coi coming from folklore and peasantlanguage register). Stanzas of folkloric songs (“Moi despletit communities like(expressions between communication cultural the show areusedto andregionalisms archaisms lugaru’s work are credible; perceived as Yiddish speaking, traditional speaking,lugaru’s arecredible; and religiously traditional perceived asYiddish work úă /pampampu The names of characters employed in employed of characters The names ă ca popa la feredeu capopa ăOă u, Buftea, Buiumau, Buftea, úă / joac / th century is extremely small, thus it is rather difficult to assess the ă plosni 20 / descul with loosened hair as the priest getting out of the bath, ú Ġ (Buium the Romanianreceived diminutive a dup Ġă caohadadulc ă u úă ” Copil 21 or “Plîngi,mireaso, plîngu- ă ria unuinetrebnic ă / barefooted as a crazy woman ă lugaru’s writings. In writings. lugaru’s suggest the local suggestthe shtetls Ġ i ochii…” -a ă at the ú ruceru, ). The ). 177 úă 22 / ) , CEU eTD Collection literature accounted through the eyes of the “inner child”, and the naturalistic analysis of naturalistic child”, and the “inner theeyes the of through accounted literature monographic approach, originally belonging the to recollection” model “childhood of life. nostalgic,idealizing andcolorful of tone Central the presentingwriters European Jewish naturalist depiction of the of depiction naturalist in crisis. identity traditional longer theJewish profoundchanges andmore placing process arethea beginning of these secularization, and urbanization modernization, of process the by and society inidentity individual by new surrounding exchange forand Imposed collective ones. the perspective of involvea plannedintegration compromises andabandoning parts of his of operating with the of name.adaptation forms replacement These original ethnic Tudoric integration suggestionthe from his friend, toadopta Ira, Romanian name sake the for of easier novel when the novel time the at individuals and was communities between communication written. of level the for indicator The heavy symbolismforlanguage communication for used businesssocial or another represents purposes, of the names is tackled inbe Romanian asecond quite to language seems the widely spoken novel,even as also in the communities and a certain trend towards integration. At the same time, the fact that the diminutive versions) suggested the increasing level of between communication choice of names in C Copil Trustul Poverty, Sickness, Hunger: A Naturalistic Description of the Shtetl. of the Hunger: ANaturalisticDescription Poverty, Sickness, ă Ziprea, a total Romanization Ziprea, a of total Hebrewnameofhisthe Romanization mother and a 23 ă ria unuinetrebnic ; this is how the readers witness the metamorphosis of Buium a Buium of metamorphosis the witness readers the how is ; this , where the same Buiuma same the , where ă lugaru’s (including work mocking the namesand familiarthe shtetl was constructed on a subtle tension between the between tension asubtle on constructed was dominated C dominated ú , this time a teenager exploring city life, receives city exploring a teenager time , this ă lugaru’s contrasting prose, with the ğ iprei into iprei The 178 CEU eTD Collection uncomfortable conditions uncomfortable infirmityphysical ofhis is of two brothers sleepingsanctioned through incold and the stories, the of one in family; the within relations human mind-numbing and detached the shockingthe also symptoms, but the deepcauses. only not describes author the and emotionalism and sentimentality for room no is there Childhood recollectionsChildhood such “Tifosul ro as human relations. of degradation the he presented hand other terms,on the while society, the author develops two directions; on one hand, he described poverty in material Usingmaddening andits hungerand substitutes. food hunger,assymbolsreverse, the of through specialthe for holidays prepared dishes andspecial lack food, the events, of the standardlife of is obsessively represented through variablythe poorer meals, or richer feeding him Buiuma together, be they Gypsy, Jews or Romanians. failure, depression,forstruggle survival, formsmarginality living and peripheral of all misery,poverty, the deepest fighting jobsand thelowest-paid people practicing wretched marginalized of environment the basically presents critique social The problems. similar inhabitingRoma groups thesame livinggeographical area, similarlife and sharing or Romanians Greeks, the of life the also embracing community, Jewish the of limits Jewish from community Moldavia, crudedescription the society beyondof goes the backwardsinto author’s the if past. But focuses monograph the on in lifethe a traditional society projected the of criticism present-day mature, the to society specific the Copil ú cravingsome of food more kindthe mother seems his enjoy much,to so after 24 ă ria unuinetrebnic . Obviously, hunger and food are central themes for the novel as the as novel the for themes central are food and hunger Obviously, . 25 . In this brutal . Inthisbrutal by created worldsickness poverty, anddeath, starts with the memorable scene of an almost-infant ú u” (Red ) present unemotional, almost unemotional, present 179 CEU eTD Collection Romania hadalow doctor/patientratioin beginningthe of century,the especiallyin the early age, doctors are rarely present due theto costs involved,but also due to the fact that an at children naturally die various diseases, sufferfrom The characters omnipresent. groups. disadvantaged cruelty of society and lifestyle while describing the extreme vulnerability of these most recently arrived in Bucharest and hardly making a living making andhardly inBucharest a recently arrived make starvingfor alivingfinding not or job. C a in peoplesupport forced arestill towork order to whileobviously to themselves unable as dramatic is the end of Varvara’s life Varvara’s istheendof as dramatic clothes, sleep and proper housing, as is the case for IraC for is case housing, the as sleepandproper clothes, and old people. Sent towork in inappropriate conditions, the young lack children food, focusessocial dramaticthe situation,the author quality children of the ontwo categories: stress to order survive. In to never enough earn money, to dedicated was time their entire lifecommissioned that laundry, people suggesting no have leftfrom apart as their work Chirv in asfor example caseof the retirement, vacation or his endthe of life, without a very early age, individualcontinues in the being a working shop or till self-employed The long hours of practicallywork theindividualdeprive of life;his from apprenticing at lifestylebesupport families.forced extremely prisoners of extended topoor to an and muchWithout earn livingeducation,a decent for to unable individuals their work, are cleaningladies orinn-keepers, andwashing of guided bythe and purpose survival.sole low-paidjobs, varying from and creatively workers apprentices totailors, shoemakers, ă su A natural consequence of this precarious lifestyle, sickness and death are sickness and death lifestyle, of this precarious A natural consequence The people described inC The people described Ġă in “Stafia” 26 (The Ghost), dying(The Ghost), cutting for whileatwork afamily. wood Just ă lugaru’s short stories and novels are usually practicing stories andnovelsareusually short lugaru’s 27 : sheis foundbut deadready at home, with ă lugaru more stressed even strongly the 28 ă . To the other extreme, the old ruceru and forruceru Buiuma even 180 ú , CEU eTD Collection community tobecommunity hehadstarted an perceivedwhere as outsider: Buiuma world. hand, heneeds toleave his community in togethigher order education and discoverthe family iscontinue unable to supporting him,jobs whileno were available. On other the situation in the economical social and the heis awarethat hand, one on dilemma: face adifficult to has go to Bucharestfor further studies and to work in order to support himself. Quite early,he school and in the Romanian state educational system, young Buiuma young system, educational state Romanian in the and school traditional the incontrast placed him maincharacter as the featuring and life in the great Capital. After some education in the education some Capital. After in great life the and evolution of evolution of Buiuma conditions. their given surpassing the arenot of chance livesandthey destinies, prisoners and their of own Individualsbe fight. bystruggle life seemto and trajectoriesan end exhausted of to of community the severely depression, suicide,was affected: madness andinsanity bring survive infancy, while bearing marks of early diseases. In the sameline, the mental health hygiene andmedical assistance. In many cases, only half of the children of a given family housing, lackof and inappropriate hardwork, frequent malnutrition,due to were very countryside. Typhus, tuberculosis, diseases, sexually transmitted andcancerous tumors Paralleling the process of gradually discovering the worldthe Paralleling of process the outside the discovering gradually The Crisis of Traditional Identity: the Modernity andtheCity.The CrisisTraditional Identity: oftheModernity ú goes through a process of estrangement and subsequent isolation from the shtetl would prevent him from him would prevent staying from thecommunitybecausewithin his ú a ğ iprei cycle the novels becoming upand of growing mature, heder , in the Israelite-Romanian ú leaves the leaves shtetl Following the environment shtetl shtetl 181 to , CEU eTD Collection do notevolvedo anymore, circulartime tothe subjected measuredby festivals yearly the where past,things spaceof frozen the a stagnant, is perceivedas Jewish world traditional and descriptionthe through contrasting twothe of environmentsis clear.rather The drama and cruelty of human relations: human of cruelty and drama shtetl. capital the in very comparison tones causedby life with inherent appreciative the in the him,understandcommunicate with while hecannot them anymore. his experiences in thecapital; returninga short home while, for familyhis is unable to after isfrom increasing, especially genuineand community the feeling of estrangement traditional becomes educational level with every community he The greater goes through. surrounding the and him between distance the while isolation, and detachment strong Conversely, the Conversely, The message of the novel conveyed through the trajectory of the main character the of trajectory the through novel conveyed of the The message Leaving the a signal intimidation of feeling mutual the and difficulties communication The in…. new with house in shops, from whichany windows the starts moving. envious, plenty looks itand sly, not enmity or quarrels.of tram (…)the It life, better life, was a Here there (…) became goesunbearable by large streets; on both sides shops, all the time years, the agitation, the small size of the small sizeof the agitation, the years, He left without missing his home, without being sorry. During the past two wall… Buiuma and them between Because him. laugh him,at he saying is muchtaking too pride in it, butthey also envy When he enters he When 31 shtetl 30 shtetl and trying to adapt to Bucharest, Buiuma is implicitly subjected to a realistic analysis of the poverty, mahala 29 , dressed upin his school uniform,neighbors ú there is now an invisible an now is there shtetl ú reflects on the life in , the endless holy endless , the shtetl could fit 182 CEU eTD Collection be found inbefound C wereto toZionism orreferences characters At sametime, no the friends in of Bucharest. the Socialist movement and ideology to which Buiuma ideology movementto and Socialist the Trustul, Quite afew his and of characters some of mostthe engaging dialoguesnovel in the Jewish community Jewish community motivation,and its C inhabitants. last picture of a fading world which bewill onlyin preserved thememory its formerof a context inthis represent seems to novel of the aspect monographic The estrangement. non-communication through possibilities motif the and of isadramatic suggested one, moveurbanlifeyoung settlements to to searchingwhile andsurvival for abetter the motivating break generational the Still, disappearance. eventually and misery poverty, Buiuma loss;lifeidentity from andavoiding and change any of this generation the perspective, individuals remaining are the old, the parents, preserving as much as possible their way of shtetl professions, stillbased on a traditional pattern of judging life modern the challenges, manyfor theyoung. Affected by opportunities by limitednumber poverty, of a urban, the old and the young are bound conflict.to There is little space for change and not as the main cause of a crisisby Buiumacondemned in which the traditionaland andcelebrations the modern, orthe by rurallife andevents the and customs. The inertia of community life, so much is bound be to leftbehind bytheyoung, poor and ambitious ones. The only Political Alternatives and Socialism. as well as the topic of the story “De la 5 pîn ú ’ parents was bound to vanish, as it was unable to react to the pressure of ă lugaru’s lugaru’s Tothe surprisework. of reader,theauthor the tackled only ú while strolling along the broad roads of Bucharest, is of described roads Bucharest, broad the along strolling while ă lugaru suggested anideologicallugaru alternative. suggested After identifying theprofound crisis the of ă la 5” (From 5 to5) were inspired by ú was attracted through his circle through attracted was 183 CEU eTD Collection balanced by the lavish world of lavishbalanced bythe world businessmen of assuperficial, landowners, the described illegal club and the people gravitatingit around and the strike inIsar’stypography, are resist political of Dobrogeanu-Gherea’s burial,persecutions, picture Socialistthe e.g., the determined to characters with strong The episodes Gumar. as Dimache or world such financial the from coming individuals decadent rich, the with in contrast traits positive the exaggerating deliberately inwarm sympathy, tones, with aredescribed daily occupations, such as workers likepoor Ietien, MochiCiuc characters in forced and manner. Socialist avisible, simplistic, propagandistic almost on lifeon which common further. be could built realistic by light, presenting with the similarities groupsand non-Jewish the the grounds stereotypes and prejudices regarding the Jewishcommunity by indepicting it a very of C work The specific. ethnic and the the narrativeevoked eventhe surface ifonthe groups, bring together to able human concerns, general the on and characteristics economic and social similar the on more but communities, between conflicts and antagonisms less on concentrated differences, the his literature Thus, behindhiswritings. agenda topic of topic of Jewish-Romanian andrelations anti-Semitism, C the presenting avoiding by and unemployment) sickness, (poverty, similarities social the customs andwaysliving. Instressing language andthethe nameusageupto of registers &ă it groups. but between visibly monograph, similarities the ethnic-religious argues for the Moldavia, does not focus on the specificity relations of the Jewish-Romanian Jewishthe marginally culture and society as a regular lugaru attempts to“Moldovenize”lugaru attempts life from Jewish levels, on several adaptation of the ă lugaru, asin ingeneral JewishRomanian-language literature, deconstructed While presenting the Socialist group, C group, While Socialist the presenting 32 . The novel, although presenting Jewish life in life Jewish presenting although novel, . The ăOă ă u or Marici u or Ceap lugaru ideologizes the literary lugaruideologizes theliterary substance ă lugaru obviously hadapolitical ă , barely , surviving their 184 CEU eTD Collection focus of readers. focus of the dichotomies and Manichaeism versussympathy through manipulatingantipathy and the naively plot expressing of the convincing character schematic the andnot dueto richer business;onerous through themessage is primitively transparent, rather expressed became rich asthe by writer the designed schematically appearas rather social structures weak, andin interested indulging themselves and delivering a The superiority discourse. shtetl andas better miseryto the preferable of one from insecurity. imageand of Evolving the a system hislife corrupted within the accepts and be altered, hardly which situation could by little,Little thename young Ziprea Buiuma rebellious (adapted of by corrupting and taking inthe adaptable when ones ispossible.their destruction not system corrupt survive is which determined by to either destroying theweak or opponents conclusion of the novel turns pragmatic, meditating on the impossibility to oppose a compromise.Thus the adapt society tothe forced and to to are thus ideologized ones, most even the of characters, the Most police. is by the repressed movement and the short-lived characters Soon,of Mochi, the young Socialistthe activist and Ietien, the leadernovel; of the miners, disappear as their activismeager toadapt,butfrustrated by lackof the offeredopportunities andraging with revolt. does not bring any changes jobs,befrom better heard, communicate to their and prevented occupying to complaints or results time: unable atthe situation of the workers’ embodiment the Fedia represents rejected, the argumentative nature and inability to for hismental fellowlimitation,Fedia, marginalizedbyhis workers Russianrefugee the adapt, commits suicide. All the time on ends the book acriticalin with conclusion: andcontext, this In Romania. depressing the side of boy boy survive lifeamazedin of newcity the determined and to Bucharest byall The novel The Trustul was published in 1937 just before in1937just rightthe before waspublished topower wing rose ú ) gets used his ) gets used to 185 CEU eTD Collection outskirts of the society, at the periphery and of marginal.the This type of social discourse in life atthe histhe interest dueto of periphery” the “literature so-called of the writers phenomenon. During the interwar period, Isac Peltz was one of the most important Ovid S. Crohm Ovid S. and Felix Aderca. It is sign of the success of this literary direction that critics such as popularity after WWI through the work of authors such as G. M. Vl itmore gained but CezarPetrescu, or Sadoveanu Mihail of pre-WWIthe works through literary scene interwar of the Romanian part werealready drama, andtuberculosis housesand for lower disaffected classes, rent, lack low-paid jobs,hope, poverty, of mahala The modernization. and changes social the to relating of way its and century the of Romanianthe modernizingsociety, of attitude expressingthe intelligentsiathe turn atthe of criticism a strong on focused mainly called, itwas also as periphery”, of the “literature of milieus” literature the interwar of or the the literature “thein period, Romanian political political message. Socialist the for space more allows and prominent), less are novel this in (which identity the city that has accept,haslesslifehim forced todowithto his and Jewish background which is in not his capacity to accomplish. Hisnew ideology, designed by conditions the and system the reality the life adaptto and to insteadof of endlessly planning achange difficultcontinue Ziprea hisidealism to conditions, chooses thestruggle, former abandon means, profile tothe andyoung of defeated the tired manstrugglinglife for his in , the outskirts, the life in a life the outskirts, , the B. I. Peltz: ă lniceanu and George C George lniceanu and The Identity Crisis of the JewishCommunity. han 33 (inn), the permanently moving tenants, the cheap the tenants, moving permanently the (inn), ă linescu dedicated extensive chapters to the to chapters extensive linescu dedicated ă descu, Gib Mih Already a tendency a Already ă escu 186 CEU eTD Collection economic success and social recognition while compromising the lifestyle and customs and lifestyle the compromising while recognition social and success economic placing theblameforloss the identity of striving generations on younger are the that for from isby partof community, the coming the criticism accompanied a severe characters Jewish rich the of presence the context, this In imaginary. political collective Romanian stress prejudicemisconceptionsdetails, level the thebut to rather and within of Bucharestnot with project definite the together amonograph of putting with specific in Jewishquarter the presented Peltz merchant, tradesman andferocious industrialist, of figures was Jewish the targeting the caricature-like If discourse anti-Semitic the and Jewish neighborhood. poor groups own underprivileged direction, Peltz plannedshow to the stratified structure of the Jewish community,with its financiers for decline the of Romanianthe economy inand life; this deconstructive Jewish the weretargeting which his time of and stereotypes discourse anti-Semitic hand, focuses Peltz onthe ethnic aspect periphery of this into deconstruct anattempt the On other the group. from the writers other as the just fatal determinism, to subjected and discourse. On the one hand he debates the situation of those poor, marginalized, forgotten deeper ethnic-religious minority problem wholeunderlying the narrative. critics his novelsappreciated for mostly tackling themarginal,butignore continued to the the and readers the Unfortunately, field. intellectual Romanian the into identity Jewish of integration literary an for and groups easiercultural ethnic-religious the introduced strategy itsand successful social-literary and literary genre Peltz adopted the this context, In community. the of specificity lifeand Jewish focusedthe on Peltz else, like everybody Bucharest the on Writing period. the for recipe literary a successful to affiliation of the poor and neglected, victims of the fate and social determinism secured Peltz an Integrated within this literary follows Peltz trend, a triple social political and arendar , financier, banker and banker financier, , mahala 187 CEU eTD Collection literature.” Thus, the novels belong equally to both tendencies due to the economic and economic the to due tendencies both to equally belong novels the Thus, literature.” identity incrisis Romania in form the of writing a“Romanian-language Jewish periphery” genre his with andprofound identification preoccupation Jewish life with and “literature focusof literature embodied general connect the social ofhis inthis the novelsmanageto two These century. decades of twentieth the in thefirst Jewish society the of analysis in-depth an out carry as well as Romania in life Jewish of specificities novels, life and death and life Mili’s nights) Mili’s Jewish life and community: and life Jewish examining “milieus” several only presented inbriefly novelsfocuses theprevious two on milieus, insteadof connections Amoreparticular and types events. detailed portrait Romanian focusingin society human integrality andcommunity general,of on exclusively a writer of Jewish life; just like C like just life; Jewish of awriter exclusively within Romanian society. integration unsuccessful of problem the also time same the at but community, Jewish the of problems the dissected criticism Peltz’s Thus stance. his political to level third addeda Peltz’s discourse groups, rich againstthe life. Directed observant of traditional (Good country) and novels fresco-like literature, background of experiencetwo of marginal.the In andbut periphery,hisfocus major was on lifeJewish asintegral perceived part of the margins of the society, on the poor and wretched groups, social disadvantaged milieus Literature of the Periphery as a Genre: Integrating JewishLife. Integrating asaGenre: Periphery ofthe Literature Foc înHanulcuTei , De-a , De-a bu ), Moartea tinere ), Actele vorbe ú ilea (Toddling), and Horoscop Ġ elor ú Calea V te (Documents speak) (Documents (The death of young age) of death (The De-avia (Horoscope), ăFă ă re lugaru, he was interested in the life at the at life in the interested he was lugaru, ú ti Ġ a , does Peltz address the problems and ú i de-amoartea( Nop , Peltz projected an overview of anoverview projected Peltz Ġ ile Domni . Onlyinmajor histwo Playing game the of ú oarei Mili Peltz wasnot Tar ă (Miss bun 188 ă CEU eTD Collection also a series of diseases flourishing in these scarce living conditions. Evictions and sales and Evictions living conditions. scarce in these flourishing of diseases a series also at Dumitru,St. Georgeandbut out St. moving place, periodical thus search forabetter conditions poor the lack (humidity, of heating)electricity and a permanent generates individuals live insharedaccommodation houses,as inns, rented and cheap hotels: failure. poorest success inhabiting andsocial usedasmarkersof or The economic of forms several presents author the individuals, on Concentrating substance. human seem to be determinedstories life and destinies, individual’s life, Human objects. material and space common by these structures, especially as Peltznaturally. lives