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A L K I B I a D E S by MICHAEL BURKE WALBANK B.A . J University

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ALKIBIADES by MICHAEL BURKE WALBANK B.A.j University of Bristol,, 1954 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS in the Department of CLASSICS We accept this thesis as conforming to the-required standard THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA April 1965. In presenting this thesis in partial fulfilment of the requirements for an advanced degree at the University of British Columbia, I agree that the Library shall make it freely available for reference and study. I further agree that per• mission for extensive copying of this thesis for scholarly purposes may be granted by the Head of my Department or by his representatives. It is understood that;copying or publi• cation of this thesis for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission.-. Department of Classics The University of British Columbia, Vancouver 8, Canada Date April 30th,1965. ABSTRACT Principal events in the life of Alkibiades son of Kleinias, of the deme Skarabonidai 451/0 B.C. Winter Birth of Alkibiades.. 446 Spring Death of his father, Kleinias, at Koroneia. 433/2 Comes of age. 432/1 Takes part in campaign at Poteidaia. 424 Marriage. Olympic victory. Takes part in campaign at Delion.. 420 Spring First election to strategi'a» Summer Promotes Quadruple Alliance. 419 Summer Strategos in northern Peloponnese. Strategos, but sent to Mantineia as Presbeutes. 418 Summer Allies defeated at Mantineia. Argos joins Spartan bloc. Alkibiades not elected to strategia. Helps democrats in 417 Spring Argos. Birth of the younger Alkibiades ii 416 Spring Elected to fourth strategia. Ostracism of Hyperbolos. New Argive alliance signed . Summer Olympic victory of Alkibiades. Winter Fall of Melos. Sicilian Expedition proposed. 415 Spring Debate over Sicilian Expedition, Summer Alkibiades, Nikias and Lamachos appointed as joint commanders of Expedition . June Mutilation of the Hermai; Alkibiades accused. Mid-summer Fleet sails to Sicily., Late summerAlkibiades recalled to stand trial. Flees to Thourioi and thence to Argos. Autumn Forced to leave Argos; goes to Sparta. Winter Debate in Sparta. Alkibiades acts as adviser to the Spartans. Zi-14 Spring Spartans take his advice and send Gylippos to Sparta. iii 413 Spring Spartans under Agis invade Attica and fortify Dekeleia. Summer Destruction of Athenian Expedition to Sicily. 412 Spring Alkibiades sent to Ionia with Spartan force to promote revolt of the Athenian allies and Spartan alliance with Persia. Winter Flees to- court of Tissaphernes and becomes adviser to the Persians. 411 , Spring Plots with Athenian oligarchs for his recall, but breaks with them and plots with the democrats instead. Summer The Fair Hundred establish them• selves at Athens. Democratic coup in Samos. Alkibiades recalled by democrats in Samos. The Five Thousand succeed the Four Hundred at Athens and vote recall of Alkibiades. Autumn Defeat of Peloponnesian: fleet near Kyzikos.. 411 Winter Alkibiades temporarily imprisoned by Tissaphernes. Escapes and takes part in second Athenian victory at Kyzikos. 410 Siammer Restoration of democracy at Athens and reunion of the two governments.. Alkibiades occupied in fund-raising. 409 Winter Peloponnesians defeated at Abydo s. 408 Agreement with Pharnabazos. Capture of Chalkedon and Byzantion. 407 Spring Alkibiades elected strat-egos at Athens. Returns to city with the fleet. Summer Appointed commander-in-chief. Autumn Procession of the Mysteries to Eleusis. Alkibiades leaves Athens. Winter Failure of expedition to Andros. V 406 Spring Alkibiades' subordinate Antiochos defeated and killed at battle of Notion. Alkibiades goes into exile in Thrace. Summer Athenian victory at Arginousai. Trial of the generals. Alkibiades in Thrace. 405 Summer Athenians utterly defeated at Aigospotamoi. Autumn Collapse of Athenian empire. Winter Siege of Athens. 