DOCSLIB.ORG

The United States, Eduardo Frei's Revolution in Liberty and The

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The United States, Eduardo Frei's Revolution in Liberty and The The Gathering Storm: The United States, Eduardo Frei's Revolution in Liberty and the Polarization of Chilean Politics, 1964-1970 A dissertation presented to the faculty of the College of Arts and Sciences of Ohio University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy Sebastian Hurtado-Torres December 2016 © 2016 Sebastian Hurtado-Torres. All Rights Reserved. 2 This dissertation titled The Gathering Storm: The United States, Eduardo Frei's Revolution in Liberty, and the Polarization of Chilean Politics, 1964-1970 by SEBASTIAN HURTADO-TORRES has been approved for the Department of History and the College of Arts and Sciences by Patrick Barr-Melej Associate Professor of History Robert Frank Dean, College of Arts and Sciences 3 ABSTRACT HURTADO-TORRES, SEBASTIAN, Ph.D., December 2016, History The Gathering Storm: The United States, Eduardo Frei’s Revolution in Liberty, and the Polarization of Chilean Politics, 1964-1970 Director of Dissertation: Patrick Barr-Melej This dissertation explores the involvement of the United States in Chilean politics between the presidential campaign of 1964 and Salvador Allende’s accession to the presidency in 1970. The main argument of this work is that the partnership between the Christian Democratic Party of Chile (PDC) and the United States in this period played a significant role in shaping Chilean politics and thus contributed to its growing polarization. The alliance between the PDC and the United States was based as much on their common views on communism as on their shared ideas about modernization and economic development. Furthermore, the U.S. Embassy in Santiago, headed by men strongly committed to the success of the Christian Democratic project, involved itself heavily in the inner workings of Chilean politics as an informal actor, unable to dictate terms but capable of exerting influence on local actors whose interests converged with those of the United States. By the end of the Frei administration, partly as a result of the close relationship between the PDC and the United States, the Chilean political spectrum had become highly polarized. The victory of Marxist leader Salvador Allende in the presidential election of 1970 caused strong reactions in Chile and abroad, including a failed putsch sponsored by the CIA and unconsummated attempts by President Eduardo Frei to provoke a coup before Allende’s official election as president by the Congress. The events surrounding the 4 presidential election of 1970 furthered the process of polarization that took over Chile since the end of the 1960s and foretold the story of the erosion and destruction of Chilean democracy that unfolded between 1970 and 1973. 5 DEDICATION To my mother, Patricia Torres Calleja, as a token of my eternal gratitude 6 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Many people and institutions helped me in the process of doing research for and writing this dissertation. Patrick Barr-Melej, my advisor, provided me with the intellectual guidance and encouragement that every graduate student needs. I am thankful for his professional advice and honored to be his friend. Drs. Chester Pach, Ingo Trauschweitzer and Brad Jokisch made insightful comments and posed challenging questions as members of the committee that read and approved my dissertation. Drs. Katherine Jellison, in her capacity as chair of the OU History Department, Dr. Steven Miner, as chair of the Contemporary History Institute, contributed greatly to my work by generously approving funding for research trips and my traveling to the United States from Chile to defend my dissertation. Dr. John Brobst, as chair of Graduate Studies at the OU History Department, also helped me substantially along the way, as did Brenda Nelson and Sherry Gillogly. I was lucky to obtain funding for my research from the Vice President for Research and Creative Activity and the Graduate Student Senate. I could not have completed this work without those significant contributions. As a graduate student at Ohio University, I was very lucky to make good friends, all of whom helped me in different ways while I lived in Athens. Patrick Campbell, Kevin Grimm, Ben Wollet, Tracy Kelly and Germán Contreras did at some point something for me that I have not yet been able to reciprocate properly. May these words serve as a testimony of my appreciation for all of them. For reasons that I still don’t quite understand, Jared Bibler, Anthony Crews, Gerald Goodwin and Joe Venosa were interested in listening to what I had to say and chose to become my friends. They also selflessly helped me when 7 I needed help; I can only be grateful for their friendship and their good disposition toward me. Even though he had legitimate and powerful philosophical reasons not to, Michael Cook also decided to become my friend. The reason for that is simple: he is a great person, probably better than anyone else mentioned here. I am truly honored that I can call him my friend. Finally, out of a very unlikely common interest in Chilean history, Brad Eidahl and I developed as close a friendship as it is possible between two people born in different hemispheres. He has helped me more than anyone else in this long process and his friendship is one of the most valuable prizes I obtained during my stay in Athens. I thank him deeply for that. Finally, I must recognize the support provided by my siblings, Diego and Sofía, my mother, Patricia, my aunt, Marisol, and my mentor, Joaquín Fermandois. By different means, they all helped me to finish the work I began eight years ago. These words are only a minimal and certainly insufficient acknowledgment of what they have done for me. 8 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Abstract ............................................................................................................................... 