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5102_e15_p1-10.qxd 1/27/10 3:24 PM Page 1 Heads of State* Argentina 1862 Bartolomé Mitre 1955 Eduardo Lonardi, September 23– 1868 Domingo F. Sarmiento November 13 1874 Nicolás Avellaneda Pedro Eugenio Aramburu, 1880 Julio Argentino Roca November 13–May 1, 1958 1886 Miguel Juárez Celman 1958 Arturo Frondizi 1890 Carlos Pellegrini 1962 José María Guido 1963 Arturo Illia 1892 Luís Sáenz Peña 1966 Juan Carlos Onganía 1895 José E. Uriburu 1970 Roberto Marcelo Levingston 1898 Julio Argentino Roca 1971 Alejandro A. Lanusse 1904 Manuel Quintana 1973 Héctor Cámpora, May 27–July 13 1906 José Figueroa Alcorta Raúl Alberto Lastiri, July 13– 1910 Roque Sáenz Peña October 12 1914 Victorino de la Plaza Juan Domingo Perón, 1916 Hipólito Yrigoyen October 12–July 1, 1974 1922 Marcelo Torcuato 1974 María Estela (Isabel) Martínez de de Alvear Perón 1928 Hipólito Yrigoyen 1976 Jorge Rafael Videla 1930 José Félix Uriburu 1981 Roberto Viola, March 29– December 22 1932 Augustín P. Justo Leopoldo Fortunato Galtieri, 1938 Roberto M. Ortiz December 22–June 17, 1982 1940 Ramón S. Castillo 1982 Reynaldo Benito Antonio Bignone 1943 Arturo Rawson, June 5–7 1983 Raúl Alfonsín Foulkes Pedro P. Ramírez, June 7– 1989 Carlos Saúl Menem March 9, 1944 1999 Fernando de la Rúa 1944 Edelmiro J. Farrell 2003 Néstor Kirchner 1946 Juan Domingo Perón 2007 Cristína Fernández de Kirchner Bolivia 1864 Mariano Melgarejo 1888 Aniceto Arce 1871 Agustín Morales 1892 Mariano Baptista 1872 Tomás Frías Ametller 1896 Severo Fernández 1873 Adolfo Ballivián 1899 Serapio Reyes Ortiz 1874 Tomás Frías Ametller (April 12–October 25) 1876 Hilarión Daza 1899 José Manuel Pando 1880 Narciso Campero 1904 Ismael Montes 1884 Gregorio Pacheco 1909 Eliodoro Villazón *These listings include only those countries covered in the book. 1 5102_e15_p1-10.qxd 1/27/10 3:24 PM Page 2 2 Heads of State 1913 Ismael Montes 1969 Luis Adolfo Siles Salinas 1917 José Gutiérrez (April 27–September 26) 1920 Bautista Saavedra 1969 Alfredo Ovando Candía 1925 Felipe S. Guzmán 1970 Juan José Torres 1926 Hernando Siles Reyes 1971 Hugo Banzer 1930 Carlos Blanco Galindo 1978 Juan Pereda 1931 Daniel Salamanca Urey (July 21–November 24) 1934 José Luis Tejada Sorzano 1978 David Padilla 1936 David Toro 1979 Wálter Guevara 1937 Germán Busch (August 8–November 1) 1939 Carlos Quintanilla 1979 Lydia Gueiler Tejada 1940 Enrique Peñaranda 1980 Luis García Meza Tejada 1943 Gualberto Villarroel López 1981 Celso Torrelio 1946 Tomás Monje 1982 Guido Vildoso (July 21–October 10) 1947 Enrique Hertzog 1982 Hernán Siles Suazo 1949 Mamerto Urriolagoitia 1985 Víctor Paz Estenssoro 1951 Hugo Ballivián 1989 Jaime Paz Zamora 1952 Víctor Paz Estenssoro 1993 Gonzalo Sánchez de Lozada 1956 Hernán Siles Suazo 1997 Hugo Banzer 1960 Víctor Paz Estenssoro 2002 Gonzalo Sánchez de Lozada 1964 René Barrientos + Alfredo Ovando 2003 Carlos Mesa Candía 2005 Eduardo Rodríguez 1966 René Barrientos 2006 Evo Morales Brazil 1831 Dom Pedro II 1956 Juscelino Kubitschek 1889 Deodoro da Fonseca 1961 Jânio Quadros, January 31– 1891 Floriano Peixoto August 25 1894 Prudente de Moraise e Barros Ranieri Mazzilli, August 25– 1898 Manuel Ferraz de Campos Sales September 8 1902 Francisco de Paula Rodrigues Alves João Goulart, September 8– 1906 Afonso Augusto Moreira Pena April 2, 1964 1909 Nilo Peçanha 1964 Ramieri Mazzilli, April 2–15 1910 Hermes da Fonseca Humberto de Alencar Castello 1914 Wenceslau Brás Pereira Gomes Branco, April 15–March 15, 1918 Delfim Moreira da Costa Ribeiro 1967 1919 Epitácio da Silva Pessòa 1967 Artur da Costa e Silva 1922 Arthur da Silva Bernardes 1969 Augusto Hamann Rademaker 1926 Washington Luís Pereira de Sousa Gruenewald, August 31– 1930 Júlio Prestes, October 24– October 25 November 4 Emílio Garrastazu Medici, Getúlio Dornelles Vargas, October 30–March 15, November 4–October 31, 1945 1974 1945 