sign in sign up
<<
Home , Alfredo Duhalde, Aniceto Arce, Arturo Araujo, Arturo Armando Molina, Arturo Puga, Arturo Rawson

5102_e15_p1-10.qxd 1/27/10 3:24 PM Page 1

Heads of State*

Argentina 1862 Bartolomé Mitre 1955 , September 23– 1868 Domingo F. Sarmiento November 13 1874 Nicolás Avellaneda , 1880 November 13–May 1, 1958 1886 Miguel Juárez Celman 1958 1890 1962 José María Guido 1963 Arturo Illia 1892 Luís Sáenz Peña 1966 Juan Carlos Onganía 1895 José E. Uriburu 1970 Roberto Marcelo Levingston 1898 Julio Argentino Roca 1971 Alejandro A. Lanusse 1904 1973 Héctor Cámpora, May 27–July 13 1906 José Figueroa Alcorta Raúl Alberto Lastiri, July 13– 1910 Roque Sáenz Peña October 12 1914 Juan Domingo Perón, 1916 Hipólito Yrigoyen October 12–July 1, 1974 1922 Marcelo Torcuato 1974 María Estela (Isabel) Martínez de de Alvear Perón 1928 Hipólito Yrigoyen 1976 1930 José Félix Uriburu 1981 Roberto Viola, March 29– December 22 1932 Augustín P. Justo Leopoldo Fortunato Galtieri, 1938 Roberto M. Ortiz December 22–June 17, 1982 1940 Ramón S. Castillo 1982 Reynaldo Benito Antonio Bignone 1943 , June 5–7 1983 Raúl Alfonsín Foulkes Pedro P. Ramírez, June 7– 1989 Carlos Saúl Menem March 9, 1944 1999 Fernando de la Rúa 1944 Edelmiro J. Farrell 2003 Néstor Kirchner 1946 Juan Domingo Perón 2007 Cristína Fernández de Kirchner

Bolivia 1864 1888 1871 Agustín Morales 1892 1872 Tomás Frías Ametller 1896 Severo Fernández 1873 Adolfo Ballivián 1899 1874 Tomás Frías Ametller (April 12–October 25) 1876 Hilarión Daza 1899 José Manuel Pando 1880 1904 1884 1909 Eliodoro Villazón

*These listings include only those countries covered in the book.

1 5102_e15_p1-10.qxd 1/27/10 3:24 PM Page 2

2 Heads of State

1913 Ismael Montes 1969 Luis Adolfo Siles Salinas 1917 José Gutiérrez (April 27–September 26) 1920 1969 Alfredo Ovando Candía 1925 Felipe S. Guzmán 1970 Juan José Torres 1926 1971 1930 1978 1931 Urey (July 21–November 24) 1934 José Luis Tejada Sorzano 1978 1936 1979 Wálter Guevara 1937 Germán Busch (August 8–November 1) 1939 1979 Lydia Gueiler Tejada 1940 Enrique Peñaranda 1980 Luis García Meza Tejada 1943 López 1981 1946 Tomás Monje 1982 (July 21–October 10) 1947 1982 Hernán Siles Suazo 1949 Mamerto Urriolagoitia 1985 Víctor Paz Estenssoro 1951 Hugo Ballivián 1989 1952 Víctor Paz Estenssoro 1993 Gonzalo Sánchez de Lozada 1956 Hernán Siles Suazo 1997 Hugo Banzer 1960 Víctor Paz Estenssoro 2002 Gonzalo Sánchez de Lozada 1964 René Barrientos + Alfredo Ovando 2003 Candía 2005 Eduardo Rodríguez 1966 René Barrientos 2006

