Dietr. GENERAL
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Special Warfare the Professional Bulletin of the John F
Special Warfare The Professional Bulletin of the John F. Kennedy Special Warfare Center and School PB 80–01–2 Spring 2001 Vol. 14, No. 2 From the Commandant Special Warfare United States Army special-operations forces, or ARSOF, more than any other seg- ment of the military population, recognize the importance of the human terrain in mil- itary operations. On any given day, we have approximately 800 Special Forces soldiers deployed to as many as 40 countries. Army Civil Affairs and Psychological Operations units also face a similar operations tempo. Because of the nature of ARSOF missions, our soldiers may be required to perform a variety of tasks during deployments. They may have to train host-country soldiers, communicate information to the host-coun- try population, or assist the host-country government in restoring essential services. points out in this issue, the law itself cannot Our interactions with foreign populations resolve all human-rights issues. Our soldiers have reinforced the importance of human may encounter situations that will require rights. In fact, the U.S. Special Operations them to make moral decisions, and those deci- Command has issued policy directives man- sions must reflect the soldiers’ organizational dating that SOF promote democracy and and personal values. In addition, our soldiers human rights during all overseas training must be guided not only by the moral compass and that they report any human-rights vio- provided by the Army values and by the SF val- lations committed by the foreign forces with ues, but also by the moral courage to do what is whom they are working. -
Costa Rica, Haiti and Panama 99 the Cases of Costa Rica, Haiti and Panama
Cha p ter 9: The cases of Costa Rica, Haiti and Panama 99 The cases of Costa Rica, Haiti and Panama MATION FOR IN Costa Rica C SI A B Population 4,870,000 Comparative increase (percentage variation 2008-2015) Territorial Extension 51,000 km2 Security State GDP Budget Budget GDP (US$) 56,908,000,000 Public Force Personnel 14,497* Security Budget (US$) 949,094,945 159% 126% 91% *Dependents of the Ministry of Security Principal Actors Security Budget as a Percentage of GDP, 2004-2015 1,000,000,000 Institutions Dependents 900,000,000 800,000,000 - Public Force (Civil Guard, Rural Guard, Coast 700,000,000 Guard, Aerial Surveilance, Drugs Control). 600,000,000 Ministry of Public -Police School. 500,000,000 Security - Directorate of Private Security Services. 400,000,000 300,000,000 - General Directorate of Armaments. 200,000,000 100,000,000 0 Ministry of - Directorate of Migration and Foreign Persons. 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Interior and Police - Communal Development. Security Budget (current US$), 2004-2015 4.0% 3.5% - General Directorate of Social Adaption. Ministry of - General Directorate for the Promotion of 3.0% Justice and Peace and Citizen Coexistence. 2.5% Peace - National Youth Network for the prevention of violence. 2.0% - Violence Observatory. 1.5% - National Directorate of Alternative Confl ict Resolution. 1.0% - Commission for Regulating and Rating Public 0.5% Events. - Technical Secretariat of the National 0.0% 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Commission for the Prevention of Violence and Promotion of Social Peace. -
2020 International Narcotics Control Strategy Report
United States Department of State Bureau for International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs International Narcotics Control Strategy Report Volume I Drug and Chemical Control March 2020 INCSR 2020 Volume 1 Table of Contents Table of Contents Common Abbreviations ..................................................................................................................................... iii International Agreements.................................................................................................................................... v INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................................... 1 Legislative Basis for the INCSR ......................................................................................................................... 2 Presidential Determination ................................................................................................................................. 7 Policy and Program Developments .................................................................................................... 12 Overview ......................................................................................................................................................... 13 Methodology for U.S. Government Estimates of Illegal Drug Production .......................................................... 18 Parties to UN Conventions .............................................................................................................................. -
