Notice Environmentally Friendly Agriculture

Success Stories of Agri-environment Measures of Estonian Rural Development Plan 2007―2013 Dear Reader

Publisher: This is a new publication of success stories of Estonian Rural Development Plan issued by Estonian National Rural Economy Research Centre www.maainfo.ee Rural Network Support Unit. Previous publications include “Notice the Innovative Agriculture”, “Notice LEADER” and a number of other publications of LEADER success stories. Texts: Helen Külvik and Triin Nõu / NGO Loodusajakiri The publication gives an overview of the measures implemented within the framework of agri―environment Agricultural Research Centre support scheme in 2007―2013. You can gain an insight into eleven success stories presenting reasons for Ministry of Rural Affairs agricultural producers to pursue environmentally friendly agriculture or organic farming and the impact of agri-environment support of the Estonian Rural Development Plan 2007―2013 (ERDP) on the application of Editors: these measures. Ester Valdvee and Reve Lambur The area under environmentally friendly management was approximately 400 000 ha and the area under Translators: organic farming over 126 000 ha supported from agri-environment support measures of the RDP. Supports Anneli Saluste and Helen Külvik (success stories) have contributed to the preservation of endangered breeds and species and Natura 2000 areas, as well as to the maintenance of semi-natural habitats and the restoration of stonewalls. Design: Koidu Pilve / Pinnamuster LLC In addition to success stories, the description, objectives and information of measures for the period 2014―2020 have been provided. Print: Ecoprint AS Agri-environment support measures can briefly be described by five key words: • biodiversity ISBN 978-9949-9871-2-2 (publication) • soil protection ISBN 978-9949-9871-3-9 (pdf) • water protection • endangered species © Rural Economy Research Centre 2017 Jäneda • landscapes

The publication has received support from the Estonian Each story can be expanded to at least three key words because the pursued environmentally friendly activ- Rural Development Plan 2014―2020 through the technical ities are meeting several objectives at a time. assistance resources allocated to activities of the Estonian Rural Network Unit The Estonian National Rural Network Support Unit is grateful to the Estonian Agricultural Research Centre for compiling the texts of the agri-environment measures, as well as the Estonian Ministry of Rural Affairs for the overview of the implementation of the agri-environment support scheme. ISBN 978-9949-9871-2-2

Rural and Innovation Network Bureau of the Rural Economy Research Centre

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1 Introduction 1

Contents 2

ERDP 2007―2013 Axis 2 ― Supporting Environmentally Friendly Agriculture 3 MEASURE (code 214) ― In Fact, the Farming Practices of our Ancestors Were Environmentally Friendly 6 ERDP 2007-2013 Axis 2 - Parduse Farm: Just the Right Size 8

At , Both Environment and the Community are Held Important 10 Supporting Environmentally MEASURE (code 214) ― Centuries of Energy Accumulated in ‘’ Rye 12 Friendly Agriculture MEASURE (code 214) ― Genetic Diversity in Agriculture 13

The Sepa Farm is Counting on the Dairy Plant 14

Kaarli Farm in the Swirl of Turning Points 16 Food production as any other type of activity has a certain impact on the environment which can be either good or bad. Very intensive management MEASURE (code 214) ― Semi-natural Habitats Protect us and Give us a Warning 18 methods are too capital-using whereas not managing the land is not good for the nature. MEASURE (code 216) ― Stonewalls as a Piece of our Agri-culture 19 Different management methods and the diversity of landscapes are the pre- The Peculiar Farm 20 requisites for the preservation of biodiversity. How to achieve biodiversity when market prices favour monoculture production and it is cheaper to keep The Iisaka Farm, Paradise of Sheep 22 cattle in barns all year round? It can be said for certain that agri-environment measures will be implemented as long as they are in accordance with good MEASURE (code 215) ― Thanks to the Support Cows are Grazed on Pasture 24 agricultural practice and are not very costly.

MEASURE (code 212) ― Maintenance of Lands in Less-Favoured Areas Contribute to the Preservation of the Countryside 25 Agri-environmental support schemes of the Rural Development Plan have been introduced for encouraging agricultural producers to apply more envi- Rural Entrepreneurship Keeps the Family Together 26 ronmentally friendly methods. Agri-environmental payments compensate fully or partly for income forgone or additional costs of environmentally friendly The Main Beef Cattle Farmers of Vormsi Care about the Nature 28 management.

MEASURE (code 214) ― Organic Farming ― the Most Environmentally Friendly Production Method 30 A total of 942.84 million euros was paid from the funds of the second Estonian Rural Development Plan (ERDP) 2007―2013. The most significant share (37.5%) MEASURE (code 213) ― Pan-European Network Protects Endangered Species and Habitats 31 of the budget was paid for Axis 1 supports (improving the competitiveness of the agricultural and forestry sector), almost the same proportion (36.75%) The Organic Boutique of Koplimäe 32 was paid for Axis 2 supports (improving the environment and the countryside). Payments for Axis 3 supports (quality of life in rural area and diversification) Peri Organic Manor is Growing some Special Vegetables 34 contributed to 12.32%, payments for Axis 4 (LEADER) supports to 9.03% and payments for technical assistance (Axis 5) to 4.39% of the budget. Breakdown The Story of Pajumäe Farm: from Roses to Yoghurt 36 of ERDP 2007―2013 funds between different axes is provided in figure 1.

Colour it yourself! 38

2 3 Breakdown of RDP 2007―2013 Breakdown of RDP 2007―2013 Axis 2 Breakdown of RDP 2007―2013 agri-environment payments by axes payments by measures payments by submeasures

€ 41 407 073,29 € 310 338 € 18 422 953 € 27 377 485 € 85 163 075,13 € 62 729 637 € 3 049 309 € 114 240 € 126 071 216 € 25 180 194 € 353 574 315,69 € 3 664 875 € 116 159 178,92 € 5 000 633

€ 231 839 854

€ 74 612 038 € 346 532 915,97

Support for less-favoured areas Non-productive investments Environmentally friendly management

Natura 2000 support for agri- Support for the establishment of Axis 1 Axis 2 Axis 3 Axis 4 Axis 5 Support for organic production cultural land protection forest Agri-environmental support Natura 2000 support for private Support for keeping animals of local endangered breeds forest land Figure 1. Breakdown of ERDP 2007—2013 payments by axes. Animal welfare support Support for growing plants of local varieties

Support for the maintenance of semi-natural habitats The following measures were implemented within the framework Figure 2. Breakdown of RDP 2007—2013 Axis 2 of improving the environment and the countryside, i.e Axis 2: payments by measures. Figure 3. Breakdown of agri-environment payments by submeasures. 1. Support for less-favoured areas 2. Natura 2000 support for agricultural land 3. Measure 2.3 ― agri-environmental support 346.53 million euros paid within the framework of Axis 2 was divided • Submeasure 2.3.1 ― environmentally friendly management between the measures as follows: agri-environmental support con- • Submeasure 2.3.2 ― support for organic production tributed to 66.9% of total Axis 2 support, support for less-favoured The following pages will give an overview of the benefits gained with the support. • Submeasure 2.3.3 ― support for keeping animals of local areas to 18.10%, animal welfare to 7.27%, Natura 2000 support for endangered breeds private forest land to 5.32%, Natura 2000 support for agricultural Currently the new Rural Development Plan 2014―2020 is being implemented. Several new envi- • Submeasure 2.3.4 ― support for growing plants of local land to 1.44%, non-productive investments to 0.88% and support for ronmental supports have been introduced focusing on more specific environmental issues (region- varieties the establishment of protection forest on agricultural land to 0.09% al soil protection support, environmentally friendly horticulture support) or a specific region (re- • Submeasure 2.3.5 ― support for the maintenance of semi- of total Axis 2 support. Breakdown of Axis 2 support between meas- gional water protection support). All previously implemented support schemes ― environmentally natural habitat ures is provided in figure 2. friendly management, support for keeping animals of local endangered breeds and for growing 4. Measure 2.4 ― animal welfare: support for grazing animals plants of local varieties, support for the maintenance of semi-natural habitats, animal welfare 5. Measure 2.5 ― non-productive investments The budget of agri-environmental support (AES) scheme was divided support and support for organic production have been amended to be able to even better meet • Submeasure 2.5.1 ― support for the establishment and between submeasures as follows: 54.38% of the budget accounted the environmental objectives. Let’s take notice of the environmentally friendly agriculture! restoration of stonewalls for environmentally friendly management, 32.18% for organic pro- • Submeasure 2.5.2 ― support for the establishment of mixed duction, 11.81% for the maintenance of semi-natural habitats, 1.58% Sille Teiter, species hedgerows for keeping animals of local endangered breeds and 0.05% of the Chief Specialist of the Agri-Environment Bureau of the Ministry of Rural Affairs 6. Measure 2.6 ― support for the establishment of protection support scheme accounted for growing plants of local varieties. forest on agricultural land Breakdown of the agri-environment budget between submeasures 7. Measure 2.7 ― Natura 2000 support for private forest land is provided in figure 3.