Brazil 1831 Dom Pedro II 1956 Juscelino Kubitschek 1889 Deodoro da Fonseca 1961 Jânio Quadros, January 31– 1891 Floriano Peixoto August 25 1894 Prudente de Moraise e Barros Ranieri Mazzilli, August 25– 1898 Manuel Ferraz de Campos Sales September 8 1902 Francisco de Paula Rodrigues Alves João Goulart, September 8– 1906 Afonso Augusto Moreira Pena April 2, 1964 1909 Nilo Peçanha 1964 Ramieri Mazzilli, April 2–15 1910 Hermes da Fonseca Humberto de Alencar Castello 1914 Wenceslau Brás Pereira Gomes Branco, April 15–March 15, 1918 Delfim Moreira da Costa Ribeiro 1967 1919 Epitácio da Silva Pessòa 1967 Artur da Costa e Silva 1922 Arthur da Silva Bernardes 1969 Augusto Hamann Rademaker 1926 Washington Luís Pereira de Sousa Gruenewald, August 31– 1930 Júlio Prestes, October 24– October 25 November 4 Emílio Garrastazu Medici, Getúlio Dornelles Vargas, October 30–March 15, November 4–October 31, 1945 1974 1945 José Linhares 1974 Ernesto Geisel 1946 Eurico Gaspar Dutra 1979 João Baptista Figueiredo 1951 Getúlio Vargas 1985 José Sarney 1954 João Café Filho 1990 Fernando Collor de Mello 1955 Carlos Luz, November 8–11 1992 Itamar Franco Nereu Ramos, November 11– 1995 Fernando Henrique Cardoso January 31, 1956 2003 Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva

Chile 1876 Aníbal Pinto 1896 Federico Errázuriz 1881 Domingo Santa María 1901 Germán Riesco Errázuriz 1886 José Manuel Balmaceda 1905 Rafael Rayas 1891 1906 5102_e15_p1-10.qxd 1/27/10 3:24 PM Page 3

Heads of State 3

1910 Elías Fernández Albano, 1932 Arturo Puga, June 4–12 August 16–September 6 , June 12–16 , September 6– Carlos Dávila Espinoza, June 17– September 18, 1911 September 13 1911 Ramón Barros Luco Bartolomé Blanche Espejo, 1915 Juan Luís Sanfuentes September 13–October 2 1920 Luis Barros Borgoño, June 25– Abraham Oyanedel, October 2– December 23 December 24 Palma, Arturo Alessandri Palma, December 23–September December 24–December 24, 1938 8, 1924 1938 1924 Luis Altamirano 1941 Geronimo Méndez Arancibia 1925 Carlos Ibañez del Campo, 1942 Juan Antonio Ríos Morales January 23–March 21 1946 Alfredo Duhalde Vázquez, Arturo Alessandri Palma, June 27–October 17 March 21–October 1 Juan A. Irabarren, October 17– Luis Barros Borgoño, October 1– November 3 December Gabriel González Videla, Emiliano Figueroa Larraín, November 3–November 3, 1952 December–May 4, 1927 1952 Carlos Ibáñez del Campo 1927 Carlos Ibáñez del Campo 1958 Rodríguez 1931 Pedro Opazo Letelier, July 26–27 1964 Educardo Frei Montalva Rodríguez, 1970 Gossens July 27–August 18 1973 Ugarte Manuel Trucco Franzani, 1990 August 18–November 15 1994 Eduardo Frei Ruiz-Tagle Juan Esteban Montero Rodríguez, 2000 Escobar November 15–June 4, 1932 2006

