DOCSLIB.ORG

SENATE-Monday, February 23, 1987 the Senate Met at 2 P.M

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
SENATE-Monday, February 23, 1987 the Senate Met at 2 P.M 3904 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE February 23, 1987 SENATE-Monday, February 23, 1987 The Senate met at 2 p.m. and was RECOGNITION OF THE was making him sick. "Why is it that called· to order by the Honorable MAJORITY LEADER coming here in the morning and feel­ WYCHE FOWLER, Jr., a Senator from The ACTING PRESIDENT pro tem­ ing very well, after a short time we the State of Georgia. pore. The Chair recognizes the majori­ feel as if a cord was bound tight PRAYER ty leader of the Senate, Mr. BYRD. around our heads over our eyes?" he asked. It was, he had determined, be­ The Chaplain, the Reverend Rich­ Mr. BYRD. Mr. President, last Thursday the Senate adopted a con­ cause the Chamber was too dry, the ard C. Halverson, D.D., offered the fol­ current resolution authorizing the air too stale. Senators had him to lowing prayer. printing, as a Senate document, of my thank, he told them, for some mild Let us pray. series of speeches on the history of relief, because, at his insistence "pan Blessed are the peacemakers.-Mat­ the Senate. The resolution was sub­ after pan" of water was set out in the thew 5:9. mitted by Senator STEVENS and co­ basement to evaporate and humidify Mighty God of truth and justice, sponsored by the chairman of the the Chamber. · when we think about it, we realize Rules Committee, Senator F'ORD. I Senators were to wait another 70 that alienation is the greatest evil. wish to take this moment to thank years before Conkling's complaints Senator FORD for his gracious remarks about the Chamber's climate would be Whether husband and wife are alien­ satisfactorily addressed. ated-parent and child-management and for his leadership which enabled and labor-black and white-or nation the resolution to be so swiftly adopted. and nation-alienation is the most de­ I take to heart Senator FoRD's THE TRUTH ABOUT NICARAGUA thoughtful comments regarding my structive force in history. Dividing it Mr. DOLE. Mr. President, if I read conquers. Grant us the honesty to Senate history speeches, and I appreci­ ate his comments very much. the legislative agenda correctly, it is admit that peace between nations is a likely that we are going to take up the myth if we make war among ourselves. issue of aid to the freedom fighters in Give us the will to seek peace with RECOGNITION OF THE Nicaragua, the so-called Contras, in spouse, children, neighbors, peers, REPUBLICAN LEADER the coming weeks. As seems to be our those of other persuasions, races and The PRESIDING OFFICER. Under habit, as we begin our debate on this cultures. Help us to see the contradic­ the standing order, the Republican issue, we seem to be concentrating on tion-the hypocrisy-of promoting leader is recognized. everything under the Sun except the peace in the world while we make war situation on the ground in Nicaragua. The headlines we see are mostly at home. BICENTENNIAL MINUTE God of love, help us to understand about differences among the leader­ that reconciliation is the only remedy FEBRUARY 23, <1881l: SENATOR CONKLING ON ship of the united Nicaraguan opposi­ for the evil of alienation from which THE SENATE CHAMBER tion, the U.N.O. Our investigative ef­ all other evils spring. May we heed the Mr. DOLE. Mr. President, I think forts remain focused on finding out wisdom of Jesus that all the law is ful­ my colleagues would agree that we are what money may, or may not, have filled when we love God and our all pretty comfortable in this Cham­ flowed through some Swiss bank ac­ neighbor. Give us grace to disdain-to ber-warm enough in winter, cool counts to the Contras. And, up here on enough in summer. It has not always Capitol Hill, we are all busy doing vote resist this fountain of evil-alien­ been thus, however. On February 23, counts. And, let me be clear, those are ation-help us to love one another. In 1881, 106 years ago today, one Senator all important elements of this issue. the name of Him Who is the Prince of took to the floor to enumerate the But, in the meantime, Sandinista re­ Peace. Amen. Chamber's faults. That Senator was pression continues unabated at home. the handsome Roscoe Conkling of And we seem to pay that fact little at­ New York, a man known for his vola­ tention. APPOINTMENT OF ACTING tile temper and elaborate rhetoric. The Sandinistas have sabotaged yet PRESIDENT PRO TEMPORE At issue that day was a bill authoriz­ another effort at a negotiated settle­ The PRESIDING OFFICER. The ing the acquisition of land for a build­ ment, this one launched by the demo­ clerk will please read a communication ing for the Library of Congress, then cratic governments of Central Amer­ to the Senate from the President pro wedged into cramped quarters in the ica. There has been nary a peep of tempore [Mr. STENNIS]. Capitol. Conkling's worst