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T.C. BALIKES İR ÜN İVERS İTES İ SOSYAL B İLİMLER ENST İTÜSÜ TAR İH ANABİLİM DALI ESK İÇA Ğ L İTERATÜRÜNDE MYS İA: CO ĞRAFYA, KENTLER VE KÜLTLER YÜKSEK L İSANS TEZ İ Ahmet AK ŞAR Tez Danı şmanı Doç. Dr. Turhan KAÇAR Balıkesir, 2008 ii ÖNSÖZ Anadolu’nun kuzeybatısında yer alan Mysia bölgesi, do ğuda Phrygia ve Bithynia, güneyde Lydia, güneybatıda Aiolis ve batıda Troas ile çevrelenmi ştir. Mysia, bugünkü Bursa ve Kütahya’nın batısını, Manisa ve İzmir’in kuzeyini, Çanakkale’nin do ğusunu ve Balıkesir ilinin tamamını kapsamaktadır. Bölge, adını bir Thrak kavmi olan ve Thrakia’dan gelen Myslerden almı ştır. Myslerin yo ğun olarak ya şadı ğı yere de Mysia denmi ştir. Mysialılar, tarihin hiçbir döneminde siyasi bir yapı oluşturamamı şlar ve ba şka milletlerin hakimiyeti altında ya şamı şlardır. Bu sebeple ya şadıkları bölge idari bir tanımlamanın dı şında co ğrafi bir isim olarak kullanılmı ştır. Antik yazarların ve kaynakların Mysialılara bakı şı bu idari belirsizli ğe paralel olarak de ğişkenlik göstermektedir. Erken dönem yazarlarından ba şlayarak bölgenin sınırları tutarsız bilgilerle gösterilmi ş ve bu tutarsızlık ara ştırmacıları farklı sonuçlara götürmü ştür. Bu çerçevede çalı şmamızda antik kaynaklar ele alınmı ş ve bu kaynaklar taranarak Mysia ile alakalı kısımlar dilimize kazandırılmı ştır. Çalı şmamızın mimarı, engin bilgisiyle beni yönlendiren, kaynaklarını ve imkanlarını benden esirgemeyen ve bana eskiça ğ tarihini sevdiren de ğerli hocam Doç. Dr. Turhan KAÇAR’a, yüksek lisansta derslerine girme şansına sahip oldu ğum, azmi ve bilgisiyle bize örnek olan de ğerli hocam Prof. Dr. Mehmet Ali KAYA’ya ve üzerimde eme ği olan tüm hocalarıma, çalı şmamızın yazım sürecinde benden desteklerini esirgemeyen de ğerli arkada şlarıma ve haklarını ödeyemeyece ğim ve bu çalı şmada satırlara sı ğamayacak kadar deste ği olan sevgili Annem ve Babama sonsuz te şekkür ederim. Ahmet AK ŞAR iii ÖZET Eskiça ğ Literatüründe Mysia: Co ğrafya, Kentler ve Kültler AK ŞAR, Ahmet Yüksek Lisans, Tarih Ana Bilim Dalı Tez Danı şmanı: Doç. Dr. Turhan KAÇAR 2008, 144 Sayfa Bu çalı şmanın amacı antik kaynaklarda Mysia bölgesi hakkında verilen bilgilerin derlenmesidir. Bu ba ğlamda Hellen-Latin literatürü taranmı ş ve Mysia ile alakalı kısımları saptanarak dilimize çevrilmi ştir. Türkçeye kazandırılmı ş antikça ğ eserlerinin çevirisi yapılmamı ş, bu metinler do ğrudan çalı şmamıza alınmı ştır. Çalı şmamız Mysia ile ilgili bilgi veren antikça ğ yazarlarının tanıtılmasıyla ba şlamı ş, devamında yazarların Mysia’ya dair verdikleri bilgilere de ğinilmi ştir. Ancak taranan literatürün geni ş olması ve dilimizde eskiça ğ yazarlarının eserlerine ait hermenötik bakı ş açısıyla yakla şan eserlerin az olu şu metin kriti ği yapmamızı engellemi ştir. Kaynakça bölümünün önüne antik kaynakların künyeleri verilmi ş ve çeviriye esas alınan edisyon belirtilmi ştir. Birinci bölümde çalı şmamızın özünü olu şturan çevirilerin daha iyi anla şılması için yazarlar tarafından verilen bilgiler tartı şılmı ştır. Aynı zamanda bu veriler ikincil literatürle de teyit edilmeye çalı şılmı ştır. İkinci bölümde antik yazarların Mysia’ya ait kayıtları tercüme edilerek yayınlanmı ştır. Tercümeler orijinal dillerinden İngilizce’ye yapılan çeviri metinler esas alınarak yapılmı ştır. Bazı uzun cümleler okuyucunun anlamasını kolayla ştırmak için parçalara bölünerek verilmi ştir. Elde edilen bilgiler do ğrultusunda Mysia bölgesinin tahmini sınırları tespit edilmeye çalı şılmı ş ve bu çerçevede tarafımızdan bir harita olu şturulmu ştur. Yapılan tespitler genel olarak eskiça ğ literatüre dayandırılmı ş ve çalı şmamızla paralel olarak corpuslar dikkate alınmamı ştır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Mysia, Antik Kaynaklar, Kentler, Mysia Co ğrafyası iv