Settlements in the Territory of a New Capital in Late Antiquity. A

BULLETIN OF THE NATIONAL ARCHAEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE, XLIV, 2018 Proceedings of the First International Roman and Late Antique Thrace Conference “Cities, Territories and Identities” (Plovdiv, 3rd – 7th October 2016)

Settlements in the Territory of a New Capital in Late Antiquity. A Contribution to the Historical Geography of the Land to the West of Constantinople in Late Antiquity*

Mustafa H. SAYAR

Abstract: There is no information yet on how the land surrounding Constantinople was administered; however, it is clear that the area was neither connected to the prae- fectus urbi in charge of the capital’s administration, nor to the vicarius in Herakleia in charge of the Europa province.

Key words: administration, fortification, land, territory, urban centre, rural settlement.

A great part of Byzantion’s city territory in the region of Thrace was or- ganized as imperial and senatorial lands when Constantinople became the capital of the Roman Empire on May 11th 3301. As a consequence, garrisons where military forces were deployed, and magnificent summer resorts appeared in the area, along with villages. The fortification walls called The Long Wall (Makra Teikhe)2 built during the reign of Anastasius between the Black Sea and the Marmara Sea to the west of Silivri, on the Silivri Karacaköy line, confined the land by making this new territory a closed area to the very west of the new capital (Proc. De. Aed. 4.9.2-8) (Map). * This article is part of a research proj- The land in between the Black Sea and the Marmara Sea, confined ect (# 32162), supported through the by the Bosphorus to the east, with three lagoons called Delkos (Derkos, Research Funds of the University of Istanbul. Durusu), Küçükçekmece and Büyükçekmece, is an extremely fertile 1 On the transformation of Byzantion peninsula of great geostrategic importance. Two large settlements in into the new capital of the Empire under the area, Athyra (Büyükçekmece) and Rhegion (Küçükçekmece), can the name of Constantinople see: Janin be found in the Synekdemos lists of Hierocles, which indicates that 1964, 4-6; Dagron 1974; Müller-Wiener they did not have an independent administration. Almost the entire 1977, 19 ff.; Mango 1985; Berger 1988; Lilie 2003, 44; Zahariade / Marcule 2015, territory surrounding Büyükçekmece and Küçükçekmece belonged to 38; Koder 2016, 71; Berger 2011, 7; 2016, the emperor or the senators. 664. For discussions on the process of In this area, between Constaninople’s Land walls which were built the formation of new institutions in the at the beginning of 5th century, and the Anastasian Wall built in the capital Constantinople see Alföldi 2004. same century, two officers titled vicarius were in charge. The civilian 2 For the study of Anastasius’ fortifications in the last century see: Croke 1982, of these administrators was the praetorian prefect of the East, and the 74-78; Crow / Ricci 1997, 235-262; Meier military one was magister militum praesentalis. The area administered 2009, 146-147; Koder 2016, 72. by these two vicarii was clearly a separate state. These two units of 32 Mustafa H. SAYAR administration were combined and transformed into one single of- fice called praetor Iustinianus in Thracia in 535. This administrator was in charge of the construction of public buildings and held military and civic power (Wiewiorowski 2011, 385-410). However, Hebdomon (Bakırköy) might not have been subject to the praetor’s exercise of judicial power. If this assumption is right, it can be suggested that Hebdomon was part of the new capital Constantinople3. This estima- tion of Procopius may be evaluated as proof indicating that he wrote his books on the buildings while adhering to the geography of the cen- tral administration that was ruling the Roman State in Late Antiquity. The first book of Procopius was most probably written drawing on the prefect’s archive of Constantinople, whereas his fourth book was created referring to the Illyricum and Thracia administrations. This should be the reason behind Procopius’ discussion of Hebdomon and 4 Rhegion in different books . 