enemies sup­ complaint from those-including some The assistant legislative clerk read ported the bill, and probably for that in this body-who jump at the slight­ the following letter: reason alone, Conkling opposed it. est opportunity to accuse the Presi­ U.S. SENATE, Why not enlarge the Capitol to accom­ dent of all kinds of perfidy in Central PRESIDENT PRO TEMPORE, modate the overflowing Library, he America. If Ronald Reagan had an­ Washington, DC, February 23, 1987. asked. When a Senator responded that nounced we wanted no part of a Cen­ To the Senate: the Capitol was a perfect building, tral American peace initiative, the Under the provisions of rule I, section 3, Conkling exploded. floor of the Senate would have re­ of the Standing Rules of the Senate, I The Capitol had been growing ever sounded with outrage; the pages of the hereby appoint the Honorable WYCHE since the Congress moved to Washing­ Times and the Post would have been FOWLER, Jr., a Senator from the State of ton in 1800, he rightly argued. The filled with op-eds of denuniciation. Georgia, to perform the duties of the Chair. But we see not a single statement criti­ JOHN c. STENNIS, huge wing housing the Senate Cham­ President pro tempore. ber had been added only 20 years earli­ cizing Ortega; not a single "Dear Com­ er. And, he thundered, that Chamber mandante" letter urging him to recon­ Mr. FOWLER thereupon assumed was far from perfect. It was a stifling sider; not a single demand that Daniel the chair as Acting President pro tem­ "iron box from which neither sky nor Ortega and his crowd respond in good pore. earth nor tree nor any other of na­ faith to the proposals of their neigh­ ture's signs /are/ visible." The place bors. • This "bullet" symbol identifies statements or insertions which are not spoken by a Member of the Senate on the floor. February 23, 1987 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 3905 In order to try to add at least a bit of daughter, Cristiana, here in Washing­ sealed and exposed to the sun," the report information on what is going on inside ton last year. And I would encourage says. Nicaragua to our debate, and to give a any of my colleagues who have the op­ "Other persons disappear and are not seen fairer picture of the administration's alive again." portunity to speak directly with any of Prisoners were not the only victims in real policy-not the caricature of it these members of the Chamorro Nicaragua in 1986, according to the report, that is usually presented by adminis­ family I have mentioned. To get a real which repeats allegations that the Sandinis­ tration critics-I want to put several insight of what happening, I certainly tas were using "death squads" for the exe­ items in the RECORD today. recommend it to any of my colleagues cution of rural residents, mostly young The first is an article that appeared on either side of the issue. males, considered sympathetic to the resist­ last week in the Washington Times en­ Finally, I would also like to insert in ance forces fighting the Marxist regime. titled, "Sandinista Abuses Are as Bad the RECORD a recent speech by Secre­ The allegations of death squads were first as Ever, State Report Charges." The voiced by Nicaraguan refugees entering tary of State George Shultz to the Costa Rican camps after fleeing the Atlan­ article cites evidence, from the newly American Bar Association. It is a thor­ published annual Human Rights tic coast region last year. The department ough, detailed account of what is notes that like most reports concerning the report of the State Department, on going on in Nicaragua-the Soviet and massacre of civilians in remote areas, "it has the continuing mass arrests and inhu­ Cuban penetration; the massive mili­ proven extremely difficult to obtain objec­ mane repression being carried out by tary buildup; the support of insurgen­ tive independent verification." the Sandinistas. Over the past year, cies in the region; the sabotage of ef­ At the same time, however, it says Sandi­ the Times account notes, the Sandinis­ forts toward a negotiated settlement; nista authorities themselves confirmed on tas have conducted mass arrests, in­ and the widespread repression at at least one occasion last March that in El cluding on one occasion the arrest of Jicote, the entire male population of one vil­ the entire male population of a village. home. lage was detained on suspicion of counter­ And it also contains a good, compre­ revoluntary involvement.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Costa Rica, Haiti and Panama 99 the Cases of Costa Rica, Haiti and Panama