characters’ with play to novel uses them to present groups collected and greater author community hadmore spacein the Thus, setting. thethe with their destinies, situations, trajectories and dramas was to use the solution for the dilemma of how to bring together the most disparate groups of people variety of naturallydestinies by brought together these housing arrangements. facile Peltz the was naturally aplaceoffer for gatheringindividuals; thus favorite Peltz’s settingfor plotthe ledand discourse totheirin success being widely read. approach double this time same at the and life, Jewish Romanian the of specificity social The lack of privacy imposed by communal living, the high costs of the rent and rent the of costs high the living, communal by imposed privacy of lack The of buildings, thepresentation withof description literature his populated Peltz focuses humanStaging drama the author literary of the ableto destiny, devices on han , which functioned as a stage for the general tragedy of mankind by offering a of the bagel maker died of tuberculosis, wife The her sonsmidnight. would follow after till her soon. morning from hard working all and men them in all a small people of room, ten are bagel maker? There the about What mahala as a larger 189 34 CEU eTD Collection modernization and change from modernization asemi-industrialized a rural and from and change agricultural society to of aprocess itrepresented fearing; also and society was undergoing that changes Romanian literature of the time as a manifestation of thein socio-economic popular extremely and also cultural was topic The factor. financial the through analyzed change community’s dissolution and for the lack of communication between generations is social element structuring levelsgenerational and different bonding within largercommunity.the on socially connecting of forms alternative represent Peltz’s societies cultural Synagogue, the shop, and the ideological gatherings and clubs, the dancing partiessocial and the the teahouse, the socializing; for spaces as manifestations social containing places criticismPeltz’s novels. Programmatically a social literature, Peltz’s narrative also employed in of inherent place also of universe periphery” andwhich an the the gained “literature and madness,suicide, insanity and precarious health were otherissues greatly exploited by the identified cancer, tuberculosis, depression, death, method of society. Diseases, another describing theillicit usedas waysfortunes, lifethrough of the of character trajectories, gaining as theoccupations described misery, through their poverty diversity, and anecdoticthe through cause for integration degree of and social acculturation, and economic success. the which naturally severs and ties with but community the lifestyle, signifies ahigh also move of couldaffordbusinessmenthe out to who and byprofessionals arerepresented admired cases most the Naturally, ascension. social of properties are the major events in human destiny marking the end or the beginning of The Economic Factor: Social Consequences and IdentityChanges. and Factor:SocialConsequences Economic The and professions enumerating for pretext the also offers setting of selection The mahala into the city center, a fact The main The 190 CEU eTD Collection it is it in middle: group successful the criticizing the children’s representativethe generation of integration andinclusion were still doubtful. an assimilationist led to this process that for fact the arecondemnedmainly status intheeconomic changes behavior by also furtheridentity situation complicated The was question the of preservation. and to a crisis the and society), xenophobic and anti-Semitic a rather in acceptance social wider way of of the proven only the is actually it (while success economic Jewishthrough ladder social the climb identity isgeneration byitsdemonized practically for and byits attemptingchildren parents to while the efforts inlives. samethe of the middle their Thestructure pattern: undergoes novel the to forces leadingtotally ruindestiniesnegative tothe and dramaticof to changes characters’ and destructive as perceived are progress economic of will the and obsession” “financial The society. hadJewish on issues economic the that in theeffects divide generational entire the grounds basically novel Peltz’s well. as community Jewish in the identified be bourgeois could group of development and the and drive urban one.Thesameeconomic Micu Braun, the main character of nofor society. value financial behind The stories gains wereoften and fortunes sordid. holds means financial without a person that implying clearly book, the of rationale cruel The of the world of Peltz’s novels was crudely defined by one by defined crudely was novels Peltz’s of world the of mercantilism The Obviously, the natural identification of money with human value becomes the becomes value human with money of identification natural the Obviously, disappeared completely. disappeared have book” the of “people the of traditions the where fortunes; and jewels in front of merits disappear stomach, gold; a well-fed personal where can ismoney bein…a worldwhere honor which measured in everything; Foc înHanulcu Tei 35 , becomes the typical case; coming case; typical the becomes , 191 CEU eTD Collection order tojoinorder associationthe fundsand donate courted by philanthropicthe organization by and intellectualsthe of communitythe in as he was sociallypreviously for hisexcluded lack of scruples in business, and later institutions and activities. philanthropic The case of Micu isBraun in telling respect, this finance to able individuals doubtful and rich of inclusion the forcing organization, community internal of in terms changes determines factor financial emerging recently the level, a certain to up establishment in the riches nouveau the of inclusion of hierarchytraditional and marginalize basedoneducation theprocess morality community the and standards social the Although day. present the of snobbism and pretensions demanding to favorsocial the in standards, through forgotten acceptance order promiscuity, areperformedbourgeois group irony, with hypocrisy collective the stressing involved; the of creation the of analysis the and category asocial of compromises critique the Thus situation. resurfacing due hisfriend’s to blackmailing occasional and placinghimin difficult and poverty from a poorfamily,hefor left America inhis years early and returnedwith a dubious past of previous generations or of the past are cu Tei, in characters the of one Blum, Thus life. family within changed traditions living andlifestyle change and to histraditional way living. The of customsold and newacceptof forms to society, Gentile the with increasingly andwork socialize had to compromises and in changeswereintegrated lifeeveryday as successfulbusinessman the Numerous success. financial and social attain to in order principles and lifestyle includeto thefinancial change thenewly emerging group, individualshadto also their wasdescribed as Just as Jewish society had to compromise its organization and structures in order structures itscompromiseand organization had Just asJewish to society 36 . Foc înHanul 192 CEU eTD Collection asked for help indifficulty man a novel, in the and point a certain At mercy community. the within solidarity and from one of the rich characters by appealing to the common his community relations also altered: later on. In novel In on. later of living assimilation leading towards and anidentity containing its own explodecrisis to who, by supporting their education livingand standards, way alsopassed ona corrupted The security wasassured children’sconstantthe future efforts of through of parents the authority. bosses’ under and cursed beaten, not own”, their of masters and dignified ”gay, be to them for hoped eventually marginal ethnically less and area secure socially more in a inneighborhood, life adifferent secure abetter his children for to a father planning economic towards stability and social andintegration; of acceptance innermonologue the All financial anddeeply these developments changes social affect cohesion the Clearly, the condemnable compromises and identity changes are basically directed Glasman… in manner architectdown tothe coldindifference a protective generous of looks he then, Since Mihai. , Christian in the child his baptized he Weintraub,Doctor sincehebecame else: did Strugureanu, alsosomething God, at least atthen. God, Hebrew the with peace in be to wanted and unknown the of fearing just closefeltobliged the to shop. Notfrom conviction.any religious Hewas Blum holidays, fall holy the Kippur, Yom and Rosh-Hashanah on Only nights with theEaster restChristmas, celebrated he Nordman, oflike Blumenfeld, thelike Braun, andMicu Like petty merchants. Christian Baptism other the tradersfrom means any by different not was and bacon ofeating not, or the holiday Jewish a of was Lipscaniif there matter no Saintsmoked, commercial John, on growingSaturdays, not abeard butcutting hishairin style,a modern area.when…like all merchants in other the he his neighborhood, kept the shop open he was partying for days and Actele vorbe Actele 38 ú te 37 , the case of an assimilationist doctor was criticized and 193 CEU eTD Collection relaxed and social friendly relations be fornot mistaken to cover, merely a friendly represented appearances maintaining mainly articulated through business andactivities profit for which socializing and were connections his social his funeral.at honor The memory appears to former contacts and dinnerswith importantGentilepopulated business and political figures,none of the and practical functionalism of Micu’s social and circles networks. Unlike Braun’s parties superficiality the perceives dramatically family his dies, Braun Micu businessman when example, For interferes. event major a once destroyed isoften socialization convivial workingthe and business arebased environment appearanceon of collaborations, butthe in constructed mainly are The relations compromises. business and negotiation constant on based are relations Jewish-Gentile the novel, Peltz’s In Romania. in community Jewish of the status andtense unstable of a century-long result the itwere basically secure to meant compromises the and stability financial and success for drive the place; special connected individuals connected of body symbolical a as community the of dissolution the of symbol the was this Peltz, Jews,” signaling theidentity behindconnection any social differences, for wasignored; basic links within The thegroup. supremeappeal for help andunderstanding,“we all are Jewish origin andidentity as the solidarity community and were always perceived as and deactivated according to practical interests structured the behavior of most of mostthe of behavior of the structured interests practical according to and deactivated activated discourse double of the functionality the and appearance and substance between This hypocritical dichotomy and disappeared. interestsource profitdissolved the once itfinally connection the was wasmainly granted, onbusinesscreated grounds and when life; his professional throughout society Romanian within acceptance social sought In this complex context, the relationship between Romanians and Jews receivesa Romanians andJews the relationship between context, In this complex 39 . 40 . According to a sad remark of one character, Braun character, of one asadremark to . According 194 CEU eTD Collection on internal transformations, inner conflicts and a group perspective andinner conflicts agroup internalon transformations, equippedknowledge with is better reader the discourses, three generational the following and urbanization; secularization modernization, of impact the Jewish society under of evolution step-by-step via aclearer, operates The concept generational time factor. tothe attached transformations economic andand cultural agedistinction the through internal group oppositions based on different collective outlooks on life are explained changesthe in terms of values, customs and identity using a chronological The indicator. following groups social between distinctions the identified objectively novel in his Peltz circumstantial. simply are results the while andacceptance, double standards compromise, relations highlights Jewish-Gentile of criticism the acceptance; and integration social secured areal not which compromised Jewishidentity and cohesion the subsequently of community the did advancement economic for need the Eventually, emphasized. frequently is relations human Jewish-Christian the of hypocrisy and superficiality The society. Jewish of criticism social the following novel, the of agenda asecondary as is revealed Semitism) double standards, tolerance of the authorities for anti-Semitic attacks, dormant social anti- Romanian as Jews,well as thecriticismgroup towards of social the relationships (attitude quality of the of aseverecriticism addressed communities, between interaction relationships and communication from thelowof level signaling apart of novel, the inthe structure Romanian characters as well of reducedpresence the Furthermore, novel.in present Peltz’s non-Jewish characters as the motivations behind them. The portrait of the A Generational Critique ofIdentity Crisis. The generational approach by The generational used approach 41 . 195 CEU eTD Collection teahouse” in a form of detachment from from inreal world: form teahouse” of a detachment and workshop synagogue, “between oscillating existence their of deconstruction is based ona Theirmodernization. sketchy,acculturation primitive portrait and aprocess inof in hadcommunity somesolidarity which asociety already areas started identity, Yiddish and Orthodoxy as well as a greater respect for the values of Judaism and and culture European Eastern genuine tradition, lifestyle, Jewish of sense renowned firstthe generation of immigrantsfrom poor Poland and importingRussia, herea cultural cultural values, dominates narrativethe scene.Its transformations, compromises,identity old compromise to able and advancement social and economic by driven transformation, community cultural and change of engine the element, active only the as novel criticism of the next generation by articulating a clear and conservative profile. in addressesanunspoken it group of discrete oldest the silent Thusthe time. undertook second generation, the one of the parents, to become more salient by stressing the changes the of profile the causing novel, the in referential rather is function Their environment. stronglyit,but preserving to attached traditionsadjust andunableto new tothe thecommunity, isolated within rather was generation first the narrative, of the structure hours dedicated to the coffee tothe shop. dedicated hours their only vice, their only escapefrom the trouble of everyday living, these occupies thechairsand theboiling outof drinks teapots Thisis drink… around inthose mummified – them, attitude samethe defeated their world absentfrom inlost of arguments the torments, state, dreaming a perpetual and work of years long the by exhausted grandfathers, Jewish same …the The generation,one old the “grandparents”of was usuallyidentified with The middle generation, the one of the “parents”, overly represented in the represented overly “parents”, the of one the generation, middle The impactinprominentthe without on agreat Although not the novel, 42 196 CEU eTD Collection their parents’ influence, but also on the other hand the failure of the integrative efforts integrative the of failure the hand other the on also but influence, parents’ their consequences of withsevering ties Judaism progressively education due to and under hand one the the feel on as they identity aborder develop young characters the direction, identity during their for search agroupidentity. Confused and find unable to their own symbolically with the generation of the grandparents as a form of partial return to Jewish and dramaticallygeneration. next by the on down in interests” apartialexchange for and doubtful integration and werelooked acceptance oppose “national to the attachment patriotic the demonstrate pathetically and to repetitively the obtain oftheirThe struggles to and children.citizenship and efforts also utopian political establishedand parties in power, business associations) in contrast with the more generous, collective groups interest local Romanian supporting alliances political hierarchy, administrative generationwithin for societies, positions philanthropic associations,within the struggles community rich mostlyrepresentatives of middle the involved were (higher positionsgeneration of where the in projects theirbusiness securing of astrategy local Romanian theadministration with relations the strictly parentsconcerning community, Jewish the within politics internal and political tostress identity.this In order thenovelist shortcoming, local thepetty describes and connect politically supporting the UERand thus Romanian politics instead of articulating aJewish Jewry popular within a muchWallachian discourse, adopt criticized “assimilationist” andefforts middle lack the involvement, political of generation works Peltz’s within and butalso repression, by their childrenfor long-term the failure of integrative their changes identity drastic the for parents their by tacitly Condemned factors. economic the shifts andinner conflicts werealready within analyzed section previous the concerning The young generation, or the so-called “children’s criticize theso-called“children’s generation”, or The young generation, 197 43 CEU eTD Collection anarchist type of character. Thus, most of the political interest is confined to the level of level tothe is confined interest of political mostthe Thus, character. of type anarchist action innovel but the a heroically, also utopian, introduces useless aura, andthe even politics had not much condemnationarrest andimprisonment, young to individualsand attracted exclusion, the space in order to develop their projects, a fact which gives their (communist movement),(communist partly surveyed and bypolice Siguran politics Romanian from banned Partly time. that at in Romania movement Socialist the of special duetothe situation from continuing projects popular), their they were prevented less was novels, his set Peltz where Wallachia, in which ideology Zionist the than more by out life’s Intensivelydifficulties. flirting and with seducedbyleftist politics (much identity options, thus unable to channelcollection individualsof exhausted their energy in a clear direction and a arepractically young ofthe missing succeed characters driveare to portraits and the easily worn of economic and social relative success. Nevertheless, the stamina of their parents and the political andgroupdiscourse, they shadowed by are out their in “parents” terms in of “grand-parents” representedterms than their better are “children” Still,the although activism. and options political through resolved is temporarily which crisis a of middle by mid-way, previous the younggenerations. Caught itself generation in the discovers the economically and prompted isand culturally educationally break generational enforced fascinated by spending debates, political alot of time inthesocialist club. The whileArts, men moreturn andmore medicine, towards businesslaw are or school or by art, literature, and politics. Women graduate from the Conservatory, Letters and Beaux offered alternatives bythe distracted simply are or generation, parents’ their of criticism asevere articulating andpractical, realistic lucid, become young The full acceptance. of their parents and the futility of their compromises in asociety which could not offer 44 , confused and insecure, confused and their about direction and Ġă , subjected to possible, subjected to 198 CEU eTD Collection connected to their regained identity to their regained connected and assimilationist ambitions and theirgreed of attitude definitely accept parents; they could compromises the not of their parents, practical thematerial,andopenly criticizes intellectualized opposes profile Theirclubs. so they return to more authentic directions Benador confessedBenador in one ofhis works that Socialism. themselves to identity and dedicate Jewish reminders of reject last the decideto genuine way intogenuine the personal way on reality outlook became hisand for a looking glass in a integrated was Judaism natural. became references, symbols, metaphors, specific tobefoundbackground in the usageof Judaic by astrong onlife,shaped perspective individual the members of elite, or the intellectuals are in his“Jewishworks” characters and perceivedJudaism anindividualas way experiencingof the world. As themain focusedissue identity apersonalperspective through on monographic genre,Benador the beginningRomaniain theof 20 the lifecommunity UnlikePeltz andC assuch. Veac XX intellectual and ideological debates, extensive reading extensive debates, ideological intellectual and C. Ury Benador:Politics and theCrisis oftheJewish Intellectual. Although canbe this perceived ashis mission professed as awriter, only and “Appassionata” deal specifically with Jewish life, while notfocusing onthe Jewishlife, while deal with andspecifically “Appassionata” something else, but literature. fresco of the ghetto, which missionhasnofor leavingmeother I acknowledge the after except having to be - if not more than literature - at least th 46 century in social collective terms heavily employing heavily terms collective insocial century (Judaism, Hassidism and rarely Zionism) or simply or Zionism) rarely and Hassidism (Judaism, 47 ă lugaru, wholugaru, Jewishlife in approached 45 and meetings heated in Socialist Ghetto Ury 199 CEU eTD Collection reverie, imagination, dreams, reality and cultural references mainly from the Judaic the from mainly references cultural and reality dreams, imagination, reverie, feelings, combines technique densely “stream consciousness” of device tothe close intellectual tension, the author lets characters tell their own stories first-hand; this literary expressthe internal better to order In literary discourses. interwar Romanian within Jewishdefined byastrong identity,leda complex to strategy of integration self, which provides his discourse with a deeper symbolism. mysticism from beginningthe were inborn waysof therelating world, to community or community;for him, his dueto education,and cultural background, religious Judaism and the Jewish of coherence the against pose movement assimilationist the that dangers is not openly Benador Jewish identity Jewishness,concerned preservation, with the turmoil agitating themaininner with character’s life In this and analysis.respect, the and discussions political or situations family by offered reality abrupt the between mere and stories,broken parablesor imagesfillinsymbolical Judaism. Hassidic space the identity Jewish representing elements with impregnated ineffably is narrative the Torah, reasoning. social in tohonor individualand the representativity order and the subjective writer any claims abandoned mental thistask,the to her) By accomplishing eyes. highlightable personal the to of by perspective main the as character hisreconstructed (or andinner his her) on (or Inthis conflict. background way, the emergedclearly and was profile focusing ontheintellectual’s perspectiveit while a personalized presentthrough community and its life on paper in todescribe order and raise its problems publicly,butto recreate the is notto “the ghetto” strategy representing of Benador’s Thus surroundings. The specific element which marked Benador’s work, namely intellectual Aside from numerousculturalthe involvingreferences Jewish history and the 200 CEU eTD Collection aspiring journalist in journalist aspiring culture or creativity becoming more intense and reaching a climax when the characters the when a climax reaching and intense more becoming creativity or culture religion, identity, death, love, on fixations obsessive and monologues internal their of fact in consist stories of the life; substance whole inner the conflicting febrile, a tense, agitated areallBenador’s works individualsexceptional and representintellectual types. All have in maincharacters the profile, of Beethoven’s background evocation permanent the (Grotesque ending), a renowned musician in ending), arenowned (Grotesque through their social critique. of the interwar discourses artistic of period trend awhole with life inner problematic and in intellectualism literary Romanian literature: A. his characters’ through connected Benador Thus himincrisis. around himself andpeople Holban, , existentialist through ideathe traits “experimenting” of Gib alife with by situation placing Mih andliterature ininterwar its direction pre- Romanian authenticist-experimentalist the greatly resembles Benador’s writings by developed type universe. intellectual The managesbackground readerdirectly tointroduce