Colombia

1819 Simón Bolívar 1898 Manuel Antonio Sanclemente 1830 Joaquín Mosquera 1900 José Manuel Marroquín Rafael Urdaneta 1904 Rafael Reyes 1831 Domingo Caicedo 1909 Jorge Holguín José María Obando (temporary until July 1909) José Ignacio Márquez Ramón González Valencia 1832 Francisco de Paula Santander 1910 Carlos Emilio Restrepo 1837 José Ignacio Márquez 1914 José Vicente Concha 1841 Pedro Alcántara Herrán 1918 Marco Fidel Suárez 1845 Tomás Cipriano de Mosquera 1921 Jorge Holguín 1849 José Hilario López 1922 Pedro Nel Ospina 1853 José María Obando 1926 Miguel Abadía Méndez 1854 José de Obaldía 1930 Enrique Olaya Herrera 1855 Manuel María Mallarino 1934 Alfonso López Pumarejo 1857 Mariano Ospina Rodríguez 1938 Eduardo Santos 1861 Tomás Cipriano de Mosquera 1942 Alfonso López Pumarejo 1864 Manuel Murillo Toro 1945 Alberto Lleras Camargo 1866 Tomás Cipriano de Mosquera 1946 Mariano Ospina Pérez 1867 Santos Acosta 1950 Laureano Gómez 1868 Santos Gutiérrez 1951 Roberto Udarneta Arbelaez 1870 Eustorgio Salgar 1953 Gustavo Rojas Pinilla 1872 Manuel Morillo Toro 1874 Pérez 1957 Military Junta 1876 Aquileo Parra 1958 Alberto Lleras Camargo 1878 Julián Trujillo 1962 Guillermo León Valencia 1880 Rafael Núñez 1966 Carlos Lleras Restrepo 1882 Francisco J. Zaldúa 1970 Misael Pastrana Borrero 1884 Rafael Núñez 1974 Alfonso López Michelsen 1894 Miguel Antonio Caro 1978 Julio César Turbay Ayala 5102_e15_p1-10.qxd 1/27/10 3:24 PM Page 4

4 Heads of State

1982 Belisario Betancur 1994 Ernesto Samper Pizano 1986 Virgilio Barco Vargas 1998 Andrés Pastrana Arango 1990 César Gaviria Trujillo 2002 Álvaro Uribe Vélez

Costa Rica 1876 Tomás Guardia 1944 Teodoro Picardo Michalski 1882 Próspero Fernández 1948 Santos León Herrera, April 19– 1885 Bernardo Soto y Alfaro May 8 1890 José Joaquín Rodríguez José Figueres Ferrer, May 8– 1894 Rafael Iglesias Castro November 8, 1949 1902 Ascensión Esquivel Ibarra 1949 1906 Cleto González Víquez 1952 Alberto Oreamuno Flores 1910 Ricardo Jimínez Oreamuno 1953 José Figueres Ferrer 1914 Alfredo González Flores 1958 Mario Echandi Jiménez 1962 Francisco José Orlich 1917 Federico Tinoco Granados 1966 José Joaquín Trejos Fernández 1919 Julio Acosta García, May 7– 1970 José Figueres Ferrer August 13 1974 Daniel Oduber Juan Bautista Quirós, August 13– 1978 Rodrigo Carazo May 8, 1920 1982 Alvarez 1920 Julio Acosta García 1986 Oscar Arias Sánchez 1924 Ricardo Jiménez Oreamuno 1990 Rafael Angel Calderón 1928 Cleto González Víquez 1994 José María Figueres 1932 Ricardo Jiménez Oreamuno 1998 Miguel Angel Rodríguez Echeverría 1936 León Cortés Castro 2002 de la Espriella 1940 Rafael Angel Calderón Guardia 2006 Oscar Arias Sánchez

Cuba

1899 John R. Brooke, January 1– Manuel Márquez Sterling, December 23 (U.S.O.)* January 18 Leonard Wood, December 23– Carlos Mendieta Montefur, May 20, 1902 (U.S.O.) January 18–December 11, 1935 1902 Tomás Estrada Palma 1935 José A. Barnet y Vinageras 1906 William Howard Taft, 1936 Miguel Mariano Gómez Arias, September 29–October 13 May 20–December 24 (U.S.O.) Federico Laredo Bru, Charles Edward Magoon, December 24–October October 13–January 28, 1909 10, 1940 (U.S.O.) 1940 Fulgencio Batista y Zaldívar 1909 José Miguel Gómez 1944 Ramón Grau San Martín 1913 Mario García Menocal 1921 Alfredo Zayas 1948 Carlos Prío Socarrás 1925 Gerardo Machado Morales 1952 Fulgencio Batista y Zaldívar 1933 Carlos Manuel de Céspedes, 1959 Manuel Urrutia Lleo, January 2– August 12–September 5 July 17 [ Ruz de Council of Five, September 5– facto head from here on] September 10 Osvaldo Dorticós Torrado, July 17– Ramón Grau San Martín, December 3, 1976 September 10–January 15, 1934 1976 Fidel Castro Ruz 1934 Carlos Hevía, January 15–18 2008 Raúl Castro Ruz

