THE EMERGENCE OF NEWSPACE 1 THE IMPACT ON THE SPACE INDUSTRY AND THE NEXT GENERATION OF ENGINEERS IEEE Region 8 SYP Congress 2016 Regensburg, Germany 20 August 2016 Burton Dicht [email protected] 2 Discussion Items • Introduction – My Background and Why I’m Interested in Space • The History of Spaceflight 101 – Understanding How Governments Got Involved in Space • A New Space Age - Understanding the Factors that Created and Shaped NewSpace • Global Space Today and Tomorrow – What does the current Space Landscape Look Like and What About the Near Future? • Job Search Strategies and Resources 3 Some Background on Me and My Interest in Space 4 Apollo 11 – July 20, 1969 Astronaut Buzz Aldrin on the Moon https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E96EPhqT-ds 5 My Perspective as a 10-Year Old Full Moon in July 6 How Did They Do That? 7 400,000 Engineers, Scientists and Technicians Made Apollo Possible 8 That Was My Inspiration: I Wanted to Learn How to Do That! High School Space Program – Edwards Air Force Base, Project SPARC 1977 California – 1983 Burt 9 My Engineering Career NASA Intern Facilities Design Kennedy Space Center Lead Engineer Configuration/Systems Integration Northrop Grumman Member of Technical Staff Payload Integration Rockwell STSD – Space Shuttle 10 A Fun Aerospace Career Landing of STS 26 at EAFB – Oct 1988 Arrival of Enterprise at JFK Airport - April 2012 Northrop – Flying with Lockheed friends Open House – EAFB - 1991 11 The History of Spaceflight 101 12 Spaceflight Timeline: The Beginning Sputnik, the first NASA is formed and Alan Shepard artificial satellite is announces plans to becomes America’s launched by the launch a human into first man in space Soviet Union space Oct 1957 Jan 1958 Oct 1958 April 1961 May 1961 May 1961 The Soviet Union’s President Kennedy Explorer 1, the first Yuri Gagarin sets the goal of US satellite is becomes the first man landing men on the launched into orbit in space moon 13 Why Go To Space? Scientific Advancement We want to understand nature and how the universe works Curiosity We want to know what’s over the horizon Need to Explore Humanity has an innate desire to explore Need to Build Things We want to leave a legacy for the next generation 14 Why Go to Space? (2) • The initial reasons had a lot to do with curiosity and the need to explore • Jules Verne’s 1865 novel “From the Earth to the Moon” had an enormous impact on popular culture and excited the people about traveling into space • As science and rocket technology advanced, an idea was formed in 1952, by the International Council of Scientific Unions to foster scientific discovery • They named the undertaking the International Geophysical Year (IGY) and set the duration of the year from 1 July 1957 to 31 Dec 1958. • The IGY was embraced by 67 countries including the US and USSR and they adopted a resolution calling for artificial satellites to be launched during the period to map the earth’s surface 15 Why Go to Space? The Cold War as Context • Post WWII the US and the Soviet Union entered into an era of intense mutual distrust and enmity called The Cold War • It was a clash of very different beliefs and ideology – capitalism versus communism – each side holding strong convictions. It became an East versus West competition. • Soon on both sides the quest to develop ballistic missiles had a military and national security mandate Korolev • The two men who would play pivotal roles had been inspired by Jules Verne and they dreamed of space travel. But first, they were designing ballistic missiles for their nations: o Sergei Korolev (Soviet Union – The R-7 Rocket) o Wernher von Braun (US – the Redstone Rocket) • Korolev used the R-7, the world’s first intercontinental ballistic missile, to launch Sputnik, and von Braun used the Redstone, an intermediate ballistic missile to launch Explorer I Von Braun 16 Space Spectaculars Influence the Decision Makers WHY SPEND BILLIONS OF DOLLARS ON SPACE? • The Soviet firsts in space created a huge propaganda boost during the Cold War and Soviet leader, Nikita Khrushchev exploited that lead using the huge lifting ability of the R-7 and continually topped the US space efforts with what became known as “Space Spectaculars,” including the first man in space • First President Eisenhower, then President Kennedy had to respond, or fall behind the east-west battle for the hearts and minds of non-aligned countries . RESULTING IN A SPACE RACE • President Kennedy’s decision to the go to the moon was not born out of the need to explore; it was the result of politics and prestige during the Cold War 17 Spaceflight Timeline: The Race to the Moon The US started to take the lead with Gemini program, First soft landings First flight of the First flight of Soviet March 1965 on the moon – Luna