the their intoinner and troubled republished, unlike novelsthe of andPeltz C in Romanian”, literature on“Jewish ofnovels series the densethe byfar mystical Although inhis most the in substance accomplishedtexts. work dueto ignored he his largely remained of time, werewell bythecritics works received accomplished most evenifBenador’s Nevertheless, influence. Gidian the under directly model a generated the through embodied literary productive which of authenticity” “literature the also but types, intellectual andCamil Petrescu’s The Profileofthe Jewish Intellectual. Ghetto Veac XX oragifted rabbiin not “Appassionata”, tomention ă Subiect lugaru, whichlugaru, muchwere easier assimilated A businessman in A businessman banal (Common topic) or Ghetto Veac XX tr ă irist 48 doctrine and placed doctrine and Final grotesc was never Hilda ă escu , an 201 CEU eTD Collection functioned as a leitmotif for practically all his writings as a favorite composer, an composer, favorite a as writings his all practically for leitmotif a as functioned dedicated to the work of Benador shouldmention his obsession for Beethoven, which special attention as the a Beethoven receives L. von composer, image German the of recurrent the context, embodiment of genius, intellectualism socialprecarious and economichelp position,from Baruch rejects community.the this In and creativity. thisthem.mission with his complex strikinglyof and Dueto contrasted superiority which Any study but arrogance, also superiority, mediocre the and frustration against masssurrounding with dignity,self-confidencegreater in self-consciousness,mission, and pride their own Self-idealizing his function and his role in the society, the writer described himself as writer, alearned rabbi), they are building as well their own legend andimage as geniuses. authentic vocation. authentic into of most thinkers the shapestheir musical profiles creations andliterary letters, diaries, in journals, transcribed experiences essential and music readings, their Judaism, by mediated manner reality presenting of acertain employed, models and references cultural the also intellectuals; into them transforms problematization and searches inner profession, their way livingof and perceiving the reality, their excess of reasoning,febrile their of nature the through intellectuals exactly not Although socially. function become prisoners of their inner world, losing contact with reality and the ability to The mere act of creation enables his characters to approach society surrounding toapproach his characters of creation enables The mereact bell. crystal immense world, an him, under andfor paralyzed only created a newtoy, as hehaving achild wakes when looks up the amazed of of barely infront the matters, earthy the from detachment lucidity, and somnambulism of state a …in a musician, (a thinkers or artists also are characters male main the of some As 49 202 CEU eTD Collection is easily offended, susceptibility, dignity, depression, active memory active deal andis a great easily susceptibility, depression, of dignity, offended, sense melancholy, reverie, of all pride to which sameaddiction share the exacerbated an businessman and the rabbilive inakind of by generated trance their obsessive thinking; expenselivenormally to chance the of other people. Ludwig, theamong Baruch, inventing mental forms which determineof an intensetorture innerlife extremely at the actingmaking anger, decisions,doubts, and constructing scenarios, possible and solutions to comes it when paralysis jealousy, susceptibility, intense an develops which world, the with mediatedrelationship amentally beings determines real with and reality contact essence of events andindividuals, and reasoning about them. Thus the lack of direct the forms analyzing of mental processes, byintense dominated naturally is characters responsible position as a married man through an escapist solution. The inner world of the meditation, rejecting challenges by posed life,thus complicatingreal his supposedly bovarizingteenager at30, lost his andPeer-Gyntizing inhis life”, and innerprojects in example, For characters. is for Benador’s common realities in alternative tofabricate refuge able a self symbolism. and influence religious figure and the musical genius, while theliterary a introduced text rich Hassidic between the supernatural in connection a musicdetermined invested Beethoven’s valueBenador of mystical thereligious mostthat symbolicallythe chargedtexts Benador; of “Appassionata”, one text of the could work through be revealed presence inBenador’s Beethoven as earlier published werealready parts from which Man), the (Beethoven, in monograph, fictionalized of a model and the topic intellectual The attitude of in toescapeandfind of The attitude world external rejectingorder the tangible (Prelude to Beethoven). The ultimate significance of Beethoven’s obsessive Beethoven’s of significance The ultimate Beethoven). to (Prelude Ghetto Veac Ghetto XX, BaruchLandauappearsas rag,still a “melodramatic Beethoven, omul Beethoven, Preludiu la 203 CEU eTD Collection he want to be? The writer Barbu Barbu story writer be?short to The he want moment of self-reflection on his destiny as a writer, Baruch questions himself: “what does obscure, metaphysical spiritual attraction are explained through connections. and fascination, magic, Fatedness, tool. self-destructive a powerful into itself transform reaching obsession, transcendental levels and surpassing individual,the but also able to and his wife Mira. Lovebecomes dense,an extremely heavy and feeling, complicated is the case for couples such as Ludwig –Hilda, Baruch – Mira, and even for Reb Burich’l also on emotional life. Love stories receive a complex, tragic and profound dimension,masochistically and tragically reflects of existence This over-intellectualization ascharacter. suspicions against and people situations transform him intoa fragile andhighly unstable hesitations, vulnerability,lack self-confidence, Baruch’s of is socially projected. his confusion and hislack of decision are integrated into a general feeling of anger which and behaviorand Hisforanother neurasthenic character. drama, confusing his search the one blocking reciprocally all daydreaming, and passivism also but , of change, Baruch endures feelings a complex fury his of of against a needforstagnation, of a for hisfamily future.and Thus, his inability actdeterminesto an situation;exasperating he the designed projects his applying situation, andchanging action incapabletaking of passivity.A victim hisof obsessive thinking,Baruch feels mentally paralyzed and author of a play inspired by Jewish life Jewish by inspired a play of author expressing his creations writer a Romanian becoming between detached, oscillates, Baruch identity, intellectual in Romanian of fundamentals the also determining factor major oras a language with a connected Jewish writer as he wasLandovsky?” already by then the The same conflictual situation reigns over the issue of intellectual identity. In a In identity. intellectual of issue the over reigns situation conflictual same The 50 Even if for an intellectual, the most intimate creative act should be should act creative intimate most the intellectual, Eveniffor an 51 . On the other hand, in a differentmoment of his ğă rîna, or the Jewish writer Menachem writer theJewish rîna, or 204 CEU eTD Collection young Jewish intellectual.While including history elements of ethnography,and Baruch, a in byfollowingcentury of maincharacter, Romania the perspective thecritical Veac XX prisoner of his contradicting and paralyzing drives. developcould identity more and astrong not discourse became the and apolitical once connected only culturally,and superficially deliberately with Romanian society, Baruch feelingbetween not position; a connection withstrong hisbackground Jewish anymore, from and interest detachment explainedclearly hisin- enthusiasm,political the passions of hisJewish originreturning motherinit. thelack or tongueand to Forboth, writing of political confusion between two possible paths: becoming an assimilated Romanian writer his discovers Baruch community’s), Jewish the with socially and politically coinciding always not were (which values its with identification a cultural reaching and school butdeliberately speaking family, language and accepting the Romanian through culture a Yiddish- in born intellectual, acculturated an of case typical the Representing Romanian Litvak’s Yiddishistpersonality: questions as well the originexistence, surprised byhis poeticsudden outburst of in creativity Baruch Yiddish, of the process and believes that it is the direct influence of Identity andPolitics: theCrisis Intellectuals.of theJewish at the same time acknowledging that he was constantly writing poetry in intended to present a fresco of the Jewish life in the first decades of the 20 today” longfor a time, and still he has never written anythingin Yiddish till inwrites Yiddish? speaks Yiddishfrom reads He his Yiddish childhood, he come How personality. no has He chameleonism. mimicry, it: is …this 52 The novel The Ghetto 205 th CEU eTD Collection present generation through presentgeneration education,through andreligious whole culture identity. lineage The beinterplays any through tends the past society; to within reconstructed Jewish thus cultural enlighten and social the to meant topics recurrent areseveral each generation of andthewandering troubled roots, Bucharest. Open-mindedness reading, andextensive finally confirmed by Baruch’s relocation from Braila to professionally more-rewarding beBraila to to form Moldavia Northern by father’sdeparture repeated was grandfather the of move constant the identity; of continuity certain a demonstrate Baruch) son and Mendl father Burich’l, reb (grandfather family the in generations the Thus continuity. the emphasizing thus and generations between similarities and coincidences the stressing by father andgrandfather hisexceptional in with intellectually connection aprofound and genealogically profile Baruchisplaced the thus presentgeneration; of the Jews.” Baruch whichis,Landau, life, lesshis apparently but lifehis the and times of of the beginning ofhis novel, declares that Benador the story is “the fictionalized life story of youngthe intellectual in Romanian Jewish generation interwar the period, asfrom the profile of Baruch and his internal Theexceptional which other. on the felt and he acculturated attached Jewish society to monologuesnon- intolerant the become and hand one on world Jewish a traditional pretext the with modernization, for a larger analysis of with connected identity crisis with and a profoundpolitical intellectual confronted the social background. Eventually,in the noveldescribed focusescompromises and on the conflicts problem political the with of the strongly youngcontrasts Jewish involvement social and activism political to attitude intellectual withdrawn Baruch’s place; anthropology when describing the community as such, political options occupy a central 53 The major in arepast andprevious generations factors as described determining 206 CEU eTD Collection comparison with Romanians, thus preventing them from social advancement. social from them preventing thus Romanians, with comparison determined by which politicalthe quota Jewishputs individuals in at adisadvantage identity.conflicted hissolid Despite education, his is acceptance social permanently a develops Baruch authority, andrepresent in of power are a position evaluation hierarchy duetothefact the dictatingones position and educational the that inferior authorities Feelinghimself insurroundingenvironment. and and an placeda stranger recalls psychological the strong pressureagainst Jewish pupils from coming the exam entrance high-school his of scene The novel. inthe Baruch by illustrated later “De dou his article programmatic wrote Benador direction, this In identity. acrisis of generated reminded ofhis non-Romanian roots; profoundthe conflict andfeeling of rejection hewas when inschool atmosphere hostile the conflicthis with inRomanian to education whenfrom hisBaruch’s childhood with identification Romanian culture andhistory due Moments either. fortunate more not are experiences intercultural firstpersonal Baruch’s Jewry. areas of Romanian in the traditional most the atmosphere Jewish intellectual an of and a collectivity of existence the about heimage created of the dissolution the idealist disappointment The greatest of Northern is through Baruch Moldavia traveling intellectual. young the confuse to able factor another yet represented identity of options different cultural from two models the two dress andreligious requirements, coming code the with both), or Yiddish (Romanian, usage language with Starting available. integration and advancement social of paths several had individual the community, Jewish traditional inheritance able support histo Jewish identity strongly in hispresent discourse. intellectual and past his with maintained Baruch that continuity symbolical the stresses Educated instill but part Educated a Romanian of a religiously observant environment, ă ori ori eu -1”(Two metimes -1)where hedeveloped his doubleidentity model, 207 CEU eTD Collection generation’s perspective, the fatherappearstobe perspective, the generation’s young the From Romanian. teaching and active politically was he where fastingof andpraying his Yom for Kippur, son’s to Socialist speech from on radiothe paralyzed half- and sick old, the father, Zalman’s where fragment in the represented suggestively is between groups age mannercommunication lackof The of oldgeneration. the specific politics the to of young the generation, thecompromising whileUERrepresents is as perceived Socialism views; is by generational represented different the approach religious celebration and consistedZionist group of a few lateRomantic members focused onraising funds, commemoration without enrolled of because granting future the insecurity theirabout while citizenship, of the real involvement.have with war in the fighting Jews the manner, Thehesitant in a rights secondcitizenship criticalfor is struggling UER The activism. Jewish Russian with compared if sleep” boring Litvak, aRussianJewishRomanian anarchist,him Jewry in“aappeared to deepprofound general is due comparativeextremely strong to the discoursethe approach; through of in politics Jewish Romanian against criticism the First, relevant. becomes movement, Zionist and Socialist in the active individuals younger the and UEP, the through olderbetween ideathe the integration generation adopting within Romanian of the society Jewish ofpolitical theterms In politics. debatedescribed principled above options, constantfear of anti-Jewish demonstrations, Baruch turns towards possible options within Challenged inpermanently cultural his identificationRomanian and livingin hakham I said to myself: this is a ghetto trace from the Middle Ages. year 1913and current in problems the seriously mysteriously Talmud and from him.surrounds …livingdiscussing everything that apart (…) (wise man, Torah scholar) from Br ă ila listens from home, after a day 54 208 CEU eTD Collection I. L. Peretz, BaruchspeaksI. although Yiddish, to festival a literary lecturingdedicated condition; at byhisacculturated dilemma caused more Baruchexpressesissue, agreat an indecisive individual. andconfused once On this more dilemma one to added mother tongue, tothe andattraction attachment genuinethe time same the at but manifestations, official for idiom familiar a using of embarrassment unable of reachgroup.The modernizing, core to the or to such anacculturated modern,Yiddish, preventingapplied from asnot whichwasperceived community the to importancethe inof JewishYiddish double is aconstant politics, standard discourse rejectingthus the eventual ideological assimilationism onsocial In grounds. considering discussions in thenovel,focuses ona ideologicalJewish versionemploying Yiddish and only a matter of religion. Moreover, in Mendl’s view, patriotism should not prevent isnot beingJewish fact that the stressing citizens”, andRomanian Jews are“Jews that Romanian Jews “Romanians of Mendl declares are basically persuasion”, Mosaic Landau the which to according ideas UEP the Challenging father. his with together meetings within Romanianthe modern society influenced young Baruch who in assisted several interms Jewishidentity political byits concerning and doctrine debatesgenerated the The Socialist direction, to which Benador dedicates most of the political The “assimilationist” option represented by UEP is also analyzed in the novel as novel in the analyzed is also by UEP represented option “assimilationist” The Harzigkeit. of adearsadness, filled with as and communicative become emotional and realized how simple everyday words combined properly get festivehe from works, or theirPeretz from own speaking, reading started looksguests and neighborswhen soundssodifficultpublicly.when Only presenting him…itseemedspeak language weirdto tohisfamily to the that he used 55 209 CEU eTD Collection “superficial and crawling” Jewish identity name preservation,and inencourage should but equality civilrights.The the creation of the Yiddishist Socialist group. Nevertheless, an explanation for the lack for the of anexplanation Nevertheless, group. Socialist of Yiddishist creation the the in joins end in the who Baruch, to appealing was directions two the of neither Definitely perceived asa Russian influence and actually rarely in described Romanian literature. by Anarchism, Transylvania.Litvak,compared was represented or Bukovina with if Regat, older movement within the a strong it was not factthat the dueto characters needs thecommunity that personal for in advantages: collectivity exchange against injustice accepting tone tolerant and a flexible determined doctrine clear-cut manner of politics;doing adaptability,lack compromise, of consistencypolitical and In Benador’s work, Zionism isbarely illustrated through the appearance of several Rejecting the UERway politics,doing Baruchfurtherof criticizes,considering nature, in our spirituality. our in nature, them. Incase lock needthe of ourselvesin to up, millennial nobleour we are.How?understand by what First ceasing to be humble andflattering …to be tough! To be tough in order to force the crazy and the murderers to do politics here. This is this and that is that. Each with his business.” is actually a struggle against the Liberal Party, replied gloomily: “we don’t UER of the struggle the so that them, laws against all the Jews,andof the against acts expulsion the all of author the and atmosphere anti-Semitic the the Liberal Party, the author of the peasant revolts seven years ago with all party in (…)Whenpower. askedhow his compromises belonging toUER most often in power. It was in most powerful and…he the himself memberof Party, the was Liberal the the Blum’s family tradition to be close to a 56 image of UER was constantly criticized for its compromising its for criticized constantly was UER of image 58 57 210 CEU eTD Collection dignified manner in the middle of the Romanian society is placed in the center of his of center in the isplaced society Romanian the of middle in the manner dignified a in identity Jewish strong a maintain to need The culturally. and politically socially, crisis shaped by his towhich own past andexperiences he was ethnically, subjected politically iseither. Thus, Baruch’s crisispolitical aconsequence his identity of own ideals their represent to alternative a viable not is conceives hebriefly construct the but available, options the criticizes and analyzes mainly Baruch search, his In suit Jewishthe situation inRomania beginning at the of century find. the was difficultto specific conditions offered by the Romanianthe to due as state well as and profile and society;traits specific thus their a to political due dramatic is ideologyintellectuals to of generation Jewish young the of representation and option a political for search intense The Zionism. by attracted being not while movement, Socialist the joining after foritssearch inRomania andpolitical public representation waswhatBaruch planned, in apoliticalmake crisis and unable to aproperchoice. A Jewish return to identity and a individuals within discoveredinsecureRomanian themselves on society status other, the and also outside within trends political conflicting different caughtbetween moment, ofthe intellectuals Jewish community.critical political Due discourse,to their Ury acculturationBenador recreates the crisison the of theone young hand generation and of moreprofound through ties: separatingwhowere otherwiseartificially people connected are politics that who considered by MeerSulitzer, is offered engagement political Through Through descriptionthe several political projectsof and Baruch’soscillating Echod”. One people. Only illusions separate us. Imagination. themselves, UER, Zionists, Socialists. Bullshit. One soul, one being.“Am …ehe-hei,you children, know only one thing, with borders Jews among 59 211 CEU eTD Collection literature of the time, but also criticized the dissolution of the Jewish community and community Jewish of the the dissolution criticized also but time, of the literature the capitalist society and the domination financialof interests, topics shared by Romanian message, novelsthe in mind readershipand adouble severely Peltz adouble criticized of Benador and Ion andBenador C Ion of works Ury mid-1930s inIsac Peltz, and best when productive the the direction evolved inasuccessful thisliterature literature”, Jewish “Romanian-language project of compromise with Romanian thusculture, sometimes and excluded from a potential asa press Romanian Jewish in the active intellectuals Jewish by and voices by Zionist able Perceived canon. andliterary debates in models larger cultural the literary includeworks these to cultural and topics motifs, literary Romanian with life and traditions Jewish of mixeddescription of texts this corpus masses.Inthis context, Jewish acculturated with the contact wellas readership, as Romanian the facilitate accessfor ableto grounds, oncommon lifearticulated by Jewishinspired was theliterature Romanian societies, it culturallywas mainly supported the through as dissolves, project the movement, articulated arealistically of dynamism proper lacking without compromising Jewishidentity and values.Based on Baruch’s and planningdiscourse, aprojectintegration of on basis of equality and public assertion members of members of a class. Jewish identityof sight lost which views preservationpolitical generations’ two the against criticism identity-oriented while pressingstrong a articulate to moremanages he only one; for movement-creating and social activist constructive, rights as equal a not basically is citizens discourse His basis. real and platform political real a orlacking asmeetings, Conclusions ă . Functioning as a bridge of Functioning. asabridgebetween of Jewishand the rapprochement lugaru literary andreceivedawards. Having were published national Oifgong publication,lectures and cultural 212 CEU eTD Collection &ă fadewas destined to away, itappeared in as in criticismthe anddistance visible space of purity and tranquility modern against urban space. This Romanian Jewish world perceived which literature Jewish the Polish areas,or Eastern authentic stateassimilated and theloss identity of Jewish lookingwhile models for in more theirdeplore who Weimar writers, in of European work the Jew presented Eastern unlike the idyllic imageprofound of the critically, approached were characters the life and community, Jewish emerged. terms ethnographic collective, in perceived community the to dilemma intellectualist individual the from varying levels different on urbanization and secularization backwardness, foradvancement inclusion, social and and temptations compromises political facingeconomic literature discussed,a of texts corpus the From Emancipation. after structures newitsin place state for the searching terms, cultural and economic socio- in political, manifested Romania modern in identity Jewish of crisis general the mystical perspective. butPetrescu, focused alsoon Jewish spirituality political and movements from a profound political life andlargely private ininterwar throughdebated period worksof the Camil Creang modernizingin perspective, stylethe of recollectionschildhood made famous by Ion an urban from lifestyle traditional and communities therural of backwardness social shtetl of the periphery en vogue for G. M. Zamfirescu and others. C amonographpresented of Jewish life in Bucharest lugaru’s discussingworks the crisis modernization of of traditional communities, life approached also the topic of deep poverty and a criticism of and economic the of and acriticism deep poverty of topic the also life approached ă . Finally, Benador included the profile of the intellectual with his dilemmas in dilemmas his with intellectual