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Bergama Belleten Sayı 12 1 BERGAMA BELLETEN - 12 (Özel Sayı) Bergama Kasım 2003 ANISINA BERGAMA TARĐHĐNDE ĐNANÇ COĞRAFYASI Yazan: EYÜP ERĐŞ Düzenleyen: NECATĐ KARAÇOBAN Araştırma Komisyon Üyeleri: SÖZER VURGUN, MAHMUT ALTINBAĞ, MEHMET ERMĐŞ, NURĐ KĐRAZ, SEYFĐ AKÇAY, HĐLMĐ BALCI AHMET KIVRAK 2 BERGAMA BELLETEN - 12 Bergama Kültür ve Sanat Vakfı'nın bir kültür hizmetidir. Yılda bir kez yayınlanır. Sahibi : BERKSAV Bergama Kültür ve Sanat Vakfı Yakup Kaşarcıoğlu Genel Yayın Yönetmeni : Dt. A. Gürbüz BAĞANA Sorumlu Yazı Đşleri Md. : Mustafa DURMAZ Yayın Kurulu : Dt. A. Gürbüz BAĞANA Mustafa DURMAZ Av. Mete MORAL Necati KARAÇOBAN Yönetim ve Yazışma Adresi : Atatürk Bulvarı No: 54 35700 Bergama/ĐZMĐR Tel: 0 232 631 35 91 Faks: 0 232 631 36 50 http://www. berksav. org e-mail: berksav@berksav. org Dizgi : Berna AVDAN Fotoğraflar : Necati KARAÇOBAN, Mustafa DURMAZ, Raşit METĐN Sayfa Tasarım : Hüseyin ÇAĞDAŞ Sayfa Tasarım, Baskı : Çağdaş Matbaacılık - Bergama Tel: 0232 633 15 15 Faks: 632 83 34 ISSN1303-1708 ISBN 975-95865-1-7 3 ĐÇĐNDEKĐLER BERGAMA COĞRAFYASI .......................................................... 9 BERGAMA ADININ KÖKENĐ - ANLAMI ................................. 14 MĐTOSLAR (SÖYLENCELER) BERGAMASI........................... 15 TARĐH ÖNCESĐ ĐZLER................................................................. 19 BERGAMA'NIN KURULUŞU...................................................... 20 ĐSKENDER ve GENERALLERĐ.................................................... 22 BERGAMA KRALLIĞI .................................................................. 23 KRALLIK DÖNEMĐ ĐNANÇ COĞRAFYASI.............................. 24 ROMA DÖNEMĐNDE BERGAMA .............................................. 24 BĐZANS DÖNEMĐ.......................................................................... 25 TÜRKLERĐN GELĐŞĐ..................................................................... 27 KARASĐOĞULLARI...................................................................... 27 OSMANLI DÖNEMĐ...................................................................... 28 YÖRÜKLERĐN GELĐŞĐ ................................................................. 29 KURTULU SAVAINDA BERGAMA ....................................... 30 TARĐH ĐÇĐNDE ĐNANÇ COĞRAFYASI ...................................... 33 - Kapukaya Kibele Tapkısı ..................................................... 33 - Kınık Kibele Tapkısı............................................................. 35 - Ana Tanrıça Đnancı ............................................................... 37 - Kibele ve Attis ...................................................................... 38 - Attis'ten Đsa Mesih'e ............................................................ 40 - Kibele Kilim Motifleri.......................................................... 41 PAGANĐZM (ÇOK TANRICILIK) ................................................ 42 - Olympos Đnancı..................................................................... 42 - Tanrılara Tapınma................................................................. 45 - Perseus ve Medusa ............................................................... 46 - Asklepios Kültü .................................................................... 47 - Ay Işığı Tepesi ...................................................................... 50 KIZILAVLU (Dinlerin Kutsal Merkezi) ........................................ 51 - Osiris (Serapis) ..................................................................... 52 - Mithra Đnancı ........................................................................ 53 - Kızılavlu (Bazalika).............................................................. 53 AKROPOL - Zeus Sunağı .......................................................................... 56 - Trayan Tapmağı .................................................................... 58 - Demeter Tapmağı ................................................................. 59 - Hera Tapınağı ....................................................................... 59 ASKLEPĐON - Büyük Alan............................................................................. 60 - Loş Tünel................................................................................ 60 - Viran Kapı .............................................................................. 61 -Kutsal Yol............................................................................... 61 - Yılanlı Sütun .......................................................................... 62 - Propylon ................................................................................. 62 - Artemis Yeri ........................................................................... 