    Cha p ter 9: The cases of Costa Rica, Haiti and Panama 99 The cases of Costa Rica, Haiti and Panama MATION FOR IN Costa Rica C SI A B Population 4,870,000 Comparative increase (percentage variation 2008-2015) Territorial Extension 51,000 km2 Security State GDP Budget Budget GDP (US$) 56,908,000,000 Public Force Personnel 14,497* Security Budget (US$) 949,094,945 159% 126% 91% *Dependents of the Ministry of Security Principal Actors Security Budget as a Percentage of GDP, 2004-2015 1,000,000,000 Institutions Dependents 900,000,000 800,000,000 - Public Force (Civil Guard, Rural Guard, Coast 700,000,000 Guard, Aerial Surveilance, Drugs Control). 600,000,000 Ministry of Public -Police School. 500,000,000 Security - Directorate of Private Security Services. 400,000,000 300,000,000 - General Directorate of Armaments. 200,000,000 100,000,000 0 Ministry of - Directorate of Migration and Foreign Persons. 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Interior and Police - Communal Development. Security Budget (current US$), 2004-2015 4.0% 3.5% - General Directorate of Social Adaption. Ministry of - General Directorate for the Promotion of 3.0% Justice and Peace and Citizen Coexistence. 2.5% Peace - National Youth Network for the prevention of violence. 2.0% - Violence Observatory. 1.5% - National Directorate of Alternative Confl ict Resolution. 1.0% - Commission for Regulating and Rating Public 0.5% Events. - Technical Secretariat of the National 0.0% 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Commission for the Prevention of Violence and Promotion of Social Peace.
    [Show full text]
  • 2020 International Narcotics Control Strategy Report
    United States Department of State Bureau for International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs International Narcotics Control Strategy Report Volume I Drug and Chemical Control March 2020 INCSR 2020 Volume 1 Table of Contents Table of Contents Common Abbreviations ..................................................................................................................................... iii International Agreements.................................................................................................................................... v INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................................... 1 Legislative Basis for the INCSR ......................................................................................................................... 2 Presidential Determination ................................................................................................................................. 7 Policy and Program Developments .................................................................................................... 12 Overview ......................................................................................................................................................... 13 Methodology for U.S. Government Estimates of Illegal Drug Production .......................................................... 18 Parties to UN Conventions ..............................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Memorial of Costa Rica
    INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE DISPUTE CONCERNING NAVIGATIONAL AND RELATED RIGHTS (COSTA RICA v. NICARAGUA) MEMORIAL OF COSTA RICA VOLUME 1 29 August 2006 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page No Chapter 1 Introduction .................................. 1 Scope of the Dispute ............................ 1 The Court's Jurisdiction .......................... 3 The Structure of this Memorial .................... 4 Chapter 2 Geographical and Historical Background .......... 7 A . The geography of the San Juan basin ............... 7 B . Historical background ........................... 9 (1) The San Juan River under Spanish rule (1492-1821) .............................. 9 (2) The post-independence period (1 82 1. 1 856) ..... 11 (a) The proposed trans-Isthmian canal ....... 12 (b) The British protectorate over the Mosquito Indians .................. 12 (c) Agreements between Great Britain and the United States ............ 14 (d) Conflicts arising from the intervention of the filibusters ............ 14 (3) The conclusion of the Treaty of Limits 1858 ..... 15 (4) Nicaragua's challenge to the Treaty of Limits and the Cleveland Award 1888 ......... 16 (5) Implementation of the Treaty of Limits after 1888: the Alexander Awards ............ 20 (6) The 1916 Judgment of the Central American Court of Justice .................. 21 (7) Later developments ........................ 25 Chapter 3 The Dispute before the Court .................... 27 A . Overview ...................................27 B . Nicaragua's violations of Costa Rica's sights between1980and1998 .......................... 27 Nicaragua's violations from 1998 to the present ....... 33 Attempts by Costa Rica to resolve the dispute ........ 37 (1) Commerce as communication ................1 19 (2) Commerce as transportation of goods and persons (including tourism) ..............123 D . Breaches of Costa Rica's rights of protection of commerce. safeguard. defence and re-supply of police posts .................................124 E . Breaches of other Related Rights .................
