INDEX

A Latin or Romantic Language cultures, Abbreviations 205–209 common business, 168–169 Middle East, Arabic, and North African common text, 169 cultures, 202–205 as form of shorthand, 165 Russian, East European, and Slavic Abdullah bin Abdul Aziz, Crown Prince, cultures, 200–202 51–53, 203 Asian Pacifi c cultures Accents, 63 area- and language-specifi c Acculturation, 141 characteristics of, 192–196 Acronyms formality of e-mail communication common business, 166–168 in, 88 defi ning for cross-cultural management styles of, 134 communication, 182 multicultural language dynamics in, 77 as form of shorthand, 165 team-oriented culture, 104 Adoption, 5 on time culture in, 84 Affection, public displays of, 204 Asians Africa, 36 listening and, 35 Agreement frame, 112–113 periods of silence during negotiations American English, 60 and, 22, 32 American Sign Language process-oriented culture of, 50 hook ’em horns gesture in, 157 tonality and, 62 letter t in, 161 understanding and, 46 Analogies, 170 use of descriptive feedback frame Ancestry, 11 in, 114 Arabic culture Aspirational factor, 99–100 area- and language-specifi c Assertiveness, avoiding, 186 characteristicsCOPYRIGHTED of, 202–205 Association, MATERIAL 67–70 multicultural language Association of American Geographers, 19 dynamics in, 77 Attire Area-Specifi c appropriate, 181 Asia/Pacifi c, Chinese, and Japanese attire protocol in Dubai, 23 cultures, 192–196 author’s, 21 English Language cultures, 196–200 business attire in Dubai, 11 Germanic, Scandinavian, and Nordic protocol in Saudi Arabia, 23 cultures, 190–192 regional, 10

229

bbindex.inddindex.indd 229229 111/02/131/02/13 88:48:48 AAMM 230 Index

Audience, 38–39 Belgian culture, 105 Australia, 156, 197 Beliefs, 139–140 Author bin Laden, Osama, 15 ancestry of, xv, 8 Body language awareness of social class, 13 characteristics of, 63 business example of cultural overlay, cultural perceptions and, 38 xv–xvi in English language cultures, 197–198 on challenging translation establishing rapport and, 53 experience, 95 facial expressions and, 27 on choice of business name, 37 gestures to avoid, 155–163 cultural overlay of, xv–xvi of high-context communicators, on disapproving nonverbal 122–123 communication, 146 impact of mother tongue languages on e-mail styles, 90–91 on, 72 on establishing friendships in in Latin or romantic language Switzerland, 44 cultures, 207 on experience of rapport with others, 48 lower-context communicators, 125 experience of shopping for ring in as method of communication, 63–65 Dubai, UAE, 100–101 pace of communication and, 29 experience with trees, 69–70 tonality and, 182–183 on gift giving, 34 Border countries, 13 humorous faux pas, 217–220 Bowing, 14 infl uences on, 7–8 Brain patterns, 27 life experiences, 14 Brazil, 38 personal example of cultural Bush, George H.W., 156 overlay, 16–17 Bush, George W., 51–53, 156, 157, 203 on phone rapport, 54 Business cards on proactive approach for cross-cultural dual-language, 192–193 relationships, 36 exchange, 182 on receipt of formal e-mail in Latin or romantic language communication, 88–90 cultures, 206 on role of listening, 36 in Middle East, Arabic, and North second language of, 71 African cultures, 203 “strikes” against, 20–21 in Russian, East European, and Slavic travel experience in Scandinavia, 77 cultures, 200 Awareness two-handed exchange, 14, 192–193 cultural, 32 Business communication of geography by Americans, 24 e-mail and, 91 rapport and, 42, 51–57 in Germanic, Scandinavian, and Nor- dic cultures, 190 B Business culture Batteries, translation in instruction in Asia/Pacifi c, Chinese, and Japanese manual for changing, 93–94 cultures, 192–196 Beckon gesture, 159–161, 192, 202, 208 cross-cultural communication in, 55–56 Behavior styles in English language cultures, 198, 199 management styles in different cultures, in Germanic, Scandinavian, and Nor- 133–134 dic cultures, 191 outcome-oriented cultures, 130 in Latin or romantic language cultures, relationship-oriented cultures, 130 205–206, 208–209 Behavioral science, 25 in Middle East, Arabic, and North