Dominican Republic

1868 Buenaventura Báez Ignacio González, November– 1874 Ignacio (María) González December 1876 Ulíses Francisco Espaillat, Buenaventura Báez, December– June 29–November February 24, 1878

*U.S.O. ϭ U.S. Occupation. 5102_e15_p1-10.qxd 1/27/10 3:24 PM Page 5

Heads of State 5

1878 Cesário Guillermo 1940 Manuel de Jesús Troncoso de la 1879 Gregorio Luperón Concha 1880 Fernando Arturo de Meriño 1942 Rafael Leonidas Trujillo y Molina 1884 Ulíses Heureaux 1952 Héctor Bienvenido Trujillo 1885 Francisco Gregorio Billini 1960 Joaquín Balaguer 1887 Ulíses Heureaux 1962 Rafael (Filiberto) Bonnelly, 1889 Juan Wenceslao Figuereo, January 1–17 August 1–31 Huberto Bogaert, January 17–19 Juan Isidro Jiménez, December 5– Rafael Bonnelly, January 19– May 8, 1916 February 27, 1963 Horacio Vázquez, September 1– 1963 Gavino, February 27– November 14 September 26 Juan Isidro Jiménez, November Emílio de los Santos, September 26– 19–May 2, 1902 December 22 1902 Horacio Vázquez Donald Reid Cabral, December 22– 1903 Alejandro Wos y Gil, April 27– April 25, 1965 November 20 1965 Disturbances and civil war, April 25– Juan Isidro Jiménez, December 28– September 3 April 2, 1904 Elías Wessin y Wessin, April 28– 1904 Carlos Morales May 7 (U.S.O.) 1906 Ramón Cáceres Antonio Imbert Barreras, May 7– 1911 August 30 (U.S.O.) 1912 Adolfo Nouel y Bobadilla Francisco Caamaño Deñó, April 25– 1913 José Bordas y Valdés 1914 Ramón Baéz, August 27– September 3 (U.S.O.) December 5 Héctor García Godoy Cáceres, 1916 Francisco Henríquez y Carvajal September 3–July 1, 1966 (U.S.O.) (U.S.O.) 1966 Joaquín Balaguer 1922 Juan Batista Vicini Burgos (U.S.O.) 1978 Silvestre Antonio Guzmán 1924 Horacio Vázquez Fernández 1930 Rafael Estrella Ureña, March 2– 1982 Jacobo Majluta, July 4–August 14 August 16 Rafael Leonidas Trujillo y Molina, 1986 Joaquín Balaguer August 18–June 18, 1938 1996 Leonel Fernández Reyna [Defacto head until 1961] 2000 Hipólito Mejía 1938 Jacinto Bienvenido Peynado 2004 Leonel Fernández Reyna

Ecuador

1861 Gabriel García Moreno 1912 1865 Jerónimo Carrión 1916 1867 Pedro José de Arteta 1920 José Luis Tamayo 1868 Javier Espinosa 1924 Gonzalo Córdova 1869 Gabriel García Moreno 1925 Collective Provisional Government 1875 Francisco Xavier Eguiguren 1926 (September 15–December 9) 1931 Interim Presidents 1875 1932 Juan de Dios Martínez 1876 1933 1883 José Placido Caamaño 1934 José María Velasco Ibarra 1888 Antonio Flores Jijón 1935 Federico Páez 1892 1937 Alberto Enríquez Gallo 1895 1938 Manuel María Borrero 1901 Leónidas Plaza (August 10–December 1) 1905 Lizardo García 1938 1906 Eloy Alfaro 1939 Andrés Córdova 1911 Emilio Estrada 1940 Carlos Alberto Arroyo del Río (September 1–December 21) 1944 José María Velasco Ibarra 1911 1947 C. J. Arosemena Tola 1912 Francisco Andrade Martín 1948 (March 6–August 31) 1952 José María Velasco Ibarra 5102_e15_p1-10.qxd 1/27/10 3:24 PM Page 6

