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Disclaimer: this study guide was not created to replace your textbook and is for classroom or individual use only. Study Guides Study v1.11.2.2011 Page 1 of 3 Page Any disease that Image Credit: ZooFari, CC-BY-SA 3.0 CC-BY-SA Image Credit: ZooFari, Part of the system circulatory the of Part Part of the circulatory system Type of Type cell in that defends Type of cell in blood that contains Genetic characteristic associated with the with associated characteristic Genetic Cell fragment in blood that helps blood clot. in blood that Cell fragment that carries blood between the and body. that carries blood between the heart and affects the heart or blood vessels. hemoglobin and carries oxygen. hemoglobin and carries other or microorganisms invading against body the fluid. threats in blood or extracellular presence or absence of antigens on the surface of red blood cells. . that carries blood between the heart and Systemic Circulation: Cardiovascular Disease (CVD): Red Blood Cell: White Blood Cells: Platelet: Type: Blood Circulation: Pulmonary .’ v tem . It is a muscular consisting mainly of cardiac muscles. The four s y entricle starts with a ‘ v S ’ and a circulatory system The organ system consisting of Force exerted by circulating blood on blood circulating by exerted Force This guide was created by Cindy Lam and Jin Yu. To learn more about the To Cindy Lam and Jin Yu. created by This guide was student authors, http://www.ck12.org/about/ck-12-interns/. ulatory Smallest type of that connects c trium starts with an ‘ Golden-yellow fluid part of blood that contains that blood of part fluid Golden-yellow Type of blood vessel that carries blood away Since ‘a’ comes before ‘v’ in the alphabet, the is above the ventricle. To remember where the atria and ventricles are, think of it like this: a Fluid connective that circulates throughout throughout circulates that tissue connective Fluid Type of blood vessel that carries blood toward the toward blood carries that vessel blood of Type many dissolved substances and blood cells. dissolved many the walls of blood vessels. of blood the walls the body through blood vessels. from the heart toward the lungs or body. from the heart toward heart from the lungs or body. small and . very the heart, blood vessels, and blood that transports body. materials around the ir Key Terms Heart Big Picture they close after the made is end “thump” first The contraction. of a heart when the AV closes and the “thump” is made second when the semilunar close. valves valves valves (AV), is located between atria the and ventricles. The called is the located semilunar valves, other set, between the arteries. ventricles and the The double heartbeat you hear is the sound produced by these valves as “Thump Thump, Thump Thump” There are two sets of the in going blood the keep that heart valves in the right direction. One set, called the atrioventricular chambers of the heart are the upper left and right atria (singular: atrium) and the lower left and right ventricles. ventricles. right and left The lower heart the is and part atrium) of (singular: the atria right and left upper the are heart human the of chambers Valves in the heart keep the blood going in one direction. The system. the nervous cardiac muscles do not require stimulation by the heart beating, which is why cardiac signals that keep muscle cells of the heart send out electrical oxygen, cellular wastes, and nutrients from digested food. The main components of the circulatory system are the heart, the are system circulatory The the circulatory of system’s components main main job The is food. digested to from transport nutrients materials and throughout wastes, the cellular body. Such oxygen, materials include , blood vessels, and blood. The heart pumps blood into two separate circuits that run simultaneously: the pulmonary circuit and the systemic circuit. Understanding how the circulatory system works and the importance of its functions healthy. ourselves disease and keep cardiovascular better helps us prevent Blood Pressure: Blood Blood: Plasma: : : : Circulatory System: C Circulatory System cont.

Blood Vessels

Blood vessels form a network through the body that allows for the transportation of blood, food, waste, and other materials. The three major types of blood

Biology vessels are arteries, veins, and .

Remember that the differences between arteries and veins are not the kind of blood they carry (oxygenated vs. deoxygenated) but the directions of the blood.

Arteries carry blood away from the heart (to either the body or the lungs) while veins carry blood to the heart. Blood vessels need to withstand the blood pressure. Since the blood pressure is higher in arteries, arteries tend to have thicker walls than veins do. The walls of blood vessels can either constrict (narrow down) or dilate (widen) to regulate blood flow as a response to stimulation from the nervous or .

For example, during a “fight-or-flight” response, the Image Credit: CK-12 Foundation, CC-BY-NC-SA 3.0 epinephrine is released and acts to restrict the blood vessels leading to the and intestines in order to increase blood flow toward your muscles.

Blood

Image Credit: Steffen Dietzel Image Credit: MDougM, Image Credit: Dr. Triche, Image Credit: Tleonardi, (Dietzel65), CC-BY-SA 3.0 Public Domain Public Domain CC-BY 3.0 Figure: An image of plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets, respectively.