José Linhares 1974 Ernesto Geisel 1946 Eurico Gaspar Dutra 1979 João Baptista Figueiredo 1951 Getúlio Vargas 1985 José Sarney 1954 João Café Filho 1990 Fernando Collor de Mello 1955 Carlos Luz, November 8–11 1992 Itamar Franco Nereu Ramos, November 11– 1995 Fernando Henrique Cardoso January 31, 1956 2003 Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva Chile 1876 Aníbal Pinto 1896 Federico Errázuriz 1881 Domingo Santa María 1901 Germán Riesco Errázuriz 1886 José Manuel Balmaceda 1905 Rafael Rayas 1891 Jorge Montt 1906 Pedro Montt 5102_e15_p1-10.qxd 1/27/10 3:24 PM Page 3 Heads of State 3 1910 Elías Fernández Albano, 1932 Arturo Puga, June 4–12 August 16–September 6 Marmaduke Grove, June 12–16 Emiliano Figueroa, September 6– Carlos Dávila Espinoza, June 17– September 18, 1911 September 13 1911 Ramón Barros Luco Bartolomé Blanche Espejo, 1915 Juan Luís Sanfuentes September 13–October 2 1920 Luis Barros Borgoño, June 25– Abraham Oyanedel, October 2– December 23 December 24 Arturo Alessandri Palma, Arturo Alessandri Palma, December 23–September December 24–December 24, 1938 8, 1924 1938 Pedro Aguirre Cerda 1924 Luis Altamirano 1941 Geronimo Méndez Arancibia 1925 Carlos Ibañez del Campo, 1942 Juan Antonio Ríos Morales January 23–March 21 1946 Alfredo Duhalde Vázquez, Arturo Alessandri Palma, June 27–October 17 March 21–October 1 Juan A. Irabarren, October 17– Luis Barros Borgoño, October 1– November 3 December Gabriel González Videla, Emiliano Figueroa Larraín, November 3–November 3, 1952 December–May 4, 1927 1952 Carlos Ibáñez del Campo 1927 Carlos Ibáñez del Campo 1958 Jorge Alessandri Rodríguez 1931 Pedro Opazo Letelier, July 26–27 1964 Educardo Frei Montalva Juan Esteban Montero Rodríguez, 1970 Salvador Allende Gossens July 27–August 18 1973 Augusto Pinochet Ugarte Manuel Trucco Franzani, 1990 Patricio Aylwin August 18–November 15 1994 Eduardo Frei Ruiz-Tagle Juan Esteban Montero Rodríguez, 2000 Ricardo Lagos Escobar November 15–June 4, 1932 2006 Michelle Bachelet Colombia 1819 Simón Bolívar 1898 Manuel Antonio Sanclemente 1830 Joaquín Mosquera 1900 José Manuel Marroquín Rafael Urdaneta 1904 Rafael Reyes 1831 Domingo Caicedo 1909 Jorge Holguín José María Obando (temporary until July 1909) José Ignacio Márquez Ramón González Valencia 1832 Francisco de Paula Santander 1910 Carlos Emilio Restrepo 1837 José Ignacio Márquez 1914 José Vicente Concha 1841 Pedro Alcántara Herrán 1918 Marco Fidel Suárez 1845 Tomás Cipriano de Mosquera 1921 Jorge Holguín 1849 José Hilario López 1922 Pedro Nel Ospina 1853 José María Obando 1926 Miguel Abadía Méndez 1854 José de Obaldía 1930 Enrique Olaya Herrera 1855 Manuel María Mallarino 1934 Alfonso López Pumarejo 1857 Mariano Ospina Rodríguez 1938 Eduardo Santos 1861 Tomás Cipriano de Mosquera 1942 Alfonso López Pumarejo 1864 Manuel Murillo Toro 1945 Alberto Lleras Camargo 1866 Tomás Cipriano de Mosquera 1946 Mariano Ospina Pérez 1867 Santos Acosta 1950 Laureano Gómez 1868 Santos Gutiérrez 1951 Roberto Udarneta Arbelaez 1870 Eustorgio Salgar 1953 Gustavo Rojas Pinilla 1872 Manuel Morillo Toro 1874 Santiago Pérez 1957 Military Junta 1876 Aquileo Parra 1958 Alberto Lleras Camargo 1878 Julián Trujillo 1962 Guillermo León Valencia 1880 Rafael Núñez 1966 Carlos Lleras Restrepo 1882 Francisco J. Zaldúa 1970 Misael Pastrana Borrero 1884 Rafael Núñez 1974 Alfonso López Michelsen 1894 Miguel Antonio Caro 1978 Julio César Turbay Ayala 5102_e15_p1-10.qxd 1/27/10 3:24 PM Page 4 4 Heads of State 1982 Belisario Betancur 1994 Ernesto Samper Pizano 1986 Virgilio Barco Vargas 1998 Andrés Pastrana Arango 1990 César Gaviria Trujillo 2002 Álvaro Uribe Vélez Costa Rica 1876 Tomás Guardia 1944 Teodoro Picardo Michalski 1882 Próspero Fernández 1948 Santos León Herrera, April 19– 1885 Bernardo Soto y Alfaro May 8 1890 José Joaquín Rodríguez José Figueres Ferrer, May 8– 1894 Rafael Iglesias Castro November 8, 1949 1902 Ascensión