Nicaragua and El Salvador
UNIDIR/97/1 UNIDIR United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research Geneva Disarmament and Conflict Resolution Project Managing Arms in Peace Processes: Nicaragua and El Salvador Papers: Paulo S. Wrobel Questionnaire Analysis: Lt Col Guilherme Theophilo Gaspar de Oliverra Project funded by: the Ford Foundation, the United States Institute of Peace, the Winston Foundation, the Ploughshares Fund, the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation, and the governments of Argentina, Austria, Brazil, Finland, France, Germany, Malta, the Netherlands, Norway, South Africa, Sweden, the United Kingdom, and the United States of America. UNITED NATIONS New York and Geneva, 1997 NOTE The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. * * * The views expressed in this paper are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the United Nations Secretariat. UNIDIR/97/1 UNITED NATIONS PUBLICATION Sales No. GV.E.97.0.1 ISBN 92-9045-121-1 Table of Contents Page Previous DCR Project Publications............................... v Preface - Sverre Lodgaard ..................................... vii Acknowledgements ...........................................ix Project Introduction - Virginia Gamba ............................xi List of Acronyms........................................... xvii Maps.................................................... xviii Part I: Case Study: Nicaragua .......................... 1 I. Introduction ....................................... 3 II. National Disputes and Regional Crisis .................. 3 III. The Peace Agreement, the Evolution of the Conflicts and the UN Role.................................... 8 1. The Evolution of the Conflict in Nicaragua............ 10 2. -
El Salvador in the 1980S: War by Other Means
U.S. Naval War College U.S. Naval War College Digital Commons CIWAG Case Studies 6-2015 El Salvador in the 1980s: War by Other Means Donald R. Hamilton Follow this and additional works at: https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/ciwag-case-studies Recommended Citation Hamilton, Donald R., "El Salvador in the 1980s: War by Other Means" (2015). CIWAG Case Studies. 5. https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/ciwag-case-studies/5 This Book is brought to you for free and open access by U.S. Naval War College Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in CIWAG Case Studies by an authorized administrator of U.S. Naval War College Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Draft as of 121916 ARF R W ARE LA a U nd G A E R R M R I E D n o G R R E O T U N P E S C U N E IT EG ED L S OL TA R C TES NAVAL WA El Salvador in the 1980’s: War by Other Means Donald R. Hamilton United States Naval War College Newport, Rhode Island El Salvador in the 1980s: War by Other Means Donald R. Hamilton HAMILTON: EL SALVADOR IN THE 1980s Center on Irregular Warfare & Armed Groups (CIWAG) US Naval War College, Newport, RI [email protected] This work is cleared for public release; distribution is unlimited. This case study is available on CIWAG’s public website located at http://www.usnwc.edu/ciwag 2 HAMILTON: EL SALVADOR IN THE 1980s Message from the Editors In 2008, the Naval War College established the Center on Irregular Warfare & Armed Groups (CIWAG). -
Extensions of Remarks 25527 Extensions of Remarks
September 24, 1990 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 25527 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS MICHIGAN FAMILIES OF THE tion. This person will be responsible for intelli were manifestations of the CIA or the Contras, VICTIMS OF PAN AM 103 DE gence information, security policy, and plan and most influential human rights groups ig TERMINED TO HAVE BETTER ning. In addition, the act establishes in the nored our evidence. AVIATION SECURITY Federal Aviation Administration an Assistant We now know that our concerns were justi Administrator for Civil Aviation Security who fied. Mass graves of Nicaraguan peasants, HON. WM. S. BROOMFIELD will be responsible for the daily management churchworkers, and farmers are even now OF MICHIGAN and oversight of field security resources and being uncovered throughout the country, and IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES the enforcement of security-related require Nicaraguan citizens are lining up to tell similar ments. stories of detention, torture, and execution at Monday, September 24, 1990 The bill also creates the positions of Feder the hands of the Sandinista police. I would Mr. BROOMFIELD. Mr. Speaker, a number al Security Manager at domestic high-risk air like to submit for the record an article that ap of Michigan families of the victims of Pan Am ports and the Foreign Security Liaison Officer peared recently in the Wall Street Journal 103 recently visited Capitol Hill, including Mrs. at foreign high-threat airports. The legislation which details the difficulty that one particular Susan Bennett from Chelsa, and Mrs. Geor sets new standards and procedures for the group, the Puebla Institute, had in uncovering gann Fuller and Mrs. -