3 Procopius indirectly mentions this as- Rhegion was the first large settlement after Hebdomon, at the sumption in his first book on the build- southeast corner of the Küçükçekmece Lake, on a hill located today at ings, Proc. De Aed. 1.11.16. However, he beginning of the road to the Cennet district. According to Procopius, starts referring to the buildings to the west of Constantinople by describing the emperor Justinianus had the road between Rhegion and Strongylon ones in Rhegion in his fourth book, Proc. Castle (Kyklobion, Zeytinburnu) repaired. During the repair works, a De Aed. 4.9.15; on Hebdomon see Külzer bridge was built at the point where the sea and the lagoon unite and 2008, 391-395; on Hebdomon as a mili- where a wooden bridge had passed since the first half of 4th centu- tary base: Berger 2011, 41, 148, 161; on ry AD (Proc. De Aed. 4.8). On the hill where Rhegion resided, Arif the political role of Hebdomon in Late Müfid Mansel conducted excavations in the 1940’s and discovered the Antiquity: Pfeilschiffer 2013, 42, # 3; 334, 339, 440; on the palace of Hebdomon: th th remains of the great imperial palace built in the 5 –6 century AD. ibid., 494; on the proclamation of some Today, only a couple of granite columns and wall remains can be seen emperors and usurpers in Hebdomon: as part of these ruins5. ibid., 506, 516, 538, 564. In recent years, during the excavations of the northwest coast of 4 About Cyril Mango’s view that th the Küçükçekmece Lagoon, conducted by Assistant Professor Şengül Rhegion is the 14 district in Constan- tinople see: Mango 2002, 449-455. Aydıngün of Kocaeli University’s Archaeology Department, remains 5 On Rhegion see: Eyice 1978, 2-10; 6 of a fortified structure expanding to a large area have been discovered . Eyice 1977-1978, 57-123; Külzer 2008, Amongst the remains, there are ruins of a harbour, a cistern and well 615-618. On the excavations in Rhegion preserved water channels, as well as building remains with brick walls see: Ogan / Mansel 1942; Mansel 1951, and opus sectile decorated floors, pointing to the possible presence of 255-260; Ćurčić 2010, 91-92. 6 On these works see: Aydıngün / Öniz a palace built there in the Late Antiquity. This may be in fact the lo- 2009, 8-21; Aydıngün 2010, 171-176. cation of the Melantias Palace mentioned by Ammianus Marcellinus, 7 On Valens’ campaign in Edirne and where prominent troops of the East waited for a couple of weeks before his death see: Amm. Marcell. 13.12.14; Emperor Valens took off to Edirne7 in AD 378 to campaign against the Wanke 1990, 214-219. 8 Goths moving to Thrace from the Balkans8. The remains of imperial On Melantias see Amm. Marcell. 31.11; Jireček 1877, 53; Kulzer 2008, palaces on both sides of the Küçükçekmece Lagoon support the pos- 526-527. Külzer defines Melantias as sible existence of summer complexes and settlement buildings along a settlement near Istanbul on the road the Küçükçekmece Lagoon and the north shore of the Marmara Sea. passing through the northern part of Towards the west, similar settlement locations have been discov- Büyükçekmece and Küçükçekmece ered on the coast of the Athyra (Büyükçekmece) Lagoon (Külzer 2008, Lakes and connecting the Balkans to Istanbul; however, its exact location is 270-274). In recent years, in the summer and autumn months the unknown. On the proposal of Melantias’ water levels of the lagoon have decreased and unknown ancient and localization between Küçükçekmece medieval settlement remains have been revealed9. Palladius mentions Lake and Ispartakule see Sayar 2015, Athyra in his book about John Chrysostom’s life as a fortified settle- 187-194. ment (φρούριον), and Procopius writes that Athyra was a city (πόλις). 9 On the finds discovered in recent Justinianus had built a cistern there and had the walls repaired10. In years along Büyükçekmece Lake see Aydıngün et al. 2015, 1-12. the later centuries, Athyra was described as a fortified settlement by 10 Pall. Chrys. 15; 16 (PG 47); Proc. De 11 the travellers . Procopius also mentions a nearby settlement called Aed. 4.8. Episkopeia, which was fortified by Justinianus (Proc. De Aed. 4.8.19). 11 See Jireček 1877, 54. Settlements in the territory of a new capital in Late Antiquity... 33