3 Dedication ........................................................................................................................... 5 Acknowledgments............................................................................................................... 6 Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 11 Theme and Arguments .................................................................................................. 15 A Note on Sources ........................................................................................................ 22 Reflections on Historiography ...................................................................................... 23 Organization .................................................................................................................. 32 Chapter 1: The U.S. Embassy in Santiago and the Presidential Election of 1964 ............ 34 Shaping the Presidential Election ................................................................................. 36 The FRAP Case against Joseph John Jova ................................................................... 55 Contingency Planning ................................................................................................... 62 The U.S. Embassy in Santiago: An Informal Actor in Chilean Politics ....................... 75 Chapter 2: Time of Hope: The United States and Frei’s Revolution in Liberty, 1964-1967 ........................................................................................................................................... 78 Ambassador Ralph Dungan .......................................................................................... 78 Modernization Theory, the Alliance for Progress and the Stabilization Program of the Frei Administration ....................................................................................................... 83 Riding the Crest of the Wave: The Frei Administration and U.S. Aid, 1964-1967 ..... 91 A Bump in the Road: The 1965 Dominican Republic Crisis ....................................... 97 Chapter 3: Time of Trouble: The United States and the Frei Administration, 1967-1969 ......................................................................................................................................... 112 The Tide Begins to Recede: Frei’s Failed Visit to the United States ......................... 112 Ambassador Edward Korry ........................................................................................ 120 The Denouement: The Simultaneous Deaths of the Alliance for Progress and the Revolution in Liberty .................................................................................................. 127 Chapter 4: Between Negotiation and Nationalization: Chilean Copper and U.S. Companies....................................................................................................................... 142 Copper and the Chilean State ...................................................................................... 142 The Policy of Chileanization ...................................................................................... 145 9 Exercising Leverage: The 1965 Rollback in the Price of Copper .............................. 157 Negotiated Nationalization ......................................................................................... 165 Chapter 5: The End of the Revolution in Liberty: The Presidential Candidacy of Radomiro Tomic ............................................................................................................. 176 Radomiro Tomic ........................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Land and Power: Theory and Evidence from Chile
    Land and Power: Theory and Evidence from Chile Jean-Marie Balandy James A. Robinsonz October 2004 We are grateful to Mauricio Benitez-Iturbe and SebastianMazzuca for their outstanding research assistance. Our greatest debt is to Jonathan Conning who persevered through at least three previous versions, pointing out all the mistakes and confusions. He enormously improved the paper. We have also bene tted from the suggestions and advice of Siwan Anderson, Arnold Bauer, Michael Carter, Eduardo Fajnzylberg, Je Frieden, Tu Jarvis, Francois Maniquet, Dina Mesbah, Sripad Motiram, Andrew Newman, Thomas Piketty, Timothy Scully, Bill Summerhill, Werner Troesken, and seminar participants at APSA, Yale, Boston University, the Universi- dad de Los Andes, LSE, MIT, Montreal CIRPEE 2004 conference, and Stanford, particularly Timothy Besley, Alberto Diaz-Cayeros, Esther Du o, Jim Fearon, Dilip Mookherjee, Je Nu- gent, T.N. Srinivasan and Barry Weingast. We also thank S. Laurent for his econometric advice, Jean-Marie Baland would like to thank the MacArthur network on Inequality and Economic Per- formance, the CRED for nancial support and the Belgian Program on Inter-University Poles of Attraction initiated by the Belgian State, Prime Minister's oce, Science Policy Programming. yC.R.E.D., Facultes Universitaires Notre-Dame de la Paix, 8 Rempart de la Vierge, B-5000 Namur, Belgium. e-mail: [email protected]. zHarvard University, Department of Government, Littauer, 1875 Cambridge St., Cambridge MA02138; e-mail: [email protected]. Land and Power: Theory and Evidence from Chile Abstract: In this paper we investigate the e ect of the absence of a secret ballot on electoral outcomes and resource allocation.