6 Heads of State

1956 Camilo Ponce Enríquez 1981 1960 José María Velasco Ibarra 1984 León Febres Cordero 1961 C. J. Arosemena Monroy 1988 1963 Military Junta 1992 Sixto Durán Ballén 1966 1996 Abdalá Bucaram (March 19–November 16) 1997 Fabián Alarcón 1966 1998 1968 José María Velasco Ibarra 2000 1972 Guillermo Rodríguez Lara 2003 Lucio Gutiérrez 1976 Supreme Government Council 2005 1979 Jaime Roldós Aguilera 2007

El Salvador

1876 Rafael Zaldívar y Lazo 1948 Manuel de J. Córdova 1885 Francisco Menéndez 1949 Oscar Osorio, January 4– 1890 October 22 1894 Rafael Gutiérrez Oscar Bolaños, October 22– 1898 Tomás Regalado September 14, 1950 1903 Pedro José Escalón 1950 Oscar Osorio 1907 1956 José María Lemus 1911 1960 Miguel Ángel Castillo 1961 Aníbal Portillo 1913 Carlos Meléndez 1962 Eusebio Rodolfo Cordón, 1914 Alfonzo Quiñones Molina January 25–July 1 1915 Carlos Meléndez Julio Adalberto Rivera, July 1– 1919 Jorge Meléndez July 1, 1967 1923 Alfonzo Quiñones Molina 1967 Fidel Sánchez Hernández 1927 Pío Romero Bosque 1972 1931 , March 1– 1977 December 4 1979 Jaime Abdul Gutiérrez, Adolfo Maximiliano Hernández Martínez, Arnoldo Majano and junta December 4–August 29, 1934 1980 José Napoleón Duarte 1934 Andrés Ignacio Menéndez 1982 Alvaro Alfredo Magaña 1935 Maximiliano Hernández Martínez 1984 José Napoleón Duarte 1944 Andrés Ignacio Menéndez, May 9– 1989 October 21 1994 Armando Calderón Sol Osmín Aguirre y Salinas, 1999 Francisco Flores Pérez October 21–March 1, 1945 2004 1945 Salvador Casteñeda Castro 2009

1873 1944 Federico Ponce Vaidez, July 1– 1885 Alejandro Sinibaldi, April 2–15 October 21 Manuel Lisandro Barillas, April Jacobo Arbenz Guzmán, 15–March 15, 1892 December 12–March 1, 1945 1892 José María Reina Barrios 1945 Juan José Arévalo Bermejo 1898 Manuel Estrada Cabrera 1951 Jacobo Arbenz Guzmán 1920 Carlos Herrera 1954 Carlos Díaz, June 27–29 1922 José María Orellana Elfego J. Monzón, June 29–July 8 1926 Lázaro Chacón Carlos Castillo Armas, July 8– 1930 Baudillo Palma, December 13–16 July 26, 1957 Manuel Orellana C., 1957 Luis Arturo González López, December 16–31 July 27–October 25 José María Reyna Andrade, Guillermo Flores Avendaño, December 31–February October 28–March 2, 1958 14, 1931 1958 Miguel Ydígoras Fuentes 1931 Jorge Ubico 1963 Enrique Peralta Azurdia 5102_e15_p1-10.qxd 1/27/10 3:24 PM Page 7

Heads of State 7

1966 Julio César Méndez Montenegro 1986 Marco Vinicio Cerezo Arévalo 1970 Carlos Arana Osorio 1991 Jorge Serrano Elías 1974 Kjell E. Langerud García 1993 Ramiro de León Carpio 1978 Fernando Romeo Lucas García 1996 Álvaro Arzú Irigoyen 1982 Efraín Ríos Montt 2000 Alfonso Portillo Cabrera 1983 Oscar Humberto Mejía 2001 Oscar Berger Perdomo Victores 2008 Álvaro Colom Caballeros