the of profile the included Benador Finally, . The central problem approached by the literature was Jewish with literature topics by The approached the problem central shtetl and the utterly idealizedof andtheutterly portraitthe mahalas in the genre of literature in of the genre the ă lugaru’s description of shtetl life as a 213 CEU eTD Collection inclusions. In a synthetic manner, Eugenia In inclusions. manner, Eugenia a synthetic Prokop-Janiec symbolical and transition mental operating translation cultural of form a became managedfunctionit cultures to between and two provide to thisfor both, typeliterature of by Jewish community Fundamentally, supported anti-Semiticwas often discourse. as and with the contact social lacked which discourse bythe Romanian cultural constructed community. This hadprejudice been defined bynegative stereotypes and hostile prejudice negativeimage of Jewish the dynamic constructed previously the with dialogue a entertaining process mediation a audience, Romanian the with communication of form values of Jewish and ideals the truth, the lifeBy presenting rapprochement. social to and cultural of the process Romanian public, the literature in andmakingtradition for andintegration along acceptance,understanding room on Jewish topics inherited from mental deconstructing thecollective structures a long, exclusionist initiated a from Jewishthe manner, inside,inanauthentic alsoaccessible lifeandculture the and presenting by these accomplished They stereotypes. and prejudices anti-Jewish Semitism, had a social mission and functioned as a weaponfightingmisconceptions, biases, anti- group. for each issues readersaddressingspecific also Jewish readership, but the acculturated roots, theseabout theliberty their address not writers own took to only Romanian the in Romanian writing community; the of as well as nation the of part insider”, “critical a Emancipation, the new approach of the authors of literature with Jewish topics was that of before accept had to they that outsider” the“rebellious of position the with contrast and adapt changebackwardness,attackinginability tosurvive. poverty into and In order For theRomanianFor which to audience wereequally these works addressed, they 60 defined function this of 214 CEU eTD Collection approached them from the perspective of families. non-cohesive and them of from perspective approached disintegrating the and its generational chain continuity symbolized andstructure; communal Peltz mother andforcing the child find to his own way inlife and departfrom the progressive and pro-urbanizing discourse of C progressive of discourse and pro-urbanizing in the appears and continuity,which tradition inpreservation of with connection Judaism for symbolic highly figure, maternal the of employment the from comes criticism lifemodern form decadent Another authenticity idealized crisis,of and opposing past. of of criticism animplicit agewhich generated mature with andacomparison contrast tradition, holidays recollecting eyesthe itwhen through especially of a children; provided childhood memorieschildhood C (Benador, questionsimportant interwar for community the period. the The general during device of highlighting aspects few a were society modern and politics confronting intellectual backwardness and conservatism of of the and conservatism backwardness socio-economic the generation, middle dynamic economically the of Judaism observant the of A renunciation aspects. profound most its in identity Jewish the negotiating and of made community the integration compromisesand the and acculturation, trading for status the perspectives from different itcriticized Secondly,deeply historical document. as function ofliterature fulfilled this values.itsand social representations Ethnographical whenperiod communitythe was subjected tothechallenges ofmodernization and altered of recollecting reminding and their contemporaries of authenticity the of Jewish life in a levels. Thus, firstly, their work functioned often as a repository of Jewish culture, a form in attempt. a largely literary documents” self-representational with Jewishliterature as “cognitive” subjects for the Gentile public andas“unique socio- For the Jewish public, these works communicated differentmessages on different ă lugaru andPeltz all linkedit) used theindividual with shtetl life, or simply the confusion of the young ă lugaru as a tough astep- person, acting as asatough lugaru shtetl . Family 215 CEU eTD Collection proved to be more successful due to the fact that the integrative project was visibly project integrative factthat the the to bemoredue successful to proved justified by Socialist strong the of sympathies In approach their writers. their case,the C well-receivedof works and exchange, the Peltz In alow works. popularity their of determined Jews inRegat, Romanian acculturated large socialfollowing Romanian readership, combinedsmall the of with Zionism among for the interest low and high specificity accessibility, reduced the aswell moral as thesis, press. The mediocre quality due theirof a prose to determinist following orientation a in but importantmosttheir their realization works, of shaping was the ideas inthe these andA. L. Zissu, journalists as well as writers, were very activein articulating these ideals in Poland), it mainRomania be Indeed,the hardly perceived. I.Ludo could promoters, so examplein national effectof performedJewish revival Zionism (for and underthe them. between conflict the even defeating chain generational the to due continuity of triumph a expressed history family life, the Jewish authenticity of itswithin the alterations Despite culture. nation and insideidentity theRomanian collective model byJewish readership a the of coagulating feelingamong acommunal consolidate to attempted partially authors sagas,the Diaspora located here onRomanian lands. By employing in such subjects this manner of writing historical the testifying to family wererecords and writings Thesecommunity common experience. destiny of thechange, generational blood links,chain, history, ancestry, spiritual and cultural values and Jews, in continuity heritage, memory, through as consolidated identity collective well of symbolism as chronicles aprofound structural criticism, express, despite to continued community portraits of theirThirdly, mannerthe ofwriting, promoting biographical family elements, histories, and experience in Diaspora, Unlike other cases where this reinvention of Unlike cases where other in culture languageslocal was thisJewish of reinvention ă lugaru introduced aleftistlugarucritiqueintroduced 216 CEU eTD Collection of of poverty and in classstruggle; C fact, eradication based on society factors, economic while anegalitarian supported promoting pariah” and capitalism wasmore developed, playing on the more obvious condition “Jewsof as existed where alargeproletariat inEurope and Central Eastern visible was muchmore movements inleftist participation the comparatively, life; inintellectual representation weak social andleftist publicmovements representation, still had a intellectual strong significant number intellectuals, of Jews and non-Jews alike. This explains how, despite a attractatleast managedideological form levelandunder to on the the of a sympathizers, interwar period, most of the andbannedfor and persecuted state the surveillance of Leftist movements such as Socialism andCommunism, although under kept control and one. Zionist national independent, the than rather project integrative its in successful shouldbe liveall ethnic literary peacefully.this to direction groups proved Eventually, ideal Romanian society as a “good country” (the actual title of one of his novels) in which from Armenian inequality. samecharacters, the perspective ofsocial envisioned his Peltz exclusively and authentically the Jewish culture and spirituality; nevertheless, the nevertheless, spirituality; and culture Jewish the authentically and exclusively having message of wholetexts corpus acommon representing of and coherence in literature a Jewish of sense the existence the a about cautiously Romanian-language we mustspeak context In this culture. life and Jewish of authentic representation wouldfrom apart(and else have probably Benador’s) into works fittheir their strictly a Jewishculture in of lands integrated culture Diaspora.Romanian andthe an of recreating project integrative the supported with topics literature Jewish the Eventually, largely were recognized. state multinational the of situation the about their concerns 61 According to LudoAccording and to Zissu’s of probablydefinition literature, Jewish nothing . Sharing a more popular situation, these writers attracted awider and attracted sympathy situation, writers more these . Sharing popular a ă lugaru extensively wrote Roma, about Greekand 217 CEU eTD Collection on Kafka’s work culture” withinlocal sense milieuin Deleuze of thedeveloped and theory Guattari’s the a“minority create finally and society, Gentile still-ignorant the for “threatening” lessand its culture tomakeit translate faceaccessible to to challenges, intradition modern order its reinterpret had to Jewish community new context, In this liberal society. relatively articulating ofparticipationmodernizing intheframework Jewish in distinctiveness a and challengeof the to response specific as a must beperceived Jewishtopics with image as a factor for afutureunifying social identity. new its promoted also modernizing of framework culture the and Gentile into a integrated be to construct identity new the enabled intellectuals interwar heritage, religious runs (also due to the post-war careersof due to C post-war runs (also the and WWII,inmassiveperiod after even enjoyedpopularity printrepublished decades mergedform literature into the during mainstream of of Romanian literature the interwar Romanianthe lands. Renouncing the most specific aspects of cultural authenticity, this Romanian literary canon as a testimony of the Jewish social presence and experience on the in penetrating succeeded they Nevertheless, scales. Blonski’s as on well as Zissu’s, Romanian culture on the other, the work of and C of Peltz the work other, Romanian the culture on in tradition Jewish reinvent to also while hand, one on canon cultural Romanian the a larger toaddress which andpenetrate project readership thisaimed integrative by extent a large to Dominated moment. modernist and avant-gardist the with continuity negotiated their favoring discourse value, alargely universal and secured intellectual their common of thread social message,inclusion integration and cultural theirand animated Finally, the significance of this literary process of the emergence of literature a of theemergence of process literary of this significance Finally, the 62 . Preserving significant parts of traditional Jewish cultural, social and social cultural, Jewish traditional of parts significant Preserving . ă lugaru, Benador and Peltz). Benador lugaru, ă lugaru fails short on failsLudo and on lugaru short 218 CEU eTD Collection 20 Milkman 19 childhood memories, employ folklore into works.his Inspired by the rural Northern Moldavian milieu, his collectionof 18 346. 17 16 15 Vl 356, Romanian life (“N life Romanian S. Crohm 14 “Bun also interested in the Greek milieu (“Diogen Miracol Miracol (“Diogen milieu Greek the in interested also 13 ú “O icoana de odinioar de “O icoana 12 netrebnic 11 Theory Historyand of Literature, Volume 30, (University of Minnesota Press, 1997), 18-21. 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Notes: Ion C Ury Benador, I. Peltz, I. Peltz, A. L. Zissu, “Scrisoare deschis “Scrisoare Zissu, L. A. Ibid., 13. Ibid., 13. I. Ludo, “Scriitori evrei A. L. Zissu, “Literatura evreiasc “Literatura Zissu, A.L. oarecilor”; “Uciga oarecilor”; Ion C Sholem Aleichem (1859-1916) was aclassic authorof . His main work IonCreang Ov. S. Crohm “Ispite” in Ion C above. 13, footnote See Literary critics defined this type of literature as “literature of periphery” or“literature of the milieus” (Ov. I.C “Din copil I. C I. The concept is introduced in Gilles Deleuze and Felix Guattari, Felix and Deleuze Gilles in introduced is concept The ă descu). ă referring to C to referring ă ă din lene”), in the Roma community ( ă lugaru planned a three-novel series; the third appeared during the Communist regime. Communist the during appeared third the series; athree-novel planned lugaru lugaru sets storieshis inseveral ethnic environments, mainly the Jewishsemi-rural ă lugaru, rendered Eastern EuropeanJewish culture world-famous inapicturesque manner. lugaru, was published in 1936, ă Foc in Hanul cuTei Calea V lniceanu, “Caleidoscopul mediilor” in ă ria unui netrebnic”; “Mahmud”; “Visele dinvis ale lui Ilya Davidovici”; “Luceaf ă (1837-1889) was most the famous Romanianstoryteller the writer first and to largely Ghetto Veac XX Veac Ghetto Copil ă Copil lniceanu, ăFă ă ă ú pasta Varvarei”, “Nasturele”, “Ghetele”). “Nasturele”, Varvarei”, pasta lugaru, ă ul care nu ucide”; “Între copii”. “Între ucide”; care nu ul lugaru, Peltz and Benador, together with , , G. M. G. Teodoreanu, Ionel Petrescu, Cezar with together Benador, and Peltz lugaru, ă re Amintiri din copil ă ă ria unui netrebnic ”; “Stafia lui Chirv lui “Stafia ”; ria unui netrebnic ú ti ú (Bucure i de origine evreiasc Literatura între cele dou Paradisul statistic (Bucure (Bucure ă domnului F. Aderca” in Aderca” F. domnului Trustul ă ú din România” in România” din ti: Cultura Na ú ă ti: Adeverul, 1934). ú (Bucure rie in1937 and ti: Universala Alcalay, 1934). (Bucure ă , became a canonical work for Romanian literature. Romanian for work canonical a , became su “ (Bucure Ġă Pre ă ”; “L ”; ” in ú Ġ ú Literatura dou celeîntre ional ú ti: Nati: edinte de onoare”, “R de onoare”, edinte ti: Hasefer,ti: 1996), 10. Adam ă Adam ă r utarul utarul Lumina prim Lumina ú ă ă ti: ti: Minerva), 234. Ġ , 1933). zboaie mondiale ú ionala Ciornei,1936). i shunk”, “Toamna Palilulei”, “L-am împuscat?”, “L-am Palilulei”, “Toamna shunk”, i , an III, no 47, 15March 1932,11. Adam , an III, no. 38,1 June 1931, 12. ú i ú erpele”; “Odat erpele”; , VII, no 81, 15 June 1935, 6. ă verii Kafka: Toward aMinorLiterature, ă (Bucure in 1948. pirea lui Oivide”) or simply in the in or simply Oivide”) lui pirea ă r ă ă zboaiemondiale, vol.1,316- …”; “Firi neîn “Firi …”; ú ti: Minerva,ti: 1972),Vol. 1, shtetl Copil Ġ elese”; “Casa elese”; ă rul rul mor , but he is Tevye the ă ria unui 219 Ġ ii”; CEU eTD Collection 45 44 43 42 41 40 39 38 37 36 35 34 rented by the poorest individuals and families. 33 32 31 30 8. to Adrian Majuru,to Adrian Western urban life and structure, surrounded by semi-rural marginal quarters defined as defined quarters marginal by semi-rural surrounded structure, and life urban Western position. The complex of periphery was attached to it after1830 when Bucharest assimilated traits of 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 Ibid., 57. Ibid., 272. Peltz, Peltz, Ibid., 152-155. Ibid., 307. Peltz, Isac Peltz, “ Ibid., 146. Ibid., 73-75, 109. Peltz, Peltz, Novel Ion C C The term of See first chapters chapters in Seefirst “N “Stafia” inC “Stafia” “Din copil “Din Ibid., 5 – 8. Ibid., 45. Ibid., 12. Han Copil ă lugaru, ă pasta Varvarei” inC Varvarei” pasta , translated as ă ă Calea V Calea V FocHanul în cu tei FocHanul în cu tei FocHanul în cu tei Copil lugaru, ria unui netrebnic Copil ă ria unui netrebnic” in C in netrebnic” unui ria Actele vorbe ă mahala ă ria unui netrebnic lugaru, ăFă ăFă Trustul ă Bucure ria re re inn ú ú , 156. is originally Turkish and it used todefine quarter,a matter no itscentral or marginal Trustul ti, ti, (Na Paradisul statistic , represents mainly a building of small insalubrious low-cost apartments to be 206. 52. ú ă ú , 91; tii mahalalelor sauperiferia ca moddeexisten te lugaru, , 306. , 203-205. , 167. Ġ ionala – Cionei, 1937), 15 – 17. “ . (Bucure Trustul presents only one scene suggesting the fear of ethnic conflict, 15. conflict, of ethnic fear the suggesting scene one only presents Paradisul statistic, ă lugaru, , Bucure ú ti: ti: Minerva, 1971), 217. , 299-309. Casa ú ti: Nati: ú oarecilor Ġ 118 -123 ionala Ciornei,1937, 63. , 45-46. . Ġă (Bucure ú ti: Compania, 2003), mahalas , according 220 CEU eTD Collection Press, 1986). 62 1978). Press, Grove York: (New 61 Press, 2002). 60 59 58 57 56 55 54 53 52 51 50 49 values. existential and intellectual as “experience” and “authenticity” promoted and 48 47 46 Gilles Deleuze and Felix Guattari, Felix and Deleuze Gilles Categories definedHannah in Arendt, Eugenia Prokop Janiec, Ibid., 187. Ibid., 179. Ibid., 175. Ibid., 171. Ibid., 213. Ibid., 104-105. Ibid., 27. Ibid., 145. Ibid. Ury Benador, Ury Benador, Ury Benador, Ibid., 266. Tr ă irism was the Romanian version of version Romanian the was Subiect banal (Final grotesc, Appassionata), Ghetto Veac XX Veac Ghetto Hilda (Bucure Polish-Jewish Literaturethe in Interwar Years ú ti: Hasefer, 2005), 28. (Universala Alcalay, Bucure Kafka: toward aminorliterature The Jew as Pariah: Jewishand Identity Politics inthe Modern Age Erlebnis developed by Generationthe among 1927 (Bucure ú ti, 1934),ti, 87. ú ti: Hasefer,ti: 1998), 49. (Minneapolis: Minnesota University (Syracuse: Syracuse University Syracuse (Syracuse: 221 CEU eTD Collection he/shenot forced torepress was or enforce any multiplebelongings.of possible the national body, which would allow the expression of a complex identity in which integration ofthe individualwithin of a producttrend political acivic basedon a certain Romanian culture andin environment significant numbers integrate. andIt was willing to the intellectuals coming to mind therecentemancipated of of state symptomatic the for situation among intellectuals.political utopia, based only cultural foundationon a strong reflectingand wasnot the real This new debate, andasocio- appeared in construct of 1930sasanintellectual context concept the the based on theorythe preservation, identity rather Jewish of perspective the from option an not was thanassimilation reality, was was still laggingbehindanti-Semitic duetorecurrent social manifestations, and integration Associety. type of civic of and democratic inamodern, possible state things intellectual, abandoning inclusion,and social cultural identity, ideal without an Jewish fundamentally assumed asuccessfulacculturation would involvewhich asimultaneous identity intellectuals.of of construction Jewish the group within acculturated The project theorized and debated as an alternative to the assimilationist the to asanalternative and debated theorized The “Double Identity” Model and the Integrative Project Integrative the and Model Identity” “Double The During theinterwar amodel “double period, of identity” Chapter 5. versus 1 started to be discussed, to started nationalist directions 222 CEU eTD Collection writer builtwriter a theory of spiritualcompete identity in to with able philosophical terms other The elements. spiritual new of assimilation and reception by becoming, of process active by voluntary-based adhesion. Ethnic cultural identity was always acquired through an published later in journalthe of behaviour would create a lot of suspicion within Romanian society. In another article and trustworthy ifheRomanian identity. his concealed Jewish thatthis Hebelieved kind this model; in his evenopinion, a totallyintegrated Jew could notbe considered a good a good Jew” a good eu =1”, his thesis was “We want toprove that a Jew can be a good Romanian only if he is “De dou of title suggestive Underthe sameidea. for the pleaded Benador radicalized, journal defined an obvious model Western of integration. model the religion”, Mosaic of and nationality, Romanian of origin, ethnic Jewish “of Romanian people” of the than those aspiration political “weother no have whoassessedthat Senate was clearly presentedrejected strongly this foroption and pleaded astrongJewishidentity. Thisidentity model in the speech of Horia theUERandW.its leader, Filderman, nevertheless, “assimilationists”; of called being Carp, a UER’s delegateinitiatives of the Hungarian Jews in Transylvaniain or the Zionist organizations)the to the point Romanian (suchasthe newly-acquiredidentity-driven territories in the stronger, organizations Union of Romanian Jews, which articulated the same ideological line, opposing any other in Moreover, fieldthe politics, of Jewish theformerRegatwas absolutely supporting the In this sense, Ury positionBenador’s in represented an inquiry by conducted the Facla 3 . In his perspective, cultural identity becould acquired not bybirth only or in1935 ideologicalcould outline the component andidentity mechanism of 2 , claiminga cultural not assimilation,a political but one;indeed,being Adam , in , 1938, when general the had atmosphere political ă 223 ori CEU eTD Collection “Scriitor român – Scriitor evreu” (Romanian writer – Jewish writer – writer evreu” (Romanian român –Scriitor “Scriitor identity.define Publishedcultural origin, title the themto theirunder periodically asking cultural and political journal Romanian inmid-1930s. In intellectual identity beginningoccurred of the 1935, the significant episode for the public articulation, social impact and reception of Jewish and collectivemodels identity which obviously conflicted on opposing political grounds. as well as individual articulating of mechanisms intellectual and socio-cultural similar inquiry as well and debate as thepolemic around or contestable. Eventually, despite the differences between the two case-studies, the Facla followed byalong andaggressive debate, novelthe justsucceeded in asthe revealing, interwar period; during intellectual acculturated Jewish of drama the the presentingg form illustration by innarrativepresented of an fictional project, “double the rooting” novel their answers led toa remarkable debate, offering great source for research. Secondly, the intellectuals of Jewish origin and language Romanian to define theiridentity in 1935 and significant episodes. First, a survey carried out by asurvey episodes. First, the carried out significant by articles on Benador’s both Romanianthe Jewishand milieus byfocusing on two in merging “Jewishness” samethe complex identity. cultural integrated as aswell “Romanianism” of possibility the demonstrating approaches, survey did, certain patterns of thinking and identity as acceptable models identity perceived and thinkingof patterns certain did, survey De dou A. “Romanian writer” OR “Jewish writer”: the Survey of writer”:A. “Romanianwriter”the OR“Jewish The current chapter analyzes the impact of such an intellectual theorized impactproject of such analyzestheanintellectual chapter The current ă miideani… (1934) (For two (1934) years…)thousand byMihail Sebastian Facla addressed a question to all the writers of of Jewish all writers the to aquestion addressed De dou ă mii de ani… Facla 5 ) , journal the answersthe Facla hadin common Journal. 