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Some Problems in the Athenian Strategia of the Fifth Century B.C

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Some Problems in the Athenian Strategia of the Fifth Century B.C SOME PROBLEMS IN IHE ATHENIAN STRATEGIA OF THE FIFTH CENTURY B.C. by IETER IAN HENNING, B.A. s) Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts UNIVERSITY OF TASMANIA HOBART December 1974. To the best of my knowledge and belief this thesis contains no material which has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma in any university, and contains no copy or paraphrase of material previously published or written by another person except when due reference is made in the text of the thesis. CONTENTS Page •• Abbreviations • • •• iv. Abstract • • •• 1 PART I CHAPTER 1. Ath Pa 22.2 and the Reform of 501/0. 3 CHAPTER 2. Hegemonia and the Command at Marathon 23 CHAPTER 3. Election Procedure 47 PART II CHAPTER 4. The Persian Invasion 480/78 •• 89 CHAPTER 5. Double Representation and the Strategos ex hapanton 113 CHAPTER 6. The Size of the Board .. •• 139 CHAPTER 7. Terminologies in the Sources 180 PART III APPENDIX. 1. List of Generals 211 2. The Strategia - Its Nature and Powers .. .. .. 238 3. Term of Office .. .., 258 4. Possible Double Representations 268 Notes to the Text •• •• 274 Bibliography • • • • •• 339 Abbreviations. I include abbreviations of periodicals and standard reference works in addition to my own special abbreviations of works which have been frequently adverted to in the text and notes. Ant. Class. L'Antiquite classique. AJP American Journal of'Philology. Ath Pal Aristotle, Athenaion Politeia. ATL Meritt, B.D., - Wade - Gery, H.T., - McGregor, , The Athenian Tribute Lists, Cambridge (Mass.), Vol.1, Princeton, vols. 2-4, 1939-53. Badian Badian, E., "Archons and Strategoi" Antichthon, vol.5, 1971, pp. 1-34. Be loch Beloch, J., Lie Attische Politik seit Pericles, Leipzig, 1884. Bicknell Bicknell, P.J., "The Command Structure and Generals of the Marathon Campaign", Ant.Class., vol. 39, No. 2, Brussels, 1970, pp. 427-442. Bicknell, DR Bicknell, P.J., "Double Represenation in the Strategia at Athens", Historia, Einzelschriftea, Heft 19, 1972, pp. 101-112. BS Busolt, G., - Swoboda, H., Griechische Staatskunde, vols. iii (in Ivan Muller's Handbuch), Munich, 1920, 1926. BSA . Annual of the British School at Athens. 'Burn Burn, A.R., Persia and the Greeks, London, 1962. Busolt Busolt, G., Griechische Geschichte, vols. 1 - 2, Gotha, 1893- 95. - CAH Cambridge Ancient History, Cambridge, 1923. CP Classical Philology - CQ. Classical Quarterly . CR Classical Review. Dover Dover, K.J., "Dekatos Autos", JHS, vol.80, 1960, pp. 61-77. Dover, HCT Gomm, A.W., - Andrewes, A., - Dover, K.J., A Historical Commentary on Thucydides, vol. 4, Oxford 1970. Ehrenberg, Ehrenberg, V., "Pericles and hi3 Colleagues between 441 and 429", AJP, vol. lxvi, 1945, pp. 113-134. Fornara Fornara, C.W., "The Athenian Board of Generals from 501 to 404", Eist.,Einzelschriften, Heft 16, 1971. Fornara, Diss. Fornara, C.W., Strategia of Athens 501/0-405/4, (Ph.D. Dissertation), University of California, Los Angeles, 1961. Gomme, HCT Gomm, A.W., A Historical Commentary on Thucydides, vols. 1-3, Oxford, 1945-56. Hammond Hammond, N.G.L., "Strategia and Hegemonia in Fifth-Century Athens", CQ, vol. 19, 1969, pp.111-144. Hammond, JRS Hammond, N.G.W., "The Campaign and Settle of Marathon", JHS, vol.lxxxviii, pp.13-57. Hesp. Hesperia. Hignett Hignett, C., A History of the Athenian Constitution to the End of the Fifth .Century B.C., Oxford, 1952. Hignett, XIG, Hignett, C., Xerxes' Invasion of Greece, Oxford, 1963. Hill Hill, G.F., Sources for Greek History (revised edition), Oxford, 1951. Hist. Historia, Zeitschrift flir Alte Geschichte. HSCP. Harvard Studies in Classical Philology. IC Inscriptiones Graecae, Berlin, 1873 - Jacoby Jacoby, F., Die Fragmente der Griechischen Historiker, vols. Berlin and Leiden, 1923. In Appendix I I use the abbreviation Fr. Gr. list. Jameson Jameson, M.H., "Seniority in the Athenian Strategia", TATA., vol. 86, pp. 63-87. V. Jordan, Diss. Jordan, B., The Administration and Military Organization of the Athenian Navy in the Fifth and Fourth Centuries B.C., (Ph.D. Dissertation), University of California, Berkeley, 1968. JHS Journal of Hellenic Studies. Lewis, Lewis, D.M., "Double Representation in the . Strategia", JHS., vol.lxxxi, 1961,pp.118-123. Jones, Jones, A.H.M., Athenian Democracy, Oxford, 1966. M-L., Meiggs, R. and Lewis, D.M., A Selection of Creek Historical Inscriptions to the End of the Fifth Century B.C., Oxford, 1969. PA' Kirchner, J., ProsoporaAbiaAtica, vols. 1-2, fyi Berlin, 1901, (reprint 1966). TACA Proceedings of the African Classical Associations. RE Pauly-Wisowa-Kroll, Real-Encyclopddie der . classischen Altertumswissenschaft, Stuttgart, 1894- .RTIC Rivista di Filologia e di Istruzione classica. Schwahn Schwahn, W., "Strategos", RE., Suppl. vi, 1935, pp. 1071-1081. Sealey Seeley, R., Essays in Greek Politics, New York, 1967. BEG .Supplementum Epigraphicum Graecum. Staveley, Staveley, E.S ., "Voting