Ibn Marwan E a Fitna: Islamismo E Feudalismo No Gharb Al- Andalus

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Ibn Marwan E a Fitna: Islamismo E Feudalismo No Gharb Al- Andalus UNIVERSIDADE DE LISBOA FACULDADE DE LETRAS Ibn Marwan e a fitna: Islamismo e Feudalismo no Gharb al- Andalus Augusto Fernando Tiago Santos Nunes Tese de Mestrado Mestrado em Historia do Mediterrâneo Islâmico e Medieval Historia 2014 UNIVERSIDADE DE LISBOA FACULDADE DE LETRAS Ibn Marwan e a fitna: Islamismo e Feudalismo no Gharb al- Andalus Augusto Fernando Tiago Santos Nunes Dissertação orientada pelo Profº Doutor Hermenegildo Fernandes, e co- orientada pela Profª Doutora Susana Gomez Martinez Mestrado em Historia do Mediterrâneo Islâmico e Medieval 2014 2 - Agradecimentos…………………………………………………………………........ 5 - Resumo …………………………………………………………………………….… 6 - Abstract………………………………………………………………………………. 7 - Nota introdutória…………………………………………………………………….. 8 - Estado da Arte……………………………………………………………………….. 9 Capitulo 1 1. A fitna na dicotomia feudalismo/islamismo……………………………………… 25 1.1 A fitna: resenha das perturbações políticas no século IX……………………... 25 1.2 O que dizem as fontes…………………………………………………………. 36 - As fontes escritas……………………………………………………………. 37 - A questão das fontes arqueológicas: fortificações e a sua tipologia………... 44 - Onomástica e etimologia enquanto fontes: algumas considerações……….... 47 1.3 A fitna: os seus personagens na dicotomia mundo urbanos/mundo rural…….. 50 - A composição social e étnica andalusi……………………………………… 50 - Ruralismo e urbanismo……………………………………………………… 55 - A fitna enquanto fenómeno social…………………………………………... 58 Capitulo 2 2. Ibn Marwan e a fitna: os movimentos autonómicos e o poder central………… 62 2.1 O Gharb al-Andalus: algumas considerações…………………………………. 62 - Geografia……………………………………………………………………. 62 - População, etnias e cultura………………………………………………...... 66 2.2 Os contactos com a Jilliqiya…………………………………….….…………. 71 - A Reconquista e a fitna……………………………………………………... 71 3 - Itinerários e contactos……………………………………………………….. 78 2.3 Os desafios ao poder central de Córdova……………………………………... 82 - A fitna e as questões políticas no século IX………………………………… 82 - O itinerário de Ibn Marwan: o Gharb em processo autonómico……………. 90 - A dawla de Ibn Marwan……………………………………………………. 95 - Ibn Marwan: poder feudal ou autonomia islamizada?.................................. 100 Capitulo 3 3. O fim da dawla dos Banu Marwan e a vitoria do poder central…………..….. 109 3.1 A ascensão de ‘Abd ar-Rahman III………………………………………….. 109 3.2 O fim das dinastias autonómicas…………………………………………….. 113 - A submissão das dwal: Bobastro e Saragoça…………………………...…. 113 - Submissão da dawla dos Banu Marwan e o fim da fitna…………….……. 118 - Conclusão………………………………………………………………………….. 122 - Itinerário de Ibn Marwan………………………………………………………… 125 - Cronologia…………………………………………………………………….…… 127 - Lista dos emires omíadas no al-Andalus de 756 a 961………………….….…… 128 - Glossário……………………………………………………………………...……. 129 - Mapas……………………………………………………………………………… 136 Mapa 1………………………………...………………………………………… 136 Mapa 2………………………..………………………………………….……… 137 Mapa 3…………………………………………………………..….…………… 138 - Bibliografia………………………………………………………...……………… 139 4 Agradecimentos Á minha esposa, Ilana, pelo apoio e incentivo que me deu em todo o meu percurso académico. Foi a grande força motriz que me permitiu atingir os meus objectivos académicos. Sem a sua ajuda, tudo teria sido mais difícil. À minha família por tudo que me deu para a concretização dos meus objectivos. O seu apoio também foi fundamental para chegar ao fim de um dos grandes objectivos da minha vida. Ao meu orientador, Prof. Dr. Hermenegildo Fernandes por ter aceitado a orientação desta tese, bem como pelos conhecimentos que me transmitiu nos seminários deste mestrado e nas reuniões de orientação. As correcções e o seu olhar