    [Show full text]
  • Economic Policy Toward Chile During the Cold War Centered on Maintaining Chile’S Economic and Political Stability
    Bucknell University Bucknell Digital Commons Honors Theses Student Theses 2013 An Analysis Of U.S.- Economic Policy Toward Chile During The oldC War Frasier Esty Bucknell University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.bucknell.edu/honors_theses Recommended Citation Esty, Frasier, "An Analysis Of U.S.- Economic Policy Toward Chile During The oC ld War" (2013). Honors Theses. 153. https://digitalcommons.bucknell.edu/honors_theses/153 This Honors Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Theses at Bucknell Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Honors Theses by an authorized administrator of Bucknell Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. iv Acknowledgements I could not have finished this Thesis without the help of a variety of people. First and foremost, my advisor, Professor William Michael Schmidli proved to be an invaluable asset for me throughout the planning, writing, and revising processes. In addition, I could not have been able to complete the Honors Thesis project without the love and support of my family. Specifically, I dedicate this Thesis to my grandmother, Sally Murphy McDermott. Your consistent love and encouragement helped me throughout this process and I simply could not have done it without you. Thank you. -Frasier Esty v Table of Contents 1. Thesis Abstract 2. Introduction 3. Chapter 1: American Economic Policy Toward Chile Resulting In The Rise and Fall of Salvador Allende 4. Chapter 2: Pinochet’s Neoliberal Experiment 5. Chapter 3: The Reagan Years: A Changing Policy Toward Chile 6. Conclusion 7. Bibliography vi Abstract This examination of U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • The Failure of the Peaceful Road to Socialism: Chile 1970-1973
    Eastern Illinois University The Keep Masters Theses Student Theses & Publications 1978 The aiF lure of the Peaceful Road to Socialism: Chile 1970-1973 Trevor Andrew Iles Eastern Illinois University This research is a product of the graduate program in Political Science at Eastern Illinois University. Find out more about the program. Recommended Citation Iles, Trevor Andrew, "The aiF lure of the Peaceful Road to Socialism: Chile 1970-1973" (1978). Masters Theses. 3235. https://thekeep.eiu.edu/theses/3235 This is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Theses & Publications at The Keep. It has been accepted for inclusion in Masters Theses by an authorized administrator of The Keep. For more information, please contact [email protected]. PAPER CERTIFICATE #12 TO: Graduate Degree Candidates who have written formal theses. SUBJECT: Permission to reproduce theses. The University Library is receiving a number of requests from other institutions asking permission to reproduce dissertations for inclusion in their library holdings. Although no copyright laws are involved, we feel that professional courtesy demands that permission be obtained from the author before we allow theses to be copied. Please sign one of the following statements: Booth Library of Eastern Illinois University has my permission to lend my thesis to a reputable college or university for the purpose of copying it for inclusion in that institution's library or research holdings. Date Author I respectfully request Booth Library of Eastern Illinois University not allow my thesis be reproduced because--------------- Date Author pdm THE FAILURE OF THE PEACEFUL ROAD TO SOCIALifil1.__ CHILE 1970-1973 (TITLE) BY TREVOR ANDREW ILES ::;::.