Saturn V Moon N-1 Moon Rocket – (Feb) & Surveyor Rocket all four tests failed (June) 1966 April 1967 Nov 1967 Oct 1968 Feb 1969 July 1969 Apollo 7, first flight First flight of the Apollo 11, the first of the new Soyuz spacecraft lunar landing spacecraft 18 Project Apollo in a Snapshot • Period of Operation: 1961 – 1972 (program extended to 1975 if Skylab and Apollo-Soyuz Test Project are counted) • Number of Crewed Missions: Eleven, with six lunar landings and one aborted mission (Apollo 13) • Number of Moon Walkers: Twelve • Hardware: Saturn 1B, Saturn V, Apollo Command/Service Module and Lunar Module • Moon Samples: 841 lbs (400 kg) • Cost: $24 Billion - $140 Billion in today’s dollars • Involvement: 400,000 people and 20,000 companies/universities 19 Space 1970s: After the Moon Race After the moon race, both the US ($24 billion) and the Soviet Union ($5 to $10 billion) aimed to reduce the cost of their space programs. The Soviet Union expanded use of the Soyuz spacecraft and created the Salyut space station program (1971 – 1986) The Nixon Administration cut NASA’s budget but approved the Space Shuttle Program in a effort to reduce the cost of space travel (April 1972) Apollo missions 18, 19 and 20 were cancelled and NASA used Apollo hardware for the Skylab program (1973 – 1974) Détente and easing of the Cold War led to the Apollo- Soyuz Test Project (ASTP) and the first joint space mission (July 1975) 20 The Space Shuttle’s Origins: Why the Need? • Late 1960’s and early 1970’s, NASA leadership is exploring options for a post-Apollo space program • NASA had grand ambitions; with orbiting space stations, missions to Mars and nuclear powered spacecraft • The agency’s ambitions ran directly into political and financial realities George Mueller, Associate Administrator for Manned Spaceflight • With the successful moon landings, it was the end of the first era of human spaceflight • The Nixon administration and Congress supported a human space flight program; they just wanted a far less expensive version • NASA leadership opted for a reusable space transportation system . “No law says space must be expensive“ • Goal - Lower the costs of getting into space ($100 per pound) 21 The Space Transportation System • (2) Solid Rocket Boosters (SRB) – Reusable • External Tank (ET) • Orbiter – Reusable It took nine years to overcome the many technical challenges and get the Shuttle launched, longer than it took to achieve the first moon landing 22 Spaceflight Timeline: The Emergence of Global Space Programs China launches its Ariane Rocket, France launches its first satellite, on a Europe's first launch first satellite, on a Long March 1 vehicle, has a 1st Diamant A Rocket Rocket, flight Nov 1965 Feb 1970 Apr 1970 Oct 1971 Dec 1979 July 1980 Japan's Lambda 4 The UK launches a India launches a (L-4) Rocket satellite on a Black satellite with its SLV- launches a test Arrow Rocket 3 Rocket satellite 23 Spaceflight Timeline: The 1980s . Leading to a Permanent Presence The Mir Space The Soviet Union First flight of the Station is placed tests the Buran Space Shuttle into orbit Space Shuttle Apr 1981 Jan 1986 Feb 1986 Sept 1988 Nov 1988 President Reagan Israel launches a announces Space satellite on a Station Freedom Shavit Rocket (becomes ISS) 24 The Space Shuttle Legacy Columbia STS 107 Accident 1 February 2003 • Following the Columbia accident in 2003, the second fatal shuttle tragedy, the decision was made to retire the Space Shuttle as soon as the International Space Station assembly was completed The space shuttle Atlantis glides down the runway at Kennedy Space Center after an early morning landing 21 July, • The shuttle program ended with the final flight of Atlantis in July 2011 . The final flight of the space shuttle era. 2011 • Although the Shuttle was a remarkable flying machine—rocket, The Record spacecraft, and glider all in one—it never lived up to the goals of an • 30 years of operation airline type of operation with low operating costs • 135 flights • The original cost estimates were based on turnarounds of two • 1,300 days in space weeks and the economies of scale of 55 flights per year • 530 million miles traveled • 3 million pounds delivered to • Its complexity and reusability required a massive support orbit infrastructure of facilities and people to keep it flying safely • 70% of the 550 people who • It never achieved more than nine flights in a year (1985) have flown into space flew on the shuttle • The entire Shuttle program (including R & D) cost $174 billion, averaging almost $1.3 billion per flight 25 A New Space Age Emerges 26 The Challenge of Spaceflight: Earth’s Gravity Well “The most expensive 100 miles in the universe are the ones between the ground and Low Earth Orbit (LEO)” Even after hundreds of billions of