crítico, foram imprescindiveis para o resultado final desta tese. Á minha co-orientadora, Profª Drª. Susana Gomez Martinez, por me ter dado a ideia para o tema desta tese, bem como pelos conhecimentos que me transmitiu nos seminários deste mestrado. As suas orientações consolidaram ainda mais o resultado final desta tese. Ao Prof. Badr Hassanien, meu professor das cadeiras de Árabe na Faculdade de Letras, pelos ensinamentos da língua e cultura árabe transmitidos ao longo destes semestres, e pelas correcções e sugestões enriquecedoras, cujo resultado final está reflectido nesta tese. A todos os meus professores na Faculdade de Letras, tanto da licenciatura em Historia como deste mestrado, por, ao longo destes anos lectivos, terem partilhado os seus conhecimentos, e que me permitiram dar os primeiros passos do fascinante ofício de historiador. Ao Luís Gonçalves, doutorando em Historia nesta Faculdade, pela sua disponibilidade e paciência na elaboração dos mapas desta tese. Sao muito importantes, porque nos dão a percepção geográfica do assunto focado nesta tese. 5 Resumo Esta tese tem como objectivo, de um modo geral, analisar o impacto social, político e até mesmo civilizacional, que levaria ao clima de guerra civil que assolou a Península Ibérica muçulmana no século IX. De um modo mais restrito, analisaremos estes acontecimentos a partir de um dos seus personagens principais, ‘Abd ar-Rahman Ibn Marwan al-Jilliqi, a figura-chave desta dissertação. Como referência, temos o estudo de Manuel Acién Almansa sobre a mesma temática, Entre el Feudalismo y Islam; ‘Umar ibn Hafsun en las Fuentes y Historiografia, partindo de um outro personagem central da fitna: ‘Umar ibn Hafsun. Para além da obra de M. Acién, também consideramos o estudo de Jesus Lorenzo Jimenez, La Dawla de los Banu Qasi, uma dawla de grande protagonismo em toda a fitna. A proposta será analisar o caso de Ibn Marwan à luz dos mesmos problemas elencados por estes dois académicos, mas tendo como cenário o Gharb. Estabelecemos assim um ponto de partida para problematizar dentro da questão social ocidental e oriental, a que pertinentemente M. Acién acrescenta uma outra: a islâmica. Palavras-chave - Ibn Marwan – Islamização – Fitna – al-Andalus – Gharb – Dawla – Autonomias – Tribalismo 6 Abstract This dissertation aims to analyse the social, political, and even civilisational impact leading to the civil war atmosphere which played havoc among the Muslim Iberian Peninsula in the 9th century. These events will be analysed, by the light of one of its main characters and the key figure of this thesis, ‘Abd ar-Rahman Ibn Marwan al- Jilliqi. Furthermore, Manuel Acien Almanza’s study, Entre el Feudalismo e Islamismo: ‘Umar ibn Hafsun en las Fuentes e Historiografia, on the same theme, althoughapproaching another Fitna’s main character - ‘Umar ibn Hafsun - is also used as a reference. In addition to M. Acién’s work, a similar study by Jesus Lorenzo Jimenez, La Dawla de los Banu Qasi, portraying a dawla which played a very prominent role in the fitna, is taken into consideration as well. We will analyse Ibn Marwan’s case by the light of the same problems listed by these scholars, albeit having the Gharb as our setting. Thus, we establish a starting point to approach the problems within the social occidental and oriental matters, to which M. Acién appositely adds another one: the Islamic. Key words - Ibn Marwan – Islamisation - Fitna – al-Andalus – Gharb – Dawla – Autonomy 7 Nota introdutória Para uma melhor compreensão sobre o tratamento de fontes para esta tese, optamos por traduzir do espanhol para português as transcrições árabes que transcrevemos ao longo dos capítulos, e tendo a liberdade de fazer algum ajuste pontual que achássemos pertinente. O nosso objectivo para além de uma melhor compreensão para todos os que venham