bbindex.inddindex.indd 230230 111/02/131/02/13 8:488:48 AMAM Index 231

African cultures, 204 Climate in Russian, East European, and Slavic effect on languages, 26–28 cultures, 201–202 role of time in, 83 Business hierarchy Collaboration, 99–106 in Asia/Pacifi c, Chinese, and Japanese approach, 101 cultures, 196 author’s experience of shopping for ring in Germanic, Scandinavian, and in Dubai, UAE, 100–101 Nordic cultures, 191 basic components of, 99–100 in Latin or romantic language cooperation, 101 cultures, 206 guidelines for effective, 102 in Middle East, Arabic, and North objective of, 101 African cultures, 205 Comfort zones in Russian, East European, and Slavic for cross-cultural interactions, 32 cultures, 200 cultural familiarity and, 26 Business marketing strategies, 144–145 public and private business, 137 Business relationships Common space, 184 in Asia/Pacifi c, Chinese, and Japanese Communication cultures, 193 breakdown, 127–128 foundation of, 49 business, 56, 91 in Germanic, Scandinavian, and context, 121–128 Nordic cultures, 190 disapproving nonverbal, 146 multicultural language dynamics e-mail, 56, 87–92 and, 77 80 percent rule, 39 social relationships and, 135 factors that affect how message is Business sports jargon, 175–177 received, 116 Business text protocol, 56–57 factors that affect sender’s message, 115 global averages, 64 C indirect, 194, 201, 204 CAFTA. See Central American Free interaction in, 39 Trade Agreement (CAFTA), listening and, 35–36 Camaraderie, 48 maximizing effective, 35–40 Canada, 90, 196, 197, 198 methods of, 59–65 Cantons, 12 process of, 116 Care, 180 role of association in, 67–68 Central American cultures styles, 38 management styles of, 133 texting, 56–57 team-oriented culture, 104 types of, 36 Central American Free Trade Agreement understanding, 67–70 (CAFTA), 20 understanding and, 45–46 Chicken and egg theory of culture, 31–34 words and, 59–60 China written, 73 business negotiation practices of, 23–24 Communication framing collaborative project with, 103–104 characteristics of, 107 technology and, 14 components of, 110–115 Chinese cultures, area- and language- concept of, 108–109 specifi c characteristics of, 192–196 as critical part of multicultural sales and Churchill, Winston, 156 negotiations, 108 Circles Of Excellence Inc., xvi, 37, 129, factors that affect how message is 165 received, 116 Cities, 12–13 factors that affect sender’s message, 115