4O4 Spring Fall of Athens and establishment of the Thirty Tyrants. Alkibiades flees to court of Pharnabazos. Summer Flight of Alkibiades to Phrygia. Autumn (?) Murdered at Melissa by Pharnabazos' agents at request of Spartans.. vi INTRODUCTION AUTHORITIES 1. Primary. Thucydides is my major historical source; often he is the only source available, but I have supplemented him wherever possible by reference to epigraphy and to his literary contemporaries and near-contemporaries. Of the latter, I have placed most reliance upon the speeches of Andokides, Lysias and Isokrates/ although each should be treated as a partisan of one side or the other. The same caution applies to the comic playwrights, with the proviso that the identification of historical personages in their work is highly speculative; the tragedians I have hardly touched upon. The dialogues of Plato, Xenophon and Aischines I view as works of literary rather than historical value; historical data should never be accepted from them without confirmation or extreme scepticism. It should further be borne in mind that it was their Intention to play down the influence of Sokrates upon Alkibiades. Hardly any reliance at all should be placed upon the works falsely attributed to Plato and Andokides, whose date and authorship are alike uncertain. Where the narrative of Thucydides breaks off I have subjected Xenophon's Hellenika to similar treatment, but he is a far less reliable historian than Thucydides. In addition, there are the fragmentary remains of the other Greek historians as they appear in Plutarch and other secondary sources; where they are identifiable I have so stated, but it should be recalled that most of these are themselves of comparatively late date. ^* Secondary. These are mainly of value where they supplement the primary sources. Plutarch, of course, is full of personal anecdote found nowhere else, often of great value because of the light he sheds upon the narrative of the primary sources. He is, however, only as reliable as his sources, and these, regrettably, are often late and romantically-Inclined. DIodoros seems careless and inaccurate, but the access his sources evidently had to Spartan and Sicilian records is of some value as a check upon the work, of Thucydides and Xenophon; his major source appears to have been Ephoros, but we cannot be sure how accurately Diodoros has abstracted his work, in the same category as Diodoros I place the commentaries of the scholiasts; like the curate's egg they are good in parts. They are generally our only means of identifying historical events and personages in the plays of the comic dramatists and are the source of many fragments of otherwise unknown works, hut some were less sceptical than they should have been. Little reliance can be placed upon Athenaios and Nepos as independent sources. 3. Modern. The most recent, accurate and compendious study of the life and times of Alkibiades is that of Hatzfeld; I have nothing but praise for his work, which supersedes all earlier studies. If he has a fault it is that he sometimes permits the historical background to obscure the character and activities of Alkibiades, and it is this imbalance that the present study is intended to correct. I have consulted the work of many' other modern scholars, but have only quoted their articles and books when they have examined some problem not dealt with by Hatzfeld, or have differed significiantly from him. A full bibliography, both ancient and modern, is appended, listing all works that I have consulted. SPELLING I have adopted the Greek spelling of names rather than the Latin with a few exceptions; these are names whose Latin form is used almost universally. They are: Aegean, Attica, Cyprus, Macedonian, Phoenician, Rhodes, Sicily, Socratic, Syracuse, Thrace and Thucydides (to distinguish the historian from the son of Melesias I have used' Greek spelling for the latter). TRANSLATIONS All translations are my own, with the exception of translations of the fragments of Attic Comedy, which are those of J.M.Edmonds. TABLE OP CONTENTS CHAPTER ONE THE EARLY YEARS. 1. CHAPTER TWO THE INFLUENCE OF SOKRATES. 