a ler este trabalho, é também uma tentativa de aproximação à terminologia na língua original, o árabe. Em muitos destes casos, fizemos um cruzamento entre algumas palavras na língua árabe e palavras na língua usada para tradução, isto no caso das obras bilingues. Nas fontes castelhanas, também optamos pela transcrição em português, para seguir uma linha coerente quanto á metodologia. Na transcrição do árabe para caracteres latinos, optamos por não seguir uma regra específica, mas fazendo uma confluência com as várias regras de transcrição, muito importante especialmente para os sons guturais e enfáticos, muito característicos na língua árabe e não tendo equivalente no português. Assim damos como exemplo o ‘ .ق e q para a letra qaf ,خ kh para a letra rha ,ع para a letra ‘ain Nas transcrições de fontes árabes traduzidas em português, também fizemos alguns ajustes dentro da mesma metodologia seguida para as fontes acima referidas, sempre nas questões terminológicas, bem como na transcrição de antropónimos e topónimos. Quanto à transcrição de palavras árabes para caracteres latinos, estas aparecem sempre em itálico, excepto nos termos geográficos como por exemplo Gharb al- Andalus. Contudo, quando “gharb” aparece isolado, seguimos a regra anterior para os termos em árabe. Para as palavras árabes que não sejam topónimos ou antropónimos, não usamos maiúsculas por termos em conta o facto de que na escrita árabe, não existirem maiúsculas. 8 Estado da Arte Com ponto de partida desta tese, iremos analisar e comentar alguns estudos da autoria de académicos, fundamentais para percebermos a fitna. Assim, vamos ver o que se escreveu sobre as três principais dwal, os Banu Qasi de Saragoça, Banu Hafsun de Roda e Banu Marwan de Mérida. Para a análise bibliográfica de cada uma destas dwal e dos seus fundadores, vamos analisar os estudos de Jesus Lorenzo Jimenez para os Banu Qasi, Manuel Acién Amansa para Ibn Hafsun, e Christophe Picard para Ibn Marwan. No seguimento, vamos também analisar uma selecção de autores e obras dentro da historiografia portuguesa, cujos estudos são pertinentes para
Recommended publications
  • Muladíes. Lectura Política De Una Conversión: Los Banū Qāsī (714-924)
    Muladíes. Lectura política de una conversión: los Banū Qāsī (714-924) A Political Reading of Religious Conversion: The Case of the Banu Qasi (714-924) Julia PAVÓN BENITO Departamento de Historia Universidad de Navarra Recibido: abril 2005 Aceptado: junio 2005 RESUMEN Se pretende realizar una síntesis y lectura políticas —sin el ánimo de reconstruir la completa y compleja trayectoria histórica— de la adopción del credo de Muammad por parte de una de las más significativas familias hispanas que colaboraron con Córdoba en la Marca Superior, los Banū Qāsī. Todo ello, con el objeto de presentar un cuadro que clarifique su posición política y social en el concierto poblacional y geográfico de Al- Andalus. PALABRAS CLAVE: Linaje Banū Qāsī (714-924). Muladíes hispanos. Navarra Medieval. ABSTRACT This paper aims to provide a political synthesis and reading —not a complete historical development— of the lineage of Banū Qāsī, a distinguished family that converted to Islam and collaborated with Cordoba in the Superior Mark. The main objective of this paper is to clarify their political and social position in the population and geographical situation of Al- Andalus. KEY WORDS: Family of Bānū Qāsī (714-924). Hispanic muwallad. Navarre in the Middle Ages. SUMARIO. 1. Muladíes. 2. Banū Qāsī, linaje y política (714-924). — De la conversión a la dirección política (siglo VIII) — Mūsà Ibn Mūsà, tercer rey de España (816-872) — El refuerzo del emirato y el declive familiar y político (872-924). 3. Reflexiones finales. Anaquel de Estudios Árabes 189 ISSN: 1130-3964 2006, vol. 17 189-201 Julia Pavón Benito Muladíes.