    [Show full text]
  • Prism Vol. 9, No. 2 Prism About Vol
    2 021 PRISMVOL. 9, NO. 2 | 2021 PRISM VOL. 9, NO. 2 NO. 9, VOL. THE JOURNAL OF COMPLEX OPER ATIONS PRISM ABOUT VOL. 9, NO. 2, 2021 PRISM, the quarterly journal of complex operations published at National Defense University (NDU), aims to illuminate and provoke debate on whole-of-government EDITOR IN CHIEF efforts to conduct reconstruction, stabilization, counterinsurgency, and irregular Mr. Michael Miklaucic warfare operations. Since the inaugural issue of PRISM in 2010, our readership has expanded to include more than 10,000 officials, servicemen and women, and practi- tioners from across the diplomatic, defense, and development communities in more COPYEDITOR than 80 countries. Ms. Andrea L. Connell PRISM is published with support from NDU’s Institute for National Strategic Studies (INSS). In 1984, Secretary of Defense Casper Weinberger established INSS EDITORIAL ASSISTANTS within NDU as a focal point for analysis of critical national security policy and Ms. Taylor Buck defense strategy issues. Today INSS conducts research in support of academic and Ms. Amanda Dawkins leadership programs at NDU; provides strategic support to the Secretary of Defense, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, combatant commands, and armed services; Ms. Alexandra Fabre de la Grange and engages with the broader national and international security communities. Ms. Julia Humphrey COMMUNICATIONS INTERNET PUBLICATIONS PRISM welcomes unsolicited manuscripts from policymakers, practitioners, and EDITOR scholars, particularly those that present emerging thought, best practices, or train- Ms. Joanna E. Seich ing and education innovations. Publication threshold for articles and critiques varies but is largely determined by topical relevance, continuing education for national and DESIGN international security professionals, scholarly standards of argumentation, quality of Mr.
    [Show full text]
  • Arrest of Suspected Assassin Yields New Demands for Pinochet Resignation LADB Staff
    University of New Mexico UNM Digital Repository NotiSur Latin America Digital Beat (LADB) 1-26-1996 Arrest of Suspected Assassin Yields New Demands for Pinochet Resignation LADB Staff Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/notisur Recommended Citation LADB Staff. "Arrest of Suspected Assassin Yields New Demands for Pinochet Resignation." (1996). https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/notisur/12109 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Latin America Digital Beat (LADB) at UNM Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in NotiSur by an authorized administrator of UNM Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. LADB Article Id: 55802 ISSN: 1060-4189 Arrest of Suspected Assassin Yields New Demands for Pinochet Resignation by LADB Staff Category/Department: Chile Published: 1996-01-26 In mid-January, police in Argentina arrested the person believed responsible for the 1974 assassination in Buenos Aires of Chilean Gen. Carlos Prats and his wife Sofia Couthbert. The individual arrested is a former Chilean intelligence agent, and his capture has brought renewed calls for the resignation of Chile's army chief, Gen. Augusto Pinochet. The case has also resurfaced tensions between the Chilean military and the civilian government of President Eduardo Frei. On Jan. 19, Argentine police in Buenos Aires arrested Enrique Lautaro Arancibia Clavel, a Chilean citizen who is suspected of being the intellectual author of the 1974 assassination of Gen. Prats and his wife. The arrest was announced by Argentine President Carlos Saul Menem, who called it "a new victory for justice and for the federal police." Police sources said Arancibia Clavel had been sought for years by Argentine, Chilean, and Italian authorities in connection with the deaths of Prats and his wife, as well as for carrying out other assassinations on behalf of the Chilean secret service (Direccion de Inteligencia Nacional, DINA).