bbindex.inddindex.indd 231231 111/02/131/02/13 8:488:48 AMAM 232 Index

Confl ict resolution tool, 112–113 Cultural development, infl uences on, 2, Conformity, 141–142 4, 72 Conscious competence, 151 Cultural differences, elements that affect, Conscious incompetence, 151 3–5 Context Cultural layers, factors that infl uence, in communication, 121–128 9–16 high-context communicators, 122–124 Cultural overlay higher-context cultures, 124–125 author’s, xv–xvi, 4 low-context communicators, 125–127 author’s personal example of, 16–17 lower-context cultures, 127 business example of, 16 “Continental style” eating, 192, Cultural perceptions 199–200, 209 of Americans, 19–20 Cooperation, 101 managing preexisting, 19–24 Country of residence, 12 overcoming, 22, 24 Cross, xvi stereotypical, 21–22 Cross-cultural communication Cultural science, 25–29 in business culture, 55–56 Culture creating, 1–40 chicken and egg theory, 31–34 establishing rapport, 41–77 defi nition of in time for particular, 82 framing, 107–118 shared design, 9 organizing interactions, 79–118 uniqueness of, 3–6 pace of, 29 various meanings of, 60 proactive, 1–2, 151 Cypress trees, 69 role of cultural science for, 26 strategies for relationships, 119–152 D successful, 153–213 Dancing, 208 use of Maslow’s four steps, 151 Dates, 184 win-win, 211–213 Decision-making Cross-cultural interactions in Asia/Pacifi c, Chinese, and Japanese collaboration, 99–106 cultures, 195 e-mail etiquette, 87–92 in Latin America, 143 framing cross-cultural communication, in Latin or romantic language 107–118 cultures, 207 multicultural time expectations, 81–85 in United States, 143 organizing, 79–118 Deletion, 117 triple cross-translation, 93–97 Descriptive feedback frame, 114–115 Cross-cultural relationships Difference. See Cultural differences adapting, 33–34 Dining role of communication in successful, 36 in Asia/Pacifi c, Chinese, and Japanese Cultural Clues cultures, 196 Asia/Pacifi c, Chinese, and Japanese in English language cultures, 199–200 cultures, 192–196 in Germanic, Scandinavian, and Nor- English Language cultures, 196–200 dic cultures, 192 Germanic, Scandinavian, and Nordic in Latin or romantic language cultures, cultures, 190–192 209 Latin or Romantic Language cultures, in Middle East, Arabic, and North 205–209 African cultures, 205 Middle East, Arabic, and North African in Russian, East European, and Slavic cultures, 202–205 cultures, 202 Russian, East European, and Slavic Discrimination, 20 cultures, 200–202 Distortion, 117

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Do’s and Taboos common business sports jargon in, Asia/Pacifi c, Chinese, and Japanese 175–177 cultures, 192–196 common slang, 171–172 English Language cultures, 196–200 different word meanings between Germanic, Scandinavian, and Nordic American and British, 198–199 cultures, 190–192 as international language, 33 Latin or Romantic Language cultures, paradoxes of language, 225–226 205–209 role of tonality and body language Middle East, Arabic, and North African in, 76 cultures, 202–205 tonal graph for, 76 Russian, East European, and Slavic translation and, 60 cultures, 200–202 types of, 76 Dress. See Attire United Kingdom, 76 Drinking, 192 English-speaking cultures Dual-language business cards, 192 area- and language-specifi c characteris- Dubai, UAE tics of, 196–200 attire protocol in, 23 individual-oriented culture, 105 author’s experience of shopping for ring management styles of, 133 in, 100–101 multicultural language dynamics in, 77 business attire in, 11 on time culture in, 84 Enjoyment, 184 E Entertainment, 21 E-mail Enunciation, 181 cultural styles, 90 Environment, 26–29 etiquette, 87–92 Ethnicity, 10 golden rules of, 91–92 Etiquette rapport, 56 cultural, 33 role of, 80 e-mail, 87–92 use in Asia/Pacifi c, Chinese, and Japa- what to avoid, 185–187 nese cultures, 192 what to do, 179–184 Eastern European culture EU. See European Union (EU) area- and language-specifi c characteris- European culture, values, 145 tics of, 200–202 European Union (EU), 9 multicultural language dynamics in, 77 Events, 14–15 team-oriented culture, 105 Eye contact Education, 13–14 in Asia/Pacifi c, Chinese, and Japanese Effective communication, maximizing, cultures, 193 35–40 in Germanic, Scandinavian, and Nor- Egypt, 28 dic cultures, 190 80 percent rule, 39 in Middle East, Arabic, and North Embarrassment, unintentionally causing, African cultures, 203 185, 195 necessity of, 183 Enculturation, 140 in Russian, East European, and Slavic English cultures, 201 American, 60 common business abbreviations in, F 168–169 Face-to-face relationships, 53–54 common business acronyms in, Facial expressions, 27 166–168 Family, 11 common business slang and jargon in, Family names, use of, 181 173–175 Faux pas, humorous, 217–220