    [Show full text]
  • Selección De Textos Históricos Narrativos
    SELECCIÓN DE TEXTOS HISTÓRICOS NARRATIVOS 1. LA LUTIA CÉLTICOBERONA EN LA GUERRA DE NUMANCIA (AÑO 133 A.C.) (Apiano, "Historia Romana", Sobre Iberia, 94) Menciona un episodio ocurrido en el invierno del año 133 a.C, meses antes de la conquista de Numancia por los romanos, y protagonizado por la población célticoberona de Lutia, cuya localización ha sido muy discutida. La distancia entre esta población y Numancia (300 estadios según el texto de Apiano, es decir, unos 55 Kms.) se ajusta a la que hay entre Numancia y VIGUERA, o entre Numancia y Luezas (el nombre de ésta última, mencionada por primera vez en un documento altomedieval del siglo XI como una dependencia de la propia VIGUERA, podría proceder etimológicamente de Lutia; pero es bastante probable que el nombre de la población de Luezas proceda en realidad de una refundación antigua llevada a cabo por gentes de la Lutia originaria, es decir, de la propia VIGUERA, cuyo nombre prerromano sería precisamente "Lutia"; este fenómeno de trastocación y cambio de nombres entre poblaciones relativamente cercanas no fue nada infrecuente en la Antigüedad e incluso en la propia Edad Media, como si los emigrantes de un lugar famoso se llevaran también con ellos en su emigración el nombre de su localidad de origen: recordemos el caso de Libia-Leiva-Herramélluri, que no debió de ser ni mucho menos excepcional en toda la Rioja) << (...) Y fue el caso que un numantino, Reictógenos, apodado Caraunio (="el más valiente" de su pueblo), tras convencer a cinco amigos y en compañía de otros tantos sirvientes y caballos, en una noche de nieve cruzó sin ser descubierto el espacio que mediaba entre ambas fuerzas contendientes.
    [Show full text]
  • Redalyc.ESPACIOS Y FRONTERAS EN EL DISCURSO TERRITORIAL
    Studia Historica, Historia Medieval ISSN: 0213-2060 [email protected] Universidad de Salamanca España MONSALVO ANTÓN, José M.ª ESPACIOS Y FRONTERAS EN EL DISCURSO TERRITORIAL DEL REINO DE ASTURIAS (DEL CANTÁBRICO AL DUERO EN LAS CRÓNICAS ASTURIANAS) Studia Historica, Historia Medieval, vol. 23, 2005, pp. 43-87 Universidad de Salamanca Salamanca, España Disponible en: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=367539027002 Cómo citar el artículo Número completo Sistema de Información Científica Más información del artículo Red de Revistas Científicas de América Latina, el Caribe, España y Portugal Página de la revista en redalyc.org Proyecto académico sin fines de lucro, desarrollado bajo la iniciativa de acceso abierto ISSN: 0213-2060 ESPACIOS Y FRONTERAS EN EL DISCURSO TERRITORIAL DEL REINO DE ASTURIAS (DEL CANTÁBRICO AL DUERO EN LAS CRÓNICAS ASTURIANAS) Areas and Frontiers in the Territorial Discourse of the Kingdom of Asturias (from the Cantabrian Sea to the Duero River in the Crónicas Asturianas) José M.ª MONSALVO ANTÓN Depto. de Historia Medieval, Moderna y Contemporánea. Facultad de Geografía e Historia. Universidad de Salamanca. C/ Cervantes, 3. E-37002 SALAMANCA. C. e.: [email protected] BIBLID [0213-2060(2005)23;43-87] RESUMEN: El presente trabajo se plantea comprender cómo son descritos en las Crónicas Asturianas los espacios que formaban el Reino de Asturias en los siglos VIII y IX. Se intenta averiguar si había una lógica en el discurso territorial, tanto en lo que se refiere a las regiones septentrionales del Astororum Regnum como el que afecta a las áreas ganadas al enemigo al sur de la cordillera, que constituyeron una “frontera” en la meseta castellana.