24. CHAPTER THREE YOUNG MANHOOD. 45. CHAPTER FOUR MANTINEIA TO SICILY. 90. CHAPTER.FIVE THE SICILIAN EXPEDITION AND THE DISGRACE OF ALKIBIADES. 124. CHAPTER SIX THE FIRST EXILE. 155. CHAPTER SEVEN THE RETURN. 193. CHAPTER EIGHT THE LAST YEARS. 245. BIBLIOGRAPHY 295. INDEX 318. 1. CHAPTER ONE THE EARLY YEARS Alkibiades son of Kleinias claimed descent on his father's side from Eurysakes son of Aias and thus belonged to the family of Eupatridaij1 through his mother, Deinomache daughter of Megakles, he could claim 2 the Alkmeonidai as collaterals but was not technically 1. Thucydides, V,43,2; Isokrates, 16,25; fcPlatoj, Alkibiades, 1,121A; Plutarch, Alkibiades, 1,1. Wade-Gery (Class.Quart., xXVfl931J, PP-1> 4-5) has shown that Eupatrid meant both a family and a "nobility of birth", and Hammond (j.H.S., LXXXI \196l], pp. 77-78) has demonstrated that it had a third, specialised meaning: the "priestly families who provided officials not only for phratries and tribes but also for^state ritual." The most exclusive sense seems to apply here, that of a single genos. Wade- Gery (op.cit., pp. 82-86) points out that Alkibiades belonged to the oiKi'n of the Alkmeonidai within the genos Salaminioi; the term genos covering a "religious corporation" in which "kinship was, in historic times, fictional". 2. Isokrates, l6,25; (-Plato], Alkibiades, 1, 105D, 123C; Plutarch, Alkibiades, 1,1. 2. a member of that family since descent in a genos was valid only in the male line. His father, Kleinias., son of Alkibiades, the 3 proposer of an important financial decree in 447 B.C., was killed at the battle of Koroneia in the spring of 446 B.C. Herodotos tells of a Kleinias son of Alkibiades who won the award for valour as commander of a trireme at the battle of Artemision in 480 B.C., and Plutarch thinks .that this man and the father of 6 Alkibiades were one and the same. His paternal grandfather, Alkibiades II, is 7 alleged to have suffered ostracism twice; some doubt 3.
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    6 KÜLTÜR BAKANLI(;IYAYINLARV1l93 ;i; Tırell,.Eli,., DlzJsU81 Dr. KONSTANTİN YOSİF İREÇEK BELGRAD-�TANBUL-ROMA ASKERiYOLU ir H.lt( j( li' ııphonesi �, - Mı.itlürü Bulgarcadan çeviren Ali Kemal BALKANLı Kapak Dliıeni: Nur OKAN ISBN 975 - 17 - 0768 - 4 © Kültür Bakanlı�ı, 1990 - Yayımlar Dairesi Başkanlı!ı'nın 4.1.1990tarih ve TERED 928-5 -1- 1715 sayılı makam onayı ile birinci defa olarak 5.000 adet bastınlmış­ br. Sistem Ofset - ANKARA (Dr. Konstantın Yosif) iREÇEK Çek asıllı Avusturyalıtarih ve coQrafyacl olup 1854 yılında Viyana'da doQmuştur; 1918 yılında yine Viyana'da ölen Ire­ çek, Balkan milletlerinin tarihleri ve Balkanların coQrafi özel­ likleri hakkında incelemeleriyle şÖhret kazanmıştır. Prag Üniversitesi'ni bitirmiş sonra aynı üniversitede Do­ çent olarak hizmet görmüştür. Eserleri 1876'da yazmış oldu­ Qu "Die Geschihte der Bulgaren (Bulgarlar'ın tarihi), bunu müteakip kaleme aldlQı "FGrstentum Bulgarien" (Bulgaristan PrensliQi), "Geschichte Serben" (Sırplar'ın tarihi) ve tercüme­ sini sunduQum VIA MILlTARIS (Roma askeri yolu) SINGIDUNUM - CONSTANlINOPOLlS (Belgrad- Istanbul) dur. 1879'da Bulgar hükümeti tarafından Sofya'ya davet edi­ len Ireçek, 5 yıl çalışarak, Bulgar milli eQitimini yeni bir düze­ ne koymuştur. V ONSOZ Tarihin en eski ve bugünkü insana henüz karanltk çabla­ rmdan beri, daha henüz az sayıda insanlardan oluşan toplu­ luklardan başlayarak �demobullart, bir birleriyle olan mal altşverişlerinde veya savaşlarda hep tabiatm geçişe elverişli kıldıbı yol ve geçit/erden gelip geçerek temasa gelmişlerdir. Özellikle, bütün uluslarm genel bir kaynaşmayla yurtlarmı bı­ rakarak batıya dobru akm ettikleri ortaçablarda, kalabaltk topluluklar halindeki dobu millet/eri geçiş ve akmlartna en uy­ gun bulduklart tabii yollart kullanmışlard". Bazııart Hazardenizi'yle Kara Deniz'i kuzeyden dolaşarak A vrupa'ya geçmiş, bir kısmı da Anadolu yartmadasma geçe­ rek kolay aşılabilen bobazlar yoluyla Avrupa'ya gelip yerleş­ mişler veya Ege adalarmdan basamak basamak sıçrayarak daha ötelere gitmişlerdir.
  • Thesaurus Systématique 2007

