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A PRELIMINARY GRAMMAR of MOK, HWE KOI VARIETY, CHIANG RAI, with SPECIAL FOCUS on the ANAPHORIC USES of Tɤ́ ʔ

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A PRELIMINARY GRAMMAR of MOK, HWE KOI VARIETY, CHIANG RAI, with SPECIAL FOCUS on the ANAPHORIC USES of Tɤ́ ʔ A PRELIMINARY GRAMMAR OF MOK, HWE KOI VARIETY, CHIANG RAI, WITH SPECIAL FOCUS ON THE ANAPHORIC USES OF tɤ́ ʔ PHAKAWEE TANNUMSAENG Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS IN LINGUISTICS Payap University January 2020 Title: A preliminary grammar of Mok, Hwe Koi variety, Chiang Rai, with special focus on the anaphoric uses of tɤ́ ʔ Researcher: Phakawee Tannumsaeng Degree: Master of Arts in Linguistics Advisor: Assistant Professor Audra Ellen Phillips, Ph.D. Approval Date: 21 January 2020 Institution: Payap University, Chiang Mai, Thailand The members of the thesis examination committee: 1. _________________________________ Committee Chair (Associate Professor Saranya Savetamalya, Ph.D.) 2. _________________________________ Committee Member (Assistant Professor Audra Ellen Phillips, Ph.D.) 3. _________________________________ Committee Member (Sigrid Lew, Ph.D.) Copyright © Phakawee Tannumsaeng Payap University, 2020 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First of all, I am deeply thankful to my God, the Lord Jesus Christ, for His grace, wisdom, and strength, which sustains me through the studying thoughout the years. Also, I give thanks to Him for allowing me the opportunity and privilege of studying linguistics. I would like to express my gratitude to my thesis advisor Assistant Professor Dr. Audra Ellen Phillips for her willingness to take on this thesis and for her advice, encouragement, and time throughout the whole thesis-writing process. I would like to thank you to all the teachers in Linguistics Department for all their teachings and trainings along the way. Especially, I am grateful for Assistant Professor Dr. Thomas Tehan who taught the grammar course and blessed me. I would also like to thank Dr. Jason Diller for encouragement during my work on the thesis. I am also thankful to my classmates for their help and also for proof reading my term papers. I also want to extend my thanks to Tim Armstrong and Terry Gibs for assistance with the computer and software support. Thank you to Christina Scotte Hornéy for her great coordinating for students in the department. I would also like to thank my wife, Natthida, for all her support, and for traveling with me during the data collection. Thank you to those who grant me a scholarship and monthly financial support investing in me and giving me the opportunity to study. Most of all I am grateful and appreciate those who remembered me in their prayers. Phakawee Tannumsaeng i Title: A preliminary grammar of Mok, Hwe Koi variety, Chiang Rai, with special focus on the anaphoric uses of tɤ́ ʔ Researcher: Phakawee Tannumsaeng Degree: Master of Arts in Linguistics Advisor: Assistant Professor Audra Ellen Phillips, Ph.D. Approval Date: 21 January 2020 Institution: Payap University, Chiang Mai, Thailand Number of Pages: 84 Keywords: Angkuic, Palaungic, Khasian-Palaungic, Austroasiatic, syntax ABSTRACT This thesis provides a first description of the simple and complex constructions of the Hwe Koi variety of Mok, along with a description of the functions of the unspecified pronoun tɤ́ ʔ. Mok is a member of the Angkuic subgroup of the Palaungic branch of Austroasiatic and spoken in the Shan state of Myanmar and in Chiang Rai province of Thailand. As for data sources, six texts were recorded from native speakers who live in Chiangrai, Thailand. They include three narrative, one procedural, and two expository texts. The Mok structures are similar to the structures of many Austroasiatic languages of Mainland Southeast Asia. The basic word order of the clause is SVO. In a noun phrase, the head noun is optionally preceded by a demonstrative and followed by stative verbs and noun modifiers, classifier phrases, and possessors. The personal pronouns are singular, dual or plural, with no gender distinction. Dynamic verbs fill the predicate slots of intransitive and transitive clauses and stative verbs serve as predicates of stative clauses. Mok has no ditransitive clause constructions. Instead, a two-clause construction is used to handle transfer events. ii As for the Mok complex sentences, this language has no complementizer to introduce a complement clause, while temporal and conditional adverbial clauses are marked by clause-initial subordinators. Additionally, causative constructions are periphrastic. As for the Mok unspecified pronoun tɤ́ ʔ, it has no semantic constraints with respect to person. It is coreferential with its antecedent, which can only be the subject argument of a clause. The coreferential properties of tɤ́ ʔ are either within a clause, between a complement clause and a matrix clause, or between upstairs and downstairs