    [Show full text]
  • The United States' Janus-Faced Approach to Operation Condor: Implications for the Southern Cone in 1976
    University of Tennessee, Knoxville TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Supervised Undergraduate Student Research Chancellor’s Honors Program Projects and Creative Work Spring 5-2008 The United States' Janus-Faced Approach to Operation Condor: Implications for the Southern Cone in 1976 Emily R. Steffan University of Tennessee - Knoxville Follow this and additional works at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_chanhonoproj Recommended Citation Steffan, Emily R., "The United States' Janus-Faced Approach to Operation Condor: Implications for the Southern Cone in 1976" (2008). Chancellor’s Honors Program Projects. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_chanhonoproj/1235 This is brought to you for free and open access by the Supervised Undergraduate Student Research and Creative Work at TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Chancellor’s Honors Program Projects by an authorized administrator of TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Emily Steffan The United States' Janus-Faced Approach To Operation Condor: Implications For The Southern Cone in 1976 Emily Steffan Honors Senior Project 5 May 2008 1 Martin Almada, a prominent educator and outspoken critic of the repressive regime of President Alfredo Stroessner in Paraguay, was arrested at his home in 1974 by the Paraguayan secret police and disappeared for the next three years. He was charged with being a "terrorist" and a communist sympathizer and was brutally tortured and imprisoned in a concentration camp.l During one of his most brutal torture sessions, his torturers telephoned his 33-year-old wife and made her listen to her husband's agonizing screams.
    [Show full text]
  • Lasting Legacies
    Tre Lag Stevne Clarion Hotel South Saint Paul, MN August 3-6, 2016 .#56+0).')#%+'5 6*'(7674'1(1742#56 Spotlights on Norwegian-Americans who have contributed to architecture, engineering, institutions, art, science or education in the Americas A gathering of descendants and friends of the Trøndelag, Gudbrandsdal and northern Hedmark regions of Norway Program Schedule Velkommen til Stevne 2016! Welcome to the Tre Lag Stevne in South Saint Paul, Minnesota. We were last in the Twin Cities area in 2009 in this same location. In a metropolitan area of this size it is not as easy to see the results of the Norwegian immigration as in smaller towns and rural communities. But the evidence is there if you look for it. This year’s speakers will tell the story of the Norwegians who contributed to the richness of American culture through literature, art, architecture, politics, medicine and science. You may recognize a few of their names, but many are unsung heroes who quietly added strands to the fabric of America and the world. We hope to astonish you with the diversity of their talents. Our tour will take us to the first Norwegian church in America, which was moved from Muskego, Wisconsin to the grounds of Luther Seminary,. We’ll stop at Mindekirken, established in 1922 with the mission of retaining Norwegian heritage. It continues that mission today. We will also visit Norway House, the newest organization to promote Norwegian connectedness. Enjoy the program, make new friends, reconnect with old friends, and continue to learn about our shared heritage.
    [Show full text]
  • Power, Coercion, Legitimacy and the Press in Pinochet's Chile a Dissertation Presented to the Faculty Of
    Writing the Opposition: Power, Coercion, Legitimacy and the Press in Pinochet's Chile A dissertation presented to the faculty of the College of Arts and Sciences of Ohio University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy Brad T. Eidahl December 2017 © 2017 Brad T. Eidahl. All Rights Reserved. 2 This dissertation titled Writing the Opposition: Power, Coercion, Legitimacy and the Press in Pinochet's Chile by BRAD T. EIDAHL has been approved for the Department of History and the College of Arts and Sciences by Patrick M. Barr-Melej Professor of History Robert Frank Dean, College of Arts and Sciences 3 ABSTRACT EIDAHL, BRAD T., Ph.D., December 2017, History Writing the Opposition: Power, Coercion, Legitimacy and the Press in Pinochet's Chile Director of Dissertation: Patrick M. Barr-Melej This dissertation examines the struggle between Chile’s opposition press and the dictatorial regime of Augusto Pinochet Ugarte (1973-1990). It argues that due to Chile’s tradition of a pluralistic press and other factors, and in bids to strengthen the regime’s legitimacy, Pinochet and his top officials periodically demonstrated considerable flexibility in terms of the opposition media’s ability to publish and distribute its products. However, the regime, when sensing that its grip on power was slipping, reverted to repressive measures in its dealings with opposition-media outlets. Meanwhile, opposition journalists challenged the very legitimacy Pinochet sought and further widened the scope of acceptable opposition under difficult circumstances. Ultimately, such resistance contributed to Pinochet’s defeat in the 1988 plebiscite, initiating the return of democracy.