    Thesaurus Systématique 2007

    Banco de datos bibliograficos Gnomon Tesauro sistematico Auctores Acacius theol. TLG 2064 Accius trag. Achilles Tatius astron. TLG 2133 Achilles Tatius TLG 0532 Achmet onir. C. Acilius phil. et hist. TLG 2545 (FGrHist 813) Acta Martyrum Alexandrinorum TLG 0300 Acta Thomae TLG 2038 Acusilaus hist. TLG 0392 (FGrHist 2) Adamantius med. TLG 0731 Adrianus soph. TLG 0666 Aegritudo Perdicae Aelianus soph. TLG 545 Aelianus tact. TLG 0546 Aelius Promotus med. TLG 0674 Aelius Stilo Aelius Theon rhet. TLG 0607 Aemilianus rhet. TLG 0103 Aemilius Asper Aemilius Macer Aemilius Scaurus cos. 115 Aeneas Gazaeus TLG 4001 Aeneas Tacticus TLG 0058 Aenesidemus hist. TLG 2413 (FGrHist 600) Aenesidemus phil. Aenigmata Aeschines orator TLG 0026 Aeschines rhet. TLG 0104 Aeschines Socraticus TLG 0673 Aeschrion lyr. TLG 0679 Aeschylus trag. TLG 0085 Aeschyli Fragmenta Aeschyli Oresteia Aeschyli Agamemnon Aeschyli Choephori Aeschyli Eumenides Aeschyli Persae Aeschyli Prometheus vinctus Aeschyli Septem contra Thebas Aeschyli Supplices Aesopica TLG 0096 Aetheriae Peregrinatio Aethicus Aethiopis TLG 0683 Aetius Amidenus med. TLG 0718 Aetius Doxographus TLG 0528 Banco de datos bibliograficos Gnomon La busqueda de un descriptor en español dentro de la busqueda de texto completo corresponde a la misma de un descriptor en aleman y conduce al mismo resultado Versión 2009 Pagina 1 Banco de datos bibliograficos Gnomon Tesauro sistematico Aetna carmen Afranius Africanus, Sextus Iulius Agapetus TLG 0761 Agatharchides geogr. TLG 0067 (FGrHist 86) Agathemerus geogr. TLG 0090 Agathias Scholasticus TLG 4024 Agathocles gramm. TLG 4248 Agathocles hist. TLG 2534 (FGrHist 799) Agathon hist. TLG 2566 (FGrHist 843) Agathon trag. TLG 0318 Agathyllus eleg. TLG 2606 Agnellus scr.
  • Epigraphic Bulletin for Greek Religion

    Epigraphic Bulletin for Greek Religion

    Kernos Revue internationale et pluridisciplinaire de religion grecque antique 8 | 1995 Varia Epigraphic Bulletin for Greek Religion Angelos Chaniotis and Eftychia Stavrianopoulou Electronic version URL: http://journals.openedition.org/kernos/605 DOI: 10.4000/kernos.605 ISSN: 2034-7871 Publisher Centre international d'étude de la religion grecque antique Printed version Date of publication: 1 January 1995 Number of pages: 205-266 ISSN: 0776-3824 Electronic reference Angelos Chaniotis and Eftychia Stavrianopoulou, « Epigraphic Bulletin for Greek Religion », Kernos [Online], 8 | 1995, Online since 11 April 2011, connection on 16 September 2020. URL : http:// journals.openedition.org/kernos/605 Kernos Kernos, 8 (1995), p, 205-266. EpigrapWc Bulletin for Greek Religion 1991 (EBGR) This fifth issue of BEGR presents the publications of 1991 along with several addenda to BEGR 1987-1990. The division of the work between New York and Heidelberg, for the first time this year, caused certain logistical prablems, which can be seen in several gaps; some publications of 1991 could not be considered for this issue and will be included in the next BEGR, together with the publications of 1992. We are optimistic that in the future we will be able to accelerate the presentation of epigraphic publications. The principles explained in Kernos, 4 (991), p. 287-288 and Kernos, 7 (994), p. 287 apply also to this issue, The abbreviations used are those of L'Année Philologique and the Supplementum Bpigraphicum Graecum. We remind our readers that the bulletin is not a general bibliography on Greek religion; works devoted exclusively to religious matters (marked here with an asterisk) are presented very briefly, even if they make extensive use of inscriptions, In exceptional cases (see n° 87) we include in our bulletin studies on the Linear B tablets.
  • ERETRIA in the 490'S. Following the Victory of 506 F Retria Entered Fifteen