clauses of a causative construction. tɤ́ ʔ can also function as a reflexive pronoun and as a possessor in noun phrases. iii ชื่อเรื่อง: ไวยากรณ์เบื้องต้นภาษาหมอก เหว่ก๋อย จังหวัดเชียงราย พร้อมด้วยหัวข้อเฉพาะเรื่องการใช้ตัวอ้างอิง tɤ́ ʔ ผู้วิจัย: ภควี ตันน าแสง ปริญญา: ศิลปศาสตรมหาบัณฑิต (ภาษาศาสตร์) อาจารย์ที่ปรึกษาวิทยานิพนธ์หลัก: ผู้ช่วยศาสตราจารย์ ดร. ออดร้า เอลเล็น ฟิลลิปส์ วันที่อนุมัติผลงาน: 21 มกราคม 2563 สถาบันการศึกษา: มหาวิทยาลัยพายัพ จังหวัดเชียงใหม่ ประเทศไทย จ านวนหน้า: 84 ค าส าคัญ: อังกูอิก, ปะหล่องจิก, คาเซียน-ปะหล่องจิก, ออสโตรเอเชียติก, วากยสัมพันธ์ บทคัดย่อ วิทยานิพนธ์นี้จัดเตรียมค าอธิบายเป็นครั้งแรกเกี่ยวกับโครงสร้างอนุประโยคแบบง่ายและโครงสร้างอนุ ประโยคแบบซับซ้อนของภาษาหมอก เหว่ก๋อย เนื้อหายังประกอบด้วยการอธิบายเกี่ยวกับหน้าที่ของสรรพ นามไม่ระบุเจาะจง tɤ́ ʔ หมอกเป็นภาษาหนึ่งของกลุ่มภาษาอังกูอิกของสาขาปะหล่องจิกในตระกูลภาษา ออสโตรเอเชียติก มีการใช้ภาษานี้พูดในรัฐฉาน ประเทศเมียนมาร์ และในจังหวัดเชียงราย ประเทศไทย ส่วน แหล่งข้อมูลที่น ามาใช้ในการวิเคราะห์นั้น มาจากหกเรื่องที่ได้รับการอัดเสียงจากเจ้าของภาษาที่อาศัยอยู่ใน จังหวัดเชียงราย ประเทศไทย ซึ่งประกอบไปด้วยเรื่องแบบเรื่องเล่าสามเรื่อง แบบขั้นตอนหนึ่งเรื่อง และ แบบอธิบายสองเรื่อง โครงสร้างไวยากรณ์ของภาษาหมอกคล้ายคลึงกับโครงสร้างไวยากรณ์ของหลายๆ ภาษาในตระกูลภาษา ออสโตรเอเชียติกที่พูดกันในเอเชียตะวันออกเฉียงใต้แผ่นดินใหญ่ ในภาษาหมอกล าดับค าของประโยคคือ ภาคประธาน ภาคแสดง และกรรม (SVO) ในนามวลี ค านามหลักสามารถมีค าบอกก าหนดน าหน้าได้ และ สามารถถูกตามด้วยค ากริยาแสดงสภาวะ ค านาม ลักษณะนามวลี และค าแสดงความเป็นเจ้าของ ค าสรรพ นามของภาษาหมอกมีทั้งรูปเอกพจน์ ทวิพจน์ และพหูพจน์ และไม่มีการแยกแยะรูปส าหรับบ่งบอกเพศ ใน ประโยคแบบค ากริยาแสดงอาการ ค ากริยาแสดงอาการจะเติมเต็มในต าแหน่งภาคแสดงของประโยค อกรรมกริยาและประโยคสกรรมกริยา ในขณะที่ประโยคแบบค ากริยาแสดงสภาวะ ค ากริยาแสดงสภาวะจะ เติมเต็มภาคแสดง ภาษาหมอกไม่มีโครงสร้างแบบอนุประโยคที่มีค ากริยาที่ต้องมีทั้งกรรมตรงและกรรมรอง แต่โครงสร้างแบบอนุประโยคสองประโยคจะถูกใช้เพื่อรองรับโครงสร้างประโยคที่มีการถ่ายโอนเหตุการณ์ แทน iv ส่วนประโยคซับซ้อนของภาษาหมอก ภาษานี้ไม่มีตัวบ่งชี้นามานุประโยคที่ใช้เพื่อน านามานุประโยค ขณะที่ วิเศษณานุประโยคบอกเวลาและวิเศษณานุประโยคบอกเงื่อนไขจะมีตัวแนะน าอนุประโยคน าอยู่ข้างหน้า นอกจากนี้ โครงสร้างประโยคแบบ causative เป็นแบบ periphrastic ส่วนสรรพนามไม่ระบุเจาะจง tɤ́ ʔ ของภาษาหมอก ซึ่งไม่มีความจ ากัดทางอรรถศาสตร์ส าหรับบุรุษ สามารถ อ้างอิงไปยังผู้แสดงบทบาทที่ถูกกล่าวขึ้นมาก่อนในบริบท ซึ่งสามารถเป็นได้เพียงแค่ภาคประธานของอนุ ประโยคหนึ่งเท่านั้น คุณสมบัติของระบบการอ้างอิงของ tɤ́ ʔ เกิดขึ้นได้ในขอบเขตภายในอนุประโยคเอง หรือระหว่างนามานุประโยคกับประโยคหลัก หรือระหว่างประโยค upstairs และประโยค downstairs ของ โครงสร้างประโยคแบบ causative tɤ́ ʔ สามารถท าหน้าที่เป็นสรรพนามตนเองและค าแสดงความเป็นเจ้าของ ในนามวลีได้ v TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements ..................................................................................................... i Abstract ..................................................................................................................... ii บทคัดย่อ ..................................................................................................................... iv List of Tables ............................................................................................................ ix List of Figures ............................................................................................................ x List of Abbreviations and Symbols ............................................................................ xi Chapter 1 Introduction .............................................................................................. 1 1.1 Language background ...................................................................................... 2 1.2 The Mok people ............................................................................................... 4 1.3 Research questions .......................................................................................... 6 1.4 Objectives of the study .................................................................................... 6 1.5 Scope and limitations of the study ................................................................... 6 1.6 Data sources .................................................................................................... 6 1.7 Phonology ....................................................................................................... 7 1.8 Literature review ............................................................................................. 8 1.8.1 Austroasiatic and eastern Austroasiatic literature ..................................... 8 1.8.2 Palaungic literature................................................................................. 10 1.8.3 Angkuic literature ................................................................................... 13 1.9 Contributions and composition of study .......................................................
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