    [Show full text]
  • Role of the Police in Costa Rica (MILITARY OR POLICE) the • REALITY a Paper Presented to the Western Society of Criminology Meetings: Las Vegas, Nevada Feb
    If you have issues viewing or accessing this file contact us at NCJRS.gov. Role of the Police In Costa Rica (MILITARY OR POLICE) THE • REALITY A paper presented to the Western Society of Criminology Meetings: Las Vegas, Nevada Feb. 1990 International Session on Crl~inal Justice Dr. Peter Kassebaum College of Marin ABSTRACT: Costa Rica i& at the crossroads, the nation must decide whether it will expand the limited military capability of its police. The police have been given military training of a limited nature, and various types of military equipment. The country which has supplied most of the support has been the United States; with the help of a handful of interested countries. Costa Rica has been able to expand its ability to deal with threats both internal and external. The nature of the changes have been detailed in this paper, covering both the influences of foreign aid, and the reality of Costa Rica's Military capabilities as they exist today, against the backdrop of Costa Rica's democratic traditions. A variety of international geopolitical forces have created a climate where Costa Rica has been fo~ced to accept a small Military capability including; coast guard forces, air wing, and equipment to expand the role of some police into ground or infantry troops. The police are going to be challenged by the force of narco dollars, and the uncertain econOMic future in • the heMisphere and the accompanying unrest which breeds a greater probability of social conflict spilling over into peaceful Costa Rica. BACKGROUND: This paper will explore the role of the police in contemporary Costa Rica.
    [Show full text]
  • Proceedings 4.Pdf
    WILLIAM J. PERRY CENTER FOR HEMISPHERIC DEFENSE STUDIES Proceedings 2018 EDITION, NO.4 (JULY) Central America Regional Seminar on Countering Transnational Threat Seminar, Group Photo, Panama City, Panama Central America Regional Seminar on Countering Transnational Threat Networks Panama City, Panama, 5 – 7 June 2018 Summary Proceedings1 By William Godnick, Celina Realuyo and Boris Saavedra The nations of Central America face increasingly formidable security challenges from transnational threat networks that have regional and global reach without boundaries. Military and security forces must recognize and confront these threats, with interagency frameworks and the understanding that it takes a network to neutralize a network. The William J. Perry Center for Hemispheric Defense Studies (WJPC) provides a space for academics and practitioners to address these issues affecting the Western Hemisphere in a constructive and enriching environment. To that end, and as a follow up to the May 2018 Central American Defense Conference 1 These summary proceedings reflect the discussions conducted under Chatham House Rules (no attribution) of the 5 – 7 June 2018 William J. Perry Center for Hemispheric Defense Studies Central American Regional Seminar on Countering Transnational Threat Networks in Panama City, Panama. In specific cases where provided authorization their names and institutions are included in the report. Proceedings is a publication of the William J. Perry Center for Hemispheric Defense Studies. The views represented are those of the author
    [Show full text]
  • Haiti and Panama 121 the Cases of Costa Rica, Haiti and Panama
    Cha p ter 10: The cases of Costa Rica, Haiti and Panama 121 The cases of Costa Rica, Haiti and Panama MATION FOR IN C Costa Rica SI A B Population 4,920,000 Comparative Increase (percentage variation 2008-2014) Territorial Extension 51,000 km2 Security Government GDP Budget Budget GDP 2014 (US$) 52,968,000,000 Public Force Personnel 14,201* 2014 Security Budget (US$) 963,059,548 163% 98% 78% * Dependents of the Ministry of Security Principal Actors Security Budget (current US$), 2004-2014 1,200,000,000 Institutions Dependents 1,000,000,000 800,000,000 - Public Force (Civil Guard, Rural Guard, Coast Ministry Guard, Aerial Surveilance, Drugs Control). 600,000,000 of Public -Police School. Security - Directorate of Private Security Services. 400,000,000 - General Directorate of Armaments. 