4 5 In Numbers

To date the EFM support has contributed to the largest share of contributed to better implementation of all EFM requirements. In Fact, the Farming Practices agri-environmental support scheme payments both in terms of the number of applicants and the area of land. In 2007 environmental- Within the period 2014―2020, in addition to regular crops, support ly friendly management support was paid to 5 554 producers for can be applied for field production of vegetables, medicinal and of Our Ancestors Were 467 093 hectares. In 2007―2013 the number of beneficiaries and the aromatic plants and strawberry production under the EFM support a field-book, follow crop rotation and successive cropping and use area under support decreased. scheme. Support can be applied for the establishment of honey fertilizers and pesticides in a way which has the least adverse ef- gathering areas of bees and for additional water protection. In 2015 Environmentally Friendlyfect on the environment. The obligations also include taking soil In 2013 support was paid to 1 856 producers for 399 286 ha. In case applications for support were submitted for the EFM 2014―2020 pe- samples for every five years and participation in basic and in-service of some of the producers the previous commitment ended and from riod. Support was granted to 1 419 producers for 433 419 ha which Diverse nature, beautiful landscapes, local breeds and varieties, trainings. The larger the area under EFM support the higher the 2009 onwards the long-term and natural grasslands were not sup- covers approximately 50% of the whole utilised agricultural area in fertile soil, clean water and air and planned agricultural production likelihood of reducing the risk to the whole environment as a re- ported any longer and some of the producers went over to organic . are all worth preserving and improving. In summary, this is environ- sult of fertilization and crop rotation plans, production of legumes production. mentally friendly management. and fulfilling other obligations. Producers have to complete several trainings throughout the period of using the support scheme, so that The area under EFM support was most significant in Jõgeva, Järva, In fact, our ancestors’ farming practices were environmentally their knowledge about the environment and the issues related to Lääne-Viru, Tartu and county, which is only justified because friendly ― the field had to feed the current family and next gener- the production has considerably improved. these areas are characterised by fertile soils and active agricultural Marje Särekanno, ations. It was considered natural that everyday farming practices production. In terms of crops grain contributed to the most consid- Chief Specialist of the Agricultural Research Bureau were nature-conscious. Environmentally friendly production support payments were initi- erable share (~40%) of the area under EFM support scheme. Legumes of the Agricultural Research Centre ated in 2004. In the period 2007―2013 the support measure was accounted for the second largest (~35%) group. Oilseed crops, grass- The situation changed in the soviet time when the state owned the replaced by environmentally friendly management support imposing es and other crops were cultivated on a significantly smaller area. land and agriculture functioned according to the planned econo- more strict requirements. The period of meeting the obligations of my and excessive use of fertilizers and plant production products the environmentally friendly management scheme is five years. In Results had undesirable impact on the natural environment and the way of the first years of using the payment scheme the main objective was thinking of the people. to increase the awareness of the producers about the environmental In summary, the production of legumes increased as a result of the values and the impact of their own holding and encourage environ- application of the EFM support scheme compensating partially for After restoring the republic correction of mistakes had to be made mental planning in agriculture. In the second (2007―2013) and third the need for nitrogen of plants; thus, contributing to a decrease in the course of restoration of farms and agricultural holdings. Agri- (2014―2020) period, in addition to initiating and continuing the use in the use of nitrogen fertilizers and the related risk to the water cultural production had to be adjusted to the new conditions. How- of environmentally friendly management, necessity for increasing environment. ever, the knowledge and resources were scarce. Only after joining the level of knowledge of agricultural producers and coping with the the European Union new possibilities opened up and payments of requirements of the support measure was identified. As a result of using the information from soil samples, compiling a agricultural supports were introduced. However, meeting the re- fertilisation plan and fulfilling the requirement of participating in quirements drafted for each specific support is the prerequisite for trainings, producers were encouraged to use fertilisers in a more receiving support. balanced way. Overall, it contributed to the improvement of soil fertility. Moreover, winter plant cover contributed to the reduction In Words Environmentally friendly management of nutrient leaching from soil and soil erosion. The use of pesticides was more conscious ― as a result, the chemical load on the environ- Environmentally friendly management (EFM) support is paid for • first implemented as environmentally friendly ment decreased and the quality of water improved. the activities encouraging Estonian agricultural producers to bet- production support in 2004 ter manage and maintain the natural environment and agricultural Implementation of the requirement for successive cropping limited • in 2009―2014 the number of beneficiaries involved land. It means that agri-environmental payments to agricultural pro- the spread of weeds and pests contributing to the reduction of the 1 489 to 1 941 producers and the area under sup- use of pesticides. Also, the use of seed treated against weeds and ducers compensate for income forgone or additional costs of manag- port depending on the specific year was 355 693 to ing in environmentally friendly way. 444 293 hectares pests and forbidding the use of glyphosates in the vegetation period of the crops played a role in improving soil fertility. In addition, The beneficiary of the EFM support payment is committed to keep • this support will continue in the period 2014―2020 participation in trainings raised the awareness of the producers and

6 7 water protection

Parduse Farm:

Beneficiary: Parduse Farm, [email protected] Location: Just the Right Size Auksi village, Viljandi rural municipality, Estonian Rural Development Plan 2007―2013: • Support for environmentally friendly management When you go to the Parduse Farm in Viljandi county for the first • Support for grazing animals Production: time, it is possible you drive right past it! It is hard to realize from Dairy production (120 milking cows) and crop farming (120 ha, a far that it is such a large agricultural enterprise. It is so because in total of 280 ha of land in agricultural use) in this traditional farmstead everything has its own place. The 120 milking cows live in a joyful-looking yellow cow-barn. The first 30 placing the slurry into the soil during cultivation. That helps to add milking cows were bought in 1983. The old barn was renovated in more nitrogen directly into the soil. 2011 and the milking robots ― first ones in the Viljandi county ― were put into use. The enterprise is keeping the whole Malõh family While silage is usually stored in a storage facility, trench or single of five members busy all year round. bales, then here the bales are stored in a long plastic tube. This is another innovation of the young farmer Tiit. It is a good method to The farm has a total of 280 ha of land, 120 ha of which is in crops, save the plastic, which normally is wrapped around every individual while the rest is grassland. The fields are managed in an environ- bale. The unwrapped bales are also easier to handle. Moreover, the “The yield of the fields mentally friendly way. The requirements of the support for environ- winding “silage snake” attracts the attention of the visitors, who mentally friendly management are easy to be met here. As the cat- are bountiful at Parduse. During the Open Farm Day of 2016 about has improved.” tle need silage, the legumes, different hay plants and crops, have 260 people visited the farm. “The kids of the surrounding schools been grown here since the beginning of farming. The large share of and kindergartens come to visit us often,” adds Heli, the landlady legumes in the crop rotation plan decreases the need for additional of the farm. fertilisation, since the leguminous plants fix nitrogen and therefore enrich the soil. “The yield of the fields has improved,” says Tiit As no farm is ever finished, the family has some dreams, too. Their Malõh, the son of the family. He has studied agriculture in the Esto- dreams include their own slurry spreading machine and the elimina- nian University of Life Sciences. tion of the old manure storage facility. But everything happens for its own time! There is more to the environmentally friendly attitude at Parduse. For instance, already for five years they have practiced no-till The Parduse Farm stands out for very good planning ― the size of seeding or direct drilling ― a way of growing crops or pasture from the enterprise is just big enough to be managed by the family itself. year to year without disturbing the soil through tillage. This meth- Therefore, they are not planning on widening their farm any time od saves time and fuel, which otherwise would be used to drive soon ― the farm is just the right size to have some time to enjoy the back and forth to fields with different machines. “We use ploughing life in the countryside. only when turning old grasslands into fields,” explains Tiit Malõh. In Text: Triin Nõu terms of slurry management, they use a special service that enables Photos: The Rural Network