    [Show full text]
  • Catàleg De La Col·Lecció De Materials Andalusins Del Museu De La Noguera
    Catàleg de la col·lecció de materials andalusins del Museu de la Noguera Índex 1. Presentació p. 04-05. Presentació 2. De la madina a l’almúnia. Reflexions sobre el po- p. 06-19. De la madina a l’almúnia. Reflexions sobre blament musulmà al nord de l’Ebre el poblament musulmà al nord de l’Ebre 3. El naixement de madina Balaguer: el Pla d’Almatà p. 20-28 El naixement de madina Balaguer: el Pla (segles VIII-XII) d’Almatà (segles VIII-XII) 4. El Castell de Balaguer en època andalusina p. 30-35 El Castell de Balaguer en època an 5. Les restes palatines del Castell de Balaguer. Tèc- p. 36-39 Les restes palatines del Castell de Bala- nica constructiva i decorativa guer. Tècnica constructiva i decorativa 6. El creixement de madina Balaguer i el seu territori p. 40-47. El creixement de madina 7. Catalogació p. 48-157 7.1. Els elements arquitectònics i ornamentals p. 50-69 7.2. La vaixella de taula p. 70-99 7.3. La cuina p. 100-118 7.4. El rebost p. 120-129 7.5. La vida quotidiana p. 130-137 7.6. L’aixovar metàl·lic p. 138-147 7.7. El moneder p. 148-157 8. Traduccions p. 158-188. 9. Bibliografia p. 190-200. 1 1 Catàleg de la col·lecció de materials PRESENTACIÓ andalusins del Museu de la Noguera 5 Servar els vestigis dels nostres avantpassats, en general, constitueix un dels objectius a assolir en una societat que vol a la vegada preservar el seu present i futur.
    [Show full text]
  • The Masters of Calatrava and the Castilian Civil War 1350-1369
    The Masters of Calatrava and the Castilian Civil War 1350-1369 BY JOSEPH F. O'CALLAGHAN Düring the third quarter of the fourteenth Century the bitter civil war between King Pedro the Cruel (1350-1369) and his half-brother, Count Enrique of Trastamara, tore the kingdom of Castile asunder, dividing its leaders and people, allowing no one the privilege of neutrality. Prominent among the participants in the conflict were the masters of the military Order of Calatrava who, together with the masters of Santiago and Alcäntara, ranked among the great men of the realm. As the war progressed, the king and his challenger endeavored to control magisterial elections and, through them, the immense resources that the Order of Calatrava possessed in the modern provinces of Ciudad Real, Jaen, Cordoba, Seville, and so forth. The consequence was schism within the Order, the diversion of its interest and wealth to domestic politics rather than the reconquest, and an increasing brutalization of life, typified by the execution of one master by Pedro and another by Enrique. Above all, the civil war pointed up the crown's growing awareness of the need to subject all the military Orders to effective royal control. ^ Juan Nünez de Prado At the time of Pedro the CruePs accession to the throne in March 1350 at the youthful age of sixteen years, Juan Nünez de Prado was the master of Calatrava. The illegitimate son of a knight named Carpintero and Bianca, senora of Las Huelgas and daughter of King Afonso III of Portugal (1248-1279), he was legitimated in 1313, on his mother's request, 2 by Pope Clement V, and entered the Order of Calatrava.