200,000,000 0 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Ministry of - Directorate of Migration and Foreign Persons. Interior and Security Budget as a Percentage of GDP, 2004-2014 Police - Communal Development. 4.0% 3.5% - General Directorate of Social Adaption. 3.0% Ministry of - General Directorate for the Promotion of Justice and Peace and Citizen Coexistence. 2.5% Peace - National Youth Network for the prevention 2.0% of violence. - Violence Observatory. 1.5% - National Directorate of Alternative Confl ict 1.0% Resolution. 0.5% - Commission for Regulating and Rating Public Events. 0.0% 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 - Technical Secretariat of the National Commission for the Prevention of Violence and Promotion of Social Peace. The Legal Framework Judicial - Judicial Investigation Organism (Criminal National Legislation Branch investigation, forensic sciences, legal • Organic Law of the Ministry of Public Security (N° 5482 – 1973/12/24).
    [Show full text]
  • Coast Guards of the World
    COAST GUARDS OF THE WORLD AND EMERGING MARITIME THREATS Dr Prabhakaran Paleri OCEAN POLICY RESEARCH FOUNDATION i COAST GUARDS OF THE WORLD AND EMERGING MARITIME THREATS COAST GUARDS OF THE WORLD AND EMERGING MARITIME THREATS Dr Prabhakaran Paleri OCEAN POLICY RESEARCH FOUNDATION (Ship and Ocean Foundation) ii ᶏᵗ᡽╷⎇ⓥ ․೎ภ Map on the Cover Page: World Coast Guards. The map is not to scale and as per exact locations. The map is subject to change. For general reference only. Disclaimer: The views expressed in this publication are exclusively that of the author and do not represent the policies and opinions of any government or organisation. iii COAST GUARDS OF THE WORLD AND EMERGING MARITIME THREATS This publication is dedicated to the valiant men and women of the coast guards of the world who work in the service of humanity. iv ᶏᵗ᡽╷⎇ⓥ ․೎ภ Key Words Chapter 1 Geostrategic entity, ocean, ocean based land view, military approach, geoproperty rights, capability limitations, maritime, global common, transnational ocean crimes, ocean divisions, landlocked, islands, unlawful activities, coastal, global warming, disputes, fractal, United Nations, collective security, geopolitical gravity, incidents at sea, supranational, protectorates, maritime threats, vantage points, ocean property, legal continental shelf, exclusive economic zone, territorial waters, win-win game strategy, transnational crimes, coastal population, geometrics, sea line of communication, ocean dependency. Chapter 2 Coast guards, maritime force, combat navy, intentional law, warfighting,
    [Show full text]
  • Report Group of Experts on Maritime Narcotrafficking
    INTER-AMERICAN DRUG ABUSE CONTROL COMMISSION CICAD Secretariat for Multidimensional Security FIFTY-SECOND REGULAR SESSION OEA/Ser.L/XIV.2.52 November 28 - 30, 2012 CICAD/doc.1971/12 San José, Costa Rica 31 October 2012 Original: English FINAL REPORT GROUP OF EXPERTS ON MARITIME NARCOTRAFFICKING OEA/Ser.L/XIV.4.7 CICAD/SRGE/doc.6/12 23 July 2012 Original: English Executive Summary The Group of Experts on Maritime Narcotrafficking met at the Regente Palace Hotel in Buenos Aires, Argentina from July 16 to 20, 2012. Prefecto Mayor Rene Vicente Reibel, Chief of Counterdrug Investigations of the Prefectura Naval of Argentina chaired the meeting. 25 experts representing 13 member states (Argentina, Bahamas, Bolivia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Ecuador, Mexico, Panama, Peru, St Kitts and Nevis, Trinidad and Tobago, and United States) participated in the meeting. Following the attached schedule of activities the Group worked on the tasks assigned in the plan of action approved by the Commission during its fiftieth regular session in Buenos Aires (November 2-4, 2011). The Group of Experts offers the following recommendations for the Commission’s consideration: That the Commission: · accept the following resource documents: § Guide for the Control for Small Vessels: Recreational, pleasure, fishing § Guide for the Control of Narcotrafficking Over Lakes and Riverine Systems § Guide for the Control of “Go Fast” Boats · direct the Group of Experts to continue its work on the issues initiated for consideration and to be finalized at the next meeting · direct
    [Show full text]
  • Panama: Is Restructuring the Razor to Cut out Corruption?