Map. The area west of Constantinople in Late Antiquity (after Külzer 2008).

This may be the remains of a castle on the hill of Ahmediye village, previously known as Papazburgaz, on the northwest shore of the Büyükçekmece Lagoon12. The fact that there was an ancient village or a farm on the hill of Ahmediye village has been proven through a Roman Imperial era gravestone13. Another suggestion about the location of Episkopeia might be Çatalca. Çatalca, located close to the Büyükçekmece Lagoon, is a Middle Age settlement area with well-preserved walls. Çatalca has been suggested as the location of the Metrai settlement by some re- searchers14. The fact that Procopius emphasized the high quality of Episkopeia’s fortifications indicates that an area equipped with lots of military bases was being prepared and these military works reached the highest point with the construction of the Anastasian Wall (Makra Teikhe). The Long Wall of approximately 64 km was built at the end th 12 of 5 century AD. This structure indicates the importance given to On the suggestion of this castle as the protection and development of this area between Constantinople Episkopeia see Külzer 2008, 353-354; Sayar 2017, 283-287. and Selymbria (Silivri) that started off as a Thracian settlement and 13 On this and other gravestones found developed over time15. The significance of this region had been com- in the vicinity see: Sayar 1982, 291-295; prehended almost a century earlier by the strategic decision-making SEG 32, 666; Lajtar 2000, 109, # 110. On imperial institutions, hence the preservation works of Selymbria and Ahmediyye village see Külzer 2008, 239- Perinthos-Herakleia’s fortifications at the beginning of 5th century AD 240. 14 Külzer localizes Metrai settlement in during the reign of Thedosius II. Çatalca, see Külzer 2008, 533-535. Derkos or Delkos is located 40 kilometres northwest and 20 kilo- 15 On Selymbria (Silivri) see: Külzer metres to the east of Constantinople16. During the reign of Justinianus, 2008, 635-643. On the inscriptions some monophysite ecclesiastics were exiled here (Σταμούλης 1934, found in Selymbria and its vicinity see: 218-221). Delkos is included in the 8th century AD Episcopate lists. Lajtar 2000, 265-298, ## S.1-S.66. 16 On Derkos or Delkos see: Γαϊτάνου- The lake was the most important source of water fulfilling the need Γιαννιού 1939, 161-209; Capizzi 1969, Constantinople. The fortified settlement of Delkos or Derkos is today 204; Kulzer 2008, 330-332. called Durusu. There are some remains of fortifications to this day. 34 Mustafa H. SAYAR

The fact that there were villages17 around the lake in Antiquity and the existence of local cults worshipped by their inhabitants are known through the dedications18. Five kilometres north of Derkos, on a rock outcrop, there is a harbour settlement called Philea. This was the first harbour after leaving the Bosphorus toward the west19. In this area, dedications to Heros Stomianos have been found, and these are thought to be made in order to prevent the ships from running aground while sailing on the coast of the Black Sea toward Constantinople and thinking that the north shores of the Derkos Lake would be the entrance of the Bosphorus20. rd During the crisis of the 3 century AD, the Bosphorus, Southeast 17 On the inscriptions found around Thrace and the Marmara region came into prominence in terms of the Lake Terkos see: Lajtar 2000, 156, # military strategies. The increase of east campaigns resulting in the in- 201 and 168, # 225. crease of military dispatches and the intersection of land routes with 18 On these dedications see: Robert sea routes in the Marmara region caused the empire’s geopolitical pri- 1955, 38-45; Lajtar 2000, 52, vd. # 21 21 (Terkos); 53, vd. # 22; 56, # 23 (Terkos). orities to move to this area. The cities along the route of Via Egnatia 19 On Phinea see: Tabula Peutingeriana 22 and especially Via militaris that provided safety and subsistence to VII, VIII; Külzer 2008, 585-587. the troops became more important. The fact that Byzantion was cho- 20 On this cult see: Robert 1959, 195 sen as the capital and then became Constantinople, the most impor- (Robert 1989, 225); Lajtar 2000, 58-60, ## 25-29. tant centre of the empire, changed all the surrounding area’s devel- 21 23 The Via Egnatia see: Külzer 2008, opment process. The insignificant villages in Byzantion’s territory 199-202; Sayar 2010, 43-45. became the new centres to protect and provide for the new capital in 22 For the publications on Via militaris the land of the newly founded Europa province. These settlements, see Külzer 2008, 194-197. previously little villages, started to be protected through the fortifica- 23 On these rural settlements and in- tion works carried out by the imperial interventions and benefitted scriptions found there see: Robert 1955, from other privileges provided by the empire. The best examples of 33-37; Lajtar 2000, 47, # 17, 60-70, ## 30-36 (Küçükçekmece / Rhegion), 51, this case are the settlements of Çatalca, Delkos, and Ahmediye, located # 20 (Boyalık / Çatalca), 109, # 111 around the Büyükçekmece, Küçükçekmece and Durusu Lakes, which (Yarımburgaz). were fortified in order to prevent them from plundering by the raiders 24 The localization of these villages and coming from the west to the new capital of the empire24. Some of these the farms in their vicinities is still being settlements developed to a point where they could be even identified researched and documented through the finds around Küçükçekmece and as cities, not only due to their acreage, but also with their growing Büyükçekmece Lakes. On the develop- population, and it is understood that they were the suburban settlement of this region and its relation with ments of the west of the new capital – Constantinople. Constantinople see Külzer 2008, 68-96.

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Prof. Dr. Mustafa H. Sayar Ancient History Department, History Department Faculty of Letters, Istanbul University Ordu Cad. 6 TR-34459 Istanbul [email protected]