    [Show full text]
  • Al-Andalus' Lessons for Contemporary European
    IMMIGRATION, JUSTICE AND SOCIETY AL-ANDALUS’ LESSONS FOR CONTEMPORARY EUROPEAN MODELS OF INTEGRATION MYRIAM FRANÇOIS • BETHSABÉE SOURIS www.europeanreform.org @europeanreform Established by Margaret Thatcher, New Direction is Europe’s leading free market political foundation & publisher with offices in Brussels, London, Rome & Warsaw. New Direction is registered in Belgium as a not-for-profit organisation and is partly funded by the European Parliament. REGISTERED OFFICE: Rue du Trône, 4, 1000 Brussels, Belgium. EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: Naweed Khan. www.europeanreform.org @europeanreform The European Parliament and New Direction assume no responsibility for the opinions expressed in this publication. Sole liability rests with the author. AUTHORS TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION 6 2 AL-ANDALUS’ MODEL OF INTEGRATION 8 2.1 THE IBERIAN HISTORY FROM THE MUSLIM CONQUEST TO THE RECONQUISTA 10 2.1.1 Visigoth Spain 11 2.1.2 The Muslim advance in Arabia and Northern Africa 11 2.1.3 The conquest of Spain 12 2.1.4 The unstable first years of the Umayyad dynasty 14 2.1.5 The golden ages of the Caliphate of Cordoba 14 2.1.6 The fall of the Caliphate of Cordoba 16 2.1.7 The end of Al-Andalus and the Reconquista 16 2.2 2.2 THE SOCIAL MODEL OF INTEGRATION OF AL-ANDALUS 18 2.2.1 The social and religious landscape 19 2.2.2 Controversy over the meaning of ‘convivencia’ 19 2.2.3 Protection of religious’ communities boundaries 21 2.2.4 Towards an increased integration and acculturation: The Arabization of the non-Muslim communities 22 2.2.5 The cultural impact of the convivencia 25 Myriam François Bethsabée Souris 2.2.6 Limits of coexistence 26 Dr Myiam Francois is a journalist and academic with a Bethsabée Souris is a PhD candidate in Political Science at 3 TODAY’S EUROPEAN MODELS OF MUSLIM INTEGRATION 28 focus on France and the Middle East.
    [Show full text]
  • An Architectural Heritage with Strong Islamic Influence
    Fernando Branco Correia, Int. J. of Herit. Archit., Vol. 1, No. 4 (2017) 640–653 SOUTHERN PORTUGAL – AN ARCHITECTURAL HERitaGE WITH STRONG ISLAMIC INFLUENCE FERnando BRANCO CORREIA CIDEHUS – Universidade de Évora, Portugal. ABSTRACT The western part of al-Andalus was a peripheral zone of the Islamic World, far from the area of the Gua- dalquivir River and the Mediterranean coast. But in this western area there are important architectural elements from the Islamic era. In addition to the reuse of defensive and civilian structures from Roman times, there were military building programmes on the coastlines, from the 9th century onwards, with the arrival of Norse raiders. Moreover, some chronicles refer, for the 10th and 11th centuries, to the con- struction of ‘qasaba’(s) (military enclosures) in some cities and the total reconstruction of city walls. Recent archaeological activity has made evident traces of small palaces, houses and city walls but there is also an architectural heritage visible relative to other buildings – such as mosques and even small ‘ribat’(s) along the coastline. Some techniques, like that of ‘rammed earth’, are known to have been common in the Almohad period. In general terms, one can identify several remnants of buildings – religious, civil and military – with different construction techniques and traditions, not only the reuse of older constructions but also the erection of new buildings. On the other hand, it is possible to find parallels to these buildings in such varied areas as other parts of the ancient al-Andalus, North Africa, Syria and even Samarra (Iraq). This area of the Iberian Peninsula, described in chronicles as Gharb al-Andalus, is a hybrid region, where different traditions converged, taking advantage of the legacy of previous periods, mixing that legacy with contributions from North Africa, different areas of the Mediterranean and even the Middle East.