    SMALL WARS JOURNAL smallwarsjournal.com Panama: Is Restructuring the Razor to Cut Out Corruption? by Anthony Scheidel In August 2008, Panama‟s National Assembly passed laws reorganizing the service groups within the country. One law created the National Aeronaval Service (Servicio Nacional Aeronaval; SENAN), effectively merging the National Maritime Service (Servicio MarÍtimo Nacional; SMN) and National Air Service (Servicio Aéreo Nacional; SAN) into one service group, while at the other end of the spectrum, the National Borders Service (Servicio Nacional de Fronteras; SENAFRONT) emerged as its own entity, rising up from under the control of the Panamanian National Police (Policía Nacional de Panamá; PNP). On February 2, 2010, the Panamanian Government‟s Cabinet Council approved the creation of the Ministry of Public Security and the Ministry of the Interior with Panama‟s National Assembly officially accepting the proposal on March 11, 2010.1 With this authorization, Panama finally had all of its service groups logically organized under one roof: the Ministry of Public Security. This restructuring of the service groups and ministries is designed to reduce corruption and provide the country better security capability to counter rising crime levels. Changes in Defense Organization Following the defeat of General Manuel Noriega‟s Defense Forces by the U.S.-led invasion codenamed Operation Just Cause, the Panamanian security force structure underwent numerous grand changes in order to prevent a military leader to ever be able to rise to that level of power again. After the 1989 overthrow of Noriega, elected Panamanian President Guillermo Endara took control of the country and began implementing significant transformations.
    [Show full text]
  • How the Fight Against Drugs Is Militarizing Latin America
    How the fight against drugs is America militarizing Latin The Internal War 1: THE IMPACT OF “NEW THREATS” ON SECURITY POLICY 1 THE INTERNAL WAR How the fi ght against drugs is militarizing Latin America Los Estados latinoamericanos frente a la protesta social 3 CENTRO DE ESTUDIOS LEGALES Y SOCIALES Centro de Estudios Legales y Sociales - CELS Research Luciana Pol, Ross Eventon, Florencia Kligman Text Juliana Miranda, Manuel Tufró, Paula Litvachky Editing Ximena Tordini Design Mariana Migueles Photo editing Jazmín Tesone Translation into English Sarah Smith The We are grateful for the contributions of Juan Gabriel Tokatlian and Adam Isacson Financed by Open Society Foundations Internal Asociación Civil Centro de Estudios War Legales y Sociales The Internal War: How the fi ght against drugs is militarizing Latin America. 1a ed . Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires: Centro de Estudios Legales y Sociales CELS, 2018. 1 60 p. ; 27 x 21 cm. ISBN 978-987-4195-04-3 The impact of 1. Derechos Humanos. 2. Política sobre Drogas. “new threats” on 3. Política de Seguridad. CDD 323 security policy PAGE 4 The2 toughening and militarization of security policies in Latin America PAGE 16 The3 impact of “new threats” on human rights PAGE 40 Centro de Estudios Legales y Sociales Piedras 547, 1er piso C1070AAK Buenos Aires, Argentina. Tel/fax: +54 11 4334-4200 e-mail: [email protected] www.cels.org.ar 4 THE INTERNAL WAR 1: THE IMPACT OF “NEW THREATS” ON SECURITY POLICY 5 the impact of “new threats” on security policy 1 6 THE INTERNAL WAR 1: THE IMPACT OF “NEW
    [Show full text]