63 4 YAHUDĐLĐK...................................................................................64 - Yahudi Diasporası ................................................................65 - Bergama Yahudileri..............................................................65 - Bergama'da Yahudi Mahallesi.............................................66 - Yahudilerin Đş ve Meslek Yaşamları....................................67 - Moreno Korkidi Çeşmesi.....................................................67 - Havra ve Sinagog .................................................................68 - Yahudi Đnançları ...................................................................69 -Maşatlık ................................................................................ 71 - Hristiyan Yahudiler ..............................................................72 BERGAMA'DA HRĐSTĐYANLIK.................................................72 - Đlk Kiliseler...........................................................................73 - Bergama'daki Eski Kiliseler................................................77 - Bergama'da Hristiyan Đnanç ve Gelenekleri.......................80 BERGAMA ĐSLAM ÇAĞI...........................................................85 BERGAMA'NIN ĐSLAM KENTĐ OLMASI................................. 105 - Camiler, Mescitler...............................................................106 MEZARLAR YATIRLAR TÜRBELER........................................ 119 OSMANLI DÖNEMĐ BERGAMA KENTĐ................................... 123 NÜFUS DEĞĐŞMELERĐ (Tablolar)............................................... 125 BERGAMA'DA ĐSLAM ĐNANÇ YELPAZESĐ ............................142 BERGAMA COĞRAFYASINDA BATIL ĐNANÇLAR ..............147 SONUÇ............................................................................................152 SONUÇ BĐLDĐRGESĐ....................................................................154 KAYNAKÇA ..................................................................................156 5 BERGAMA TARĐHĐNDE ĐNANÇ COĞRAFYASI 6 SUNUŞ BERKSAV olarak tarih, sanat, kültür değerlerine sahip çıkmak;güzellikleri tanıtmak, yücelikleri anlatmak, yazılı eserler sunmak, belgesel üretimler bırakmak birinci görevimizdir. Çünkü Yeni yetişen gençler; kentini tanıdıkça kendini tanıyacak. Çünkü Bu coğrafyada yaşayanlar; tarihini bildikçe talihini bilecek. Çünkü Bu topraklarda mekan tutanlar; yazılanları okudukça yazgılarını okuyacak. Çünkü Bergama’da ekmek yiyenler; nimeti gördükçe velinimeti görecekler. Ey ! Bergama’dan gelip geçenler; siz unutulmak istemiyorsanız, iz bırakıp geçiniz. Ey ! Đnanç sahipleri; bilimle tanış olunuz en büyük ibadet budur en kutsal itikat budur. Yakup Kaşarcıoğlu Başkan BERKSAV 7 ÜKRAN Bergama Kültür ve Sanat Vakfının yaptığı ve yapacağı çalışmaların gelişip serpilmesinde, sayısız ürünler vermesinde;kent tarihi, sanatı, kültürü kapsamında halkın ve özellikle yeni yetişmekte olan nesli beslemekte, yöresel ve ulusal değerlerle donatıp, kimlik ve benlik kazanmasında kuşkusuz ilk teşekkür edilecek; Büyük katkısı ile rahmetli Hasan Ergül ve rahmetli eşi Meliha Ergül’ü anmak isterim. Ayrıca değişik dönemlerde vakfın yönetiminde görev almış; Sayın Gürbüz Bağana’ya, Sayın Mustafa Pulcu’ya, Sayın Nihat Özçoban’a, Sayın Sami Altan’a, Sayın Cahit Üzken’e, Sayın Halit Ersezgin’e, Sayın Đnsaf Fidan’a, Sayın Macit Gönlügür’e, Sayın Akşit Tedik’e Şükranlarımı sunarım. 8 TEEKKÜR Đnanç Coğrafyası adlı oylumlu ve olumlu kitabın ortaya çıkmasında ; Bergama Kaymakamı Sayın Ali Şanlıer’e, Đlçe Milli Eğitim Eski Müdürü Sayın Hilmi Öziş’e, Đlçe Milli Eğitim Müdürü Sayın Haluk Demirağ’a, Halk Eğitim Müdürü Sayın Mehmet Ermiş’ Özel Özge Final Dershanesi Müdürü Sayın Mahmut Altınbağ’a Öğretmen Sayın Hilmi Balcı’ya, Öğretmen Sayın Nuri Kiraz’a Özel Özge Final Dershanesi Đngilizce Öğretmeni Sayın Seyfi Akçay’a Öğretmen Sözer Vurgun’a Fotoğraf çekiminde yardımcı olan Sayın Raif Metin’e Ve eserin derlenmesinde emek veren Emekli Öğretmen Sayın Necati Karaçoban’a, Özellikle araştırmayı yürüten ve kaleme alan Özel Özge Final Dershanesi Kurucu Temsilcisi, Emekli Tarih Öğretmeni Sayın Eyüp Eriş’e teşekkürü bir borç bilirim. Yakup Kaşarcıoğlu Başkan BERKSAV 9 GĐRĐŞ Bergama’da ilkçağdan beri yaşayan insanların din ve inançları, tapınakları ve kutsal alanları, tapkı özellikleri üzerine çalışmaya başlayınca yükselişe geçtik. Kapukaya Kibele’den, Yund Dağı, Mamurt Tepe’ye; Madra manastırlarından Geyikli tepesine; Maltepe Tümülüsünden Akropol tepesine;Kızıl Avlu kulelerinden Ulu Cami minaresine bakışlarımız uçtu;yazdık, devşirdik. Kimi kez Kibele’de tapındık. Kimi kez Havra’da dua ettik. Kimi kez Athena Tapınağı’nda diz çöktük. Kimi kez Serapion’da kutsandık. Kimi kez camide saf tuttuk. Hatta Kızıl Avlu’da hem Tevrat hem Đncil, hem de Kuran’dan ayet okuduk. Nekropol’den Maşatlığa, oradan Yeni Mezarlığa geçtik.
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