8 water protection

Beneficiary: Pajusi ABF LCC, [email protected] Location: At Pajusi, Both EnvironmentPisisaare village, Pajusi rural municipality, Jõgeva county Estonian Rural Development Plan 2007―2013: • Support for environmentally friendly management • Support for grazing animals • Support for keeping animals of local endangered breeds and the Community • Support for growing plants of local varieties Production: Dairy production (1 000 milking cows); crop farming; beef cattle (over 200 organic beef animals) and organic farming (550 ha, in are Held Important total of 4 000 ha of land in agricultural use) The surroundings of Põltsamaa are a historical agricultural area. The outside in the springtime,” says Kairit Vahenurm. The large pastures former successful Pajusi collective farm has given a kick to many provide good resting areas for migratory birds that pass by in spring enterprises. One of these is the Pajusi ABF LLC, which incorporates and autumn. The polder areas where brushwood has been removed several companies dealing with dairy production and organic beef create new opportunities for fishermen and swimmers. cattle. There are 210 Hereford and Angus breed animals in the organic cat- The areas around the Põltsamaa River belong to the -Põltsa- tle herd. In raising the cattle, the rules of “Production of Grass-fed maa region of nitrate sensitive areas, and therefore the environment Beef” food quality scheme are taken into consideration. Organic bar- should be kept in mind within every step of agricultural activities. ley, winter turnip rape and rye are cultivated on the fields. The other There are strict rules to protect the ground water, so the amount of company of the Pajusi ABF has dairy cattle with 1030 milking cows. nitrogen allowed to be placed into the soil with fertilizers is smaller All the necessary winter fodder is grown here, on the company’s “We take care of our than elsewhere. The norms set out in the Water Act are followed very fields. The fields of grain cereal and rape are managed in an environ- carefully. The local people are also aware of the restrictions, so there mentally friendly way. The prerequisites for obtaining the support for environment because we is no way a company could ignore the restrictions. “We take care of environmentally friendly management include crop rotation, cultiva- live here.” our environment because we live here,” says Lembit Paal, who has tion of leguminous plants and the existence of vegetation in winter managed and led the enterprise for a long time. on at least 1/3 of the fields. These requirements are easy to follow, since it is self-evident to care about the soils of fields and quality of All together there are 2300 animals and 2300 ha of land managed the local ground water. by the Pajusi ABF LLC. “Some of our lands are located on peat soils, where normal agricultural activities have proved impracticable, as it There are 41 employees at the Pajusi ABF. People like to work here, would require too many resources. In spring the areas adjacent to the because decent working conditions and welfare of the employees are rivers become flooded and are difficult to cultivate,” explains Lembit of great matter to the leader of the company. Good machines are Paal. The need for sustainable planning of the company’s resources important to maintain the health of the employees as well as the has led them to environmentally friendly management. The historic environment. Some of the employees are also active members of the grasslands of the Põltsamaa floodplain have now been restored and community, organizing many local events. For many years, old-style the open landscape is enjoyed by beef cattle. The same kind of sight threshing and history of agriculture have been introduced to the local was last seen here about 30 years ago. The cattle manager of organic schoolchildren. Thus, caring about the environment, as well as about beef, Kairit Vahenurm, was not even born yet at that time, but she is the community, the agricultural activities will carry on at Pajusi for certainly happy to see her herd graze freely. “The animals have be- far into the future. Text: Triin Nõu come used to the riverside pasture. They are so happy to move back Photos: The Rural Network

10 Support for keeping animals of local endangered breeds Centuries of Energy Genetic Diversity • first implemented in 2004 • in 2007—2014 the number of beneficiaries involved 593 to 688 producers and 2 472 to 3 119 Accumulated in ‘Sangaste’ Rye in Agriculture animals • this support will continue in the period 2014—2020 In terms of genetic diversity in agriculture it is important to have different varieties and breeds. Protection and preservation of native breeds is necessary for the preservation of the diversity of nature shows that the number of Estonian Heavy Draught Horse has in- In 1875 Duke Friedrich Georg Magnus von Berg ― known as the Rye and cultural heritage. In Estonia the agricultural animals of local creased by 77%. The Estonian Heavy Draught Horse has calm tem- Duke — bred a new variety of winter rye ‘Sangaste’ which is the endangered breeds are the Estonian Native Horse, Estonian Heavy perament and it is an energetic, good-natured and short-legged ag- oldest cultivated rye variety in Europe. In 1889 ‘Sangaste’ won the Draught Horse, universal-type Tori Horse and old-type Tori Horse, ricultural horse. Grand Prix in the World Exposition in Paris and the first prize at the Estonian Native Cattle and Estonian quail. World Exposition in Chicago. The number of Estonian Native Horses under support has increased The breed of agricultural animal registered in the list of endangered by a half since 2007. Estonian Native Horse is short-legged, it has The main positive characteristics of ‘Sangaste’ rye are frost-hardi- breeds is of historic Estonian origin; the breed or a distinguishable got a long body and strong body build. It is a universal small horse ness and large corns. Long ears and strong stalks are also important part of a population of animals of the same species is deemed to and can be used as a family and a tourist horse, as well as a riding characteristics of ‘Sangaste’ rye in terms of breeding and genetics. be endangered if the number of female or male animals used for horse for children. In 2015 Estonian Native Horses under support In addition, good winter hardiness and plant disease resistance ena- breeding is less than one thousand or less than twenty respectively were most numerous on our two largest islands (Saaremaa and Hiiu- ble to reduce the use of pesticides against plant diseases and weed rieties, the potatoe variety ‘Ando’, the field pea variety ‘Mehis’, the or if the number of female or male birds used for breeding is less maa) whereas on the islands the number of Estonian Heavy Draught and therefore, ‘Sangaste’ rye is well suited for the production of field bean variety ‘Jõgeva’ and the white clover ‘Jõgeva 4’. than ten thousand or less than one thousand respectively. Horse under support was the smallest (the largest number in Ida-Vi- organic rye. ru county). Sangaste Rye House is actively developing ‘Sangaste’ rye — in co- The objective of the support for keeping animals of local endan- Despite of the positive characteristics the production of ‘Sangaste’ operation with other entrepreneurs several products have been de- gered breeds is to ensure the preservation of local endangered Two main characteristic features of Tori horse are universality — it is rye has been relatively modest, mainly because of the long stalks veloped from ‘Sangaste’ rye, such as rye kama, rye flower, Sangaste breeds valuable for cultural heritage and genetic diversity. The na- suitable for both working and riding, and the calm nature. Tori Horse which may easily bend down with the weight of grain and makes rye vodka. tionwide support payments for raising Estonian native horse were is an ideal breed for teaching riding to the beginners. In the past harvesting more difficult which in turn reduces the crop yield. initiated under agri-environment support measure in 2002. In 2005, years Tori Horse has also been successfully used in pulling sport. The the support scheme continued and support for the production of Es- number of Tori Horses has remained relatively stable. Jana Adari, tonian Native Horse, Tori Horse, Estonian Heavy Draught Horse and For the purpose of preservation of Estonian cultural heritage, as well Chief Specialist of the Agri-environment Monitoring Bureau as the genetic diversity the measure “Support for growing plants of of the Agricultural Research Centre Estonian Native Cattle was paid within the framework of the Rural The number of Estonian Native Cattle under support has both in- local varieties (‘Sangaste’ rye)” was introduced in 2009 within the Development Plan. creased and decreased within the period when compared to 2007. framework of Estonian Rural Development Plan 2007—2013. Estonian Native Cattle is of local origin, bred from the aboriginal In 2014 the old-type Tori Horse was included in the list of endan- herd and adapted to our climate, keeping and foraging conditions. Before the introduction of the measure ‘Sangaste’ rye was cultivat- Support for growing plants gered breeds and in 2015 for the first time support for the produc- In 2015 Estonian Native Cattle under support was most numerous in ed only on about 100 hectares. In the first year the scope of sup- of local varieties tion of Estonian pure-breed quails could be applied. In fact, it is the Pärnu, Saare and (over 100 animals). port applied for was very modest — seven applications for support only breed of fowl bred in Estonia. for 303 hectares. The best results were achieved in 2012 when 44 • first implemented as ‘Sangaste’ rye support in 2009 The measure of keeping animals of local endangered breeds has met agricultural holdings applied for support for 1 046 hectares. In the Within the period 2007—2015 the number of beneficiaries increased its objectives — the number of animals is increasing slowly. In the rest of the years within the period support was applied for 629—872 • in 2009―2014 the number of beneficiaries involved by 13% and the number of cattle under the support measure by 28%. first year (2007) of the ERDP period support of local endangered 7 to 44 producers and the area under support hectares. The crop area of ‘Sangaste’ rye has usually been about In the 2015 application round support was granted for the produc- breeds was paid for 2 472 grazing animals. In 2015 support was paid depending on the specific year was 303 to 1 046 for 3168 grazing animals. In addition, support for the production of 10% of the total area under rye. hectares tion of a total of 2 443 horses, 725 Estonian Native Cattle and over 9400 Estonian Quails. The number of animals under support was Estonian quail was introduced and can be applied for. Support for the cultivation of ‘Sangaste’ rye will continue within the • this support will continue in the period 2014―2020 most significant in West Estonia (Saare and Pärnu county), the small- Ere Ploomipuu, period 2014—2020. The list of plants subject to support for growing est in Põlva and Jõgeva county. The quail farm is in Jõgeva county. Chief Specialist of the Agri-environment Monitoring Bureau plants of local varieties has been extended to 50 fruit and berry va- Comparison with the first years of the previous period (2007—2013) of the Agricultural Research Centre

12 13 endangered species

The Sepa Farm is Counting Beneficiary: LLC Sepa organic farm, www.sepamahetalu.wordpress.com Location: Pikavere village, rural municipality, Pärnu county on the Dairy Plant Estonian Rural Development Plan 2007―2013: • Support for less-favoured areas • Support for organic farming • Support for keeping animals of local endangered breeds Nele Tamm, the owner of the Sepa farm located in the Koonga rural • Support for the maintenance of semi-natural habitats municipality, is not at all a lifelong farmer. She inherited the farm • Support for the establishment and restoration of stonewalls with two cows from her mother in 2009. And even though she had Production: Organic dairy production (9 milking cows) and processing (dairy planned to start her Master studies in the university, life had its own plant); poultry farming; maintenance of hay meadows and plans and Nele started farming instead. semi-natural grasslands (120 ha)