Esquivel Ibarra 1949 Otilio Ulate Blanco 1906 Cleto González Víquez 1952 Alberto Oreamuno Flores 1910 Ricardo Jimínez Oreamuno 1953 José Figueres Ferrer 1914 Alfredo González Flores 1958 Mario Echandi Jiménez 1962 Francisco José Orlich 1917 Federico Tinoco Granados 1966 José Joaquín Trejos Fernández 1919 Julio Acosta García, May 7– 1970 José Figueres Ferrer August 13 1974 Daniel Oduber Juan Bautista Quirós, August 13– 1978 Rodrigo Carazo May 8, 1920 1982 Luis Alberto Monge Alvarez 1920 Julio Acosta García 1986 Oscar Arias Sánchez 1924 Ricardo Jiménez Oreamuno 1990 Rafael Angel Calderón 1928 Cleto González Víquez 1994 José María Figueres 1932 Ricardo Jiménez Oreamuno 1998 Miguel Angel Rodríguez Echeverría 1936 León Cortés Castro 2002 Abel Pacheco de la Espriella 1940 Rafael Angel Calderón Guardia 2006 Oscar Arias Sánchez Cuba 1899 John R. Brooke, January 1– Manuel Márquez Sterling, December 23 (U.S.O.)* January 18 Leonard Wood, December 23– Carlos Mendieta Montefur, May 20, 1902 (U.S.O.) January 18–December 11, 1935 1902 Tomás Estrada Palma 1935 José A. Barnet y Vinageras 1906 William Howard Taft, 1936 Miguel Mariano Gómez Arias, September 29–October 13 May 20–December 24 (U.S.O.) Federico Laredo Bru, Charles Edward Magoon, December 24–October October 13–January 28, 1909 10, 1940 (U.S.O.) 1940 Fulgencio Batista y Zaldívar 1909 José Miguel Gómez 1944 Ramón Grau San Martín 1913 Mario García Menocal 1921 Alfredo Zayas 1948 Carlos Prío Socarrás 1925 Gerardo Machado Morales 1952 Fulgencio Batista y Zaldívar 1933 Carlos Manuel de Céspedes, 1959 Manuel Urrutia Lleo, January 2– August 12–September 5 July 17 [Fidel Castro Ruz de Council of Five, September 5– facto head from here on] September 10 Osvaldo Dorticós Torrado, July 17– Ramón Grau San Martín, December 3, 1976 September 10–January 15, 1934 1976 Fidel Castro Ruz 1934 Carlos Hevía, January 15–18
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  • Oil Nationalizations in Bolivia and Mexico Established a Period of Tension and Conflict with U.S

    Oil Nationalizations in Bolivia and Mexico Established a Period of Tension and Conflict with U.S

    The Oil Nationalizations in Bolivia (1937) and Mexico (1938): a comparative study of asymmetric confrontations with the United States Fidel Pérez Flores IREL/UnB [email protected] Clayton M. Cunha Filho UFC [email protected] 9o Congreso Latinoamericano de Ciencia Política ¿Democracias en Recesión? Montevideo, 26-28 de julio de 2017 2 The Oil Nationalizations in Bolivia (1937) and Mexico (1938): a comparative study of asymmetric confrontations with the United States I. Introduction Between 1937 and 1942, oil nationalizations in Bolivia and Mexico established a period of tension and conflict with U.S. companies and government. While in both cases foreign companies were finally expelled from host countries in what can be seen as a starting point for the purpose of building a national oil industry, a closer look at political processes reveal that the Bolivian government was less successful than the Mexican in maintaining its initial stand in face of the pressure of both the foreign company and the U.S. Government. Why, despite similar contextual conditions, was it more difficult for Bolivian than for Mexican officials to deal with the external pressures to end their respective oil nationalization controversy? The purpose of this study is to explore, in light of the Mexican and Bolivian oil nationalizations of the 1930’s, how important domestic politics is in less developed countries to maintain divergent preferences against more powerful international actors. This paper focuses on the political options of actors from peripheral countries in making room for their own interests in an international system marked by deep asymmetries. We assume that these options are in part the product of processes unfolding inside national political arenas.