ABSTRACT Mysia in the Ancient Literature: Geography, Cities and Cults . AK ŞAR, Ahmet A thesis presented to qualify a Master degree at the Department of History, Institute of Social Studies of Balikesir University. Supervision: Assoc. Prof. Turhan KAÇAR 2008, 144. pp. The main aim of this study is a compilation of the ancient references about Mysia in the literature. In this context the classical literature (Greek and Latin) have been closely investigated and the references about Mysia have been translated into Turkish. Those sources have already existed in our language have been quoted when required. This study starts with a brief introductions of the ancient writers and continues with their interest in Mysia. However, as the ancient literature is enormously large and they have been mostly neglected from the point of textual critic, we could not attempt to develop a critical view about the sources. At the end of the references, I have given a bibliographical details about the sources used in the work. In the first part, in order to achieve a clear understanding of the sources, I have examined the information in the context of the ancient history of Mysia. I have also attempted to compare the notice of ancient evidence with those of modern studies. In the second chapter, the ancient referecences about Mysia have been translated. These translations have been made on the base of the English versions of the sources. I have not done a word by word translation, rather I have tried to give a Turkish sense fort he translated passages. According to the information I have gathered, an approximate map of Mysia is also attempted in this study. Key Words: Mysia, Ancient Literature, Cities, Mysian Geography. v Annem ve Babama vi İÇİNDEK İLER ÖNSÖZ.................................................................................................................... iii ÖZET.......................................................................................................................iv ABSTRACT ..............................................................................................................v İÇİNDEK İLER ......................................................................................................... vii KISALTMALAR.........................................................................................................x ŞEKİLLER L İSTES İ .................................................................................................xi GİRİŞ ....................................................................................................................... 1 KAYNAKLAR........................................................................................................... 4 I BÖLÜM................................................................................................................ 12 ANT İK KAYNAKLARIN I ŞIĞINDA MYS İA’YA GENEL B İR BAKI Ş ......................... 12 1. 1- TRO İA SAVA ŞI PERSPEKT İFİNDEN MYS İALILARIN ANADOLU’YA GEL İŞİ 12 1. 2- MYS İALILARIN KÖKEN İ SORUNU ............................................................... 16 1. 3- BÖLGEN İN CO ĞRAF İ SINIRLARI................................................................. 19 1. 3. 1- Troas-Mysia Sınırı.................................................................................. 21 1. 3. 2- Aiolis- Mysia Sınırı ................................................................................. 23 1. 3. 3- Lydia- Mysia Sınırı ................................................................................. 24 1. 3. 4- Phrygia- Mysia Sınırı.............................................................................. 25 1. 3. 5- Bithynia- Mysia Sınırı ............................................................................. 27 1. 