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Histoire De La Grèce HISTOIRE DE LA GRÈCE depuis les temps les plus reculés jusqu’à la fin de la génération contemporaine d’Alexandre Le Grand George Grote traduction d’Alfred Sadous TREIZIÈME VOLUME CHAPITRE I — CYRUS LE JEUNE ET LES DIX MILLE GRECS. Dans le second chapitre du volume précédent, j’amenais l’histoire des affaires grecques jusqu’à la fin de la guerre du Péloponnèse, comprenant une description de la perte permanente du pouvoir souverain ; la cruelle oppression temporaire, l’affranchissement et la démocratie renouvelée, qui marquèrent le sort d’Athènes vaincue. La défaite de cette cité jadis puissante, accomplie par la confédération spartiate, — avec l’aide pécuniaire considérable du jeune prince persan Cyrus, satrape de la plus grande partie des côtes ioniennes, — laissa Sparte maîtresse du inondé grec pour le moment. Lysandros, son amiral victorieux, employa sa vaste puissance temporaire à établir, dans la plupart des villes, des dékarchies, ou conseils souverains de Dix, composées de ses propres partisans, avec un harmoste lacédæmonien et une garnison lacédæmonienne destinés à imposer leur gouvernement oligarchique Toutefois, avait de commencer l’exposé, ainsi bien qu’il est possible de l’établir, des malheurs, inattendus attirés ainsi sur le monde grec, avec leurs conséquences éventuelles, — il sera à-propos d’introduire ici le récit des Dix Mille Grecs, avec leur marche dans le cœur de l’Empire des Perses et leur Retraite plus célèbre encore. Cet incident, qui est à part du courant principal dés affaires grecques, ferait, rigoureusement parlant, plutôt partie d’une histoire de la Perse que d’une histoire de la Grèce. Mais ses effets sur l’esprit grec et sur le cours futur des affaires grecques furent nombreux et importants, tandis que, comme explication du caractère et de la capacité helléniques, comparés à ceux des Asiatiques contemporains, il est très remarquable et plein d"instruction. Cette marche, à partir de Sardes jusqu’au voisinage de Babylone, conduite par Cyrus le Jeune et entreprise dans le dessein de le mettre sur le trône de Perse, à la place de son frère aîné Artaxerxés Mnemôn, — fut commencée vers mars ou avril de l’année 401 avant J. — C. Ce fut environ six, mois après, dans le mois de septembre ou d’octobre de la même année, que fut livrée la bataille de Kunaxa, dans laquelle, bien que les Grecs fussent victorieux, Cyrus lui-même perdit la vie. Ils furent alors obligés de commencer leur retraite, qui occupa environ une année et finalement les amena jusqu’à Byzantion, après qu’ils eurent franchi le Bosphore de Thrace, en octobre ou en novembre, M, avant J.-C. La mort du roi Darius Nothus, père et d’Artaxerxés et de Cyrus, arriva vers le commencement de 404 avant J.-C., peu de temps après la ruine entière de l’armée d’Athènes à Ægospotami. Son règne de dix-neuf ans, avec celui de son père Artaxerxés Longue-Main, qui dura près de quarante années, remplit presque tout l’intervalle depuis la mort de Xerxès, en 465 avant J.-C. La fin des règnes, tant de Xerxès que de son fils Artaxerxés, avait en effet été marquée par ces phénomènes de conspiration, d’assassinat, de fratricide et de tragédies de famille, si communs dans la transmission d’un sceptre oriental. Xerxès fut assassiné par le principal officier du palais nommé Artabanos, — qui avait reçu de lui à un banquet l’ordre d’exécuter son fils aîné Darius, mais ne l’avait pas accompli. Artabanos, faisant retomber le blâme de l’assassinat sur Darius, détermina Artaxerxés à le venger en tuant ce dernier ; il attenta ensuite à la vie d’Artaxerxés lui-même ; mais il échoua et fut tué également, après avoir dirigé le gouvernement pendant quelques mois. Artaxerxés Longue-Main, après avoir régné environ quarante ans, laissa le sceptre à son fils Xerxès II, qui fut tué peu de mois après par son frère Sogdien, et celui-ci à son tour fut mis à mort, sept mois après, par un troisième frère, Darius Nothus, mentionné plus haut1. Les guerres entre l’empire persan et Athènes, à la tète de la confédération de Dêlos (477-449 av. J.-C.), ont été déjà racontées dans un des volumes -précédents. Mais l’histoire intérieure de l’empire persan -pendant ces règnes nous est à peine connue, à l’exception d’une formidable révolte du satrape Megabyzos, mentionnée d’une manière obscure dans les Fragments de Ktêsias2. Vers 414 avant J.-C., les Égyptiens se révoltèrent. Leur prince indigène Amyrtæos conserva son indépendance, — bien que probablement dans une partie seulement de ce pays et non dans toute son étendue3. Une dynastie égyptienne indigène lui succéda pendant l’espace de soixante ans. Darius comprima une révolte des Mèdes, qui éclata en 408 avant J.-C., et subséquemment une révolte semblable des Kadusiens4. La paix conclue en 449 avant J.-C., entre Athènes et l’empire des Perses, continua, sans violation ouverte, jusqu’à la catastrophe ruineuse qu’éprouva la première près de Syracuse, en 413 avant J.-C. Cependant il y avait eu diverses communications et diverses ambassades de Sparte à, la cour persane, par lesquelles elle s’efforçait d’obtenir l’aide du Grand Roi pendant les premières années de la guerre, communications si confuses et si contradictoires qu’Artaxerxés — dans une lettre adressée aux Spartiates, en 425 av. J.