    [Show full text]
  • On the Surnames of Latin American Presidents
    BASQUE LEGACY IN THE NEW WORLD: ON THE SURNAMES OF LATIN AMERICAN PRESIDENTS Patxi Salaberri Iker Salaberri UPNA / NUP UPV / EHU Abstract In this article we explain the etymology of the surnames of Basque origin that some presidents of Latin American countries have or have had in the past. These family names were created in the language called Euskara, in the Basque Country (Europe), and then, when some of the people who bore them emigrated to America, they brought their sur- names with them. Most of the family names studied here are either oiconymic or topo- nymic, but it must be kept in mind that the oiconymic ones are, very often, based on house-nicknames, that is, they are anthroponymic in the first place. As far as possible, we have related the surname, when its origin is oiconymic or toponymic, to its source, i.e. to the house or place where it was created. Key words: Basque, etymology, family name, Latin America, oiconym, placename, nickname. Laburpena Artikulu honetan Erdialdeko eta Hego Amerikako herrialdeetako presidente batzuek dituzten eta izan dituzten euskal jatorriko deituren etimologia azaltzen dugu. Abizenok euskararen barnean sortu ziren, Euskal Herrian, eta euskaldunek Ameriketara emigratu zutelarik eraman zituzten berekin. Aztertzen diren deitura gehienak etxe edo toki ize- nak dira, baina aintzat hartu behar da oikonimikoek, askotan, etxe izengoitietan dutela sorburu, hots, antroponimikoak zirela hasmentan. Ahal izan dugunean abizena iturria- rekin lotu dugu, etorkiz etxe edo leku izena zenean, alegia, deitura sortu zen etxe edo le- kuarekin batu dugu. Giltza hitzak: Euskara, etimologia, deitura, Hego eta Erdialdeko Amerika, etxe izena, leku izena, izengoitia.
    [Show full text]
  • “Small” Improvements in Government Functioning
    Supporting “SMall” IMproveMents in governMent functioning Supporting “small” improvements in government functioning: A rough guide for development professionals1 Nick Manning 1. Introduction This rough guide offers advice to development specialists seeking to support modest public sector management (PSM) reforms. The first part of this chapter offers suggestions for governance practitioners – emphasising the importance of understanding the technical domain, of practising enthusiastic scepticism as a response to the acknowledged difficulties of the field, of acting with conviction but without professional ego and of recognising the power of honest contestation in a territory which has some entrenched fault lines. In the second part I offer ideas for managing the product, concluding that while it is unlikely that any programme will be right first time, it is important to get it as right as possible about what it is that needs to be fixed, to build in enough flexibility (of ends as well as means) into the project design and to have a working theory about why autonomous individuals might want to change their behaviour as a result of the programme The starting point for this discussion is that in a development context, asserting that your task is in some way to help the public sector work better – casting light on the darkest parts of the bureaucratic black box – elicits broadly similar responses. You will hear that it is vital. Everyone is quick to assure development professionals working on this area that development is significantly a function of public sector capacity and that governments work better if budgets are better prepared and financial management systems better operated, if arrangements are in place to ensure that skilled staff are recruited on merit and rewarded for doing well, if revenues are raised more equitably and efficiently, and maybe you will even hear that it is important that social and economic regulation is managed more productively.