4- BÖLGEN İN CO ĞRAF İ YAPISI VE EKONOMİK ZENG İNL İKLER İ ................. 27 1. 4. 1- Göller......................................................................................................... 28 1. 4. 1. 1- Aphnitis Gölü (Daskylitis/Miletopolitis)................................................ 28 1. 4. 2- Nehirler...................................................................................................... 28 1. 4. 2. 1- Rhyndakos Nehri (Orhaneli/Adırnaz Çay) .......................................... 29 1. 4. 2. 2- Makestos Nehri (Susurluk Çayı)......................................................... 29 1. 4. 2. 3- Tarsios Nehri (Kocaçay)..................................................................... 29 1. 4. 2. 4- Euenos Nehri (Havran Çayı) .............................................................. 29 1. 4. 2. 5- Kaikos Nehri (Bakırçay) ..................................................................... 30 1. 4. 3- Da ğlar........................................................................................................ 30 1. 4. 3. 1- Olympos Da ğı (Uluda ğ)...................................................................... 30 1. 4. 3. 2- İda Da ğı (Kaz Da ğı) ........................................................................... 31 1. 4. 3. 3- Kane (Kanai) Da ğı (Karada ğ)............................................................. 31 1. 4. 4- Ovalar........................................................................................................ 31 1. 4. 4. 1- Kyzikos Ovası .................................................................................... 31 1. 4. 4. 2- Apia Ovası (Balıkesir Ovası) .............................................................. 32 1. 4. 4. 3- Kaikos Ovası (Bergama Ovası).......................................................... 32 1. 4. 4. 4- Thebe Ovası (Havran Ovası) ............................................................. 32 1. 5- KENTLER VE TAPIM GÖREN TANRILAR .................................................... 33 1. 5. 1- Kyzikos (Belkıs)
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    Achaemenid History • II The Greek Sources Proceedings of the Groningen 1984 Achaemenid History Workshop edited by Heleen Sancisi-Weerdenburg and Amélie Kuhrt Nederlands Instituut voor het Nabije Oosten Leiden 1987 ACHAEMENID HISTORY 11 THE GREEK SOURCES PROCEEDINGS OF THE GRONINGEN 1984 ACHAEMENID HISTORY WORKSHOP edited by HELEEN SANCISI-WEERDENBURG and AMELIE KUHRT NEDERLANDS INSTITUUT VOOR HET NABIJE OOSTEN LEIDEN 1987 © Copyright 1987 by Nederlands Instituut voor het Nabije Oosten Witte Singe! 24 Postbus 9515 2300 RA Leiden, Nederland All rights reserved, including the right to translate or to reproduce this book or parts thereof in any form CIP-GEGEVENS KONINKLIJKE BIBLIOTHEEK, DEN HAAG Greek The Greek sources: proceedings of the Groningen 1984 Achaemenid history workshop / ed. by Heleen Sancisi-Weerdenburg and Amelie Kuhrt. - Leiden: Nederlands Instituut voor het Nabije Oosten.- (Achaemenid history; II) ISBN90-6258-402-0 SISO 922.6 UDC 935(063) NUHI 641 Trefw.: AchaemenidenjPerzische Rijk/Griekse oudheid; historiografie. ISBN 90 6258 402 0 Printed in Belgium TABLE OF CONTENTS Abbreviations. VII-VIII Amelie Kuhrt and Heleen Sancisi-Weerdenburg INTRODUCTION. IX-XIII Pierre Briant INSTITUTIONS PERSES ET HISTOIRE COMPARATISTE DANS L'HIS- TORIOGRAPHIE GRECQUE. 1-10 P. Calmeyer GREEK HISTORIOGRAPHY AND ACHAEMENID RELIEFS. 11-26 R.B. Stevenson LIES AND INVENTION IN DEINON'S PERSICA . 27-35 Alan Griffiths DEMOCEDES OF CROTON: A GREEKDOCTORATDARIUS' COURT. 37-51 CL Herrenschmidt NOTES SUR LA PARENTE CHEZ LES PERSES AU DEBUT DE L'EM- PIRE ACHEMENIDE. 53-67 Amelie Kuhrt and Susan Sherwin White XERXES' DESTRUCTION OF BABYLONIAN TEMPLES. 69-78 D.M. Lewis THE KING'S DINNER (Polyaenus IV 3.32).