4 prompted led to a Facla 224 A CEU eTD Collection writer wouldwriter languages, besomeone Jewishthe usedoneof wasinfluenced who by who milieu.A Jewish intellectual and sensibility, culture, Romanian tothe time attached works inauthored would besomeone wholanguage,being same Romanian the at origin andusingmost the Romanian language. of For aRomanian respondents, the writer and “Romanian writer” in the context of the above mentioned group of writers of Jewish which followed. debate unfolded, presentednotonly inbut thealsowithin publishedanswers, polemicthe the Jewish origin of allforin and thedebate wasthecommon language starting point works used Romanian their the interviewees. identity answered, positions The andeven presenting awiderangeof polemical replies. Three major opinion clusters emerged as thepublication of an anthology writtenliterature of by Romanian-language Jewish writers. Yiddish-writing with read together theirinvitedtheir works were own to languageJewish writers colleagues. The cultural butterms,also interpretingit politically a as “chauvinistic exaggeration” purpose in only not self-ghettoization” “modern newform of a was considered factthe words, of the other In in society. Romanian the right of extreme the for thereactions justification event future apossible in conclusion, as and, separatist attempt bizarre was publicasa the to raiseof an association funds of Romanian-languageabout creation the found board out editorial misunderstanding. The ita resultof were the for Jewishthe writers and the event was presented to lecture evening organized by newspaper Yiddish the eveninglecture organized for–a wasaliterary thismisunderstanding event Thereason part of intellectuals. Jewish heated debate among the respondents. the among debate heated First, manyFirst, feltrespondents needthe clarify to concepts suchas“Jewish writer” question,To this identity-related Romanian-Jewish writers best-known the Facla’s survey and survey strong the reactions following Die Woch - where some Romanian- 6 on the on 225 CEU eTD Collection thisinitial stage, usually the writers rejecting the idea of assimilation and the whole trend description in valuable beamore it.Theterm of “bilingualism” would works accurate pointof language the Romanian mastering writing culture, Romanian even to the of late acquisition by a be challenged not can rooting cultural Jewish of the The primacy inmother although aswell. writingRomanian language Jewishspoke the astheir tongue, like A. L. Zissu, Ury Benador or I. Ludo who wrote “from within” Jewish spirituality and of Jewish origin” reveals the self-conscience of a considerable level of integration. “Romanian writer being while acculturation, writer”means practically language Jewish beingFor example, “Romanian- integration. and inclusion then of process acculturation, in the stages map different differences these that conclusion the usto leads components to individual’s accordingbiography. other tothe the hierarchyA intellectual of sort of the importance or grantedtoone the highlights cultural affiliations struggle”between “power The identity ina fragmented order. put to attempt acertain reveals whole discussion alwaysnot “Jewish the language the markers.Atthis reliable topics” were point, or distinction in suggesting group theircultural would that reside the the affiliation, as mainly origin” Jewish of writers “Romanian and writers” Jewish “Romanian-language making between difference labels aclear coined, two journal. were Thus of question the suggested by category withinthe greater groups differentthe andseparate further “Romanian writers” dealing with specific Jewish topics. language, werealso there a while as working usingRomanian declared“Jewish writers” ininterested Despite thesurrounding this environment. distinction, were also self- there Jewish culture andmilieu and thiswho represented heritage from beingnot within, Thus, following the resulted categorization, there are first the “Jewish writers” todefine ofthe The secondissue bytheefforts respondents wasdetermined 226 CEU eTD Collection social and political context which basically generated the entire debate. A common trait A common debate. entire the generated basically which context political and social hoping transcendwriters andfrom theirissues andtoextract existence to identity work a indeed Internationalism presentedbythese culture. options the were and universalism affiliation of their work and forrepresented by category the independentintellectualsof strivingfor anon-political the creation of a utopian, ethnic-free universal space of individual related to positions their personal of acculturation.degree reality, wider but did reflectasociologically not statements general these contradictory months, several lasted debate the yet Since a reality. not and emancipation successful of generations after offered more possibility afuture was of origin” Jewish writer “Jewish writers of Romanianthe non-existence origin” was the common identity language writersthe of even andRomanian Jewish origin better, or, only ofreal this category, type wereevidenceinlackto each a of other with connection of apossible agreement whileof writer. the “Romanian The conclusionwritings. in their present not if even of individuals, the the polemic wasAssimilation wasthat never an issue, since Jewish theorigin was socially and culturally defining way. the was on ofintegration process the and place taken already had Acculturation the intellectualin involvement a profound and life, cultural and intellectuals debates non-Jewish with connection of the time offered A perceptionfrom culture,affiliation “spirituality,” the dominantor strong within.to obvious signs of inclusionmother declared tongueand as theirwriters of their stressed group this Romanian of these writers.Here, the switch within by of “Romanian byit.writers Jewish origin.” was generated Thealternative represented the cultural identity hierarchy was already a fact. Most of the The violent replies that writers representing the two described extremes describedaddressed extremes representing two the writers replies that The violent Finally, third the last issue and identified withinthe Facla debatewas 227 CEU eTD Collection compromise which is detailed within the answers adding explanations and clarifications. and explanations adding answers the within is detailed which compromise with a suggested and rejected replaced wastacitly position) intellectual and social larger The and radical part of from exclusive offer comingjournalthe the representinga (thus a counter-offer anongoing within widersocial cultural identity and negotiation process. view of the respondents there is a series of nuanced definitions, elaborated and presenting of point the from hand, other the On writer?”). Jewish OR writer (“Romanian exclusive mutuallybeginning which from the interviewed writers, identity was the offered to for possibilities viewof the aclear gives survey literary for the question the formulated tragic conflict. rooting”“double experience or of problem artistically was objectified point uptothe of itperceiving as anintellectual the on perspective the Jewishness, their in discussing interested were writers when even Thus he concluded by proclaiming himself a Parnassian. Goingfurther with debate,the concern was his art, his mostlegitimatedbut hima The languageandtheculture sinceas writer, main the artist’s important identity was legitimatedwas citizen,a universal by used language andby the forerunners. cultural the artistic affiliation creator, of the being artist, a personal suggested that the destiny,Jewish wasapart while of his work. of analysis in their works. In an apparently naive response, a minor poet like Al. Robot perceived Judaismand identity theircomplex as more intellectual an experience worthy Romanianor identity.Although cultural never denying theirJewish origin, writers these Blecher and Mihail Sebastian, built their cultural attachments disregarding their Jewish Voronca, Beniamin Fundoianu avant-gardists, andtherestincluding of butalso M. in suchIlarie Writers as Tristan Tzara, theiridentity work. reflected intellectual ethnic and European culture into theirintegration of supra- wastheir intellectuals these rapid To summarize and contextualize the whole debate, the way way in which the debate, whole the contextualize and To summarize Facla 228 7 CEU eTD Collection census of census of 1930 (analyzed in Ezra Mendelsohn’s and volumes Carol Iancu’s by the offered data The representation. identity Jewish extentreality, the a great to repressing cultural social the with connection in part majority’s the from coming offer reflectnot reality the of interwar butrathermoderated Romanian the theidentity period, Jewish origin”, define theoretically supposed to intellectuals, agroup of assimilated did community. Jewish intellectual the of reality cultural social the present to in order integration, towards tendency the and acculturation confirmed which elements identity of definition in their maintained also staying close tothe radical identity offered as model.a At the same time, the respondents thus andforward press, Romanian by the public put identity conservative paradigm force excessively not didthey the given perceived individually.answers The reality the possible as asaccurately express to inorder identity discourse of level the on opposing models which could beperceived in deeper structure. their diametrically the level subtle extremely an on showed also it discourse; the of negotiation initiating which led to responded,thus debate the which intellectuals Jewish the from model multicultural civic, complex, the and exclusivity, and ethnicity to belonging based model from theoretical surveyors onarguments which identity started, the primitive unique, between the was clear Thecontrast identity about construction. separation andincompatibility identitymodelsof according vision tothe of majority the intellectuals surveyed. These facts were ignored by the Romanian press which the of integration the a certainextent assumed andto in Romania acculturation of level general the a Analyzing the social cultural context, the category of “Romanian writers of compromise a made intellectuals Jewish the by given responses the Eventually, expressed fundamentally identity multi-faceted a complex of The hierarchization 229 8 ) CEU eTD Collection integrated intellectuals of his generation, Mihail Sebastian was a successful playwright, was asuccessful Sebastian Mihail his generation, of intellectuals integrated integration and which couldbe representedby OR/identitythe type. based onacompromise on and degreeof the assimilation hierarchy and constructed basedon a multicultural, identity: although byamodern by represented was society, the political pressures of traditional-conservativethe and mutually model imposed exclusive and the social harmonize to trying counter-offer, The part. from their answers radical integratingin increasinglyan social radicalized political and which context also expected consciously repressing their of Jewishidentity infavor harmonizing andsocially context. advanced acculturation, butalso impossibility duetothe inassimilatingof given the reluctant to accept exclusivelyof the analysis of the materials offered by the survey shows that Jewish intellectuals eitherwere Romanian perceived conclusion The Mendelsohn,feltneverEzra or as but themselves assimilated. or Jewish identity, on one reached in ahigherdegreeof integration with social connection the by described average hand due to a social lifein themidst of the majority due to their profession and education, and ledwith Romanian andof culture contacts Jewish origin” language, maintainedfrequent survey, of group under the Jewish intellectuals presented “Romanian theof label writers Asfrom formerthe (especiallyinWallachia). it appear would Regatarea the in acculturation thelargeyears measured survey, few the before despite only integration and assimilation of alow degree shows Emancipation after a decade approximately B. MihailSebastian ortheDilemma of Identity. Double From group perspective, the this of “Romanian intellectuals” were basically One of the most the of One Facla 230 CEU eTD Collection identity” and socio-cultural the approach to nation and belonging. “double aims literary chapter of between of thesources the toidentify conflict discourse everything” interpretingpolemic around the significant the novel asexpectations the well by background it; larger of the as political contesting audience the and book, the in presented perspective political the and model identity Romanian Jewish Sebastian’s Mihail between disharmony the on focuses analysis My novel. the of IBecame a Hooligan),(1935) (How in a of essays volume explained further was This message. butalsoof its 1927Generation’sthe mentor, innovative andcultural political because itsscandal not only by written because of perplexinganti-Semiticpreface Nae Ionescu, readership alike.Promotingidea openly the of “double book caused the identity”, agreat Romanian and Jewish intellectuals, the left- and right-wing press, and writers alarge Sebastian published in book the alasting,1934 anditgenerated polemic violent involving ideology common the of 1927. Gide, Generation the was enforced through which André of influence literary asby the aswell intellectual, rolethe of the over debate the through a public exorcism. Hewasinfluenced hisyearsduring in France by politics and freein andto memories,burden himselffrom their attempt adolescence childhood an he planned to write modernist novels.for France leaving Before where hestudiedyearsforfor two his a PhD, book about all humiliations which suffocated him, starting with “Jewish book”, “Jewish Comarnescu. only andPetru Sebastian’s Cioran, Eugen Ionescu Mircea Eliade, Emil and novelist journalist, and critic literary 9 that he censored in his theoretical and literary articles as well as in his as well as articles literary and theoretical in his he censored that De dou ă miideani… a response to the polemic initiated by initiated by publication the polemic the to a response member of memberof together with 1927 Generation group was the novel where he decided “to tell “to he decided where novel the was De dou ă miideani…, Cum amdevenit huligan the current the 231 CEU eTD Collection Duca, through the articles written in Ionescu was freed from 45 days in prison, accused ofinstigating the assassination of I. G. only Nae was written after It preface. for thepromised asked still Sebastian Guard, Iron even more traditional, anti-modernistic and antidemocratic towards a conversion to the visibly relationship Although was already turning with position Professor. Ionescu’s the Sebastian refused to acknowledge the change and to react to it because of his close together hadwith already changedthe and theseProfessor accepted,butin 1934 when orientation finishedSebastian novel, the political the situation changes also affected Ionescu’sclose relationship especiallyJudaism.The of and religion, knowledge to Nae Ionescu’s of political he and waswriting mentor aprefacethat “Jewish askedhimtowrite a book” duetotheir affiliation SebastianParis inwent to his for law.doctorate When he in1931,hereturned his told context. Jewish localized the much so not and experiencemainly first, by stressing the detachedway and abstract of analyzing its effects “existentialist” intellectual an as interpreted be can book in the debated as identity Jewish the collective, the join to perspective individualist his abandon to unable intellectual theyoung of profile stressing the realm and private tothe Relegated drama. real faced a novel the of hero main the individualistic, and anti-collectivist hopefully alternative, for an search intellectual the and being a pariah of feeling paralyzing the between any possiblethe of political athandoptions as Zionism,isolation. such Marxism or Torn anti-Semitism incapacity andalsointellectual the through early the choosing of 1920s, of the of experience traumatizing the through society non-Jewish in a intellectual a Jewish Sebastian’s “Jewish book,” “Jewish Sebastian’s The story The story behind the novelisintriguing. In1929, on Nae Ionescu’s advice, De dou Cuvântul Cuvântul ă miideani... . The turn incame. Theturn November1933,but 10 . Apparently Sebastian did not want to want not did Sebastian Apparently . presents the complex situation of 232 CEU eTD Collection intentions of the author, Sebastian wrote the -book the wrote Sebastian author, the of intentions original the novel according to approaching the of over any chances polemicthe took intellectual as As acceptchallenge. which stimulatedgroup, thea possible preface himto also in socio-cultural environment: hesummarizedfor thelast Bucharest, but timehis position literary within construct, the andhis doubleidentity. Inaconference held on March 21,1935,at Frenchthe in Institute define Judaism byto book, butalso hisposition produced on analyzing effects the the accusations, anti-Semitic against himself defend to novel, his of message the explain intellectual in the experience lineof intellectual the lack an of sense, heapproachedSebastian’s thesituation as and social political to in addition that considers interpretation My preface. the deconstruct and respond for theprofessor hisliterary couldrespect hopedthat andalsoprobably discourse is in of he onthe provided thisway out reacted that intheirpersonalaccounts subject debate among both Jewish and Romaniangroups, all accusing Sebastian betrayal.of who publisheditin hisnovel Jewish about intellectual identity in Romania, stirred a messianic anti-Semitism, the preface and especially its tacit acceptance by Sebastian, andjustified Asitmentor. theologicalcensorship and againsthisbasically supported of anact have represented would legitimate gesture sincesuch preface reject the Sebastian’s isgesture still puzzling for the reader; the only hisexplanation friends intellectual feverishness, in a certain sense of the tragic. Between these alsois he time same the at he admits But has. he friendships a the loves, he books Jew in language he nativespeaks, the certain landscape, the ofhis the childhood, Romanian? he Is Jew? a he Is man? Can he be both at thethis is same time? He feelsWho Romanian in many respects:traits origin. the spiritual and social of suddenly, brutally, even is forced toask sensibilityhimself about issuethe hisof This was a novel. The novel of a young Jew of Romania who, somehow and intelligence, in a sort of tr ă irist doctrine practiced of his 1927Generation of practiced doctrine Cum amdevenit huligan 233 to CEU eTD Collection life, the intellectuals had to both share common ideas and intellectual beliefs, but alsobut beliefs, andintellectual ideas hadshare both common to life, intellectuals the intermittently by attacked anti-Semitic social inincludedoutbursts; Romanian cultural Romanianformost his element troubling identity private crisis was standard double the that societythe Sebastian, For novel. his in than terms personal and direct more in frustration his appliedmembermore Sebastian expressed friends, group, once another of 1927Generation the ofhis one to addressed letter toin a personal yearslater, Two integration. intellectual its and social for chances any cancelled had changes Jewish political the that proved book members.actually be a in option possible reallife;nevertheless, controversy the byhisgenerated disillusionmenthadof who the hopedthat writer identity the might doublehe projected Officially marks moment the hisThis mentor. also and several helostfriends, collaborators), the among 1934,he in trial again embarrassing was not October journal appeared (when the citizens, legally bannedwhich hebelonged aftersuspended, an group to was Criterion the Jews his from to scandal related book, the year for Sebastian: apart catastrophic were isolate himself and former abandon friendships and intellectual affiliations. 1934was a to Sebastian led Ionescu, Nae of influence the under movement Guard Iron the into group Criterion and Generation 1927 the from friends Sebastian’s of most of enrollment the most striking. Also, the radicalization of the Romanian society, followed by a rapid disappointed by group, lack the hisreactionsof from friends, among whom was Eliade After the literary After himself theliterary scandal, from 1927Generation the separated Sebastian spirit. agreement of the Romanian and Jewish values which create his self and his in He hehis life,thinks both hecanreunite an inner canreach that choose. term), Iresume between his Judaism and hisRomanianism, heis forced to Romanian the translate can certainly which but French, in exist not does forces,two -his Judaism hisand me (let Romanianism that inventaword 11 Cuvântul was 234 CEU eTD Collection attitude, as visible in his in visible as attitude, establishment. Probably Mihail Sebastian was one of those most affected by this complex witness “Guardist general the conversion” from them separating for good restof the the novel defines himself in relation with society and reality an through ofisolation,attitude aJew” as time second and intellectual from “doubly Jewish intellectual as once excluded activeas gameof the existence, an values: by national while beingrejected it, to hisadherence permanently despite and culture Comarnescu in hisliving of society drama middleof 1936,revealing Romanian in the press of rightist orientation in Romanian the attacks anti-Semitic of the resultthe as His marginalization integration. affected him terribly, as seen in a letter addressed to Petru The Positionof theIntellectual. I still believe in the dignity of the concept of Man. this country, which my whole life is related start feeling for to, Romanian? considering(…) Icannot desperation myself nor for the people, because for permission to have refusal is the patriotic humiliating feelings? more is even what Whoand can example, contest for my rightPolihroniade of we danced to the exaltation of victory – which was mine too because it was ours – and gunsleftby And inmonths runaway.the then,for we a participated row, out in the street with the courage of our adolescence and conquered the last Germansthe leaving high-school the country boys wentcame up,wethe newsabout Whenthe of despair. a moment and humiliation a every defeat news about one ofwhen our successes,I saw them… soldiersIcried appearedand mounted firstUkrainian the Lucaci street I livedof a end the Romanian at when 11 was I that country. the for love the of exciting one,spirit the under was a atmospherecelebrationMy childhoodwhen and every piece – asof for the rest of the people of my generation – passed (…) Why should I be considered less of less be Mi (…) Whyshouldof a Romanian I considered than Cristea. Miron Patriarch become the to was later who one the with and Jurnal Hora Unirii (Diary) and correspondence, due to the intensity of his of intensity the to due correspondence, and (Diary) around Mihai Viteazu’s statue, with Vaida Voevod 13 . As an intellectual, the main character of the of character main the intellectual, As an . In the novel, Mihail Sebastian describes the describes Sebastian Mihail novel, the In 12 235 ú u CEU eTD Collection conclusions in his book Benda’s AsifJulien following period. contemporary the on approach objective acritical, with but intellectual, non-engaged the of situation the he defines position, this Through observation. critical on and context the of analysis the on crisis, individual the on self, the of problem the on centered life, political and in social involvement lacking reflecting accurately on the acute social-political conflicts. social-political acute the on accurately reflecting justifydid such not supported or intellectualizedan approach, especially innovel a politicization profound of life, social evenmore acutely in perceived cultural the space, The reality. cultural even and political social, the antagonized and with contradiction interwar period, especially in mid-1930s, such a way of defining theintellectual fell in the of context Inthe period. andagitated atormented insuch space wereunacceptable potentially being of and of intellectual the socio-political ableto illusion the exist outside opinion, and publicrepresentationsidentity. of Obviously,both lackthe involvement of freedom for individual, forof the a lack of tolerance specterand political towards of change from a conservative frame, leaning more and more towards the right side of the to all its citizens despite ethnicity and religion, Romania was darkly approaching a period Franceliberalistfreedom had still a where pluralist regime, of expression was guaranteed mid-1930sthe in Romania by wasrepresented general social the and if politicalcontext; tobecomein credible. order between endof difference The the 1920sinFrancethe and analyst, uninvolved an critic, and observer an as position impartial his maintain to order even just in reference to variety of describedthepossibilities in novel,the from Marxism and Zionism toYiddishism, Jewish community)a great was there (and life political in the involvement from himself and detaches novel refuses the passion of onactivism its readers in right in the period of Sebastian’s studies in Paris), the intellectual in the Trahison de clercs (publishedinimpact 1927and havinga great 236 CEU eTD Collection separation, ranging from separation, rangingbeing from closed himself,within in withdrawn his own solitude as a from manifestation.any This generates project the needfor social and even physical himself, physically characterfeels himself philosophy, needtoisolate the the to delimit it. with any andassociation avoiding thus collective escape from practical defensive terms, placing and socialpolitics lifebetween trying brackets, the to inimmediate, dealwith thesituation preferring to andits contextthe implications, he ignores activist; or victim offer him, might society that any of roles accept the and to Basically, through all his actions, he refuses to be confiscated by the current social crisis by initiated colleagues. of inmovements a group Jewish engagement defense the given context. To completeaggressive and gestures any manifestation self-censors depression inof weakness or the the image of thesame time, heblocks totallyhis ownemotional and physical reactions against the totally isolated the at areas; individual, risky the andavoiding their provocations, to back answering not reaction, he refuses open expressing conflict targetinghim students by not with anti-Semitic well,any as any the avoids He him. around crisis social the in implication any avoid to constantly tries naturalisticlacking descriptions, any emotions orempathy, main the hero of volumethe the Beyond colleagues. Jewish the among defense and resistance of movement a students attending classes and on the street, and on the other side the attempts to organize Jewish the of beatings the in universities, movements anti-Semitic the side one on with writer by the presenting objectivity, forces isanalyzed involve of The