• Abstract and Figures
• Public Full-text

View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Helsingin yliopiston digitaalinen arkisto The Finnish Environment 524 INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION Ain Lääne, Heikki Pitkänen, Berit Arheimer, Horst Behrent,Waldemar Jarosinski, Sarmite Lucane, Karin Pachel, Antti Räike, Alexander Shekhovtsov, Lars M. Svendsen and Simonas Valatka Evaluation of the implementation of the 1988 Ministerial Declaration regarding nutrient load reductions in the Baltic Sea catchment area ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• FINNISH ENVIRONMENT INSTITUTE The Finnish Environment 524 Ain Lääne, Heikki Pitkänen, Berit Arheimer, Horst Behrendt, Waldemar Jarosinski, Sarmite Lucane, Karin Pachel, Antti Räike, Alexander Shekhovtsov, Lars M. Swendsen and Simonas Valatka Evaluation of the implementation of the 1988 Ministerial Declaration regarding nutrient load reductions in the Baltic Sea catchment area HELSINKI 2002 FINNISH ENVIRONMENT INSTITUTE The Report is available in the Internet: http://www.vyh.fi/eng/orginfo/publica/electro/fe524/fe524.htm This Project has received funding from the Commission of the European Communities (the European Commission), Helsinki Commission and the Finnish Ministry of the Environment The views expressed in this report represent the opinions of the authors alone, and not necessarily the views of the Commission of the European Communities (European Commission) and the Baltic Marine Environment Protection Commission. The Commission of the European Communities is not liable for any use that may be made of the information of this report. The Finnish Environment Institute. Evaluation of the implementation of the 1988 Ministerial Declaration regarding nutrient load reductions in the Baltic Sea catchment area. The Finnish Environment 524, Helsinki, 2002. Information included in this publication or extracts therefore are free for citing on the condition that the complete reference of the publication in given as stated above. Copyright Finnish Environment Institute, 2002. ISBN 952-11-1031-7 (nid.) ISBN 952-11-1032-5 (PDF) ISSN 1238-7312 Cover photo: Tero Pajukallio Vammalan Kirjapaino Oy Taitto: Diaidea Oy Vammala 2002 2 ○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○ The Finnish Environment 524 Preface Co-operation among the Baltic Sea countries on environmental issues has devel- oped over the last 27 years, and considerably so in the last decade. The HELCOM Ministerial Meeting in 1988 was, in a certain sense, a turning point in the history of the Commission, laying down the cornerstone for notable changes in the polit- ical motivation for controlling marine pollution. The overall 50 percent reduction target concerning discharges from point and non-point sources engendered en- vironmental activities at all levels, and served as a starting point for advanced environmental policy. The aim of this report is to summarise progress toward implementing the strategic goals of the 1988 Ministerial Declaration, in particular with regard to the 50 percent reduction goal for nutrients by 1995. The report also provides an over- view of more specific targets developed in the Baltic Sea countries. This report on implementation of the 1988 Ministerial Declaration provides an overview of the pollution load of nutrients from various sources entering di- rectly into the Baltic Sea, as well as to the water bodies in the catchment area of the Baltic Sea. Data are provided for the late 1980s and 1995 on the bases of the source-orientated approach adopted by the Extraordinary Meeting of the Helsinki Commission in 1999. The most difficult task was to assess and compare the agri- cultural loads from the late 1980s and 1995 and the reductions achieved by 1995, due to the missing information for some of the countries, different methodologies and climatic conditions. Therefore the load data and the reductions achieved in agriculture are tentative, and should be refined in conjunction with the prepara- tion of the next Pollution Load Compilation Report (PLC-4) in 2003. Taking into account the reductions achieved by 1995, the project group has compiled final or preliminary national water protection targets. Referring to the 1998 Ministerial Communiqué, the preliminary reduction targets should be re- viewed in 2003 on the basis of information for the year 2000 (PLC-4), which pro- vides the Contracting Parties the possibility to define more realistic targets for the year 2005. The institute responsible for the work has been the Finnish Environment In- stitute with Mr. Heikki Pitkänen as the project manager and Mr. Ain Lääne as the project co-ordinator. The national institutes and experts participating in the project have been: • Denmark, National Environmental Research Institute, Mr. Lars M. Svendsen; • Estonia, Estonian Environment Information Centre, Ms. Karin Pachel; • Finland, Finnish Environment Institute, Mr. Antti Räike; • Germany, Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Mr. Horst Behrendt; • Latvia, Latvian Environment Agency, Ms. Sarmite Lucane; • Lithuania, Centre for Environmental Policy, Mr. Simonas Valatka; • Poland, Institute of Meteorology and Water Management, Mr. Waldemar Ja- rosinski; • Russia, State Centre for Environmental Programmes, Mr. Alexander Shek- hovtsov; • Sweden, Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute, Ms. Berit Arhe- imer. The Finnish Environment 524 ○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○ 3 We wish to extend sincere thanks to the representatives of the Contracting Parties who have contributed to the success of the work in collecting and presenting na- tional data, as well as in finalising the report. We also wish to thank Mr. Robert Downing for checking the English of the Report. We also wish to express our appreciation to the Directorate General Environ- ment, Nuclear Safety and Civil Protection of the Commission of the European Communities (EU/DG XI), the Helsinki Commission, and the Finnish Ministry of the Environment for their financial support. 4 ○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○ The Finnish Environment 524 Contents Preface ..................................................................................... 3 Symmary .................................................................................. 9 PART I .The assessment of the load reductions achieved 1 Introduction ........................................................................... 12 2 National loading estimates for the late 1980s and 1995 and reductions achieved by countries ........................................... 14 2.1 Denmark, Finland and Sweden ...............................................................14 2.2 Germany .......................................................................................................16 2.3 Poland ............................................................................................................18 2.4 Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Russia ....................................................19 2.5 Possibilities to further decrease nutrient loads in the Baltic Sea catchment area ..............................................................22 3 Reductions achieved by sectors .............................................. 26 3.1 Origin of the data ........................................................................................26 3.1.1 Evaluation methods used by the countries ............................... 26 3.1.2 Reliability of data ...........................................................................31 3.2 Reduction of municipal discharges ........................................................32 3.2.1 Municipal load reduction achieved by the countries ............. 32 3.2.2 Comparison of loads and reductions between countries ...... 34 3.2.3 Overall reduction of municipal loads ........................................ 37 3.3 Comparison of industrial discharges......................................................38 3.4 Comparison of discharges from agriculture ......................................... 40 3.4.1 Introduction ....................................................................................40 3.4.2 Reductions achieved by countries ..............................................42 3.4.3 Comparison of results ...................................................................44 3.5 Reductions of summarised point and non-point loads ...................... 47 4 Conceptual approach to develop more specific targets to achieve the 50 % reduction goal ........................................... 50 4.1 Introduction .................................................................................................50 4.2 The Finnish water protection targets for the year 2005 ...................... 51 4.2.1 Loading from different sectors ....................................................52 4.2.2 Summary of targets to achieve the 50 % reduction regarding nutrients .....................................55 4.2.3 Economic impacts and environmental effects of Water Protection Targets in 2005.............................................55 The Finnish Environment 524 ○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○ 5 5 Conclusions............................................................................. 61 References .............................................................................. 64 PART II. The national reports 6 Danish national report on nutrient loads ............................... 67 6.1 Nutrient loads and reductions achieved ................................................ 67 6.1.1 Description

Load more

  198

Copy Link