bbindex.inddindex.indd 233233 111/02/131/02/13 8:488:48 AMAM 234 Index

Feedback frame, 113–114 Greetings, 54, 182, 200 Fig gesture, 161, 202 Guidelines Filters, 117 e-mail etiquette, 90 Finger curl gesture, 159–161, 192, to effective collaboration, 102 202, 208 global etiquette tips, 179–187 Finger point gesture, 38, 159–160 golden rules of e-mail, 91–92 Flexible time cultures, 85 informal rules as, 146 Formality, 183 for management styles in different France, 38 cultures, 133–134 “Freedom fries,” 15 for working with interpreters, 96–97 French language, 76 French-speaking cultures, 105 H Friends, 12 Hair color, 20 Friendship Hand gestures author’s, 44 to avoid, 155–163 rapport and, 51–53 avoiding rude, 185 social relationships and, 135 fi g gesture, 161, 202 U.S. Americans and, 44–45 fi nger curl/beckon gesture, 160–161, 192, 208 G fi nger point gesture, 38, 159–160 Gender, 10 middle fi nger up gesture, 162–163 Gender issues, 23 OK sign, 38, 155–156, 191 Generalization, 117 thumbs down sign, 38, 158–159 Geography thumbs up sign, 38 American awareness of, 19 use in Latin or romantic language importance of knowing, 39 cultures, 207–208 knowledge of, 180 use in Russian, East European, and Germanic culture Slavic cultures, 202 area- and language-specifi c use of, 38 characteristics of, 190–192 Handshakes body language in, 72 in English language cultures, 197 as higher-context communicators, 126 in Germanic, Scandinavian, and Nordic individual-oriented culture, 105 cultures, 190 multicultural language dynamics in, 77 in Latin or romantic language on time culture in, 84 cultures, 206 tonality of language in, 61, 72 in Middle East, Arabic, and North Germanic languages African cultures, 203 characteristics of, 72 Muslim cultures and, 143 dance styles of, 75 in Russian, East European, and Slavic English as, 76 cultures, 200 role of climate on, 27 Texas, 16, 53 tonal graph for German phrase, 72–73 types of, 53 Gestures, 155–163 use in Asia/Pacifi c, Chinese, and to avoid, 155–163 Japanese cultures, 192 offense, 38 Hawaiian Islands, 83 use of, 38 Head, 187, 205 Gifts, 34, 196, 202, 208 High-context communicators Global communication averages, 64 body language and, 122–123 Golden rule, 100 major attributes of, 123–124 Golden rules of e-mail, 91–92 tonality of language in, 122–123

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Higher-context cultures, 124–125 L Homogenization, 9, 38, 106 Languages Honor, 184 colder climate, 27–28 Hook ’em horns gesture, 156–158 common business slang and jargon in Humility, 191, 201 English, 173–175 Humor, 170, 177, 182, 217–220 common business sports jargon in English, 175–177 I common slang in English, 171–172 Il cornuto gesture, 156–158 English, 76 In time, 82 English as international, 33 Inappropriate actions, making, 185 Germanic, 27, 72 India infl uences on cultural development, 72 formality of e-mail communication in, 88 Latin-based, 27 mid-range culture, 105 melody in, 77 technology and, 14 of Middle East, 203 warmer climate language and culture mother tongue, 9, 27 of, 28 multicultural dynamics, 77 Indirect communication, 194, 201, 204 native, 33 Individual-oriented cultures, 105 nonverbal, 207 Individualism, 141 role of climate on, 26–28 Infl ection, 62 second, 33, 37 Interpersonal relationships, 53 shorthand, 165 Interpretation, 67 spoken, 28 Interpreters, guidelines for warmer climate, 28 working with, 96–97 Latin American cultures Introductions, 200 decision-making in, 143 Intuition, 34 formality of e-mail communication Irish Brogue, 76 in, 88 Israeli culture, 105 use of descriptive feedback frame in, 114 J voice tones and, 62 Japanese culture Latin-based languages area- and language-specifi c area- and language-specifi c characteris- characteristics of, 192–196 tics of culture, 205–209 core values in, 141–142 dance styles of, 75 cross-cultural relationships in, 33 multicultural language dynamics in, 77 as lower-context communicators, role of climate on, 27 125–126 role of tonality and body multicultural language dynamics in, 77 language in, 75 values, 145 tonal graph for Italian phrase, 74 Jargon Laws, 180 business, 173–175 Left hand, 203 business sports, 175–177 Lending face, 195 defi ning for cross-cultural Life experiences, 14 communication, 182 Listening Johnson, Lady Bird, 218 asking questions and, 183 Johnson, Lyndon Baines, 218 communication and, 35 rapport and, 50 K in Russian, East European, and Slavic Korea, 193 cultures, 201

