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INTERNATIONAL WRB SOIL CLASSIFICATION FIELD WORKSHOP in LATVIA and ESTONIA Guidebook July 22-27, 2017 Editors: Assist

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INTERNATIONAL WRB SOIL CLASSIFICATION FIELD WORKSHOP in LATVIA and ESTONIA Guidebook July 22-27, 2017 Editors: Assist INTERNATIONAL WRB SOIL CLASSIFICATION FIELD WORKSHOP IN LATVIA AND ESTONIA Guidebook July 22-27, 2017 Editors: assist. prof. Raimonds Kasparinskis, president of Soil Science Society of Latvia, University of Latvia, Faculty of Geography and Earth Sciences prof. Oļģerts Nikodemus, University of Latvia, Faculty of Geography and Earth Sciences Authors: assist. prof. Raimonds Kasparinskis, president of Soil Science Society of Latvia, University of Latvia, Faculty of Geography and Earth Sciences prof. Alar Astover, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences assoc. prof. Endla Reintam, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences assist. prof. Māris Krievāns, University of Latvia, Faculty of Geography and Earth Sciences prof. Vitālijs Zelčs, University of Latvia, Faculty of Geography and Earth Sciences prof. Oļģerts Nikodemus, University of Latvia, Faculty of Geography and Earth Sciences prof. Aldis Kārkliņš, Latvian University of Agriculture, Faculty of Agriculture Ieva Rotkovska, University of Latvia, Faculty of Geography and Earth Sciences Vita Amatniece, University of Latvia, Faculty of Geography and Earth Sciences Elīna Bārdiņa, University of Latvia, Faculty of Geography and Earth Sciences Dārta Kaupe, University of Latvia, Faculty of Geography and Earth Sciences Santa Sukaruka, University of Latvia, Faculty of Geography and Earth Sciences Baiba Dirnēna, University of Latvia, Faculty of Geography and Earth Sciences Imants Kukuļs, University of Latvia, Faculty of Geography and Earth Sciences Kristaps Auziņš, University of Latvia, Faculty of Geography and Earth Sciences Daniels Elksnītis, University of Latvia, Faculty of Geography and Earth Sciences Reviewers: Prof. Māris Kļaviņš, University of Latvia, Faculty of Geography and Earth Sciences Prof. Viesturs Melecis, University of Latvia, Faculty of Geography and Earth Sciences Financial support: IUSS Stimulus Fund IUSS Division 1 University of Latvia © University of Latvia © Estonian University of Life Sciences ISBN 978-9934-18-257-0 (Print) ISBN 978-9934-18-256-3 (Online) CONTENTS FOREWORD .................................................................................................................. 3 SITES AND SOIL REFERENCE GROUPS .............................................................. 6 MAP OF SITE LOCATIONS IN LATVIA ............................................................... 8 Map of soil profile locations in Estonia ......................................... 9 1. GENERAL INFORMATION ABOUT LATVIA ................................................ 10 1.1. Land use ............................................................................................................... 11 1.2. Climate ................................................................................................................ 13 1.3. Surface topography ............................................................................................ 15 1.4. Geological History of Latvia ............................................................................ 16 1.4.1. Glacial dynamics ..................................................................................... 16 1.4.2. Ice – marginal formations ..................................................................... 17 1.4.3. Ice – dammed lakes and proglacial fluvial systems .......................... 19 1.5. Bedrocks, the Quaternary deposits and soil cover ....................................... 22 1.5.1. Bedrocks ................................................................................................... 22 1.5.2. The Quaternary deposits ....................................................................... 23 1.5.3. Soil cover .................................................................................................. 25 1.5.4. Latvian soil classification ...................................................................... 28 2. EXcursions TO sites in Latvia ................................................................ 30 2.1. Kurzeme region and soil profiles (No 1, 2, 3) ............................................... 30 2.2. Baltic Sea Coast, Jūrkalne seashore bluffs and coastal erosion in Latvia ................................................................................................ 38 2.3. Kuldīga old town and the Venta waterfall (the widest waterfall in Europe) ..................................................................... 40 2.4. Central Latvia lowland and soil profiles (No 4 and 5) ................................ 42 2.5. Peatlands in Latvia and the raised great bog of Ķemeri ............................. 48 2.6. Gauja National park and lower Gauja spillway valley at Sigulda .............. 50 2.7. Vidzeme upland and soil profiles in catena (No 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11) .......................................................................................... 52 3. General information about Estonia ............................................. 68 3.1. Climate ................................................................................................................. 68 3.2. Surface topography ............................................................................................ 69 3.3. Geology ................................................................................................................ 71 3.4. The Quaternary deposits and soil cover ........................................................ 72 4. EXCURSIONS TO SITES IN ESTONIA .............................................................. 79 4.1. Polli soil profiles (No 12, 13 and 14) ............................................................... 79 4.2. Kaara soil profile (No 15) ................................................................................. 86 4.3. Tartu area and soil profiles (No 16, 17, 18 and 19) ....................................... 88 4.4. Porkuni soil profile (No 20) ............................................................................. 94 4.5. Kurgla soil profiles (No 21, 22 and 23) ........................................................... 96 AnneX Soil profiles compiled after the WRB Workshop ....................... 101 LATVIA Soil profile No 2 ............................................................................................... 102 Soil profile No 5 ............................................................................................... 102 Soil profile No 6 ............................................................................................... 103 Soil profile No 8 ............................................................................................... 103 Soil profile No 9 ................................................................................................ 104 Soil profile No 10............................................................................................... 104 Soil profile No 11 ............................................................................................. 105 EStoNia Soil profile No 12 ............................................................................................. 105 Soil profile No 13 ............................................................................................. 106 Soil profile No 14 ............................................................................................. 106 Soil profile No 15 ............................................................................................. 107 Soil profile No 16 ............................................................................................. 107 Soil profile No 17 ............................................................................................. 108 Soil profile No 18 ............................................................................................. 108 Soil profile No 20 ............................................................................................. 109 Soil profile No 21 ............................................................................................. 109 Soil profile No 22 ............................................................................................. 110 Soil profile No 23 ............................................................................................. 110 Participants of the WRB Workshop 2017 .................................................................. 111 International WRB Soil Classification Field Workshop in Latvia and Estonia. Guidebook. July 22-27, 2017 3 FOREWORD International WRB Soil Classification Field Workshop in Latvia and Estonia is a great opportunity for Soil Scientists to stimulate deep reflections on the strong links between soil classification and soil sustainable management and conservation as well as to develop discussion and WRB approbation in the boreo-nemoral region, where soils are influenced by very complex fac- tors and soil processes. Soils are developed mainly on Late Weichselian glacial deposits (formed by loamy sand, sandy clay, loam, clay, gravel, sand) and altered to some extent by postglacial aeolian, marine, lacustrine, alluvial and mire sediments, as well as formed on pre-Quaternary sedimentary rocks. This workshop will look at differently formed automorphous, semihydromor- phous and hydromorphous soils (23 soil profiles and according to WRB soil classification – 12 soil groups (Gleysols, Podzols, Cambisols, Luvisols, Calcisols, Planosols, Histosols, Arenosols, Retisols, Fluvisols, Phaeozems
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