    [Show full text]
  • Institutionalized Sufism and Non-Institutionalized Sufism: a Reconsideration of the Groups of Sufi Saints of the Non-Ṭarīqa T
    イスラーム世界研究 第2巻1号(2008 年)35-46 頁 Institutionalized Sufism and Non-Institutionalized Sufism Kyoto Bulletin of Islamic Area Studies, 2-1 (2008), pp. 35-46 Institutionalized Sufism and Non-Institutionalized Sufism: A Reconsideration of the Groups of Sufi Saints of the Non-Ṭarīqa Type as Viewed through the Historical Documents of Medieval Maghreb KISAICHI Masatoshi* Perhaps the most important innovation in the 12th and 13th century Islamic world was the institutionalization of Sufism. During the years 1150 and 1250, especially with the crisis in Islam caused by the invasion of the Mongols and the fall of the Abbasid Empire, communities of mystics that were heretofore loosely organized groups of disciples following individual spiritual masters were transformed into corporate and increasingly hierarchical entities. The Qādirīya, Rifāʻīya and Suhrawardīya that were born as a result of this later developed into international orders, that would influence the whole Muslim world.1) At around the same period Maghreb society was also facing a crisis of Islam. This was caused by several key factors such as the recapturing of Muslim Spain by the Castilian and Aragonese armies, the progress of Reconquista in the Cordova, Seville, and Valencia regions, and the invasion of the city of Salé in Morocco by the Castilians.2) According to the travel journals of Muḥammad al-ʻAbdarī al-Tilimsānī who set out on a pilgrimage to Mecca in the year 688/1289, pilgrims and caravans had to pay protection money to Arab nomads who were running amok in the outskirts of Tlemcen, in order to be assured a safe passage. Furthermore, the Mediterranean was swarming with Christian pirates, causing the port of Bijaya to fall into disuse [al-ʻAbdarī 1968: 9, 11, 26-27, 64].
    [Show full text]
  • A Case Study Between Al-Andalus and Castilla
    University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Textile Society of America Symposium Proceedings Textile Society of America 9-2012 Embroidered Politics: A Case Study between al-Andalus and Castilla Miriam Ali-de-Unzaga Institute of Ismaili Studies, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/tsaconf Ali-de-Unzaga, Miriam, "Embroidered Politics: A Case Study between al-Andalus and Castilla" (2012). Textile Society of America Symposium Proceedings. 655. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/tsaconf/655 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Textile Society of America at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Textile Society of America Symposium Proceedings by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Embroidered Politics: A Case Study between al-Andalus and Castilla Miriam Ali-de-Unzaga1 [email protected] Medieval documentary sources include numerous references of the superb quality and high quantity of Andalusi textiles.2 Even though textiles were produced and mentioned about al-Andalus between the 8th and the 16th centuries in the hundreds of thousands, today only a fraction survives –albeit in a considerable number (my estimation is that there are approximately 700 pieces extant in Spain, no official inventory exists). Most of them, made with silk and gold – with sophisticated techniques displaying elaborated iconography: figural, animal, vegetal and geometrical as well as Arabic calligraphy – have been superbly preserved within Spanish Christian treasuries thanks to their function as funerary shrouds for royals and ecclesiastics and as saint-reliquaries.