Blood is composed of plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Blood is responsible for carrying the oxygen, hormones, and nutrients being transported. Blood also functions as a component of the to protect against and repair body tissue as well as maintaining pH. Each component of blood is responsible for certain functions of blood:

Plasma Red Blood Cells White Blood Cells Platelets Description Fluid part of blood; Contains hemoglobin, Many different types; Very small structures watery golden-yellow; a protein with iron; larger than red blood makes up ~50% of makes up ~45% of cells blood blood Functions Allows blood to flow; Hemoglobin helps Defend the body from Secretes a substance that carries all the other molecules carry oxy- pathogens (works for convert a soluble protein components of blood gen around the body the immune system) into insoluble threads for blood clotting

Red blood cells can also be classified by blood type. The two most important classifications are the ABO and Rhesus blood types. • ABO blood type is determined by the presence of antigens A and B. Blood type A has only antigen A, blood type B has only antigen B, blood type AB has both, and blood type O has neither. • Rhesus blood type is determined by one antigen. Blood type Rh+ has the antigen and blood type Rh- does not. Whenever a person receives blood, the received blood must be the same type or a compatible one. Receiving incompatible blood can be life-threatening!

Page 2 of 3 Biology Page 3 of 3 Page . Image Credit: Yury Maslobev, CC-BY-SA 3.0 CC-BY-SA Maslobev, Image Credit: Yury . systemic circuit systemic -rich blood is emptied into the left atrium, which 2 then passes into the left ventricle. then passes into the body. largest artery in the the expose that capillaries becoming ultimately until blood to all of the body. pulmonary the to returns it tissue, body with dioxide circuit. O The blood the exits the heart through the aorta, the out branch repeatedly arteries aorta, the at Starting After the blood has exchanged oxygen for carbon ont • • • • Figure: Defibrillator. Hypertension is another word for high blood pressure, or pressure, blood high for word another is Hypertension too much force on the walls of the arteries as the heart pumps blood through the body. Older patients tend to diet A ages. one as stiffen arteries as hypertension have lead also can cholesterol and salt much too of consisting to high blood pressure. While certain factors leading gender, and to genetics, CVD, can't such be system cardiovascular your keep can diet healthy a and as controlled, age, exercising clear and healthy. From this point, the blood then proceeds to the beginning the to proceeds then blood the point, this From of the Circuit The Systemic left the by circuit systemic the through pumped is Blood the blood, which carries This pathway side of the heart. is carrying the new supply of oxygen, to all the tissues of the Blood body. goes through the systemic pathway in the following order: c

- - tem s y S (CVD) are diseases that af . The blood, upon entering the ulatory -rich blood then returns to the heart through c 2 -poor blood travels through the anterior (aka 2 pulmonary circuit ir occurs. The O the pulmonary veins. superior) vena body. cava the in veins largest and two the cava, vena the inferior) posterior (aka the into then and atrium right the enters then blood The the right ventricle. pulmonary the enters blood ventricle, right the From artery and to the lungs. At the lungs, gas exchange O Interesting Facts Cardiovascular Disease Path of Blood Through the Body Blood Through Path of Notes 4. 2. 3. 1. using a defibrillator to shock by stimulated not is an unconsciousheart the patient. previously, mentioned As the and instead follows the electrical impulses sent from the cardiac muscles. So when the heartbeat is off due to abnormal electrical impulses, a defibrillator is used to “shock” the heart with electrical impulses to reestablish a normal heart rhythm. If you've ever watched a soap opera or medical TV show, show, TV medical or opera soap a watched ever you've If you may have seen a doctor yelling "Clear!" and then not enough blood supply reaches the cardiac muscles and the muscles die. Cardiovascular diseases fect the heart and blood vessels. The leading cause of CVD, atherosclerosis, occurs when plaque builds up in the arteries, which reduces blood flow. Plaque consists Athero substances. other and cholesterol, debris, cell of muscles heart the of arteries the in occurs that sclerosis disease heart Coronary disease. heart coronary called is when happens attack heart A attack. heart a to lead can pulmonary circuit, has dioxide lost carbon The most dioxide. carbon of carries now its and body oxygen to the must be dumped from the body and oxygen picked up lungs. at the via gas exchange Blood travels through following way: the pulmonary circuit in the The Pulmonary Circuit The Pulmonary The right side of the heart takes blood returning from tissues of the body and pumps it to the lungs through the C