    ERETRIA in the 490'S. Following the Victory of 506 F Retria Entered Fifteen

    CHAPTER IX: ERETRIA IN THE 490's. Following the victory of 506 F retria entered fifteen years of licgemonta in central Greece, the achievements of which prompted the eulo gistic sentiments expressed in the Menexenes' which show that the memory of Eretria's years of power and fame was not yet dead in the time of Platon in the fourth century. Eretria now began pursuing imperialist/interventionist political aims. Persia was a political force that Eretria was increasingly obli ged to take into account_ for it posed a threat to Euboia and Naxos even before 500 as Herodotos makes clear,' and one can hardly forget that Miletos Nk as under increasin g pressure from Persian expansion into Ionia which resulted in the intervention of the Eretrieis in the military events of the Ionian Revolt. In Naxos, 1 he oligarchy of the Pukher.s. installed in 514 by the Lakedaimonioi (with the active support of Diagoras) fell, and was replaced by a democrac y, c.505. 3 Mvres believes that thanks to her nav y. Eretria was able and willing to assist the Naxioi in installing, a like-minded government in her sphere of interest in the middle Aegean, and that Naxos now became a dependenc y of Eretria. It was itself the centre of a small "empire" which included Paros, Eretria's old all\ and her former dependenc y Andros.' Eretrian intervention in favour of the Den,, at Naxos may have had a price-, the returi of Andros, and possibly Paros also, to the Eretrian empire. The importance of Ardros to any Eretrian bloc is obvious, and in hostile hands, the equivalent for Eretria of "the eye-sore of the Peiraieus".
  • Polis Apolis

    Polis Apolis

    Ryszard Kulesza POLIS APOLIS Instytut Historyczny Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego RYSZARD KULESZA POLIS APOLIS Wysiedlenia, przesiedlenia i ucieczki ludności w świecie greckim w V i IV wieku p.n.e. Warszawa 1998 © Copyright by Ryszard Kulesza, 1998 ISBN 83-904596-0-4 Publikacja finansowana przez Komitet Badań Naukowych Wydawca: Instytut Historyczny UW, 00-325 Warszawa ul. Krakowskie Przedmieście 26/28 Druk i oprawa: Zakład Graficzny Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego. Zam. nr 177/98 SPIS TREŚCI Wstęp 5 Wykaz skrótów 7 CZEŚĆ I. WYSIEDLENIA I PRZESIEDLENIA W V-IV WIEKU P.N.E 9 Rozdz.l Deportacje perskie 9 Rozdz.2 Okres Pentekontaetii 32 Rozdz.3 Wojna peloponeska 46 Rozdz.4 Wysiedlenia w IV wieku 59 Rozdz.5 Przesiedlenia w polityce Filipa II 67 Rozdz.6 Przesiedlenia i wysiedlenia w polityce tyranów sycylijskich 75 CZĘŚĆ II. UCIECZKI LUDNOŚCI W CZASIE WOJNY 90 CZĘŚĆ III. SYTUACJA WYSIEDLONYCH I UCHODŹCÓW WOJENNYCH 103 CZĘŚĆ IV. KATALOG WYSIEDLEŃ, PRZESIEDLEŃ I UCIECZEK LUDNOŚCI (od połowy VI do końca IV wieku p.n.e.) 131 Zakończenie 231 Bibliografia 238 WSTĘP „Historische Fragestellungen haben zuweilen ihre eigene Geschichte". Zdanie, którym rozpoczyna E.L. Grasmiick swą pracę poświęconą wygnaniu, mogłoby z pewnością powtórzyć wielu autorów. W szczególny może sposób jest ono praw­ dziwe w odniesieniu do tematu niniejszej pracy. Zagadnieniem przesiedleń zainte­ resowała mnie przed laty Iza Bieżuńska-Małowist, która sama myślała niegdyś o podjęciu tego tematu, choć, jak powtarzała nieraz, gdy moje badania zaczęły przy­ bierać bardziej realny kształt, zamierzała pójść „w nieco innym kierunku". W gruncie rzeczy w obecnej postaci praca jest odległa również od mojego pier­ wotnego zamiaru, jakim była analiza przesiedleń w okresie hellenistycznym.