conflict him. to detach himself from the social context which attempted to confiscate, absorb and In order better resistto this situation succeedand in to applying his survival a) Detachment . The novel starts by describing the efforts by youngof character theefforts novel . The starts describing 237 CEU eTD Collection make peace with with makeourselves?” peace issue”, butrather individualthe crisis, in summarized “but question the when we do the not is “anti-Semitism crisis whole in the that declaring himself character main the by is presented save aggressiveattitude, from social not him this did thedespite factthat movements, anti-Semitic the and street the ignoring of process isolation entire his behind motivation essences.The things, with simple with by and peace forreconnecting calm need character’s the reveals himself with makingpeace and regeneration of recovering, life”, aperiod from “vacation definedasa an room.gesture, His into attic hostel student agglomerated from by movingmaterial poor, inthe space, also physical, his the status salvation and notinterested in the events, people or collective life, to the level of marking analysis, together with the detached criticism, with an intellectualizing perspective on perspective intellectualizing an with criticism, detached the with together analysis, and non-involvement of isolation, of choice The 1920s). of (end balance apparent Semitic and movements of social crisis following(mid-1930s) aperiod of calmness and of inanti- of the community,Romanian aperiod andtheJewish especially the both for topic sensitive a highly on concentrating volume, the in central becomes community a to detached analysis, as well as the political radicalized Romanian society. put things and insubjectnecessary objectivity Jewishcultureto and the to order distance and the and criticanalyst, of position aprivileged himself assigns character the himself, By detaching perspective. for an objective necessary detachment the also transforms him into a level, notices character the his lack spectator,own involvement, of incapacitythis invariably which an observer, offering him a place for observation, but b) Observer and critic. This detached, critical analysis of the social and cultural phenomena of the time Later, meditating on his general attitude at the social atthe attitude hisgeneral on meditating Later, 238 CEU eTD Collection refusing popular actions is actually a justification actions defenseforrefusingjustification popular is the a of actually his and own privacy and anti-social being of demonstration literary whole The exclusively. him concern conflicts and problems, inlieubeing of by consumed a crisis hefeelswhich not does inner his better own on concentrate to inorder the brackets between social the reality place it, to isolate wantsto book ofthe thecharacter content, the analyzing objectively groups histhrough intellectualization and abstraction of social the and political problem. hebutrather antagonized the two and wider assumed, than which more profound was conflict pre-existing the literature his analyze pacify through better not didor author the mediation, a realize eventually to hoping and position middle his maintain to Planning social disturbsindividual vitality both and character, the andof directions groups. attacking the individual,life andthe cultural which“weakens” Jewish and heritage the context define in daring himself social between neutral to terms anti-Semitic the of character the by position critical novel. The proposed in the debate the secondary place of as a itsorigin, of abandoning and a consequence, social political problemsand to hisown community intellectual with the solidarity of lack of a certain of perception the from the Jewish community’s coming and attacks Jewsinthe of Thepolemics Romania. and persecution discrimination side in the wake of Sebastian’sliterature book the for weresubject new a became motivatedanti-Semitism of problem the presenting time, same by of Jewish topics which avoided until then a direct approach of the representative destinies (as it was the case with C casewith itwas the (as destinies representative topics, interestedinin itself usually describing thecommunity or socially presenting Jewish with literature areaof the into newelements brought social problems, acute c) Concentrating ontheindividual. In fact, apart from the task of observing and ă lugaru’s and Peltz’ works). At the works). Peltz’ and lugaru’s 239 CEU eTD Collection while in another context he declared context that while in another prime-minister of France Léon Blum, answered an anti-Semitic attack with the following: with the attack anti-Semitic an France Léon of Blum, answered prime-minister and future the leftist intellectual,writer journalist, successful integrated Jewish French forinsignificant the community. personal,metaphysicalindividual relevance problem of is and thus perceived as reality which conditioned inevitably his identity,of isolating himself in solveto order intellectual Mihail Sebastian’sof novel liberty takes the ignoringof the surrounding public. In a period forof social the reaction,readers probably forirrelevant community, the possibly came asashock andintriguing gesture of solidarization,and generated secondary position within largersocial inspace the tofavor anindividual order problem, adhesion,a in community the Placing movements. the anti-Semitic the by ideology, affected community whole conflicting the Jewishindividual and, thus, of his own individuality, are more importantpolemical than the situation of the the of crisis the hero, Sebastian’s Mihail for which, in hierarchy a personal of assertion reception from the outragedwithdraw peacefully. which feels and towards heintimacy, to attack, isunder main character hoped the which The Problem of DoubleIdentity.The Problem The position isolationof detachedand reduction observationto is implicitly an only only of feelings andgratitude pride it. towards have I denied, never have I which belonging race, Jewish the to belong I me that remind you if me insult don’t You fact. is a This Jewish. am I In 1923, in in Deputies’ the Chamber a Paris, 14 240 CEU eTD Collection “Franco-Jewish” 19 the half of of second the Western Europe model,double identity integration,from Central samespaceof the specific Jewish to and his with ideologically, came apparently Sebastian Mihail identity, Romanian respectively values within the existence of samethe individual.The double is identity constructed, not concentrate on his ownisbelonging Taking subjected. abreakfrom social the is inreality necessary to order personality, troubled whichfrom social duetothe to for outside the tensions adouble individual the opting by the need to harmonizeconstruction hisof personality. than More a personal crisis, inner the conflictis induced the two sets of in importanceofhis and thestructural ownroots the Romanian social acceptance lackof the also noticing culture, Romanian through for compensation heritage, striving conflicting personality incrisis, permanent analyzing of anddetesting parts Jewishthe a of creation in the involved are other, the on life and culture space, Romanian the character. From andbeginning, very the family Judaism the roots on butone hand, also etc. extremism, of raise crisis, economic migration, through balance, socio-political the affected crisis social the when 1920s, the of end the until Jewry French the dominated which society Jewish in French communities refersand exactly English) this mode of in to existing Apart from the similar rhetoric in demonstrating his Jewish, but also French, and French, also but Jewish, his in demonstrating rhetoric similar the from Apart One of the premises from which the novel starts is the double identity of the of identity double the is starts novel the which from premises the of One areas of my areas of consciousness. never felt the slightest contradiction, the tiniest conflictas between perfectly and,assimilated still,myself this despite Ifeel Iam Jewish. And theseI have perceive to two right the have I accents. foreign of trace slightest the without French of command a perfect have I French. are friends I was born in France. I was raised as Frenchman in French schools. My 16 model (thus called in the scholarly literature on the history of the of history the on literature scholarly the in called (thus model 15 th century beginning of and 20 the century th . The . 241 CEU eTD Collection reflected in press which took into account the sensitivity and nationalist hostility of the of hostility nationalist and sensitivity the account into took which in press reflected between the group of Jewish intellectuals and the social and cultural Romanian space spheres level,on ignoring same the thehierarchy imposed by subtlethe negotiation consideringidentity identity model as existence of Bringing the this evident. the two incompatible, often values of sets two the combining of identity, complex this harmonizing of possibilities the it effectively to referred around constructed discourse the From the novelwasbasedon actof the anda doubleidentity, beginning, assuming the intellectuals in the very by model by society conservative and Romanian negotiated the proposed Jewish the period of the publication of the volume by the Romanian one. conflict with both directions ideas of by supported Jewishthe intellectual space, butalso a direct into enters hero the adhesion, cultural personal and voluntary this with time treating unfairly the other one: “I am Jewish, but also aman of the Danube.” At the same RomanianAny inclination culture andsociety.one otherside the towards wouldor be the to adhesion of declaration apersonal through concludes character main the criteria, consequences of marginalization and from exclusion socialthe life on ethnic-religious metaphysicalAlthough anti-Semitism of of strong the the and utopia. aware multicultural spaces, is obviously forced and the result of an individual socio- place in took longwhere coexistence a for areas identity, specifically creation an such of natural anti-Semitism the duringthe bythewriter, period analyzed extremisttrends and fluctuatingxenophobia, context the of identity. In chances organicity the this and of the butfrom beginning, and thesocial very the assumedcontext negated political although Sebastian’s novel introduced a new identity model, totally different from the from different totally model, identity new a introduced novel Sebastian’s De dou ă miideani… 242 . CEU eTD Collection negotiation in already progress, presented atthe beginning of and chapter this centered larger on identity models general of the andprocess to criticism addressed debate implicit ideological adherence Romanian acculturation and deliberate andlanguage. to culture conflict on makeRomanian identity either,and it to absolute stressing importance its on level the of at least twowithin a model which hierarchized loyalties. On the side, other hedidnotintend toexalt levels. orderFirst, to satisfy a public opinion willing to nationalize, nor to grantit a second place his repressingdiscourse hisJewish identity and relegating it background tothe ofhis life private in articulated social accept ThusMihail environment. not to chose compromisethe Sebastian of be inthepresent modelrecognized could not identity which presenting atheoretical a Romanianthe one, even domineering at the formallevel, assuming even of the risk otherthe sidein consisted his refusal repressing his of Jewish identity in tofavor order model by produced category this intellectualsof on one side andbyMihail Sebastian on identity between difference The being the of Romanian society. the part acculturated, themselves in survey the “Romanianas writers of Jewish meaning origin”, integrated, defined who intellectuals category the of he to belonged practically environment, education, history the family,through culture, andhis professional social of though by explaining hisownexperience in anaffective formative and dimension. Indeed, accusations these rejected writer the society; a conservative into integrated unjustifiably hehimself“assimilationist” considered groundsthat bytheJewish publications onthe paradigm of OR / OR, the identity of AND / AND type. identity the to alternative an as time first the for proposed Sebastian Mihail moment, Proposing such an identity Proposing such identity model inan novel,Mihail his into Sebastian an entered As a reaction to the novel, Mihail Sebastian was attacked in press as being 243 CEU eTD Collection also placed a mirror in front of the identity discourses of the Jewish and Romanian and Jewish the of discourses identity the of front in mirror a placed also he harmonization; theidentity social-cultural contradicted whichcompromised politics model.actual ideal inbut reality,possibility factdisclosed Sebastian an or and an represent not he did hand, other the on progress; in negotiation identity and cultural Proposing the civilization. creation Western of inroads modern the of infront identity of loss the offearing a balance, the writer disturbed writers literature of European Eastern in the encountered and sometimes modernization, on one hand the subtle urbanization of intense in aperiod identity conservative traditional nostalgiaa Jewish of socio-the eliminated also Sebastian time, same the At identity. Jewish the of (self)repression freed from the“Romanian intellectuals of Jewish origin” bysimply in repositioning the debate a space political addressed aof critique by severe rationalizing the identity model proposed the pressuresenvironmentand the modern identity by paradigm proposed writer.the Sebastian actually of the conservativeandhighlightincompatibility public major between the general the conservative press the by initiated polemic aggressive the for reasons the that becomes it clear context, society and from the implicitsociety. Romanian the of life political and social the agitating manifestations xenophobic and anti-Semitic modernity, the alsobut against adapt to to andidentity unable tradition and social not only reality, theaddressing Jewish perceived world inas stagnating its own by initiated his novelreferredamore tospecific critique addressedtothecultural and newwhich conflict identity.double cultural was paradigm of The second perspectiveand a from problem the recasting time the of debate intellectual larger the with polemic open message an into his thusentered conceptof on the literary vs.Jewishidentity; Romanian Placing the identity in identity Placing model a proposed and by social the writer wider cultural the 244 CEU eTD Collection Benador also theorized this model alsotheorized this Benador (Ury model identity this proposed who intellectual only the not was Sebastian Mihail normality intheintroductionAs social of the chapter, this presented relations. already of inhis perspective would restore dignitythe a resulting of identity cultural and thusthe which but innovative, and individual intellectual, model, popular less a impose to trying and by pressures in the existing subtle progress the ignored negotiation deliberately Sebastian for “Romanian-languageJewishwriters.” the negotiation and counter-pressure writers of Jewish andorigin” aform of forreaction preserving identity through variants of compromise and pressure whileidentity defining for group the of “Romanian language. words,in In hisother novel, articulated an Sebastian obvious criticism the of Romanian Jewish originand of intellectuals of largercategory the for identity created cultural and ontological space. At the same time, his novel naturalistically presents the presents naturalistically novel his time, same the At space. ontological and cultural Romanian from the compensation manner towards and inaBovarist striving it critically perceivinghebutwhich sometimes detested, also hewasproud, Jewish identity which of position leadscomplex This towardsspecificity.” an ambivalent“national the on moment the of conflictingdebates fashionable relation that Sebastian established the from coming direction negative an assumed from analyzed (self)stereotypes with his own assimilated culturally with charged perspective, a metaphysical is from identity portrayed Jewish hand, one On topic. literary his places Sebastian in which context political ideas moment. of of center debatesof the the the in itit a andthusplacing public providingcenter of wider audience a literary with work, the author of author the Practically, underline andpoints. in to disharmonious intellectuals conflicting the order The second level of the implicit criticism in the novel refers to the social and social the to refers novel in the criticism implicit the of level second The De dou ă miideani… 17 ), but he was the only intellectual who placed itin the constructed the necessary for anidealenvironment 245 CEU eTD Collection within apost-WWI cultural Diaspora of previous Austro-Hungarian and TsaristEmpires. the body of the nation – mainly Hungarians andGermans – due to their clear mapping Jewish community, and other” by from classified as“the excluded wereeasily definition consisted of for minorities, all ethnic-religious the except non-Romanian the groups, Although inconditions). 28%of the 1930census,almost Romanian the population group’sthe identity loss impossibleand alsobe accomplished to in given the radicalized for (unacceptable a total or assimilation “nation”and“foreigners”) between separation declared incompatible the as “doublerooting” either anddetermined an exclusion (by a implicitly which one, ethnic an was level social the on constructed model existent already the context, this In ethnicity. on based was nation of concept the orthodoxy, of the Romanian spirit” conditions in which on debates the national identity focused obsessively on “essencethe individual free Inthe becomeof option. aproblem be ethnic the or subsumed one could in Western Europe, where national identity referred initially to the civic dimension, while were not mutually exclusive. This was in fact the case in the Austro-Hungarian Empire or Romanian and Jewish at the same time was possible due tothe fact that the two identities being in which principles liberal on based society modern in a alternative natural image of the Jewish life, but never became the center of a debate within his work complete the into of to largerin novel integrated the picture order the were conflicts anti-Semitic describing episodes the aspects; socio-economic on concentrating mainly from the inside (Peltz approaches the life of the community from a collective perspective, firstthe writerit, tospeakfreely using about the person first and reflecting ontheissue manifestationsanti-Semiticin social life 1920sandhewasprobably the Romanian of the To conclude, the identity model by proposed Mihail couldSebastian been have a 19 defined in terms connected definedinto therural and connected Christian space, terms 18 ). 246 CEU eTD Collection literary tendency, mostly favored by his attraction for . The fact that he fact The that literature. for French favored byhis attraction mostly literary tendency, the reservations with embraced Sebastian environment, and context intellectual from hedue later1927, separated political In ideologicalwhich to andthis factors. C Ion he joined the project of he journal of the project the joined Preg found notebook), in the same series as Eliade’s money he published his first he volume,money published Vulc Mircea Sterian, Paul Comarnescu, Petru Eliade, with together lectures delivered Sebastian association, Criterion Anton Holban, or M. Blecher. Amember of the Forum group and later the Sebastian received an implicit association with writers such as Mircea Eliade, H. Bonciu, in the category of “literature of andexperience” of authenticity “literature inof thecategory interwar period. the of debates intellectual the and nation Romanian the in defining implicit became with model conservativethe identity based elementson ethnic and autochthonous which identity model modern Western of an proposed type by started Sebastian open conflict civic the conditions, these In culture. and society Romanian the to adherence voluntary analysis andreaction lifeduetothis Romanianthe socio-political unique caseof of society due toprofound acculturation socialization; and factraisedthis greatproblems of and culture Romanian local the with also but group, atransnational with connecting In thecaseits of a“double rooting” complex Jewishcommunity, identity the generated ă tire ă lugaru, Emil and amemberandCioran Ionescu, was Eugen of Generation the The Novel of Authenticity andExperience. NovelofAuthenticity The pentru c ăOă toria dinurm ă (Preparations for the final trip). With the same funds, Azi Fragmente dintr-un (Today) together with Eliade, Paul Comarnescu, Paul Eliade, with together (Today) ă nescu and Ionel Jianu and with collected the with and Jianu Ionel nescuand Solilocvii Included by Included Crohm Ov. S. carnet g (Soliloquies) 20 ă , the work Mihail work of , the sit (Fragments from a , and Sterian’s ă lniceanu tr ă irist 247 CEU eTD Collection its innerspace and mental accepts innerexperiment, and discipline adialogue with the and analyzed in the spirit of the French tradition, French the of spirit the in analyzed and in order to test his options and the clarity of his position. Anovel of inner crisis described to find an inner balance and isnot afraid toexperimentin ideologicaldiverse directions in order solutions for searches it, dissects and he analyzes crisis, identity an of evolution the describes Sebastian novel; the of pretext the is also this fact, In reality. surrounding the with connection a for search identity the as well as individual, the of torments inner and proseof inner the indeed the drama,pure analysis, of to describing experience belonged of Sebastian literary discourse the work; Sebastian’s on impacthad astrong Kierkegaard S. of as philosophy the aswell influence literary French the reservations), with shared he (which influence and ideology group’s the and space, French the remarkable and bearfurther discussion. in area bythenovel this were introduced modernity andcombination tradition of dou avant-la-lettre the literature of authenticity and experience, often perceived as a Romanian existentialism by French literature, especiallyby and Gide, SebastianProust principlesthe adopted of Jewish conscience” through the torments of the times and the mutilating effects of racial discrimination on the whereinto the “aliving authorisfor book, himself searching a with touching sincerity, novel his transformed experiment”, existentialist an of confession “into the Gidian transforming type”, of of novel-diary the formula “the practiced ă miideani… Coming his from background, from cultural andeducation familiarization with . Also, due to the centrality of Jewish life and problems for the novel, naturally related to the Jewish literature in Romanian language; the language; inRomanian literature Jewish the to related naturally 21 . Indeed, just asmany intellectuals other of influencedhis generation De dou ă miideani… De dou concentrates on ă miideani… 248 De CEU eTD Collection “authenticist and experimentalist” –as“authenticist it and was experimentalist” described by literary historians, the modernity The dramatic andliterary formula the of of personalized. novel,the more manner question became the thetopic, raised transposing of literary “authenticist” uncomfortable questions connected to the social-political situation of the time. Due to the realist anda offered novel the level, critical abstract and individual metaphysical, the on Romania interwar context for the presentationdefinite political it agenda.Although problemdiscussed the Jewishthe of intellectual in of the topic a especially moment and avoided lifeof the and social the with connection lacking the raised some extremely novel,literature hisof preferredtodiscuss problemsof individual,the the type this the of publication the Until book. in his be analyzed to in order experience central own his of authenticity”, “literature senseof the inthestrictest into debate, the brought Sebastian existence. moral and intellectual the of essentialization an towards vitalism rebellious of authenticist and“experimentist” literature, moving from the debate and physiological level. identity philosophicalthe andcultural himself at the conflicting problem the double of also individually, through the position of the intellectual who attempts to clarify for underlined by movements from anti-Semiticthe students’ beginningthe 1920s,butthe of Thus, Jewish identity was presented from a collective perspective, as a social background sense. “Jewish experience”inadouble a introduced problem new topic through the of Sebastian crisis, metaphysical and intellectual and vitalism, crisis, sexual basically their within writers fellow his by employed exterior social the involving self in exchange for the sexually intellectualized affairs, drugs, and experiments Thus, due to the problems he approached, Sebastian was an innovator in the space inliterature generalwere youngIf the populating rebellious of this type topics tr ă irist writings. 