Haiti

1867 1950 Frank Lavaud, May 10–December 6 1870 Nissage Saget Paul Eugène Magloire, December 6– 1874 Michel Dominique December 12, 1956 1876 Boisrond 1956 Joseph Nemours Pierre-Louis 1879 Étienne Félicité Salomon 1957 François Sylvain, February 7– 1888 Télémaque, August 24– April 2 September 19 Executive Committee of 13 Ministers François Denis Légitime, under the protection of the October 23–August 22, 1889 Army, April 6–May 20 1889 Louis Mondastin Floréal Hippolyte Léon Cantave, May 20–26 1896 P. A. Tirésias Simon Sam Daniel Fignolé, May 26–June 14 1902 Boisrond Canal, May 9– Antoine Kebreau, June 14– December 21 October 15 Alexis Nord, December 21– François Duvalier, October 22– December 2, 1908 April 21, 1971 1908 Antoine Simon 1971 Jean-Claude Duvalier 1911 Michel 1986 1912 Tancrède Auguste 1988 , February 7– 1913 1914 Oreste Zamor, February 8– June 20 October 29 Henri Namphy, June 20– Joseph Davilmare Théodore, September 18 November 7–February 23, 1915 , September 18– 1915 Jean Velbrun-Guillaume, March 13, 1990 March 4–July 26 1990 Ertha Pascal-Trouillot Philippe Sudre Dartiguenave, 1991 Jean-Bertrand Aristide, August 12–May 15, 1922 (U.S.O.) February 7–September 30 1922 Joseph (U.S.O.) Raoul Cédras, September 30– 1930 Étienne Roy, May 15–November 18 U.S.O.) October 15, Sténio Vincent, November 18–April 1994 1941 (U.S.O. through 1934) 1994 Jean-Bertrand Aristide 1941 Élie Lescot 1996 René Préval 1946 Frank Lavaud, January 12–August 15 2001 Jean-Bertrand Aristide Dumarsais Estimé, 2004 Boniface Alexandre August 15–May 10, 1950 2006 René Preval

Honduras

1876 1915 Alberto Membreño 1883 Luís Bográn 1916 Francisco Bertrand 1891 Pariano Leiva 1920 Rafael López Gutiérrez 1893 Domingo Vázquez 1924 Fausto Dávila, March 27–31 1894 Vincente Tosta, April 1– 1899 February 2, 1925 1903 1925 1907 Miguel R. Dávila 1929 Vincente Mejía Colindres 1911 Francisco Beltrán 1933 Tiburcio Carías Andino 1912 Manuel Bonilla 1949 Juan Manuel Gálvez 1913 Francisco Bertrand 1956 Roque I. Rodríguez 5102_e15_p1-10.qxd 1/27/10 3:24 PM Page 8

8 Heads of State

1957 Ramón Villeda Morales 1986 José Simeón Azcona del Hoyo 1963 Oswaldo López Arellano 1990 Rafael Leonardo Callejas 1971 Ramón Ernesto Cruz 1994 1972 Oswaldo López Arellano 1998 Facussé 1975 Juan Alberto Melgar Castro 2002 1978 Policarpo Paz García 2006 1982 Roberto Suazo Córdova 2009

Mexico

1876 Porfirio Díaz 1932 Abelardo Rodríguez 1880 Manuel González 1934 Lázaro Cárdenas 1884 Porfirio Díaz 1940 Manuel Ávila Camacho 1911 Francisco León de la Barra, 1946 Miguel Alemán May 25–November 6 1952 Adolfo Ruiz Cortines Francisco Madero, November 6– 1958 Adolfo López Mateos February 18, 1913 1964 Gustavo Díaz Ordaz 1913 Victoriano Huerta 1970 Luis Echeverría Álvarez 1914 Venustiano Carranza 1920 Adolfo de la Huerta, May 21– 1976 José López Portillo December 1 1982 Miguel de la Álvaro Obregón, December 1– Madrid Hurtado December 1, 1924 1988 Carlos Salinas de Gortari 1924 Plutarco Elías Calles 1994 Ernesto Zedillo Ponce de León 1928 Emilio Portes Gil 2000 Vicente Fox Quesada 1930 Pascual Ortiz Rubio 2006 Felipe Calderón