    [Show full text]
  • El Partido Comunista De Chile, 1922-1947 Título Original: the Chilean Communist Party, 1922-1947, London 1977
    1 Andrew Barnard El Partido Comunista de Chile, 1922-1947 Título original: The Chilean Communist Party, 1922-1947, London 1977 Ariadna Ediciones Santiago de Chile, septiembre 2017 http://ariadnaediciones.cl/ ISBN: 9789568416560 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.26448/9789568416560.7 Portada: Francisco Osorio Imagen: Pedro Aguirre Cerda, periódico Mundo Nuevo, octubre 1938 Libro de libre acceso bajo licencia Creative Commons By https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/cl/ 2 Índice Nota a la presente traducción, 5 Prefacio, 7 Agradecimientos, 9 Principales abreviaturas, 11 Capítulo 1 Los orígenes y la fundación del Partido Comunista de Chile, 13 Capítulo 2 Los primeros años, 1922-1927, 47 Capítulo 3 El Partido Comunista de Chile y las políticas del Tercer Período, 1927-1934, 79 Capítulo 4 La estrategia del Frente Popular, 1935-1938, 111 Capítulo 5 Pedro Aguirre Cerda y el Frente Popular, 1938-1941, 147 Capítulo 6 El Presidente Juan Antonio Ríos, Unidad Nacional y los años de la guerra, 1942-1946, 183 Capítulo 7 La Guerra Fría y el Presidente Gabriel González Videla, 1946-1947, 217 Conclusiones, 251 Apéndice A Características organizacionales básicas y principios del PCCh, 259 Apéndice B Índices de producción 1938-1948, 260 Apéndice C Acciones huelguísticas 1938-1941, 261 Apéndice D Inflación y los aumentos salariales en la industria minera 1939-1948, 261 Apéndice E Notas biográficas de los principales miembros del Comité Central, 262 Apéndice F Votaciones del PCCh en elecciones para la Cámara de Diputados de 1937, 1941 y 1945, 265 Bibliografía, 266 3 4 Nota a la presente traducción Luego de más de cuatro décadas transcurridas desde que Andrew Barnard investigara y redactara su trabajo de tesis doctoral dedicado al primer cuarto de siglo del Partido Comunista de Chile (1922-1947), tenemos la satisfacción de presentar la traducción de este estudio.
    [Show full text]
  • Chile Under Frei: the Alliance for Progress
    Chile Under Frei: The Alliance for Progress DAVID R. SANDS* Richard Nixon's image of the United States as a "pitiful, helpless giant" illustrates the paradox of a great power frustrated by its limited ability to control events abroad. In this article, David R. Sands looks at one case in which, despite extensive American aid to a liberal, progressive regime in a traditionalally, US interests suffered a major setback. Eduardo Frei Montalva and his progressive Christian Democratic Party received great material and moral aid from US administrators during the years of the Alliance for Progress. But American policymakers misunderstood both the complexities of Chilean politics and the enormous stake of private US commercial interests in Latin America. The end result was the decisive defeat of Frei's party in 1970 and the election of Salvador Allende. The author discusses the difficulties a superpowerfaces in using its resources to influence political developments overseas. Like so many other American initiatives in Latin America, John F. Kennedy's Alliance for Progress was proclaimed loudly and died young. The 1960s was the last time that the United States had the temerity to suggest that its relations with various Latin American states were consistent enough to be subsumed under a single label. America was going to break its ties with repressive interests which had kept Central and South America pacified and poor for so long, and there was going to be, US politicians and policymakers insisted, a new enlightened diplomatic attitude toward their southern neighbors. This new policy, announced by President Ken- nedy and the New Frontiersmen, lapsed into obscurity sometime early in the Nixon administration.
    [Show full text]