    [Show full text]
  • On the Relationship Between Mozarabic Sibilants and Andalusian Seseo
    Yasmine Beale-Rivaya 40 On the Relationship between Mozarabic Sibilants and Andalusian Seseo Yasmine Beale-Rivaya Texas State University-San Marcos Introduction Scholars such as Ralph Penny and Ramón Menéndez Pidal have pointed to the Mozarabic language to explain some of the more peculiar features of southern Spanish such as Andalusian seseo, the quality only having one sibilant phoneme [s] rather than 1 having two phonemes [s] and [ɵ] common in other peninsular dialects and languages. Further, parallels have been drawn between Andalusian Spanish and Latin American Spanish as Latin American Spanish is considered to be mostly of Andalusian heritage (Parodi, Fuentes, Lipski, Galmés de Fuentes 1962).2 To truly understand the dynamic of Andalusian and Latin American Spanish it is essential to trace the development of the most characteristic features of Andalusian Spanish especially since these have been attributed to the influence of and contact with Arabic and in turn have shaped the nature of the Spanish language in the Americas, as in the case of seseo. The development of the sibilants in the Iberian peninsula has been analyzed by various scholars. Galmés de Fuentes (1962) discusses the quality of medieval /ç/ and /z/ mainly in Ibero-Romance and in other Romance Languages such as Italian, French, Catalán, Gallego, and Latin American Spanish by analyzing their corresponding uses in Arabic. Amado Alonso examines in a series of articles the chronology of the development and the quality of Spanish sibilants (1947, 1951a, b, c). Lawrence Kiddle discusses what he called Middle Spanish “Sibilant Turmoil.” A. Alonso classifies /s/ in Spanish.
    [Show full text]
  • Linguistic Strata in Ancient Cantabria: the Evidence of Toponyms
    HAnt XXXI-2007, 7-20 LINGUISTIC STRATA IN ANCIENT CANTABRIA: THE EVIDENCE OF TOPONYMS LEONARD A. CURCHIN UNIVERSITY OF WATERLOO (CANADÁ) RESUMEN: Un análisis detallado de los topónimos de la Cantabria antigua impugna la idea de una substancial presencia preindoeuropea o vasca en esta región. Fuera de un número limitado de nombres romanos, testimonio de un nivel débil de romanización, la clasificación lingüística de los topónimos se divide casi igualmente entre el céltico y una lengua indoeuropea no céltica, de la cual ignoramos su identidad. SUMMARY: A detailed analysis of place-names in ancient Cantabria disproves the idea of a substantial pre-Indo-European or Basque presence in the region. Apart from a relatively small number of Roman names, indicative of a weak degree of romanization, the linguistic affiliation of toponyms is almost equally divided between Celtic and a non-Celtic Indo-European language which remains unidentified. It is an unfortunate fact that, apart from the accounts of Augustus’ campaigns in 26-19 B.C., the ancient sources have left us no narrative history of Cantabria. In particular, there is a paucity of information about the sequence and interaction of the various ethnic and linguistic groups that populated this region, leaving doubt as to whether the dominant language was Iberian, Basque, Celtic, or some earlier Indo-European (henceforth IE) tongue. While nineteenth- century scholars such as M. Assas and A. Fernández Guerra believed that the Cantabrians were Celtic, P. Bosch Gimpera considered them an Iberian enclave within the Celtic block, and J. Caro Baroja identified them as an autochthonous, pre-Celtic people1.
    [Show full text]
  • Reccopolitani and Other Town Dwellers in the Southern Meseta During the Visigothic Period of State Formation Chapter Author(S): Javier Martínez Jiménez
    Punctum Books Chapter Title: Reccopolitani and Other Town Dwellers in the Southern Meseta during the Visigothic Period of State Formation Chapter Author(s): Javier Martínez Jiménez Book Title: Urban Interactions Book Subtitle: Communication and Competition in Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages Book Editor(s): Michael J. Kelly, Michael Burrows Published by: Punctum Books. (2020) Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv19cwdm9.9 JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at https://about.jstor.org/terms This book is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0). To view a copy of this license, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/. Punctum Books is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Urban Interactions This content downloaded from 131.111.184.102 on Wed, 20 Jan 2021 12:13:24 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms 5 Reccopolitani and Other Town Dwellers in the Southern Meseta during the Visigothic Period of State Formation Javier Martínez Jiménez1 The ex novo royal urban foundation of Reccopolis, in a largely de-urbanized territory, near the Visigothic capital of Toledo in the late sixth century ce has had a significant impact on how we understand town life in the post-Roman period.
    [Show full text]