Nicaragua

1879 Joaquín Zavala 1936 Carlos Brenes Jarquín 1883 Adán Cárdenas 1937 Anastasio Somoza García 1887 1947 Leonardo Argüello, May 1–26 1889 Roberto Sacaza Benjamín Lacayo Sacasa, May 26– 1893 Innere Wirren August 15 José Santos Zelaya Victor Román y Reyes, August 15– 1909 José Madriz May 6, 1950 1910 José Dolores Estrada 1950 Anastasio Somoza García 1911 Juan José Estrada, January 1–May 9 1956 Adolfo Díaz, May 9–December 31 1963 René Schick Gutiérrez (U.S.O.) 1966 Gutiérrez 1917 Emiliano Vargas 1967 Anastasio Somoza Debayle (U.S.O.) 1972 Governing junta 1919 (U.S.O.) for 1923 Bartoloméo Martínez (U.S.O.) 1974 Anastasio Somoza Debayle 1925 Carlos Solórzano (U.S.O.) 1979 Sandinista junta: Daniel 1926 Emiliano Chamorro Vargas, Ortega and others January 15–November 11 1985 Adolfo Díaz, November 11– 1990 Violeta Barrios de Chamorro January 1, 1929 (U.S.O.) 1997 José Arnaldo Alemán Lacayo 1929 José María Moncada (U.S.O.) 2002 Enrique Bolaños 1933 2007 Daniel Ortega

Panama 1904 , October 1– 1908 José Domingo de Obaldia October 4 1910 , , October 4– March 1–October 1 February 2, 1912 5102_e15_p1-10.qxd 1/27/10 3:24 PM Page 9

Heads of State 9

1912 , February 2– March 7 , November 25– Pablo Arosemena, March 7– October 1 May 10, 1951 Belisario Porras, October 1– 1951 Alcibíades Arosemena October 1, 1916 1952 José Antonio Remón Cantera 1916 Ramón Maximiliano Valdés 1955 José Ramón Guizado, January 3–15 1918 Ciro Luis Urriola, June 3– Ricardo M. Arias Espinosa, October 1 January 15–October 1, Pedro Antonio Díaz, October 1–12 1956 Belisario Porras, October 12– 1956 , Jr. January 30, 1920 1960 Roberto F. Chiari 1920 Ernesto Tisdel Lefevere, 1964 January 30–October 1 1968 Arnulfo Arias Madrid, October 1– Belisario Porras, October 1– October 11 October 1, 1924 Herrera, October 11– 1924 Rodolfo Chiari September, 1978 1928 Florencio Harmodio Arosemena 1978 1931 Harmodio Arias, January 2–16 Ricardo J. Alfaro, January 16– 1982 October 1, 1932 1984 1932 Harmodio Arias Nicolás Ardito Barletta Vallarino 1936 Juan Demóstenes Arosemena 1985 Eric Arturo Devalle Henríquez 1939 Augusto S. Boyd 1988 Manuel Solís Palma (Manuel 1940 Arnulfo Arias Antonio Noriega de facto head) 1941 Ernesto Jaén Guardia, October 9 1989 Francisco Rodriguéz, September– Ricardo Adolfo de la Guardia December October 9–June 15, 1945 1990 1945 Enrique Adolfo Jimenez 1994 Ernesto Pérez Balladares González 1948 Domingo Díaz Arosemena 1999 1949 Daniel Chanis, July 28–November 20 2004 Martín Torrijos Roberto Chiari, November 20–25 2009