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Local culture, 10 Neurological development, 25 Lose-lose category, 213 Nixon, Richard M., 155–156 Lose-win category, 212 Nonverbal language, 207 Lower-context communicators Nordic culture body language and, 125 area- and language-specifi c major attributes of, 126–127 characteristics of, 190–192 tonality of language in, 125 individual-oriented culture, 105 Lower-context cultures, 127 multicultural language dynamics in, 77 on time culture in, 84 M North African cultures Management area- and language-specifi c need for multicultural adapting, 34 characteristics of, 202–205 styles, 133–134 multicultural language dynamics in, 77 Manners, 180–181 North American Free Trade Agreement Maslow’s four steps, 151 (NAFTA), 20 “Matching and mirroring,” 53 Northern European cultures Metaphors, 170 individual-oriented culture, 105 Mid-range cultures, 105 management styles of, 133–134 Middle East, 88 Northern/sub-Saharan African Middle Eastern culture cultures, 105 area- and language-specifi c characteristics of, 202–205 O multicultural language dynamics in, 77 Oak trees, 69–70 team-oriented culture, 105 Obama, Barack, 158 Middle fi nger up gesture, 162–163 Observation, role of, 53 Middle ground, 180 OK sign Middleton (Mountbatten-Windsor), Kate, as offensive gesture, 38 Duchess of Cambridge, 143 use by Richard Nixon, 155–156 Miscommunication, 36, 60, 127 use in Germanic, Scandinavian, and Misunderstanding, 46, 69, 127 Nordic cultures, 191 Modesty, 191 use in Russian, East European, and Morocco, 28 Slavic cultures, 202 Mother tongue, 9 On time Mother tongue languages cultures, 84 impact of, 71–77 defi nition of, 82–83 infl uence on cultural layers, 9 protocol for being, 83–84 Moutza gesture, 161–162 Open door style of management, 191 Multicultural language dynamics, 77 Open hand gestures, 38, 161–162, 163 Multicultural navigation, 189–209 Outcome-oriented cultures, 50, 100, 130 Music, 208 Oxford English, 76 Muslim cultures, 143 Mutual benefi t, 101 P Parents, 11 N Patience, 194–195 NAFTA. See North American Free Trade Peace sign gesture, 156–157 Agreement (NAFTA) Perception, 116–117 Nation, 12 Personal information, sharing of, National Geographic Society, 19 134–135, 190 Neighborhoods, 13 Personal questions, avoid asking, 186 Netiquette, 88 Phone rapport, 54–55. See also Telephones