  • Document Informally Made Available to Members of the Court by the United States Information Office in the Hague
    DOCUMENT INFORMALLY MADE AVAILABLE TO MEMBERS OF THE COURT BY THE UNITED STATES INFORMATION OFFICE IN THE HAGUE DOClJMENT MIS OFFICIEUSEMENT À LA DISPOSITION DES MEMBRES DE LA COUR PAR LE BUREAU D'INFORMATION DES ÉTATS-UNIS D'AMERIQUE A LA HAYE "REVOLUTION BEYOND OUR BORDERS" SANDINISTA INTERVENTION IN CENTRAL AMERICA* ** "This revolution goes beyond our borders." (Tomas Borge, July 19, 1981.) 1. WHATTHE CONTROVERSYIS ABOUT "1 am aware of the alleaations- made bv the eovernment of the United Si;iic, that ni) gi>i.crnmcni 1:. cnding ;irms. ;imniunition. cc>mmuniciii<>ni equipnicnt and medicil supplie i<i rcbcls c~induçtinga ci\il u;ir ;igainrt ihc xovirnment ol' El Sal\:idor. Such allecaiions arc falsc. and conrtitutc nrlthinr more than a pretext for the United States to continue ils unlawful milita6 and paramilitdry activities against Nicaragua intended to overthrow my government. In truth, my government is no1 engaged, und has no1 heen enea~ed.in the orovision of urms or other siio~liesro eirher of tlre factions ~ni<i&iuilhc chil wur i,t ilS<rli.ir<d>r '' 1 ~m~h;,isadJcd.1 (~kueli~si.,>i<i Brin.I.orcign Mini~tcr or N~s~rngua,,\tliJa\it filcd bcforc the Inicrnati,~nalCourt <~i'Ju\iics,d:iicd April 21. 1984' ) A striking feature of the public debate on the conflict in Central America is the degree to which al1 parties concerned accept the principle that a nation providing matériel, logistics support, training and Pacilities to insurgent forces fighting against the government of another State is engaged in a use of force legally indistinguishable from conventional military operations by regular armed forces.
    [Show full text]
  • Dietr. GENERAL
    UNITED AS NATiONS General Assembly Security Council Dietr. GENERAL A/40/858 s/l7612__-____ -.mvember 1985 ORIGINAL: ENGLISH GENERAL ASSEMBLY SECURITY COUNCIL Fortieth session Fortieth year Aqends item 21 THE SITUATION IN CENTRAL AMERICA: THREATS TO INTERNATIONAL PEACE AND SECURITY AND PEACE INITIATIVES Letter dated 6 November 1985 from the Permanent Representative ot the United States of America to the United Nation8 addressed to the Secretary-General I have the honour to transmit to you a report entitled “‘Revolution Beyond Our Borders’ : Sandinista Intervention in Central America.* L/ In this apecis! repcrt, the United States rceponde to Nicaraquan alleqatione, includinq those contained in 8 note dated 16 September 1985 from the permanent Mission of Nicaragua to the United Nations, which was circulated as United Nations document A/40/641-S/17469. The report sets out, chronolcqically and qeoqraphically, publicly available facts end evidence concerninq unlawful Nicaraqusn activities directed aqainet the neiqhbour inq States of Certral America, and the collective response to Nicsraquan eqqreeeion. I also reaueet that this letter, a8 well as the annex hereto in its oriqinal lanqusqe, be circulated to all Member Staten and orqane ot the United Nation8 a~ an Official document of the General Aaeemhly, under agenda item 21, and of the Security Council. (sned) Vernon A. bvALTl-:RS A.1 Annex available in Enqliah only. 85-31087 LLLih (E) / . ANNEX "REVOLUTION BEYONDOUR BORDERS' Sandiniata fntervention in centcrl America / . * . -2- TABLE OF CONTENTS Page I. WHAT THE CONTROVERSY IS ABOUT 3 II. THE PRAXIS OF INTERVENTION 9 A. EL SALVADOR 17 6. HONDURAS 37 c.
    [Show full text]