-C., et portée par son envoyé Artaphernês, qui fut pris par les Athéniens — se plaignait de ne pouvoir comprendre ce qu’elles signifiaient, — puisque deux Spartiates ne disaient jamais la même chose5. Il parait que Pissuthnês, satrape de Sardes, se révolta contre le roi de Perse, peu après cette époque, et que Tissaphernês fut envoyé parle Grand Roi pour étouffer cette révolte ; et comme il réussit, en gagnant le commandant grec des troupes mercenaires du satrape, il fut récompensé par la possession de la satrapie6. Nous trouvons Tissaphernês satrape dans l’année 413 avant J.-C., commençant des opérations, conjointement avec les Spartiates, pour détacher les alliés asiatiques d’Athènes, après ses revers en Sicile, et employant les Spartiates avec succès contre Amorgês, le fils révolté de Pissuthnês, qui occupait la forte ville maritime d’Iasos7. Le redoublement de vigueur dans les opérations persanes contre Athènes, après que Cyrus le Jeune, fils de Darius Nothus, fut descendu à la côte ionienne en 407 avant J.-C., a été raconté dans le quatrième chapitre du onzième volume, en même temps que le renversement complet de la puissance athénienne, accompli 1 V. Diodore, XI, 69 ; XII, 64-71 ; Ktêsias, Persica, c. 29-45 ; Aristote, Politique, V, 14, 8. Ce dernier passage d’Aristote n’est pas très clair. Cf. Justin, X, 1. Pour la chronologie de ces rois perses. V. un bon Appendice dans les Fasti Hellenici, de M. Fynes Clinton, App. 18, vol. II, p. 313-316. 2 Ktêsias, Persica, c. 38-40. 3 V. l’Appendice de M. F. Clinton mentionné dans la note précédente), p. 317. Il y avait quelques troupes égyptiennes dans l’armée d’Artaxerxés à la bataille de Kunaxa : d’autre part, il y avait d’autres Égyptiens en état de révolte prononcée. Cf. deux passages de l’Anabase de Xénophon, I, 8, 9 ; II, 5, 13 ; Diodore, XIII, 46 a et la Dissertation de F. Ley, Fata et Conditio Ægypti sub imperio Persarum, p. 20-56 (Cologne, 1830). 4 Xénophon, Helléniques, I, 2, 19 ; II, 1, 23. 5 Thucydide, IV, 50. Cette inhabileté, ou cette duplicité de la part des envoyés spartiates, sert à expliquer la facilité avec laquelle Alkibiadês les dupa à Athènes (Thucydide, V, 45). V. t. IX, ch. 5 de cette Histoire. 6 Ktêsias, Persica, c. 52. 7 Thucydide, VIII, 28. V. t. XI, ch. 1 de cette Histoire. pendant les trois années suivantes. Résidant à Sardes et entrant en coopération active avec les Grecs, cet ambitieux et énergique jeune prince se pénétra bientôt de leur supériorité militaire et de leur efficacité politique, en tant que comparés avec les Asiatiques indigènes. Les talents et le caractère de Lysandros, l’amiral péloponnésien, lui inspirèrent une si grande admiration que, quand il fut appelé à la cour pendant la dernière maladie de son père Darius, en 405 avant J.-C., il confia même à cet officier tout son tribut et tous ses trésors, afin qu’il s’en servit pour avancer la guerre1, qui fut terminée victorieusement pendant son absence. Cyrus, né après l’avènement de son père au trône, n’avait pas plus de dix-huit ans quand il fut envoyé pour la première fois à Sardes (en 407 av. J.-C.) comme satrape de Lydia, de Phrygia et de Kappadokia, et en qualité de commandant de cette division utilitaire persane qui était rassemblée à la plaine de Kastôlos, commandement ne comprenant pas les Grecs ioniens de la côte, qui dépendaient de la satrapie de Tissaphernês2. Nous ne pouvons avoir grande confiance dans le récit que Xénophon fait de son éducation, à savoir qu’il avait été élevé avec son frère et, beaucoup de jeunes Persans nobles dans le palais royal ; — sous la discipline et la contrainte les plus rigoureuses, imposant à tous et à lui avec un succès particulier des habitudes modestes, avec les devoirs réciproques de l’obéissance et du commandement3. Il est contredit par tous les faits réels que nous lisons touchant la cour persane, et c’est plutôt un échantillon de sentiment grec que de sentiment oriental, plais convenable pour le roman de la Cyropædie que pour l’histoire de l’Anabasis. Mais dans les qualités persanes, à savoir le talent à monter à cheval, l’habileté à manier l’arc et la : javeline, la bravoure en campagne, l’audace aussi bien que : la patience à la chassé des bêtes sauvages, et la faculté de boire beaucoup de vin sans s’enivrer, — Cyrus était sapé rieur ; et surtout si on le comparant avec son, frère alité .Artaxerxés, qui était au moins peu belliqueux, sinon indolent et timide4, Et bien que fia vertu particulière du citoyen hellénique,— sa capacité de commander et d’obéir alternativement, — ne fit pas partie du caractère de Cyrus, cependant il parait que les affaires et les idées helléniques ne tardèrent pas à faire impression sur son esprit, au point que, quand il arriva pour la première fois à Sardes comme satrape, il apporta avec lui un vif intérêt pour la cause péloponnésienne et une vigoureuse antipathie pour cet ancien ennemi qui avait humilié et vaincu les armes persanes d’une manière si éclatante.
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