The Sepa Farm has been recognized as an organic farm since 2002 already. The organic way of thinking suits well with Nele’s value itats, support for organic farming and support for less-favoured are- judgements but in this area it is also inevitability. “There are only as, the support for the establishment and restoration of stonewalls piles of stones here, it makes no sense to plough and sow. It is ben- has also been very important. About 4 kilometres of stonewalls have eficial to be organic here,” says Nele. She is well grounded and does been restored here in the Pikavere village, initiated by the Sepa not create illusions about a modern large holding. Nele also admits farm. “The support for restoring stonewalls is very important addi- that there is not a very high demand for organic food, because it is tional income for a small farm. Otherwise we would not be able to quite expensive. However, the demand for ordinary farm food is on do this kind of extra work.” The support has helped to improve the the rise. landscapes of the whole village and to save several historical farm "Different support schemes fields at the Ura landscape protection area. are the matter of survival." There are beef animals and milking cows, two goats and lots of chicken in the Sepa farm. They have goats because, paradoxically, The farm also receives support for keeping animals of local endan- Nele is allergic to cow’s milk. The reason for chicks is to get eggs gered breeds because there are the Estonian native cattle on the for the special cheese — sõir — and ice-cream. These two products farm. These calm animals are the best ones to take care of the make up the largest share of the farm’s income. “Farming takes semi-natural habitats. money, processing brings money back,” says Nele in her sober-mind- ed way. So, she has set her hopes on the dairy plant, which is already However, Sepa farm is about to face some changes. Nele wants to working in two shifts. At the same time, the farmer is experimenting hand the farm over to her two grown-up sons. The sons are already with developing different types of cheeses and other dairy products. helping, but it is Nele who needs some rest and changes. “Farm- She is dreaming of a spacious cheese boiler, new refrigerators and ing may sound romantic, but in reality it means constant, non-stop a cheese cellar to be built into the threshing house. But the biggest work,” says Nele. In addition, the young men would be able to apply challenge in the area is the lack of trustworthy employees. Many for several support measures that she does not qualify for any more. undertakings would advance a lot faster if there were more people But it is hard to believe that Nele, full of energy and desire to work, ready to do some serious work. would step aside very far! During the years, farming has become a lifestyle for her, even though it is a quite crazy lifestyle. Different support schemes are the matter of survival, believes Nele. In addition to the support for the maintenance of semi-natural hab- Text and photos: Helen Külvik

14 endangered species

Beneficiary: Kaarli Farm, www.kaarlitalu.ee Kaarli Farm in the SwirlLocation: Ärina village, Väike-Maarja rural municipality, Lääne-Viru county Estonian Rural Development Plan 2007―2013: • Support for environmentally friendly management • Support for organic production of Turning Points • Support for growing plants of local varieties Production: Organic crop farming (60 ha); a mill and a bakery The Kaarli farm is situated in the Lääne-Viru county, in the heart of the Pandivere upland with the most fertile soils of Estonia. Everything grows well here and while organic farming is a natural All the grains end up in the mill. The milling work is mostly hand- and economically beneficial way of farming on the poor soils of West work: a bucket of grain goes in; a bucket of flour comes out. The Estonia, then here, on good soils, there are almost no organic farms milling work and fieldwork are largely Lembit’s responsibilities. The at all. The Kaarli farm located on the edge of Väike-Maarja is an mill produces whole-grain flours, groats and cereal flakes. There is interesting exception here. also an oil press that enables the production of natural extra vir- gin edible oils. The ordering form of the Kaarli farm has 50 dif- The Kaarli farm is currently managed mostly by the young farmer ferent items — flours, flakes, groats, grains and different oils and Kadri Kopso with her husband Lembit. The owner of the farm is seeds. The most exciting items are perhaps oat groats, pea flour still Kadri’s father Mart Lepik, whose parents founded the farm in and camelina oil. As the farm has grown, Kadri and Lembit have 1938. From there on, the fate of the farm was like the fate of all employed three more people to help with the mill work, packaging other successful farms after World War II — the farmer was impris- and sales work. Kadri is rightfully proud to be able to provide jobs When Kadri and Lembit came to help on the oned, the family was cast out of their home and farm buildings were for the local people. turned to serve the Soviet Union. farm, they decided to listen to their hearts The third turning point of the Kaarli farm was in 2012, when a bak- and start farming in the organic way. When Kadri and Lembit came to help in 2009, they decided to lis- ery was set up with the support of LEADER measure. That’s where ten to their hearts and start farming in the organic way. Moreover, Kadri keeps herself occupied. She is baking spelt cookies and seed fertilizers and pesticides were very expensive and caused health chips that she invented herself. And, of course, the rye bread — disorders, such as allergies. “At that time, my husband and I did during the fair season Kadri bakes as much as 100 loaves of bread a not have any experience in farming and organic farming seemed week! There are seven different types of rye bread, the most popu- like an easier option. Farming is complicated, and we were totally lar one being the bread with seeds. inexperienced,” — that’s how Kadri explains the reasons for going organic. “Sure, the yields have decreased and it has made my father The experience of Kaarli farm is confirmed by other organic farms somewhat sad.” says Kadri. — in order to be successful on the market, you need to add value to the products. A grain farmer grows grain, grinds it in the mill and The first turning point of the farm had already taken place by that makes cookies, while a dairy farmer turns the milk into cheese. The time — in 1997, Mart bought a mechanical mill with the support more work you put in the final product, the higher price you can ask of European Union. That is when the current main activity of the for it on the market. And the market, always in need, is thankful, farm — grinding cereal crops and producing foodstuff — started. The too. ‘Sangaste’ rye variety, oats and spelt are grown on the farm, other Text: Helen Külvik agricultural products are outsourced. Photos: Heikki Avent

16 least five years (the requirement was valid for all three calls for applications). Overall, interest in the support measure was consid- erable; however, a great number of the applications did not meet the requirements of the support measure and therefore, the amount Stonewalls as a Piece of funding applied for exceeded the budget. The share of approved Semi natural Habitats Protect applications was less than 50% of the total number of submitted of our Agri culture applications. Within the period 2007—2014 a total of 3 049 309 euros of support us and Give us a Warning were paid for the restoration of 128.7 km of stonewalls (contribut- ing to 43% of the target level). The stone-walls subject to support Semi-natural habitats are traditional man-made habitats — however, had to be located in the areas where stonewalls were historically human activity has been limited to mowing and grazing livestock. As The objective of the support for the establishment and restoration spread; therefore, the most significant share of the support (86.5% a result, species richness and unique landscape has been developed. of stonewalls was to contribute to the preservation of traditional ag- of the total support of the measure) in the period under considera- Semi-natural habitats play a very important role in the preservation ricultural landscapes of high historic, cultural and landscape value. tion was granted for (65.4%), Pärnu county (11.5%) and of biodiversity — diverse habitats provide different plant and animal Restoration and maintenance of stonewalls has been supported since Lääne county (9.6%). species, including rare species and species in need of protection, 2001 when the measure was first implemented in two pilot areas (in with habitats. Semi-natural habitats include endangered habitats Support for the maintenance of Lümanda and rural municipality in Saare county and in The restored stonewalls are indirectly related to the preservation of with extreme species richness such as wooded meadows and al- semi natural habitats rural municipality in Jõgeva county) within the framework an increase in biodiversity because stonewalls are suitable habitats vars, coastal meadows and paludified meadows are stopover and of the national agri-environmental support. Within the framework and foraging sites for various species (for example, mammals such • first implemented in 2007 foraging habitats for migration birds and the habitats for shorebirds of the ERDP 2004—2006 a total of ~41 km of the establishment of as Eurasian pygmy shrew, amphibians such as Natterjack toad, rep- (Charadriiformes). Meadows can only be preserved in case they are • in 2007—2014 the number of beneficiaries stonewalls, ~86 km of the restoration of stonewalls and ~36 km of tiles such as Sand lizard, invertebrates such as Myriapoda, mosses mown and used for grazing — however, when these activities are involved 630 to 934 producers and the area under the maintenance of stonewalls was supported across Estonia. such as Streaky feather-moss, ferns such as Wall-spleenwort). discontinued, meadows become overgrown with shrubs and forest support depending of the specific year was and lose their initial value. 14 757 to 25 177 hectares The first call for applications for the establishment and restoration In order to preserve the current habitats, stones should mostly be of stonewalls within the period 2007—2013 was in 2009, the sec- gathered from fields to improve the water and air regime of the soil • this support will continue in the period 2014—2020 Protected natural objects in the environmental register include a ond call for applications in 2010 and the third in 2012. The amount and increase soil productivity. Also, the distance of cultivated land total of 76 775 hectares of semi-natural habitats — however, some of support applied for in the first call for applications exceeded from the stone-wall should not be less than 1.5 m. of the habitats are outside the protected areas. the budget for the whole period, so it was decided that from 2009 the types of semi-natural habitats, the coastal and flooded meadows Tambet Kikas, support will be granted only for the restoration of stonewalls, the Chief Specialist of the Soil Monitoring Bureau Management of semi-natural habitats is complicated because these account for approximately 65% of the area under support. establishment of stonewalls will not be subject to support within of the Agricultural Research Centre areas are often too wet, stony, difficult to access or requiring inten- the rest of the ERDP period 2007—2013. Restoration of a stonewall sive manual work or specific technical equipment etc. Therefore, Support for the maintenance of semi-natural habitats in protect- means dismounting a wall or a part of it and rebuilding or restoring producers are not motivated to manage these areas and additional ed areas has been revised and can also be applied for in the ERDP it to its original height and length in the local style, i.e increasing support is needed for the preservation of species richness. 2014—2020 period. One of the major changes is a possibility to ap- the height and length of a stone-wall by at least a half of its current ply for the single area payment (SAP) for an area of semi-natural dimensions. ERDP support for the maintenance of semi-natural habitats in Nat- habitats in case the managed semi-natural habitat meets the SAP ura 2000 areas was introduced in 2007 and the objective was to en- requirements. An important amendment is differentiation of sup- The requirements for receiving support were identical in three Support for the establishment and sure the favourable conservation status of the semi-natural habitats port rates by management method (mowing, grazing) and by type rounds. It was possible to apply for support for the restoration of the in Natura 2000 areas (both in terms of the quality of the habitat and of habitat (for example, coastal meadows and alvars can only be stone-walls which were located on utilized agricultural area or for restoration of stonewalls the size of the area of the habitat). maintained by means of grazing). the stonewalls of which at least 80% was bordering to agricultural • first implemented in 2004 land and the wall could be visually traced in the landscape, i.e. at Within the period 2007—2013 the area under the support for the Semi-natural habitats preserve the richness of our life, they are a least the lowest row of stones had to be preserved. • in 2009—2012 the number of beneficiaries was maintenance of semi-natural habitats increased from 14 758 hec- part of our culture and landscape; however, they give us a warning 507, the total length of restored stonewalls was tares to 25 120 hectares and 934 producers granted the support. The — when we lose good cooperation everything can disappear quickly. Stonewalls subject to support had to be located in areas where they 128.7 km area of semi-natural habitats is the largest in Lääne county and on were historically distributed and the specific character of the re- Iiri Raa, • this support will continue in the period 2014—2020 the islands — therefore, this support measure accounts for a signifi- Chief Chief Specialist of the Agri-environment Monitoring Bureau gion had to be taken into account in the restoration of stonewalls. cant share of supports in these areas. In terms of the breakdown of of the Agricultural Research Centre The beneficiary had an obligation to preserve the stone-wall for at