Peru

1886 Andrés Avelino Cáceres David Sámanez Ocampo, 1890 Remigio Morales Bermúdez March 11–December 8 1894 J. Borgoño, May 1–August 10 Luis M. Sánchez Cerro, Andrés Avelino Cáceres, August 10– December 8–April 30, 1933 March 19, 1895 1933 Oscar R. Benavides 1895 Manuel Candamo, March 21– 1939 Manuel Prado y Ugarteche September 8 1945 José Luis Bustamante y Rivero Nicolás de Piérola, September 8– 1948 Zenón Noriega, October 29–30 September 8, 1899 Manuel A. Odría, October 31– 1899 Eduardo López de Romaña June 1, 1950 1903 Manuel Candamo 1950 Zenón Noriega, June 1–July 28 1904 Serapio Calderón, May 7– Manuel A. Odría, July 28– September 24 July 28, 1956 José Pardo y Barreda, September 1956 Manual Prado y Ugarteche 1962 Ricardo Pérez Godoy 24–September 24, 1908 1963 Nicolás Lindey López, March 3– 1908 Augusto B. Leguía July 28 1912 Guillermo E. Billinghurst Fernando Belaúnde Terry, July 28– 1914 Oscar R. Benavides October 3, 1968 1915 José Pardo 1968 Juan Velasco Alvarado 1919 Augusto B. Leguía 1975 Francisco Morales Bermúdez 1930 Manuel Ponce, August 25–27 1980 Fernando Belaúnde Terry Luis M. Sánchez Cerro, August 27– 1985 Alan García Pérez March 1, 1931 1990 Alberto Fujimori 1931 Ricardo Leoncio Elías, March 1–5 2000 Valentín Paniagua Corazao Gustavo A. Jiménez, 2001 Alejandro Toledo March 5–11 2006 Alan García Pérez 5102_e15_p1-10.qxd 1/27/10 3:24 PM Page 10

10 Heads of State Puerto Rico† 1948 Luiz Muñoz Marín 1984 Rafael Hernández Colón 1964 Roberto Sánchez Vilella 1992 Pedro J. Rosselló 1968 Luís A. Ferré 2000 Sila M. Calderón 1972 Rafael Hernández Colón 2005 Aníbal Acevedo Vilá 1976 Carlos Romero Barceló 2009 Luis G. Fortuño

Venezuela 1861 José Antonio Páez 1914 Victorino Márquez Bustillos 1863 Juan Crisóstomo Falcón 1922 Juan Vicente Gómez 1868 1929 Juan Bautista Pérez (April 25–June 28) 1931 Juan Vicente Gómez 1935 Eleazar López Contreras (June 28–February 20, 1869) 1941 Isaías Medina Angarita 1869 José Ruperto Monagas 1945 Rómulo Ernesto Betancourt Bello (February 20–April 16, 1870) 1948 Rómulo Gallegos Freire 1870 Antonio Guzmán Blanco (February 17–November 24) 1877 Francisco Linares Alcántara 1948 Carlos Delgado Chalboud 1878 José Gregorio Valera 1950 Germán Suárez Flamerich 1879 Antonio Guzmán Blanco 1952 Marcos Pérez Jiménez 1884 Joaquín Sinforiano de 1958 Wolfgang Larrazábal Jesús Crespo (January 23–November 14) 1886 Antonio Guzmán Blanco 1958 1887 Hermógenes López 1959 Rómulo Ernesto Betancourt Bello 1888 Juan Pablo Rojas Paúl 1964 Raúl Leoni Otero 1890 Raimundo Anduela Palacio 1969 Rodríguez 1892 Guillermo Tell Villegas 1974 Carlos Andrés Pérez Rodríguez (June 17–-October 7) 1979 1892 Joaquín Sinforiano de Jesús Crespo 1984 1898 1989 Carlos Andrés Pérez Rodríguez 1899 Ruiz 1993 Ramón José Velásquez 1908 Juan Vicente Gómez 1994 Rafael Caldera Rodríguez 1913 José Gil Fortoul 1999 Hugo Chávez Frías

†Chief executives of Puerto Rico are actually known as “governors.”