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Physically challenged, 15–16 Regions, 12 Pointing, 38, 194 Relationship-oriented cultures Politeness, 193–194, 199, 208 characteristics of, 130 Politics, 5, 15, 185 cultural relationship and outcome Posture, 23, 53, 194 orientation in, 131 Preframe, 110–111 professional relationship and outcome Presentation style, 21 orientation in, 132 Privacy, 134 Relationships Private-oriented cultures adapting to cross-cultural, 33–34 comfort zones, 137 balancing business and, 183 social relationships and, 135–136 face-to-face, 53–54 Process-oriented cultures, 50, 100, 193 foundation of business, 49 Profession interpersonal, 53 cross-cultural relationships and, 33 in Latin or romantic language cultures, infl uence on cultural layers, 14 207 Protective factor, 100 multicultural language dynamics Protocol, 181 and, 77 Provinces, 12 outcome orientation and cultural, 131 Public-oriented cultures outcome orientation and comfort zones, 137 professional, 132 social relationships and, 135–136 role of communication in successful Punctuality cross-cultural, 36 in English language cultures, 199 in Russian, East European, and Slavic in Germanic, Scandinavian, and Nor- cultures, 200, 201 dic cultures, 191 strategies for, 119–152 in Latin or romantic language cultures, Religion, 13, 185, 208 207 Respect in Russian, East European, and Slavic determining, 43 cultures, 200 of elderly, 193, 202 establishing, 43 R genuine, 43 Race, 9–10 showing, 179–180 Rapport time differences, 184 adapting style for, 51–57 trust and, 45 building, 49–50 understanding and, 45–46 in business relationships, 49 Retro-acculturation, 141 characteristics of, 47–48 Romantic languages. See Latin-based clues, 53 languages developing, 47–50 Roper Public Affairs, 19 e-mail, 56 Rude behavior, 200–201 establishing, 41–77 Rules, 146, 180 as feeling, 48 Russian culture fi nding out other person’s needs, 49 area- and language-specifi c characteris- fulfi lling other person’s needs, 49 tics of, 200–202 listening and, 50 multicultural language dynamics in, 77 phone, 54 team-oriented culture, 105 respect and, 43–46 texting, 57 S “Real eyes,” 39 Saudi Arabia, 23 Reframe, 111–112 Saying “no,” 187, 204

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Scandinavian culture Spatial relationships area- and language-specifi c characteris- in Asia/Pacifi c, Chinese, and Japanese tics of, 190–192 cultures, 193 author’s travel experience in, 77 in English language cultures, 197 body language in, 72 in Germanic, Scandinavian, and individual-oriented culture, 105 Nordic cultures, 190 multicultural language dynamics in, 77 in Middle East, Arabic, and North on time culture in, 84 African cultures, 203–204 tonality of language in, 61, 72 Speech, 181 Scottish English, 76 Sports jargon. See Business sports jargon Secondary languages, 9, 71–72 States, 12 Self-control, 204 Stereotypes, 21–22 Self-importance, avoiding, 186 Strategies for relationships Senses, 26 business and social behavioral styles, Sensitive topics, avoiding, 185 129–138 Shoes, showing the soles of your, 186, cross-cultural “shortcut,” 121–128 194, 204 cultural beliefs, values, and rules, Shorthand, 165 139–147 Silence, 22, 32, 194–195 potter’s wheel and, 149–152 Slang “Strikes,” managing, 19–24, 38 characteristics of, 170–171 Superfi cial questions, avoid asking, 186 common, 171–172 Surnames defi ning for cross-cultural use in Asia/Pacifi c, Chinese, and communication, 182 Japanese cultures, 192 Slavic culture use in English-speaking cultures, 197 area- and language-specifi c use in Germanic, Scandinavian, and characteristics of, 200–202 Nordic cultures, 190 multicultural language dynamics in, 77 use in Latin or romantic language team-oriented culture, 105 cultures, 206–207 Social class, 13 use in Russian, East European, and Social relationships, 77, 135 Slavic cultures, 200, 201 South Africa, 105, 156 Swiss culture South American cultures mid-range culture, 105 formality of e-mail communication on time culture in, 84 in, 88 Switzerland management styles of, 133 author’s friendships in Switzerland, 43 multicultural language dynamics, 77 defi nition of in time, 82 team-oriented culture, 104 independent-oriented/team-oriented Southern drawl, 76 cultures of, 105 Southern European cultures phone rapport, 54 approach to time in, 83 Swiss Germans and Swiss French in, 12 as fl exible time culture, 85 Symbols, 68 formality of e-mail communication in, 88 T management styles of, 133 Taboos, 38 team-oriented culture, 105 Teachers, 12 tonality of language in, 62 Team-focused cultures, 40 use of descriptive feedback Team-oriented cultures frame in, 114 in Asia/Pacifi c, Chinese, and Japanese Spain, 28, 158, 205, 206, 207 cultures, 195