18 19 biodiversity

Beneficiary: SE Urmas Vahur, www.kurese.wordpress.com Location: The Peculiar Kurese village, Koonga rural municipality, Pärnu county Estonian Rural Development Plan 2007―2013: • Support for the maintenance of semi-natural habitats; • NATURA 2000 support for agricultural land; • Support for grazing animals; • Support for less-favoured areas; Kurese Farm • Support for the establishment and restoration of stonewalls Production: The Kurese nature protection farm, as the owner Urmas Vahur has Maintenance of semi-natural habitats (250 ha); grazing of rental called it, is located in Koonga rural municipality, Pärnu county. Ur- cattle (~200 young beef animals) mas Vahur is a long-time man of nature and is very dedicated to his somewhat different “farm”. The farm has about 220 ha of land and tors are rarely used — almost all work related to animals and the he rents some more from the state, altogether managing some 250 maintenance of semi-natural habitats is handwork, except the re- ha of heritage landscapes. Most of the territory lies in the Kurese moval of beams. “This area here is much more organic than all other landscape protection area, while the rest covers Estonia’s largest Estonian organic areas summed together,” Urmas believes. wooded meadow at . Urmas was brought up in the middle of wetlands. He has studied Maintenance and restoration of semi-natural habitats are Urmas’ forestry and worked as the chief expert of nature protection of the aims and the main job. The semi-natural habitats of Kurese have to Pärnu county. The work for semi-natural habitats at Kurese and the be witnessed with one’s own eye, since it is hard to imagine some- Nedrema wooded meadow is at the same time his hobby. This kind of thing that extensive. The Kurese landscape protection area lies on work requires being outside most of the time, working very hard, for alvars and the centre of the area is formed by the ancient village of a very little monetary return. Obviously, one cannot do that without “This area here is much more organic Kurese, which now lies in just a few ruins and stonewalls. passion and a bit of freakiness – and Urmas possesses both qualities. Even though the belief in and the love of the work he is doing are than all other Estonian organic areas Stonewalls are Urmas’ favourites. By the summer of 2016 he had the main reasons for such an undertaking, the different support summed together.” restored about 5 km of stonewalls. But on the map dating from 1896 measures have provided great help. The most important of the there were as many as 35—40 km of stonewalls in Kurese village! measures is the support for semi-natural habitats. Without this sup- However, the walk on the streets of Kurese is already impressive. port, it would not be possible to take care of such extensive areas of Here and there stonewalls run toward the horizon and the layout semi-natural habitats. Without the support for restoration of stone- of streets is easily recognizable. The walk here is like a step into walls there would be no stonewalls here. The support for grazing another world — to the distant history. animals is a great driver for renting cattle.

The last indigenous dweller of Kurese passed away in 1973. How- Urmas has a great dream — he wants his lands to be declared as ever, Kurese is not totally neglected — the extensive alvars are a the Kurese heritage protection area. There are many reasons for summer home for cattle. Every summer, about 200 young animals that — in addition to the ancient village there are dozens of ancient are brought here to take care of about 170 ha of semi-natural grass- artefacts that have been found during archaeological excavations on lands. In the autumn, when they go back home, they will become the lands of Kurese. “Unfortunately, the National Heritage Board of milking cows. Estonia is not ready yet to establish that kind of protected area,” says Urmas with regret in his voice. One day, his determination will There are no community or technical facilities at Kurese. The drink- bring him success for sure. ing points for animals are solved by self-flowing spring ponds. Trac- Text and photos: Helen Külvik

20 landscapes

Beneficiary: SE Väino Veersalu Iisaka Farm, www.iisakatalu.ee The Iisaka Farm, Location: Uuri village, rural municipality, Harju county Estonian Rural Development Plan 2007―2013: • Support for environmentally friendly management • NATURA 2000 support for agricultural land • Support for the maintenance of semi-natural habitats • Support for grazing animals Paradise of Sheep • Support for less-favoured areas • Support for the establishment and restoration of stonewalls Production: The Iisaka farm is situated on the limestone plain of North-Estonia. Sheep farming (100 females in the main flock) The soil layer is very thin here and does not provide much produce — such a habitat is called an alvar. The experience of the Iisaka farm handwork. The supports also encouraged him to take new semi-nat- has proven, however, that this fact is no obstacle for farming. It’s ural habitats into farm use. just important that you find the right activity. Here, on alvars, the right choice is sheep — that is the conclusion Väino Veersalu and The Veersalu family is raising Estonian dark-headed sheep. The flock his wife reached after they had started farming in the beginning of was acknowledged as a breeding flock in 2010. Priidu, the youngest 1990s and experimented with swine, cows and other animals. son of the family, took over the farm quite recently, in 2015, but the father and son are still working together. Priidu is an educated As a matter fact, it is hard to imagine any other animals here be- sheep farmer who can now apply for the support for young farmers. tween the low junipers. The sheep are just right. The sheep are also He is very happy about the newly founded mentoring program fi- the best managers of semi-natural habitats, says Priidu Veersalu, nanced by the Estonian Rural Development Plan, saying that he has “The best tasting mutton comes from the young master of the farm, who recently graduated from the received important know-how from his mentor Liilia Tali, who is an School of Service and Rural Economics. “The best-tasting experienced sheep farmer of South-Estonia. “I can always ask for the sheep that have been grazed on mutton comes from the sheep that have been grazed on semi-natu- her advice,” refers Priidu to this new service. semi natural grasslands.” ral grasslands,” is Priidu convinced. However, sheep farming is not the only thing that makes Priidu’s But the perfect taste of mutton is not the only reason why Priidu eyes sparkle. He is also engaged in folk dance as well as carpentry. grazes his sheep specifically on semi-natural grasslands. It is equal- The latter brings essential additional income to the farm. But re- ly important for him to have a splendid environment around him. storing furniture is still a hobby. “Everyone in our family is engaged Indeed, the well-restored and maintained alvars, which look like in some kind of handicraft,” says Priidu. His mother and sisters are someone has painted some happy sheep and long stonewalls on a skilful artisans and their handiwork brings income to the farm, too. canvas, pose a stunning view. Priidu and his family can enjoy this People can buy different wool knitwear, blankets and pillows as well view every day! Priidu says, with a grin, that now the neighbours as lambskin and rags from the farm and the fairs they are attending. are asking if Priidu would like to take care of their land, too. A good proof that he has done a good job! And, of course, they are selling mutton, because in addition to the breeding stock the Iisaka farm also raises sheep for meat. Has the The young farmer admits that he would not be able to thin the juni- young farmer become fed up with mutton? Priidu laughs and says: per coppice without the support provided by the measures of the Es- “Well, for the past 3—4 years I have started to eat mutton again.” tonian Rural Development Plan. The support is especially important in the case of restoring stonewalls, which is very labour-intensive Text and photos: Helen Külvik