Procedure at the Election of Strategoi" , Ancient Society and Institutions, Oxford, 1966, pp. 275-288. Staveley, GR Staveley, E.S .,:Greek and Roman Voting and Elections, London, 1972. TAPA Transactions of the American Philological Association. Wade-Gery, Essays, Wade-Gery, H.T., Essays in Greek History, Oxford, 1958. Wilamawitz Wilamowitz-Moellendorff, V. von, Aristoteles und . Athen, vols. 1-11, Berlin, - 1893. vi. 1 . ABSTRACT At the beginning of the fifth century the Athenian strategia constituted, together with the polemarch, the chief military executive institution of the newly established democracy. It soon outgrew its purely military function and became the single most important magistracy of the state at the heart of fifth-century Athenian politics and government. Possession of the strategia was the only way to political promincace and power, at least until the demagogues found an alternative path. All the most important and influential politicians of the fifth century from Themistocles to Alcibiades, including Aristeides Cimon, Pericles, Nicias and Clean, only became or remained the leaders of Athens as generals. It is not surprising therefore that the strategia has been the subject of close attention by modern scholars. Our knowledge of the character of the Athenian democracy is certainly not complete without an understanding of the workings of its major executive institution. However, modem scholarship has failed to resolve many of the problems concerned with the strategia and has produced a wealth of argument without any general measure of agreement, rather than any basic conclusions. It is the purpose of this thesis to submit some of these problems to a reexamination. Many of them, admittedly, have come under the scrutiny of Charles W. Fomara, and his recent work ("The Athenian Board of Generals from 501 to 404", Historia Einzelschriften, Heft 16, 1971) is the most valuable recent contribution to the subject. I agree with much of Fornara t s analysis but concerning 2. many important considerations I am unable to accept his conclusions. In what follows I argue that the reform of 501/0 established the electoral procedure whereby the generals were elected by the whole Demos. At the beginning of the fifth century each general was elected from a different tribe, one general being chosen from each of Cleisthenes t ten tribes, but an electoral reform of about 480 or one or two years earlier removed the requirement providing for tribal representation. Henceforward the generals were elected g ) c / rather than Kacr T ir 4V S VCs. The Athenians cannot be said to have departed from the practice of electing ten generals annually at the :tilXctirEs'ial erra.-ricZV but the removal of the tribal-represent- ation restriction also removed the obstacle to an increase in the number of generals beyond ten. In some years of the fifth century there is a numerical increase in the strength of the board. The Athenians elected extra generals as circumstances dictated. Finally, the principle of collegiality was strictly maintained in practice throughout the fifth century except for one minor aberration in 407/06. A strict differentiation can be drawn between the political prestige and influence pertaining to an individual and the official authority which he possessed as a general. PART 3. CHAPTER Ath Pa 22.2 and the Reform of 501/0. The only conclusion that can be drawn with safety and without fear of challenge about Aristotle's statement ?,-recTa-roin arparriyais npoUvro KaTa ckvAds., e ,s6vAijs _EV% 'Trig SE 1 (1.7c:falls c.-rpuTtas )yd'n.. 1 6 7roA g papxos i s simply that one result of Cleisthenes' constitution was the creation of ten' strategoi one from each tribe. It is not possible to summarize further nny widely accepted viewpoint as to what the reform was or what it was not. In short,no general agreement has been reached in answering questions which arise from this sentence. Was the strategia a continuation of a pre-Cleisthenic military institution which of necessity adjusted to Cleisthenes tribal reorganization, or was it more than a simple mechanical adjustment and rather an innovation which broke sharply with the past? Secondly, what was the relationship between the strategoi and the polemarch and in which of the two elected positions did real authority reside? ' For example, was the polemarch effectively the commander-in-chief and the generals merely tribal commanders or were the strategoi the military executive of the state as well as tribal leaders, the polemarch retaining only some of his traditional powers rather than effective command? Thirdly, who elected the strategoi, the tribes voting individually or the ecclesia voting on all candidates, and what was the procedure whereby candidates were 'chosen and then elected to office? Before an attempt is Made to examine each of these questions 1 4, in turn, it is perhaps necessary to briefly consider the chronolog.- ical difficulties in Ath Pa 22.2. In the sentence immediately before the one about the strategoi Aristotle says Trp&r.ov pay 0 UV E'TEl IT 11.676.
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