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collaborative project with China, pace of communication and, 29 102–103 role in telephone communication, list of, 104–105 64–65 Technology Tone, 61 effects on global culture, 9 Too much information (TMI), 135 role of India and China in, 14 Touching Telephones in Asia/Pacifi c, Chinese, and Japanese phone rapport, 54–55 cultures, 194 role of tonality in communication on, avoiding, 186 64–65 in English language cultures, 197, 198 Tempo, 61 head, 187 Texas handshake, 16, 53 in Latin or romantic language cultures, Texting 206 business text protocol, 56–57 in Middle East, Arabic, and North common abbreviations, 169 African cultures, 203 rapport, 57 in Russian, East European, and Slavic Thumbs down sign, 38, 158–159 cultures, 201 Thumbs up sign, 38, 158–159 Towns, 12–13 Timbre, 61 Translations Time in English language cultures, 199 defi nition of in time, 82 humorous, 221–223 defi nition of on time, 82–83 triple cross-translation, 93–97 fl exible time cultures, 85 of words from one language in Middle East, Arabic, and North to another, 60 African cultures, 204 Travel multicultural expectations, 81–85 infl uence on cultural layers, 15 protocol for being on time, 83–84 role in managing cultural respect of differences, 184 perceptions, 22 robbers, 82 Trees on time cultures, 84 describing, 67–68 use of 24-hour clock, 81 Korean word for, 62 Titles symbols for, 68 use in English-speaking cultures, 197 Triple cross-translation use in Latin or romantic language overview, 93–97 cultures, 206–207 process of, 94–95 use in Russian, East European, and Tropical island cultures, 105 Slavic cultures, 200 Trust Toasting, 192 earning, 45–46 Tonality respect and, 45 accents and, 63 Two-handed business card exchange, 14, body language and, 182–183 192–193 cultural perceptions and, 38 2012 Paralympics, 15 in English language cultures, 198 2012 Summer Olympics, 143 facial expressions and, 27 of high-context communicators, U 122–123 UAE. See United Arab impact of mother tongue languages Emirates (UAE) on, 72 Unconscious competence, 151 major things that affect, 61 Unconscious incompetence, 151 as method of communication, 61–63 Understanding, 45–46

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United Arab Emirates (UAE) V area- and language-specifi c characteris- V for victory gesture, 156–157 tics of, 202–203 Values attire protocol for women in Dubai, 23 cultural, 140 author’s experience of shopping for ring European, 145 in Dubai, 100–101 Japanese, 145 business attire in, 11 U.S. American, 145–146 mid-range culture, 105 Villages, 12–13 on time culture in, 84 Voice, tonality of warmer climate language and culture cultural perceptions and, 38 of, 28 facial expressions and, 27 United Kingdom major things that affect, 61 area- and language-specifi c characteris- as method of communication, 61–63 tics of, 196–200 pace of communication and, 29 style of e-mail communication, 90 Volume, 61 tonality of language in, 76 Vowels, 27–28 use of victory gesture in, 156 United States. See also U.S. Americans W area- and language-specifi c characteris- Waving, 191 tics of, 196–200 We-oriented cultures, 40 bombing of Iraq, 14–15 Win-lose category, 212 core values in, 141, 142 Win-win category, 213 cross-cultural relationships in, 33 Win-win cross-cultural communication, cultural variations within, 5 211–213 decision-making in, 143 Women global perceptions of, 5 attire protocol in Dubai, 23 greetings, 54 discrimination against, 20 handshakes, 197 role in society and business, 143 impact of border countries on, 13 Word association, 67–70 killing of Osama bin Laden, 15 Words as outcome-oriented culture, 50 correct pronunciation of, 181 Southern accent of, 28 honoring, 184 Southern drawl, 76 as method of communication, 59–60 style of e-mail communication, 90 native, 181 Texas handshake, 16, 53 pace of communication and, 29 training in, 21 translation and, 60 use of 12-hour clock, 81 in warm weather cultures, 28 use of OK sign, 38 written, 73, 80, 199 values, 145–146 Workplace colleagues, 14 voice tones and, 62 Written communication U.S. Americans Germanic languages, 73 cultural perceptions of, 19–20 role of e-mail, 80 friendship and, 44 value in English-speaking cultures, 199

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