22 Support for less favoured areas • implemented within 2004—2013

• in 2007—2013 the number of bene- ficiaries involved 8 332 to 9 235 producers and the area under support animals under the support measure, as well as animal units were Land Management in Less favoured depending of the specific year was Thanks to the Support CowsLääne-Viru, Valga and Viljandi county. 333 312 to 380 280 hectares Animal welfare support contributes to the preservation and im- Areas Contribute to the provement of species richness, particularly through grazing in grass- According to the requirements the rural municipalities were divided are Grazed on Pasture lands. Grazing helps to preserve semi-natural habitats and open into areas with poor production conditions and specific areas which landscapes and contributes to an increase in species richness, the Preservation of the Countrysidecould be designated by the state. abundance of insects and farmland birds. Grazing enables grass-fed The objective of animal welfare support is to increase the knowl- agricultural animals to be in their natural environment and behave Preventing the land from being left out of the agricultural use, pres- In LFA rural municipalities a total of 627 000 ha of agricultural land edge of livestock farmers of animal welfare and support agricultural naturally, fosters the development of the young stock and strength- ervation of the countryside and fostering agricultural production has been registered. The area of LFA agricultural area has increased producers who fulfil higher requirements for animal welfare. This ens the health of the animals. were the messages of the less-favoured areas (LFA). annually. In 2007 support was paid for 333 312 hectares whereas in way animal welfare will be improved and more natural keeping con- 2013 380 280 ha of agricultural land was under support. The number ditions for the cattle will be ensured. Grazing contributes to the ex- In 2015 49% of the total number of cattle in Estonia was grazed, The objective of this support was to ensure ongoing use of agricul- of beneficiaries had also increased by the end of the RDP period in tensive use of grasslands, including semi-natural habitats which play 57% of the goats, 53% of the horses and 95% of the sheep were also tural land in less-favoured areas. Less-favoured areas were deter- comparison to the first years of the period. However, the number an important role as valuable habitats. In addition, grazing helps to grazed. In fact, holdings may graze even more agricultural animals, mined by rural municipalities characterized by a significant share of of beneficiaries was not increasing on annual basis. For example, preserve and increase the share of grasslands in agricultural land- but they are not under support and information about them is not low productivity land which cannot be easily cultivated. The fact the number of beneficiaries was the smallest (8 332) in 2009 and scape. available in the register. 18 142 ha of semi-natural habitats were that the quality of soils in the LFA rural municipalities was in most increased to the highest level by the end of the period — up to under grazing support of which 40% overlapped with the area of cases worse than in Estonia on average (40 points) referred to the 9 235 in 2013. The support measure was introduced in 2009; the beneficiary was semi-natural habitats of the beneficiaries of animal welfare support. unsuitability of the natural conditions for agricultural production. obliged to graze agricultural animals (bovine animals, horses, goats Therefore, it can be speculated that semi-natural habitats are main- The economic indicators in these rural municipalities are lower than Landowners were well aware of the payment scheme and used it and sheep). Since 2015, in addition to grazing animals, animal wel- tained by the animals under animal welfare support. in areas of conventional production conditions. quite actively. Permanent grassland which was maintained by mow- fare support can also be applied for pigs and laying hens as one- ing contributed to the highest share of the payments (43% in 2013). year commitment. In terms of the number of animals a considerable Conscious consumers consider the meat and other produce of the In Estonia less-favoured areas were designated by rural municipali- Within the period which prevented soil degradation through loss of share of the welfare support was applied for pigs (over 91 000) con- animals kept in good conditions to be of better quality (these an- ties in 2004. Initially there were 101 rural municipalities of LFAs in nutrients, the share of legumes in the agricultural land increased tributing to 26% of the total animal units under support. The second imals are healthier and stress-free, less medication has been used Estonia (figure 1). Selection of the rural municipalities of LFAs was by 27%. LFA support contributed to the improvement of the mainte- large group was bovine animals — 80 659 animals (67%). Horses and etc.) and consumers are willing to pay a higher price for the prod- based on the requirements of the European Council (EC) Regulation. nance and ongoing use of the supported areas. Moreover, LFA pay- sheep contributed to 3% both, laying hens to 0.5% and goats to 0.1% ucts which in turn, increases the competitiveness of the producers. ments fostered the preservation of local habitats. of the total animal units. Ere Ploomipuu, In the transition year 2014 it was not possible to apply for LFA sup- Chief Specialist of the Agri-environment Monitoring Bureau In 2015 animal welfare support was granted to 1 987 cattle breeder. of the Agricultural Research Centre port — the current commitments remained in force. However, in 65% of the beneficiaries had also received cattle grazing support the new RDP period 2014—2020 the LFA support measure does not within 2010—2014. Despite of a decrease in all animal species and exist any longer because it did not envisage direct requirements the difficult situation in agriculture in 2015, the beneficiaries are Support for grazing animals for the improvement of the environmental status which are of key still investing in improving the conditions for the keeping of animals. importance in the new period. In 2007—2013 the LFA support could • first implemented in 2009 The number of beneficiaries of the animal welfare support was the be applied for together with other Axis 2 supports such as environ- mentally friendly production and management, organic production biggest in Saare and Pärnu county (over 200) characterized by nu- • in 2007—2014 the number of beneficiaries merous small agricultural holdings. The number of beneficiaries was involved 2 033 to 2 546 producers and 109 747 and Natura 2000 supports there-fore, environmental requirements the smallest in (36) where the number of animal pro- to 123 990 animals were also implemented indirectly through other supports in the LFA ducers is also the smallest in Estonia. However, Hiiumaa is a positive areas. Resources previously allocated to LFA supports were directed example in terms of the rate of applications approved — all 36 ap- • this support will continue in the period to the agri-environment support scheme. 2014—2020 as animal welfare support plicants were granted support (2/3 of the applicants were granted Kadri Allik, Chief Specialist of the Soil Monitoring Bureau support in full). The first three counties in terms of the number of Figure 1. Rural municipalities of less-favoured areas in the map of Estonia of the Agricultural Research Centre

24 25 soil protection

Beneficiary: LLC Mätiku talu, [email protected] Location: village, Koonga rural municipality, Pärnu county Rural Entrepreneurship KeepsEstonian Rural Development Plan 2007―2013: • Support for environmentally friendly management • Support for organic production • Support for the maintenance of semi-natural habitats the Family Together • NATURA 2000 support for agricultural land • Support for less-favoured areas Production: The Mätiku farm located at Oidrema, between and Pärnu, is Dairy production (50 milking cows); crop production; poultry a true example of rural lifestyle. The farm has been a home to six children, and all of them are still involved with the farm activities, The agricultural lands here are poor, too. They are located by the one way or another. peatland — wet and peaty. Even if you fertilize, it would not get any better, it would just add costs. Because of the poor lands, the farm The iron lady of the farm is Helga Pikkmets. She and her husband can apply for the support for less-favoured areas. As the lands lie on Aivar, who used to take care of the machinery, started farming with Natura 2000 designated areas, there is also support for maintaining three cows. Now there are 55 cows grazing on the pasture. Being the semi-natural habitats and the Natura 2000 support for agricul- out on the pasture is the basic right of the Mätiku cattle. In winter- tural land. About 2/3 of the machinery has been bought with the time, however, they have to stay inside and it’s the capacity of the help of investment grants. barn that sets limits to the size of the cattle herd. But the cows go outside in winter, too, just to breathe some fresh air. The family As an innovation, the Pikkmets family farmers cultivate catch crops is dreaming of a bigger barn — ideally it would accommodate 150 and prepare the fields so that there would be vegetation in the win- cows. One day the barn will be ready. ter. These methods help to improve the soil productivity consider- “The lands are so poor here that ably. “Just two or three years of clover can do miracles with the The forage is made locally, like in any proper farm. There are grass- land,” Helga is convinced. even if you fertilize, it wouldn’t lands and fields laying on 370 ha, so in terms of West-Estonia, it is a get any better.” rather large farm. The milk production is decent, about 8800 litres Mirjam, the energetic daughter of the Pikkmets family, adds that per year, which is a very good result for an organic farm. For many in their area it is a common trend that many intensive farmers are years, the raw milk could be purchased from the automatic raw milk going organic. Like her four brothers, Mirjam has stayed in the home machines provided by the commercial association ‘Estonian Organic’ area and is currently developing her own organic farm in the neigh- (‘Eesti Mahe’). Now the milk is mostly sold to Lithuania. However, bouring house-hold. She is focussing on a small dairy plant, sheep those who wish can still buy the milk straight from the farm. About and poultry farming. The active young woman is making very differ- 100 litres of milk a week is sold to individual buyers. ent dairy products and can already provide employment for others. The Pikkmets family has always followed the organic path — that is The family of the Mätiku farm and the Oidrema surroundings in gen- the only way for them. In Soviet times, Aivar was the head of the eral creates hopes for the continuity of rural life. There are kids who collective farm and witnessed the poisoning of fields with his own grow up drinking warm milk and feeling the coarse tongue of a calf eyes. When he started farming, he had no desire to feed all the on their cheeks. They know where the eggs and cheese come from. toxic substances to his family. Helga adds that organic farming is Moreover, they grow up with the knowledge that a cow needs to be also much simpler and less expensive than modern agriculture, at out grazing — then it is just as happy as this little boy, perhaps the least in their case: “The cow looks around and decides what she future farmer, in his yard. eats or does not eat. Why would I have to learn all that, if the cow already knows?” Text and photos: Helen Külvik