  • İLK ATİNA Deniz BİRLİGİNDE TRİBUTUM /HARÇ MİKTARI VE VATANDAŞ SAYISI*

    İLK ATİNA Deniz BİRLİGİNDE TRİBUTUM /HARÇ MİKTARI VE VATANDAŞ SAYISI*

    i. i i i ı i . ! i İLK ATİNA DENİz BİRLİGİNDE TRİBUTUM /HARÇ MİKTARI VE VATANDAŞ SAYISI* E .Ruschenbusch . ,! Çeviren: Ayşe Gül Akalm Plutarkhos'un da bildirdiği gibi, ilk Atina Deniz Birliğinde tributum/harçların belirlenmesinde liman gelirleri gibi yan gelirlerin yanında işlenebilir arazi miktarı temel ölçüt idi. Tarımla geçimini sağlayan polislerde tributum miktarı ile ekilebilir alanın büyüklüğü arasında, y drahmilik** bir tributuma x plethron'un*** karşılık geldiği sıkı bir ilişki vardır. Tek tek polisler arasında taşınmaz mülklerin dağılımında büyük farklılıklar olmadığı i varsayımdan yola çıkılarak, ekilebilir toprakların büyüklüğünden nüfus i yoğunluğu ve buna bağlı olarak, x plethron'un z vatandaş sayısına karşılık gelmesiyle, vatandaş sayısı da saptanır. Bundan tributum miktarının aynı '. zamanda vatandaş sayısı için bir ölçüt olduğu sonucu çıkmaktadır. Her polisin tributum tutarını tributum miktarları listelerinden biliyoruz. Doğalolarak ekili alanların büyüklüğü belli değildir. Her ne kadar biz bunu özel : i durumlarda-örn. Ege adalarında böyledir- az çok tam olarak bulsak bile, bu bize yardımcı olmamaktadır, çünkü ortalama olarak her vatandaşa kaç plethron düştüğünü bilmiyoruz. Diğer taraftan Keos, Kythnos, Astypalaia, Anaphe ve • Eberhard Ruschenbusch'a ait bu makale Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik (ZPE) 53, 1983 de " Tribut und Bürgerzahl im Ersten Athenischen Seebund " adıyla 125-142 sayfaları arasında yayınlanmıştır. Makale Türkçe'ye Almanca aslından çevrilmiştir. •• Drahmi: Antik dönemde de aynı isimle anılan Grek para birimi. Bölgelere göre farklılık göstermesine rağmen, Antik çağda Atina'da 100 Drahmi 1 Mina ve 1/6 talente karşılık gelmekteymiş.(Ayrıntılı bilgi için bkz. der Kleine Pauly, 2155-156) ••• Plethron:Antik Grek alan ölçüsü birimi. Bu birim 100 ayak uzunluğa yani 1/6 stadiona karşılık gelmekteymiş.
  • Die Griechische Polis Als Historisch-Geographisches Problem Des Mittelmeerraumes

    Die Griechische Polis Als Historisch-Geographisches Problem Des Mittelmeerraumes

    Colloquium Geographicum ISSN 0588-3253 Band 5 Die griechische Polis als historisch-geographisches Problem des Mittelmeerraumes Vorangestellt: Alfred Philippsons Lebenswerk von Herbert Lehmann und Bibliographie A. Philippson von Ernst Kirsten 1956 Bonn E. Kirsten I Die griechische Polis als historisch-geogr~phisches Problem des Mittelmeerraumes Colloquium Geographicum Vorträge des Bonner Geographischen Kolloquiums zum Gedächtnis an Ferdinand von Riohthofen herausgegeben vom Geographischen Institut der Universität Bonn durch C a r I T r o 11 Schriftleitung: H e l m u t H ahn Band 5 Ernst Kirsten Die griechische Polis als historisch-geographisches Problem des Mittelmeerraumes mit A Philippson-Bibliographie und Gedächtnisrede von H. L eh m an n 1956 In Kommission bei Ferd. Dümmlers Verlag• Bonn Die griechische Polis als historisch-geographisches Problem des Mittelmeerraumes Mit 15 Abbildungen im Text und 10 Bildern auf Kunstdrucktafeln von Ernst Kirsten vorangestellt: Alfred Philippsons Lebenswerk von H e r b e r t L e h m an n und Bibliographie A. Phi 1i pp so n In Kommission bei Ferd. Dümmlers Verlag• Bonn Alle Rechte. vorbehalten. Satz und Druck: Richard ·Mayr, Würzburg Vorwort Als einer der letzten Schüler Ferdinand von Rich thofens verstarb am 28. März 1953 in seiner Geburtsstadt Bonn im 90. Lebensjahre Geheimrat Professor Alfred Phfäppson, nachdem bereits eineinhalb Jahre vorher, am 4. September 1951 sein Nachfolger auf dem Bonner Lehrstuhl der Geogra- phie, Professor Leo Waibel, plötzlich vom Tode dahingerafft worden war. Die beiden bedeutenden Forscher haben der deutschen Geographie seit der Jahrhundertwende entscheidende Stempel aufgedrückt, Philippson ganz besonders für die Geomorphologie und die Länderkunde, Waibel für die Landschaftskunde und Wirtschaftsgeographie.