249 CEU eTD Collection intellectual functioning as a topic in the literature inspired from Jewish life. Jewish from inspired literature in the atopic as functioning intellectual sublimation of social in representation literary space by introducing the individual as an classical senseofC confused, finding a modern novel Jewish on identity in Romania approached in not the The readerwas wasactually constructed. book which the message around grasp the most oneand, andreception of was acomplex, varied itthe polemical failedtime, to the approached, topic and the level the stylistic between this tension Dueto perspective. realist a critical from coming rather was novel the where topics, Jewish with literature new for literary was theme tothe approach This experience. shared dramatism of the the as well as event, literary the in participation and authenticity tension, credibility, usingconstructed the narrative, first-person aformula enhancing the impression of literature. Jewish the of context in the treated marginally was anti-Semitism of problem the Sebastian, of Mihail novel-debate the of publication before the As aconsequence, apolemic. or aconflict generate to prone asanti-Semitism such topics sensitive approaching directly representativity even on writing while dramathe intellectual) of Jewishthe and avoided (especiallyBenador was based on ifthe representation weof social aspects andtalk on the idea of community about Benador who maintained a substantial degree of social topics. Until then, the appreciated and renowned literature of C literature of Peltz, andrenowned appreciated the topics.then, Until experience of the author, by chance being the same as his experience of identity. a intensely was veritable personal of torecreate and final the book the definite scope rendered thesocial-political agendain more dramatic even contemporary although terms, Under the influence of authenticistliterature, Mihail Sebastian’s novel was The novel also introduced a new tone into the context of literature with Jewish with literature of context the into tone new a introduced also novel The ă lugaru,in Dorian but Peltz, or a modern way suggesting a De dou ă lugaru and ă mii 250 CEU eTD Collection the period in discussion and extracting them out of the sexual, metaphysical and metaphysical sexual, the of out them extracting and in discussion period the posingrelevance literature, for social great of andorigin ethnic of authenticist problems of readers of the expectations the refuting frustratingin and succeeded therefore formula / literary-within-the-literary subject double the of interplay subtle This topics. wider public of languageRomanian readers, alsothe and audience familiar with Jewish the both vex to managed Sebastian novel, single this With preservation. identity the modernization literatureof whichthe until then preferred topresent collectivity the and individual, on the crisis itsthrough form literary and technique, through the concentration on problemthe the of of the intellectual, on literature same anovelty with Jewish novel the thewithin time, topics represented isolation, all belonging belittleused to involved inthe problem of andmarginalized Ata social ethnic group. the to a discourse of – whootherwise reader for the characters the of inthedrama intense participation more a and adeeperemotion andtransmitted milieu social the underaccusation his novelplaced revealing through modernthe literary devices used by literary this direction. Inthis way, more became even conflict which social of intense the perspective the perceived through intellectual Jewish the of form, theproblem introducing already thus consecrated the within subject literary of level the on literature authenticist the within innovator an from level was Sebastian expectation on public.the generated a the of confusion double novel Sebastian’s that notice to easy is it – hand other the on topics Jewish with literature the hand, one on literature experimentalist and authenticist – the period interwar the the social and political context and conflict. literatureintellectual influenceof debatingmodern the under and philosophical problems de ani… Keeping inmindKeeping areas with two connection Romanian from of thisdouble culture was the first novel on Jewish life in Romania written from the perspective of 251 CEU eTD Collection society. Thinking these three issues in a modern paradigm, under the Western under Western and issues inamodern paradigm, these the Thinking three society. inaccomplished literary support the withoutfield, but injustification or his contemporary he which confirmation atheoretical reach to inorder brackets between Romania in and social pressures in context and the political space, placed perspective, an open issuesthese rethought from main analysiswas ideabehinda modern my Sebastian that The content. its to adapted was form its inwhich way the and book the of construction the analyzing of level the on novel, the of substance the from away move to finally, level doubleidentity the of Romanianthe of Jewish intellectual and in the 1920s, and problem of in position the intellectual the of connection andwith society politics,atthe the for namely analysis, of levels three on visible was conflict this perspective, my In 1930s. the of life intellectual the for significant obviously intellectuals, Jewish Romanian rooting” worlds orresponsible caughtbetween “doubleconsequences, akindtwo for of meaning and context were ignored. An idealist without a strong sense of politics and their its its cultural time, of while within framework andsocial interpreted the political being of misfortune the had book the radicalization, political international of moment space andforthelarger audience public. of Romanian-language the momentthe found itself without any represented measuressafety within theliterary innovating inboth directions,highly political, the complex and social cultural agenda of polemicfact aviolent novel the due to that, generated Eventually,traditions. Sebastian’s the of evocations naturalistic usedtopicturesque with inJewish topics, literature interested public the affected problems these Also, formula. literary the of spleen intellectualizing shtetl 22 or Jewish street and with their social crisis in conflict with modernity and their and modernity with conflict in crisis social their with and street Jewish or , Sebastian was a special case, if not representative of the wider group of Projected in Projected a period ofintellectual but publishedexperiments, in a 252 CEU eTD Collection responsive such to ideological an reactionsproposal, direct collecting and open intellectual and socio-political test of the surrounding society, whether or not it was on an explicit process of assuming the theoretical model discussed,functioned as an open betweenprocesses radically two opposingof identity, based definitions book, Sebastian’s and through which itwas erroneously interpreted. Romania, and andthesocial political in conservatism midstthe thenovel fell of which ininterwar intellectual Jewish the of problem the cast Sebastian which in modernism interpretation polemicthe around novel the conflictof the between through cultural the an projected followed which events the Thus conservatism. of inan area climate critically or in a conformistFrance manner, of Julien was an artificialBenda,affiliations Léon transplantation Blum and André thinking system hadclear and analysis and actually wholeof escapedthat of project Gide.a new spiritual withThe contrast, the the that account into taking without etc. “betrayal”, “assimilationism”, of accusations farmulticultural from despising the themomentthrough the political of reality publication connectedeverythingto and liberal its timeinterpretation of novel of the at the it directwas published.The it when modernismwas beexpected confirmed to by andvalidated which but book, the benot foundcould in of Westernmore have andrigid radical supposed to out of it contextwhich waswhich emerged and Europe, of modernity, challenge brings and of the which inSebastian book, themore his and of the between interplay space the is apermanent them. There contradicted which perspective published,in asociety in where all wererooted problemsthe approached a traditional was whenthebook intense conflicts generated Sebastian influence, French especially Conclusion . If the If . Facla survey served survey identify mechanismsto andnegotiation 253 CEU eTD Collection inherently posed by the Enlightenment andEmancipation” inherently Enlightenment by posed the access to both parts and cultures, “learning beto a German AND a Jew was the challenge asabridge easy the AND model functioned providing Franzaccording to Rosenzweig, briefly by articulated model,integrate both AND/AND the identities. If, equally able to based on a liberal,element; basically,egalitarian, cultural forparadigms approaching the community, individual the and the ethnic the also Thispoliticalface-to-face Zionistsright-wingers, debate broughtand too. two and modelcivic promotedadhesion byboth, both societies, ashe wasattacked within approach project andintegrative by tothecase thechances of identity for basically such an a test it, represented which followed the Jewish national acculturated body and canon. literary tointellectuals society historical and structuring the past approach cultural again amental the paradigm of and was novel matched,was onlylater whenhis published the by generated polemics the of violence The non-acceptance. and disagreement their usually had radically divergent positions, but which aligned in the case of his discourse in which camps of rejection face anextensive had to Sebastian caution, with topic sensitive approaching such a not of consequences failed. possible the identity” test Ignoring negotiation inin process was progress, case the novelof “double Sebastian’s the positions groups to and during individuals. Although the antagonizing aconservative environmentallotting clearunequivocal functions and Facla subtle andnegotiations games between andpoliticalsocial visibletensions already in the these of context in the discourse his of impact the ignoring Deliberately confrontations. survey, Sebastian’s intellectual game placed the whole system into a crisis, The heated debates generated by Sebastian’s book, as by book, well thepublicThe heateddebatesgenerated as responses Sebastian’s Jurnal had the strength to challenge to strength the had 23 Facla ; nevertheless, the Gentile the nevertheless, ; survey, the identity the survey, 254 CEU eTD Collection simply the hierarchization involving the inclusion of both cultural and social affiliations. social and cultural both of inclusion the involving hierarchization the simply the “double or rooting,” or process the“hyphenation” followedtargeted polemics and incases heated intellectual; Romanian both while theconceptof Jewish defining Rosenzweig this as animpossible situation as approached nation, German of a Volkish organic definition evolve.similar Facedwith to supposed forinmodel and thelargercontext whichthis socio-political project theoretical was only the“double conceptpartially of to it rooting”,providedinformation but significant identity, whichreferredtwo paradigmsand options political society finally perceiving of between opposition fundamental the signaled survey literary The religion. and culture identity articulated on ethnic definition and organic bonds to a commonality of history, model interwarOR/OR of period of duringpersistence a pre-WWIsocial-cultural the well as the anti-Semitic preface and reactions to Sebastian’s novel, confirmed the survey in survey manner the of aggressive articulating the through expressed context general radicalized the debate, the of side other the On identity. Jewish a profoundly of context the in even identity model had thusalso atheoretical articulation supporting a hybrid cultural model double the Ury Benador, Romanian-writer by Jewishlife,a inspired Yiddish-speaker writers the of one of in thearticle expressed Best option. OR an offered usually society Both case studies analyzed for the current chapter stressed the conflict generated conflict stressed the chapter for current the case analyzed studies Both Facla Jew is, of course, no real choice at all. absence of a genuinein the ‘and’, But the choice –the ‘or’ ‘and’. – presented to compelling the modern authentically in an founded relation be a ‘and’. The relation (…) must cease to be that butinsidious This insidious an ‘or’ must(…). of by ‘or’ bereplaced an a choice – an ‘or’. It must an‘and’ faced in fact, not, have Jews most Mendelssohn Moses …since and of individually pursuing the writers inforce aresponse,as to individuallyorder writers pursuingthe andof 24 255 CEU eTD Collection and language” someto historical combination memory,of mores, tradition, kinship, geography, religion which promoted “less (…) an original accord than (…) a common relation of its members intellectuals to a large extent favored of Enlightenment wereobvious as sources well. On otherhand,the Romanian an ethnicist identity of German Volksnationincluded asin and caseof Benador the importance Zissu); the of andHaskala rationalism model landwere of thelanguage andculture the indiscourse, cultural Zionist principles (even association body ofindividualsfreely ondemocratic adheringthe of nation the to model formodernity based oncivic values and liberalism following the French of pattern Most of Jewishthe a intellectuals adopted rational theory identity of double apolitical as expectation.” of “horizons different also created intellectuals Romanian and intellectuals by censored society. a radicalizing basedmodels integration and andinclusion the on tested real confronted were options variation and the ideal “doublewhere the identity” acontextmodel of and created prominent became paradigms political two between confrontation The Romania. interwar during the model identity, acculturation acoherent thinking on collective, constructed of episodesanalyzed two the Eventually, were borders. identity collective any nottrespassing against arguing significantJewish, or Romanian they be directions, nationalist from came as contestation radical The testimonies about the writers themselves; rather they around Sebastian’s book and the and book Sebastian’s around and political placeviews took most visibly cultural on grounds, through debatesthe opposing social between the confrontation efforts, cultural andintegrative acculturation Romanian nation. Despite theintense process of negotiating identity through Constructing their identity in radically different manners, Jewish acculturated Jewish manners, different inradically identity their Constructing 25 while for afurious “ethnic involved of the search specificity” the Facla survey. 256 CEU eTD Collection 7 6 the the 20 in which Judaism became only a religious identity, belonging to the private sphere. In the first decades of Semitism, while anti- the a and new integrationfrançaise Action took place.condemned Church French the while immigrants, Jewish the naturalized state flourishing and affirmationof theJewishFrench intellectuals withinFrench culture. In1927, the French context of the rise of anti-republican nationalism and social crisis. The 1920s led to a social and cultural France wentFrance through arapid process ofintegrationduring 19 the 16 15 University of California Press, 1998. 14 13 Manuscriptum 12 no. 5(2001), 132. na 11 treizeci. Extrema dreapt Ironthe Guard and governmentthe andused Sebastian’s book opportunity asan Zigu Ornea,in 10 de roman”, “Jurnal Sebastian, Mihail in straight” problems 9 la Emancipare laMarginalizare(1919-1938) 8 5 ideologie 4 3 (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1983), 190. 2 published in RoxanaSorescu, 1 Notes: Al. Robot, “Scrisoare c “Scrisoare Robot, Al. Terms used by the editorial board of “Not a novel, but a diary, a book about personal discharge, of revising and setting some ideas and Mendelsohn, “Romania” in The answers were published in January and February 1935 in 1935 February and January in published were answers The See the analysis of this valuable source in Leon Volovici, “Scriitor român – Scriitor evreu“ and “Utopie, and evreu“ – Scriitor român “Scriitor Volovici, Leon in source valuable this of analysis Seethe Ury Benador, “De dou Ezra Mendelsohn, “Romania” in The concept of concept The After Emancipation, which immediately followed the French Revolution, the Jewish community in Marc Vichniac, Marc Mihail Sebastian, “Lumea prin care am trecut. Mircea Eliade Eliade Mircea trecut. am care prin “Lumea Mihail Sebastian, “Specificul na “Specificul Sebastian, Mihail Zigu Ornea considers that Nae Ionescu wanted to prove his political position after the conflict between conflict the after position political his prove to wanted Ionescu Nae that considers Ornea Zigu Debats parlamentaires Ġ ional”, “O sear ional”, th century, after Dreyfuss affair, a trend of rediscovering the Jewish roots and identity emerged in the in emerged identity and roots Jewish the of rediscovering trend a affair, Dreyfuss after century, ú i literatura: Intelectuali , nr.4 (33)/1978 (yearIX), 167-169. ă double-rooting Léon Blum la Institutul Francez”, “Despre oanumit “Despre Francez”, Institutul la Cum am devenit huligan ă ă ă ori eu =1” in , 11, January 1923, quoted in PaulaHyman, tre editor” in editor” tre româneasc (Paris: Flammarion, 1937) quoted in Hyman, The Jews Central ofEastern Europe Reinventînd Europa was analyzed by Leon Volovici in interview “Dubla r “Dubla interview in Volovici Leon by analyzed was ú i scriitori evrei în România însecolul XX“ ă Facla Ġ (Bucure ional” in Leon Volovici, “Dosar Mihail Sebastian” (“Specificul Sebastian” Mihail “Dosar Volovici, Leon in ional” Facla The Jews ofEastern between the World Wars Adam , 12 January 1935, in order to present the incident. , 20January 1935. (Bucure , X,an nr.117-118, 1-15 March 1938, 14. , (Bucure ú ú i Mihail Sebastian în coresponden în Sebastian Mihail i ti: Editura Funda (Bucure ú ti: Humanitas, 1990), 84-85. ú ti: Hasefer, 2000). ú Azi ti:Du Style, 1998). ă mentalitate huliganic mentalitate , I, 5,Novembernr. 1932,433. Facla Ġ iei Culturale Române,1996), 399-407. th and Carol Iancu, Carol and century, reaching a strong civic identity The Jews ofModernFrance review. The Jews ofModern France in Vatra Ġă ă ”) in ”) cu Petru Comarnescu”, Petru cu Evreiidin România.De , 10/11,no. 2000. ăGă cina cultural cina , Berkeley: , , year XII, 257 . Anii ă ” CEU eTD Collection Theory 25 24 23 intellectuals in Romania in the interview “Dubla r “Dubla interview the in Romania in intellectuals 22 21 dou 20 the French Institute, published in 19 18 17 Brian C. Brian J. Singer, “Cultural Versus ContractualNations: Rethinking their Oppositions” in quoted in Mendes Flohr, Paul Mendes Flohr, Paul Crohm Ov. S. Crohm S. Ov. Sebastiantackled this topic in apublic lecture on“Specificul na See I. Peltz, SeeI. Benador, “De dou “De Benador, These are the terms used by Leon Volovici in order to define the double cultural relation of the Jewish of the relation cultural double the define to order in Volovici by Leon used terms the are These ă r ă 35.3(1996), 311 quoted in Mendes Flohr, zboaie mondiale ă lniceanu, Foc în Hanul cu Tei ă lniceanu, “Literatura “autenticit “Literatura lniceanu, Literatura român ă ori eu=1”. ori German Jews. ADual Identity (Bucure ú Apostrof ti: Minerva,ti: 1972; 1974; 1975), Vol. I,437-510. and other fragments in Chapter 4 of the current dissertation. ă între cele dou , yearXII, no. 5(132), 2001, 11. German Jews ăGă German Jews,German ăĠ (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1999), 90. ii” ii” ă cin r ă ă ú zboaie mondiale, cultural i “experien i , 86. 16. ă ” Ġ ional” delivered in21 of March1935 at in Sorescu, in Ġ ei”” in ei”” vol. I, 495- 496. 495- I, vol. Literatura român Reinventînd Europa ă History and între cele . 258 CEU eTD Collection marginalization and exclusion backgroundset the for astrong conflict explainable persistent and acculturation advanced between tension the identity, their and intellectuals influencing milieu.conservative among cultural factors the Thus, of thethe profile a in topenetrate Jewish intellectuals of theirredefining intheprocess order position integration”, my research identified and“inclusion”, in by“identity “strategies“conflict” defined and turn of construction” a series of conclusions for the study of acculturatedtheir in works terms ofidentity anddiscourse integrative approach. cultural intellectual individual of theiranalysis and private finally itpaths and analyzed determining their options and shaping their later discourse, context then political and itmoved to a socio- socio-cultural the on first focused research my Thus canon. cultural articulated their public in discourse connection with their identity Jewish and Romanian they how and were they who models, identity specific these chose intellectuals of group cultural life. The main problems inlegislation late 1930smarginalized andthen excluded them from and Romanian society which the currentinterwar before period, until long-belatedthe Emancipation, andafter the anti-Jewish study triedduring WWI, before to slightly from answeractivity their followed I Chronologically, wereacculturated. why this Jewish intellectuals bornand growing upwithin culture andRomanian thus deeply Following the theoretical level of research organized by concepts such level theoretical Following the organized by of as concepts research fewansweringfirstgroup of to My a atthe aimed related questions research Conclusion 259 CEU eTD Collection temporary solution of escaping the ethnic constraints of a traditional milieu, modernism milieu, of a traditional ethnic constraints escapingthe of solution temporary identity anddiscourse areevaluation Judaism of Perceivedtheir as occurred. the France self-representational towhere migration their after were abandoned strategies integratetrend. Both himdominant into thetraditionalist ableto linguistic categories conservative and artistic adopted Voronca Romanian, itbeJewish or readership, its borders. While within a different Fundoianu adopted identity in discourse with his connection society Romanian multi-cultural of reality new the include to order in canon thecultural of aimingatransformation literature,” at “Jewish orto rebellious avant-garde fact This signaledemployed. was inclusion cultural of strategies of series a works, their within a constant identity While analyzingrepresentation language. the within culture” Romanian the integrative a“minority’s constructing while identity” “Romanian of essence for the debate searching intellectual nation-wide a of replica spin-off in a consisted and culture conservative position longfor aby a time neglected reality a social of reflection cultural belated the represented adopted in literature” language.The of Romanian the “Jewishconstruction the literature” by manifested theemergence through a“Jewish of theRomanian identity within space, all, despite Jewish a for assertion of the space secured finallylegally Emancipation long belated theaccommodate values. to theirincompatible andunablecontext, In this to repertoire their affiliation option reflecting their outsider position and saving them from a national cultural found in marginalnon-canonicthe modernist and avant-gardist trends mostthe suitable to frustration. materialized frustration This in which a rebellious of emergence the group, social they context high generatingindividual of social remained outsiders, amount a werejustifiably intellectuals asinsidersof acting due the local but culture, to legalthe and through Robert Merton’s theory. Acquiring solid Romanian education, the young 260 CEU eTD Collection connection with collectivitythe and eventually thedetermined failure of project. this revealed the major conflict between two paradigms of thinking the individual in models identity incompatibility The between civic-liberal and ethnic-organic essential identity. of Jewish marginalization milieu Romanian and to acculturation between tension intellectualsa “double identity” proposed model ideal foras an solution thefundamental the critics,” “mainstream to rebels” “marginal from Evolving culture. Romanian and intellectual profiles, butlargely failed in imposing Jewish identityRomanian within individual a success integration represents of the culture story,works whichaccomplished aspect. social largely leftistrepresentative their through text the approaching ethnicelement, assimilate the failed to cultural canon which larger into the integrated Romanian weresuccessfully resultingthe works products, corrupted as intellectuals Zionist by often Rejected canon. Romanian the within culture integrating by project of socially and culturally perspectiveintroduced world Jewish the the goal larger