26 landscapes

Beneficiary: The Main Beef Cattle LLC Vormsi MT, [email protected] Location: Kersleti village, Vormsi rural municipality, Lääne county Estonian Rural Development Plan 2007―2013: • Support for the maintenance of semi-natural habitats Farmers of Vormsi Care • Support for organic production • Support for less-favoured areas • Support for keeping animals of local endangered breeds Production: Beef cattle (200 animals); maintenance of semi-natural About the Nature habitats (120 ha of coastal meadows) The Vormsi Island of the Estonian western coast encompasses 93 km2 and half of its territory is covered with forest. The island is a part of years now. Compared to the first years, the meadows are now the Väinamere Natura 2000 special protection area. Moreover, part cleared of the brushwood and reed. The open landscapes, which of the island belongs to the Vormsi landscape protection area. There provide great views and better access to the coastline, are also im- are about 1000 ha of arable lands on the island, but the average portant nesting and resting areas for numerous bird species. “There quality rating of the arable land is among the lowest in Estonia. are quite many rare bird species in and around the coastal mead- Therefore, the natural circumstances as well as the restrictions set ows, and the vegetation of the meadows has become much more by nature protection considerations are in favour of environmentally- diverse,” says Ege about the progress they have made. friendly agriculture. The farmers have had a lot of support from the land conservation Ege and Gert Kanarbik started farming in 2007 with mowing the specialists of the Environmental Board, who always give advice when coastal meadows. A couple of years later they bought 10 beef ani- new coastal meadows are started to be restored and managed. The “There are quite many rare bird species in and mals to continue the maintenance of the coastal meadows. As the aim is to maintain the managed lands and to expand, if possible. The territory of the coastal meadows was 54 ha, it soon became clear expansion process involves negotiations with dozens of landowners, around the coastal meadows, and the vegetation that there was a need for more animals. So, in 2011 they purchased as the island is divided into small parcels of property. Moreover, for of the meadows has become much more diverse.” 51 more cows and as of today, the animals are taking care of 120 ha historical reasons the landowners are often Swedes, who do not live of coastal meadows. There are 200 Hereford and Simmental breed on the island. It is a great bonus that Ege can speak Swedish! cows in the herd and currently they form the biggest cattle herd of the island. The support of the Estonian Rural Development Plan has enabled the family to purchase land and facilities for the cattle. All this The enterprise has been organic from its start. There just is no other would not have been possible without the support, as when they way for this nature-loving family. In addition to the coastal mead- started, the young family had nothing but good will. They have ex- ows, the farmers have 350 ha of organic arable land, where they panded the farm year by year and currently, the LLC Vormsi MT is grow winter forage for the cattle. The animals stay outside for 5 the biggest agricultural enterprise on the Vormsi Island. The Family months during the warm season. There are about 20 km of fences, Kanarbik has never regretted their decision to become involved in which need to be checked every day. In autumn, the animals are agriculture. They hope their farm would inspire others to become brought into the barn. During the calving season, in late autumn and farmers as well. The oldest son of the family is planning to continue early winter, the animals are observed through cameras, in order to his studies in an agricultural university after graduation, so it seems provide help if needed. As the dwelling house is connected with the that inspiration has already been spread. barn, the whole family gets to be part of this special period of birth. Text: Triin Nõu The coastal meadows of Vormsi have been restored for about ten Photos: The Rural Network and Ege Kanarbik

28 Support for organic production Organic Farming - the Most • first implemented in 2004 Pan European Network • in 2009—2014 the number of beneficiaries involved 1 152 to 1 407 producers and the area Protects Endangered Species Environmentally Friendly under support depending of the specific year was Natura 2000 support for agricultural land 81 636 to 126 242 hectares • first implemented as a support for regions with • this support will continue in the period 2014—2020 and Habitats environmental handicaps in 2006 Production Method as a support for conversion to organic farming and a support for continuing organic farming • in 2007—2014 the number of beneficiaries involved 1 336 to 1 692 producers and the area under support depending on the specific year was Natura 2000 is a pan-European network of protected areas. Its ob- 20 647 to 24 334 hectares jective is to ensure the protection of rare or endangered bird, ani- In organic farming chemical pesticides, artificial fertilisers and ge- After the introduction of the support measure the importance of mal and plant species and their habitats. • this support will continue in the period 2014—2020 netically modified organisms are not used for plant production. In organic farming in Estonia has rapidly increased. In 2003 the area terms of most field crops appropriate crop rotations are practiced, under organic farming support in Estonia was 33 588 ha whereas the Selection of Natura 2000 areas is based on the habitats directive for the improvement of soil fertility nutrients are provided by leg- area under organic farming support increased to 126 242 by 2013 and birds’ directive. Estonia as a European Union (EU) member state umes. Organically reared animals can only be fed with organic for- and support was granted to 1 114 organic farms. The area under has to ensure the preservation of natural values in Natura 2000 ar- age. Therefore, organic farming is the most environmentally friend- organic farming support accounted for 82% of the area in the organic eas. Natura 2000 Network in Estonia includes 66 bird areas with a ly production method and organic farming products are free from farming register in 2013. total area of 1 266 000 ha and 542 nature areas with a total area of chemicals and are healthy. However, crop yields in organic farming 1 166 000. Bird areas and nature areas coincide to some extent; are lower than in conventional farming due to more modest fertilis- Since 2009 organic farming support has been paid for organic ani- therefore, the total area of Natura 2000 Network is 1 483 000 ha increased from 20 647 ha to 24 334 ha and the number of benefi- ing and use of pesticides. mal husbandry. In 2014 the number of organically raised sheep was of which the sea, Lake Peipus and Lake Võrtsjärv account for over ciaries from 1 336 to 1 692. Permanent grassland (including partly the biggest (approximately 40 428) whereas the number of organic a half. semi-natural habitats) contributed to over 60% of the area under Before the 19th century chemical pesticides and artificial fertilisers cattle (36 780) was also considerable. The number of cattle has in- support which is a more favourable habitat for biota in agricultural were not used. In the 20th century the use of artificial fertilisers be- creased almost twice in comparison to 2009. In the ERDP period 2007—2013 about 60 000 ha of land plots of Esto- landscape than arable land. came a regular practice and soon a demand for more nature-friendly nian Agricultural Registers and Information Board (ARIB) located in agriculture emerged. Organic farming was introduced in agriculture The research carried out by the Agricultural Research Centre in Natura 2000 areas. These areas are subject to handicaps of different In 2014 the land plots under Natura 2000 support included habitats in Europe in 1920—30s. One of the founders of organic farming was 2009—2015 demonstrates that organic farming has had a favourable levels of strictness which put the producers in disadvantage when for more than 1 400 animal, plant, and fungus or lichen species of a German anthroposophist Rudolf Steiner who held lectures on the impact on the living conditions of farmland birds and bumblebees. compared to the producers outside Natura 2000 areas. However, the protection categories I—III registered in Estonian Nature Information foundations of biodynamic agriculture which were published in The abundance and number of species of farmland birds has been EU support is important for the preservation of species richness and System. For example, the field plots under support had 42 habitats 1924. Another pioneer of organic farming is Sir Albert Howard who significantly higher in organic holdings than in the fields of EFM and habitats. for category I animal species; habitats for the dunlin were most was studying local natural agriculture with his wife Gabriela in In- SAP holdings, mostly for the reason that the area of grassland in numerous (15). Through Natura 2000 agricultural area support even dia, and tried to relate the local approach to western production organic holdings is larger. Thus, in 2007 Natura 2000 support for agricultural land was intro- more attention is being paid to Natura 2000 Network area under methods. At the beginning of thirties he returned to Great Britain duced to cope with handicaps related to the implementation of the support and the habitats of over 1 400 species in these areas. In the and started to introduce the newly developed agricultural system habitats and birds directive. The objective of the support was to Karli Sepp, ERDP period 2014—2020 this support continues and no major chang- and carry out field tests. In Estonia organic farming was initiated by Chief Specialist of the Agricultural Research Bureau ensure conformity with nature protection requirements in Natura es in the requirements have been made. Estonian Biodynamic Association in 1989. of the Agricultural Research Centre 2000 Network areas, maintain agricultural activity and ensure the efficient management of Natura 2000 areas. The main condition for Compliance to the requirements of organic farming in Estonia is the beneficiary is to meet the requirements of the nature conserva- regulated by the Organic Farming Act and several organic farming tion area, special conservation area or the habitat provided in the regulations. Organic farming supports introduced within the frame- protection rules. Eneli Viik, work of ERDP in 2004 have played a significant role in defining the Chief Specialist of the Agri-environment Monitoring Bureau conditions for organic farming. Within the period 2007—2014 the area under Natura 2000 support of the Agricultural Research Centre

30 31 biodiversity

Beneficiary: LLC Koplimäe Mahe Talu, www.koplimae.eu Location: The Organic BoutiqueUuemõisa village, Pöide rural municipality, Saare county Estonian Rural Development Plan 2007―2013: • Support for organic production • Support for less-favoured areas Production: Organic crop production (spelt and buckwheat, total area of of Koplimäe arable land 20 ha); processing, a mill and a café It is a known fact that all temporary things tend to be the most per- sistent ones. This is just the case with the Koplimäe organic farm. tea strengthens blood vessels and is useful in many other ways, and The Müür family of the Koplimäe farm had no intention to start tastes good as well. “Many useful things do not taste good, but the farming, but that’s exactly what happened. At first, they started buckwheat flower tea is a splendid exception,” Marju confirms. They cultivating spelt for their own needs. At the time, around 2000, make buckwheat pillows, too. spelt was still almost an entirely unknown crop in Estonia. The Müür family members believe that organic farming is the right While in the beginning they were able to have their spelt flour milled option, especially on the small and stony fields of the Saaremaa at Saikla mill, the mill was soon closed and the family bought a small Island. The Koplimäe farm has been recognized as an organic farm hand mill. As the farm grew, there became a need for larger appli- since 1999. The family has set future hopes on the younger son Ar- ances and the support form LEADER measure has provided great help tur, who is planning to attend the Olustvere School of Service and here — as of now, the farm has a flour mill and a buckwheat mill, as Rural Economics soon, in order to become a farmer. The family has well as grain crop hullers. But everything is still hand-work. There all members occupied — Olev’s father Vello welds and takes care of “Our place is like a boutique - it are no mechanized facilities on the farm. “We cannot be compared the machinery. with other mills, because our place is like a boutique — it is all is all handwork, every grain goes handwork, every grain goes through our hands,” says Marju Müür, There is no sense of stagnation at the Koplimäe farm. Instead, in- through our hands.” the hostess of the farm. novations are always welcomed here. Now they have set up solar panels, which help to save quite a lot of energy, especially on the Marju has grown up here in Pöide. She has quite a strong feeling for sunny Saaremaa Island. It can easily be said that the products made spelt: “I fell in love with spelt when I was learning to be a baker on on the farm are as organic as can be! the island of Gotland, Sweden, in 2010. Gotland is special because they have found really old varieties of spelt, which possess extraor- But that’s not all. The farm also includes a café! In the café, a visitor dinary baking qualities.” Currently the Müürs are cultivating both can buy anything that is produced on the Koplimäe farm: spelt and varieties from Gotland as well as from Germany. buckwheat products, especially flour and different organic cookies. Marje believes that adding value to products is the right way to The busy family is also cultivating buckwheat. They started with go. Flour is inexpensive and it does not pay to transport it to the buckwheat in 2006, when no-one had yet heard of the benefits of mainland, but there is enough market space for the organic cookies. raw buckwheat. “There was no good idea what to do with raw buck- And last, but not least — the Koplimäe farm also has an internet wheat, we just fed it to the animals,” farmer Olev Müür is laughing. store. The key to achieving a goal lies in the doing. Now the buckwheat is a popular item, and not just as raw grain! At Koplimäe farm, buckwheat is milled into groats, flour and semolina. Buckwheat flowers are used as well — these make good tea. The Text and photos: Helen Külvik

32 soil protection

Beneficiary: LLC FIO, [email protected] Peri Organic Manor is Location: Peri village, Põlva rural municipality, Põlva county Estonian Rural Development Plan 2007―2013: Support for organic production Production: Growing Some Special Organic vegetables (0.5 ha); organic crop production (70 ha)

June. Another “hit” vegetable is a Japanese kind of orange squash, which is not much known in Estonia, but is becoming a new favour- Vegetables ite because of its handy size, nice orange colour and no-peel skin. The family enterprise at Peri, Põlva county, has set its target on pro- “The people call the pumpkins orange squash because of their shape ducing organic vegetables and on promoting organic food in general. and colour,” Tiina explains. The interesting varieties have already The farmer Tiina Länkur, who studied horticulture, felt already dur- attracted the attention of several chefs of the restaurants of Tallinn ing his studies that there must be an alternative to all the poisonous and Tartu. sprays and mineral fertilizers. “In the 1990s, when I was studying to become a farmer, I was a big dissident in my school and my ideas of- Organic production that will be sold in ordinary food stores has to ten opposed those of the others. I did the things I sincerely believed be clearly distinguished from the equivalent products that are not in, and I still do. I believe that the food grown without poisoning is organic. Therefore, packaging takes a lot of time at an organic farm. good for people as well as for the soil organisms and the surrounding “By the time we are harvesting sweet corn, a small packaging line nature,” says Tiina. Based on her convictions, organic farming has will hopefully arrive here, with the monetary support of the LEADER now become the lifestyle of the whole family. programme. It will help us to pack the ears faster,” says the farmer Ander Konks about the plans of the near future. “Food grown without poisoning is good There are 72 ha of land on the farm. On these lands the family grows strawberries, chokeberries, carrots, beetroots, onions, sweet corn, The farming family is happy to share their knowledge about organic for people as well as for the soil pumpkins, zucchini, oats, buckwheat and the ‘Sangaste’ variety of farming and organic food. They have organized workshops and lec- organisms and the surrounding nature.” ryes. As they only cultivate plants, crop rotation is very carefully tures on organic food at their farm. They have also hosted about studied in order to guarantee soil fertility. On some of the lands 200 children from the kindergartens and school of Tartu which have they always cultivate red clover, which fixes nitrogen in the air and joined the health awareness programme. The pupils of the near- therefore increases soil fertility. by Rosma School are quite frequent visitors during crop sowing and harvesting. About 250 visitors came over on the Open Farm Day in The family handles all the work at the farm. Vegetables are grown 2015. The farm also hosts volunteers and apprentices from abroad. on less than a hectare, since vegetable cultivation is the work re- quiring the most labour. There are several tools that make the work The open-minded family likes to experience. A few years ago, they a little easier and which can be pulled by a tractor, but organic leaf accepted the proposal of Estonian Crop Research Institute to grow fertilizer has to be spread by hand and for managing the weeds organic carrot and onion seeds. Therefore, the organic seeds can be — well, a sharp hoe and fast-moving hands are still the best tools distributed to other organic farmers. Time will show if there will be there. some other plant seeds added to the collection. However, it is most certain that the enthusiastic family will carry on cultivating organic Many organic farmers have developed their signature products that vegetables and grain crops as well as propagating organic food. they are known for on the market. A bit surprisingly, the Peri organic Text: Triin Nõu farm is known for its sweet corn, which is already requested for in Photos: The Rural Network

34 soil protection

Beneficiary: The Story of Pajumäe Piim LLC, www.pajumae.ee Location: Pajumäe farm, Abja-Vanamõisa village, Abja rural municipality, Viljandi county Estonian Rural Development Plan 2007―2013: Pajumäe Farm: from • Support for organic production • Support for keeping animals of local endangered breeds Production: Dairy production and processing (in total of 160 animals and 400 ha Roses to Yoghurt of arable land) In 1989, when Arvo Veidenberg returned to the farm lands that had ysis, in order for the cows to get balanced fodder and stay healthy. belonged to his father, he started farming by growing young plants and roses. However, young plants were hard to sell and the farmer The Pajumäe farm has received the title of the Organic Farm of the soon decided that it was time to re-orientate the business. As the Year for long-time sustainable management in 2010 and the prize for farm had always had a milking cow, the farmer decided to start with promoting a green economy in 2012. Moreover, the farm was named dairy production. as Estonian Best Production Farm and the Farm of the Year in 2012. As environmentally-friendly farming is a constantly developing field, The increasing number of cattle needed a barn. The family could not the farming family keeps its eye on scientific literature in order to put afford an insulated barn, so they built Estonia’s first cold cattle barn new sustainable agricultural practices into use. in 1993. The idea for such a barn came from the people of the Esto- nian Agricultural University, who had seen such a barn in the United The Pajumäe dairy plant was recognized as organic in 2005. All their States. Today all Estonian dairy cattle are accommodated in such cold products are organic and much known and loved by Estonians. Recent- cattle barns. ly, the sign of Pure Farm Food was added to the packages. Currently there are about 60 different dairy products produced at the dairy At first, all milk was sold to a collector. During the Russian crises, the plant. They were also the first ones to sell raw milk at food stores. “Organic farming is the milk price dropped three times and this fact inspired the idea to start Their organic kefir (a drink) received the Grand Prix at the competi- normal farming.” processing milk on the farm. In 1998 they started with yoghurt, be- tion “Best Farm Food 2016”. In spring, they started producing organic cause producing curd cheese and cheese seemed like a complicated ghee, which is mostly exported to Finland. science. “As a matter of fact, yoghurt is a much more complicated item to produce. If we had known that producing curd cheese and Although the products of the Pajumäe farm are well known among regular cheese was so easy, we would have started producing these Estonians, it is a never-ending task to stay known and to find modern a long time ago,” says Arvo Veidenberg about the dairy processing solutions. Viljar Veidenberg, the son of the family taking over the history of the farm. farming responsibilities, has done a great job here. The farm now has a new logo and the products have newly designed labels. The Since the beginning of the restoration of the Pajumäe farm it has home page has been updated and activities of the farm are made been important for the family that production does not damage the visible on Facebook. “The presence on social media is a natural part environment. The recognition of the Pajumäe farm as an organic farm of client communication. Social media lets our fans know about inter- in 2001 was a natural continuation of things. The organic farm does esting things going on at the farm,” explains Viljar Veidenberg. It is not use mineral fertilizers or plant protection products, and the cows quite sure that there will be more interesting news to come. And who have free access to graze-land. “Organic farming is the normal farm- knows, maybe one day the roses that gave the farm a start, will find ing,” stresses Arvo Veidenberg. They have a long-time goal to manage their way to dairy products? As in rose petal jam, for instance. their fields and graze-lands in a sustainable way that supports biodi- Text: Triin Nõu versity. The fodder ratios of the cows are decided upon through anal- Photos: The Rural Network

36 38 39 NATURAL ENVIRONMENT IS IN THE HANDS OF FARMERS!

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