a as had intellectuals Romanian Jewish the example, Kafkian their Unlike “reterritorialization.” in of be sense the employed had to theory this a reverseof but my analysis, demonstration supported theoretical andGuattari’s representation. Deleuze identity Jewish with critique social combining societies and cultures between asabridge functioning followed direction, sameintegrative the “Jewish literature” of construction The condition. human of symbol existentialist an as identity Jewish around alarge ideologiesreject discussion andinitiated group to started intellectuals and were exchanged avant-garde inFrance personal for cultural when discourses the Eventually, the case of the first acculturated generation Eventually, includedin casethe of acculturated first the Romanian 261 CEU eTD Collection European communities and the integrated existence of the Western Jews,Romanian theWestern of existence integrated the and communities European Eastern of the the“pariah position” between Thus, early Emancipation. following the proselytizingnon- Romanian of Orthodox specificity the to due especially life political and economic Christian archaic society, Jews in promotingthe inclusion of of social, context assimilationist integrative, a more but after absence the despite a happened longfact This culture. Romanian period dominant the to one) national of assimilation followed or not byareligious (although interwar the period especially during adherence interestin the Zionistmovement or in the religious renewal, but a higher cultural a lower displayed Jews model; Romanian Western the with characteristics some shared intellectuals Jewish Romanian line, same the In movements. revolutionary successful industrial Jewish usually proletariat, providingresponsible for the milieu specific tothe of Jewry a reduced with Romanian the structure was by movements specific justified the Jewish community.Also, low the presence of inJewish intellectuals revolutionary the within identities of variety the to due application regional a only had Jewry Oriental the dominancethe of language Yiddishthe and exclusion, legal of grounds on marginalization and anti-Semitism of level high poverty, Romanian Jewry confronting Althoughin model directly Michael Löwy’sthe proposed book. the shared a case complex represents Jewry space,Romanian Wallachian Sephardic through the with the EasternBanat Jewries) European migration) from and WesternAustro-Hungarianthe area (Transylvanian, Bukovinianand consolidated model coming not only from the Russian North-Eastern the model Russian and(strong in Galician thegeneral Ashkenazi conditions world, but also of from the Balkan South A. TheComparativeContext. Placed in a space of cultural interferences of incultural aspace Placed shtetl culture perceived the asdefining 262 CEU eTD Collection severely criticized by Zionists, connecting it again with the Western model. Western the with again it connecting Zionists, by criticized severely component integrative strong a had phenomenon literary the societies, Gentile and theJewish between of abridge rapprochement Functioning as cases. Western European process withthe connecting identity the Jewish of assertion public Polishbetween balance this within exactly case and a profound rapprochement. Eventually, characteristic most distinct the phenomenon of this resides acculturation and integration of perspective the from similarnevertheless one, national Romanian with the Central and cultural manifestation of“minority paralleling replicatingdiscourses” and themainstream legal function inclusion performedrather ofsecuring the acivic for thesocio- space Emancipation an generated influx ideologies.assimilationist of Ininterwar Romania,the the where situation Austro-Hungarian with the contrasted case Romanian the Thus, context. newly emerged political by favored the Romanian within culture culture” “minority a asserting by Emancipation to reaction direct the was language” Romanian in models, emergence the “Jewishmore literature of andCentral between European Eastern once Placed within Polish Jewry. movements identity of the outcome the represented region, in secondone the that integrative adopted duetothe policies Europe Western and Jewries of Central to wasspecific explanation first If the liberal society. relatively influences Jewishand national revival within framework the of a modernizing and Zionist of consequence asa integration direct or socio-cultural acculturation and through distinctiveness Jewish of expressing challenge the to response the represented languages model European described by Michael Löwy. Central intermediary the to alternative asecond provide could Jewry acculturated Part of a general cultural trend, the emergence of “Jewish literature” in local literature” “Jewish of emergence the trend, cultural of a general Part 263 CEU eTD Collection Romanian society. Nevertheless, this fact opened up for contemporary Romanianfact society. upfor opened contemporary ideasof Nevertheless, this debate definitionsnation in of Central and represented Western afailedEurope, for test the emancipation. as incitizenship, itemergedRomania tothe exactly refusaldue integration of legal and such rights basic from benefiting but inclusion, and integration of limits the discovering while past its to connection and identity its lost which aJewry of disenchantment emergedinWestern and especially Central on groundsthe Europe of des-assimilation and and ifmodernism models avant-garde against But andsocial structures. revolt cultural own intellectuals Jewishgroupcountry, exposed Romanian the represented afrustrated to individualsacculturated marginalized into peoplea definite without within status their the exclusion, transforming and a long-delayedEmancipation of process Subjected to in Isou) Lettrismthe largely dominated bya Isidore culture. a society of traditionalist intellectuals initiated and example,some bythem(for even Tzara’sDadaism Tristan and by weredominated movements and early factJewish the modernist avant-gardist that wasthe Romanian case the to Whatwas specific case. European Central the focusing on this topic exists, one of mostthe inspiringbooks being once more Michael Löwy’s study on A large literature in of general. Jewishcommunity the and acculturation secularization but rather revolutionary movements andmodernist wasnotspecific trends tothe Romanian space, an effect Jewish The within presence strong Romania Hungary too. passingand through of the movementssocio-politicalGermany, crossing Europefrom revolutionary Russia to modernization manifestation,internationally with and of overlapping framework leftist cultural the of the European society as well as the The theory The “double identity”, liberaltheory emerging underthe of influence of civic Similarly, and theavant-garde belonged modernism inalarger to Romania artistic 264 CEU eTD Collection intellectual, social and political debates around topics such as anti-Semitism, and interwar history starting the period the and to openingPandora’s Box related a prevented practically regime the writers, certain of the profile of theinterdiction through events from interwarthe by blocking period. Thus, the books or republication ofcertain uncomfortablepolitical reconstructive potential towards theirpointing dueto and writers by being nationalistapproach. textbooks, educational a rather this rigidly area regulated integrationintellectuals challenged thisidentity model and their cultural Nevertheless,discourse. this had right-wing and Zionists both as itsextremes, the from mostly comes position limitations,cultural complex their of rejection the that appears It establishment. cultural Romanian the as their includedinterwarliterary theminand period,withinhistories recognizedtheirtalent their work did not permeate school curricula and time. Both E. Lovinescu andGeorgeC andperiod their contribution was largely by literaryrecognized reputed the of critics the theRomanianlife of into interwar the cultural fully Jewish intellectuals participated asimilar promoted exclusive identity concept. on ethnic nation bases,Romanian the society articulated traditional conservative An archaic nationhood. of concept Volkist German the with and starting Eastern Europe, from Central societies within definitions identity with incompatible often attachment, concept of cultureliberalism abackground an developing civiccommunal and on open identity andauthentic pluralism and cultural complexity, the preservation assuming both Jewish of the attachment to the Gentile world. This identity model promoted the The cultural canon of the communist regime avoided certain problematic works B. The Troubled Posterity of the Jewish Intellectuals. ă linescu, theimportantcritical most voices the of The Romanian–language 265 CEU eTD Collection frequent productionsfrequent his of plays. monographs and The remarkablethe of articles series orthrough literature andexperimental collections marginal inappearing romance modestly, on superficial only coordinates, hisrepublicationsthrough of minor novels devenit huligan most fascinating novel, fascinating most mutilation his his literary hisof extirpation the oeuvre,profile coreof through of the Sebastian was by mainlyignored Romanianthe public until early the the1990s due to ideologicalemergence of theenrollment movement in Romania or the socio-political motivation for the for the responsible context thesocio-political never discussing histories, literary of the writers. of from lotattention avoid could a receiving not avant-garde the Romanian literature, On the contrary,bibliographies as in Mihail case.Sebastian’s Representing a momentinglorious the mortem as Romanian writers and their writings on Jewish identity erased from literary profiledue to the Romanian resonance of their names, they were ironically assimilated post- of Mihail is In contextualization. case anybackground provided, and their is Jewish origin omitted as in approach and ontheavant-garde caseof anysocio-historical the avoiding studies literary-centrist stylistic strictly a employing while origin, their ignoring manner in the adiscriminatory topic treats in culture Romanian intellectuals Jewish presence of the on bibliography of the Most discourse. a double of receptacles the were intellectuals direction. nationalizing to preserve trying when position a difficult in canon communist Romanian the placing complex, was the glory intellectuals of acculturated Jewish the theposterity context, history.this minority’s In and success of some writers while preserving the culturally Witnesses to an uncomfortable period of Romanian history and culture, Jewish . All this time, the literary reputation of All survivedMihail literary . time,reputation Sebastian of the this De dou ă miideani… with its essayistic following essayistic its with Cum am 266 CEU eTD Collection Romanian culture. The promiscuous political ties of some of its members were first were members its of some of ties political promiscuous The culture. Romanian some of 1927Generationthe members,seemed this group embody to bestthe of of fame international the to due figures mythical into Transformed complex. and dynamic 1927Generation the with involvementand IronGuard was itsthe most political the a lengthythrough morally and process. Onthecultural traumatic around level, debate the self-perception national restructure thecurrent had to intellectuals post-1989 Therefore, regime. communist the against resistance of a form as forged past, political and cultural society had abandon anidealized to post-1989 Age,”the regimecommunist asa“Golden during “underground” popular accounts idealizing the perceived by interwar period the resistance intellectual of form toa complex exposing a processdiscussion, the of center the in were Holocaust of traumatic forcedlike the Iron Guard movement,reconstruction the fascist regime atthe end of the interwar period and the of themuch scholarly gain tothe highly due involvementof emotional respondents.the Subjects past. After decades without polemics in personal alargedegenerating often discussion, started issue and of Ghetto Veac XX arelativelyafter short communist productiveperiod, while hismost accomplished work, and further publishing with supportof the regime.the wasmostly Ury Benador forgotten promoted being context, socio-political redesigned newly in the place a found themselves while thewriters by republished, regime and often communist recuperated the 1989. Dueto leftisttheir Ion C approach, after butit), partof approachedwerepublished only them semi-marginally critics other from Volovici, apart identity Leon the such (actually, as Jewish approaching topics ones Cornelia Cornelia The period after the fall of the communist regime reopened the whole ignored whole the reopened regime communist thefall the of after The period ù tef ă nescu , was never republished. 1 , Dorina Gr ă soiu 2 , Leon Volovici ă lugaru’s and IsacPeltz’s were works 3 or Matei C ă linescu 4 were theonly were 267 CEU eTD Collection Romanian elite on their way to find a new place in post-communist the of a liberal an analysis for post-communistsignificant position, society.cultural and political Thesuitable reconstruction by with elite past, findthe Romanianattempts of to the a post-1989 political ofcultural and aprocess revealed polemics the Instead, reevaluation. image mutilated itpreviously by providing of a long-awaited writer the with much didadd not the to his whole debate of character the own Unfortunately, destiny. his of character main the from Sebastian transforming thus whileignored as being position the documentinga richsource intellectuals,of Jewish the perceived the diary anembarrassing as testimony “turningagainst the green” approach intellectual self-centered (non-Jewish!) This Romanian Romanian culture. best of at undermining the 1927Generationgesture the unpatriotic acompletely and thus of reputation international the aimingatdestroying asaconspiracy hysterically perceived Sebastian’s crisis, extremist political a witnessing Ionescu’s political evolution, rather than being perceived as an account of a Jewish writer movement. Immediately reduced to its function of mirroring Eliade’s, Cioran’s or Nae involvementof over iconic in the the Guard 1927 Generation extremistthe Iron debate the initiating for capital became books Sebastian’s Indirectly, “taboos.” social and as his late late as hispublished difficult. more even rise of 1930s inlate radicalism Romania,made the“patriotic” task of saving theirprestige the with connected directly Jewry, Romanian of situation the and Holocaust the around discussion The was value symbolical national threatened. intheirpride dramatically and interest the as way emotional in asectarian, discussed reluctantly then denied and In this context, Sebastian’s eventually republished eventually Sebastian’s In thiscontext, Jurnal opened the discussion on Jewish identity identity historical on Jewish and other the discussion opened Jurnal De dou was misinterpreted and wasmisinterpreted Jurnal ă miideani… into a secondary into , as well , as 5 period 268 CEU eTD Collection turn green” as for “to become a Guardist.” a become “to for as green” turn 5 European Politics and Societies Ideological Choices (Mihail Sebastian, Mircea Eliade, Nae Ionescu, Eugen Ionescu, E. M. Cioran)”2002) with an articleon Mihail Sebastian in “Theand 1927 GenerationRomania: in Friendships and 4 ed., Gyemant Ladislau in anti-Semitism” to aResponse War: World First the after Romania from Intellectuals 3 2 Notes: story the in recuperate interwarof Romania. Jewish the andintellectuals culture and ofintellectual adjustinghistory,works failedto inthearea theoretical paradigms recuperating purged the literary 1989after history,interwar after reconfigured Romanian 1 As the IronGuard movement colorwas green, the political attachment was symbolically expressed in“to Matei C Matei Leon Volovici, “Dosar Mihail Sebastian” in Dorina Gr Cornelia Cornelia Studia Judaica ă ù linescu, ă tef soiu, ă nescu, Mihail Sebastian sau ironia unui destin IV (Cluj – Napoca:Babe Despre IoanP.Culianu Mihail Sebastian , vol.15, nr. 3, Fall 2001, 649-677. (Bucure ú -BolyaiUniversity, 1995). ú i Mircea i Mircea Eliade. Amintiri,lecturi, reflec ú ti: ti: Editura Tineretului, 1968). Apostrof , (Bucure , an XII,, an 5(132),2001and no. “The Jewish ú ti: Minerva,1986). Ġ ii , (Ia , ú i: Polirom, i: East 269 CEU eTD Collection ú ( Emil Author poetand prose DORIANwriter. of volumes (1893-1956), poetry press. cultural Jewish with collaborated also avant-garde and movement.Editor journalist for several publications, heRomanian Copil by lifein inspired ofstories Jewish ( Romania short collections C Ion Ora dailies, and editor journalism varioussolidin mainstream asareporter, of director career earning a started Brunea-Fox he tobe active, continued within movements which avant-garde F.journalist BRUNEA-FOX (1898-1977), After andpoet. literary with debut the a reputation as many with intellectualsFrance andextensive of correspondence timethe the “Prince of the Reporters”. Author of volume volume his time (novels time his of writer modernistbecoming acentral experience, young analyzedhis tragic Blecher Victimwriter boneM. BLECHERandpoet. prose tuberculosis,of (1909-1938), (1947-1954). of Director National the Jewish Theatre works inspired by Jewish life (novel life Jewish by inspired works Romanian cultural publications, asidefrom Yiddish andAuthor press. Hebrew of reputed with collaborating in acareer journalism started circle,Benador Sburatorul Ury prose writerBENADOR After andplaywright. (1895-1971), aperiod at publications. of Author well-received volumes of poetry. an editor, member of the editorial team, director and collaborator for manyBaltazar wasimportantprofessional of working period, interwar journalistthe an as cultural Camil poet and (1902-1977), BALTAZAR journalist.Member of Author of 1916 famous intellectualsintegrated most Adercaperiod, duringthe interwar wasamember of journalistwriter, prose Felix One of ADERCA (1891-1962), literary critic. and the APPENDIX. Data. Bio-bibliographical Cîntece pentru Lelioara,Devorb i paia ú ul m was dedicated to the trauma of WW1 and to the consequences of nationalism. of consequences the to WW1and of trauma the to wasdedicated ă Ă ria unui netrebnic, Trustul, Paradisul statistic Ġ e LUGARU (1902-1956), prose writerjournalist. (1902-1956), LUGARU and Author of novels and Corp transparent Sbur ), mostly inspired), byhis experience military In as a WW1 1982 his doctor. 0ă ă ă celului rturia uneigenera torul Întîmpl circle and collaborated with circle andcollaborated many cultural Novel publications. (1944), testimony on the Ia the testimony on (1944), ). Collaboration with many cultural reviews in Romania and Romania in reviews cultural many with Collaboration ). ă ri dinrealitatea imediat Ġ ii , a collection of interviews of his fellow writers. fellow his of interviews of a collection , ă cub Ghetto Veac XX ă lanul meu) ă and novels and ), he was also attracted tothe attracted he wasalso ), , short story story “Appassionata”). , short Inimi cicatrizate, ú i pogrom i (1941). pogrom (Vagabonzii,Profe Caii luiCibicioc, Sbur ă torul poetry circle, 270 Ġ i CEU eTD Collection Continued collaborate from to withabroad Romanian publications.avant-garde Dada movementtogether with ArpHugo Ball, and Hans M.Iancuin Zurich. founderas atheoretician and of France. International to Switzerlandreputation and published in Romanian After Tristan TZARA ashort poet. with poems period (1896-1963), had and agreatimpact. years,waswidely translated lifein radicalized the Cum amdevenit huligan intellectual in interwar Romania, ininterwar intellectual Author period. of a largely noveldebated inspired bythe beingexperience of aJewish cultural press,Mihail writer, journalistSEBASTIAN (1907-1945), Working and playwright. in he edited or collaborated with the most important publications of the uitat publications.novel Authorof inspireda byJewish life in rural Moldavia ( pentru Literatur several such na houses Cultura as publishing Gutenberg, Isaiia R Jewish population during Holocaust. the Novel dailies. interwar important Attracted poorand the marginal.the Distinguished Romanian Writers’with Society Prize. by the avant-garde, Peltz was also a professional journalist, editor for popular novels( Isac PELTZ(1899-1980),writerand journalist. Described Jewishin lifein Bucharest memoirs, of volume exceptional an Wrote it. around movement intellectual, founder of review the house and publishing Sa Romanian influencewhose appears in Ludo’s best-known volume publishing house Member of the editorial board for Zionist active inchallenging the anti-Semitic publications and promoting Jewish identity. LUDO writer. (1894-1980),journalist,I. A polemisteditor, great pamphleteer, and Auschwitz. voyou gouffre, La Conscience malheureuse, Titanic,Faux Traitéd’esthétique, Rimbaud, le ( poet and philosopher existentialist European a central with volume with poetry andBeniaminFUNDOIANUphilosopher, poet (1898-1944), and filmmaker. Published translations in September 1944)) Jewish press, but also built a reputation of literary critic diary diary in ( was published translation English ú a PAN ) and of a volume of and Ă&Ă Ă Ulysse (1902-1981), poet, literary critic, editor. Extremely avant-garde active literary critic, editor. poet, (1902-1981), Simbolul Imagini CIUNI (1900-1976), writer, journalistCIUNI (1900-1976), for playwright. and Worked Foc în Hanul cu Tei, CaleaV Foc înHanulcu ú ă describing the politicallyyears extremist and the Holocaustperiod. ) as Benjamin Fondane. Victim of , he died in he died Holocaust, the of Victim Fondane. as Benjamin ) Adam i Art ú (review founded with two other colleagues), he left for studies he left colleagues), other foundedtwo with (review i c ăUĠ . His . Amintiri . Brilliant translator of Shalom Alechem’s work into work Alechem’s Shalom of translator Brilliant . ă i dinFran . Editor and. Editor journalist mainstream well-known of Jurnal . De dou însîngerat Israel Ġ (1935-1944), a . After leavingfor France in 1923,he became ă miideani… The Quality of Witness (December of 1937– The Quality ăFă Mântuirea re ú published in 1996,described his ti presents the persecution of the ), largely interested in largely interested life of the ), followed by a book, response Baudelaire et l’expérience du etl’expérience Baudelaire Ġ ional , founder of review and , founder of unu ă andFunda 1ă and historian of the of historian and Hodje-podje scut în‘02 Ġ iile Regale . Paradis . 271 CEU eTD Collection movement in Romania, he was imprisoned by the Communist regime. Communist by the imprisoned was he in Romania, movement Zionist the of Leader in Hassidism. interest and Judaism of rediscovery his reflected theoretical works on Jewish identity ( identity Jewish on works theoretical ( daily Zionist of Well-known thedirector in editor of as andHebrew. Romanian publicationsseveral A. writer, journalist, L.ZISSU(1888-1956), businessman, politician. Founderand Winner of prize reputed the of Romanian Writers’ Society in 1931. for anddeparture Francefor in1933.Editor avant-gardepublications. collaborator activesurrealistimportantin movement poet, hisuntil the Romanian avant-garde an by Earnedhisreputation publishhighlyLovinescu. as to appreciated E. poetry, Ilariepoet. VORONCA(1903-1946), Member of Spovedania unuicandelabru, EreticuldelaM Mântuirea. His novels andstories short inspiredby Jewish life Nu exist ă cult mosaic;Logos,Israel,Biserica cult ăQă Sbur stirea Neam ă torul circle where he started Ġ u ), as well as his 272 ) CEU eTD Collection Fondane, Benjamin. Fondane, Eliade, Mircea. Eliade, Dorian, Emil. Dorian, ______. ______. ______. ______. &ă ______. ______. ______. Benador, Ury. ______. ______. Blecher, Max. Blecher, ______. ______. Baltazar, Camil. Baltazar, ______. Aderca,Felix. A.Sources Primary Selected Bibliography: lugaru, Ion. Trustul Paradisul statistic. Erdora Copil Viziuna luminat Opere complete M. maipu Blecher, Ghetto Veac Ghetto XX Subiect banal Preludiu la Beethoven Preludiu Hilda. 0ă Jurnal dinvremuri deprigoan rturia unei genera Bethoven. Omul. Bethoven. Inimi cicatrizate. Întîmpl 1916 Casa Memorii: 1907-1960. ă Scrisori c Bucure ria unui netrebnic. . Bucure . Bucure . Bucure RimbaudleVoyou ú oarecilor. . Bucure ú ti: Hasefer,2005. ă ú ú . : Aius, 1999. ă . Bucure tre Camil Baltazar. ti: Na ti: Na ú . Bucure ti: Hasefer,1997. Bucure Ġ in cunoscut Bucure Bucure Ġ ú Ġ Ġ . Bucure ii ionala Cionei, 1937. ionala Ciornei,1934. ti: Hasefer,1998. . Bucure ú Bucure ti: Universala Alcalay, 1934. ú Bucure ti: Cartea Româneascti: Cartea ú ti: Minerva,1971. ú ú ă . ti: EPL,1964. ti: ESPLA, 1958.ti: ESPLA, Paris ri în irealitatea imediat ú . Bucure ti: Na ú ti: EPL, 1967. ú ă ú ti: Hasefer, 1996. 1937–1944 : ti: Humanitas, 1991. Denoël, 1933. Bucure Ġ ionala Ciornei,n. d. ú ti: Hasefer, 2000. ú ti: EPL,1965. . Bucure ă , 1971. ă . 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