Memorial of Costa Rica
INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE DISPUTE CONCERNING NAVIGATIONAL AND RELATED RIGHTS (COSTA RICA v. NICARAGUA) MEMORIAL OF COSTA RICA VOLUME 1 29 August 2006 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page No Chapter 1 Introduction .................................. 1 Scope of the Dispute ............................ 1 The Court's Jurisdiction .......................... 3 The Structure of this Memorial .................... 4 Chapter 2 Geographical and Historical Background .......... 7 A . The geography of the San Juan basin ............... 7 B . Historical background ........................... 9 (1) The San Juan River under Spanish rule (1492-1821) .............................. 9 (2) The post-independence period (1 82 1. 1 856) ..... 11 (a) The proposed trans-Isthmian canal ....... 12 (b) The British protectorate over the Mosquito Indians .................. 12 (c) Agreements between Great Britain and the United States ............ 14 (d) Conflicts arising from the intervention of the filibusters ............ 14 (3) The conclusion of the Treaty of Limits 1858 ..... 15 (4) Nicaragua's challenge to the Treaty of Limits and the Cleveland Award 1888 ......... 16 (5) Implementation of the Treaty of Limits after 1888: the Alexander Awards ............ 20 (6) The 1916 Judgment of the Central American Court of Justice .................. 21 (7) Later developments ........................ 25 Chapter 3 The Dispute before the Court .................... 27 A . Overview ...................................27 B . Nicaragua's violations of Costa Rica's sights between1980and1998 .......................... 27 Nicaragua's violations from 1998 to the present ....... 33 Attempts by Costa Rica to resolve the dispute ........ 37 (1) Commerce as communication ................1 19 (2) Commerce as transportation of goods and persons (including tourism) ..............123 D . Breaches of Costa Rica's rights of protection of commerce. safeguard. defence and re-supply of police posts .................................124 E . Breaches of other Related Rights ................. -
Role of the Police in Costa Rica (MILITARY OR POLICE) the • REALITY a Paper Presented to the Western Society of Criminology Meetings: Las Vegas, Nevada Feb
If you have issues viewing or accessing this file contact us at NCJRS.gov. Role of the Police In Costa Rica (MILITARY OR POLICE) THE • REALITY A paper presented to the Western Society of Criminology Meetings: Las Vegas, Nevada Feb. 1990 International Session on Crl~inal Justice Dr. Peter Kassebaum College of Marin ABSTRACT: Costa Rica i& at the crossroads, the nation must decide whether it will expand the limited military capability of its police. The police have been given military training of a limited nature, and various types of military equipment. The country which has supplied most of the support has been the United States; with the help of a handful of interested countries. Costa Rica has been able to expand its ability to deal with threats both internal and external. The nature of the changes have been detailed in this paper, covering both the influences of foreign aid, and the reality of Costa Rica's Military capabilities as they exist today, against the backdrop of Costa Rica's democratic traditions. A variety of international geopolitical forces have created a climate where Costa Rica has been fo~ced to accept a small Military capability including; coast guard forces, air wing, and equipment to expand the role of some police into ground or infantry troops. The police are going to be challenged by the force of narco dollars, and the uncertain econOMic future in • the heMisphere and the accompanying unrest which breeds a greater probability of social conflict spilling over into peaceful Costa Rica. BACKGROUND: This paper will explore the role of the police in contemporary Costa Rica. -
NSIAD-91-166 El Salvador: Military Assistance Has Helped Counter But
ll~liftvl St.at,ths (;thnt*ral At~t~ollrll,irrb~~fi~e ___ “.-- -.__II..,“-1- __..I ._ ..” _^“_l_ __“”..__ _,. ._. .._... ,”.. *“, 11- -_-_._.... __-. --.-----l_-..-.--- -_--_---- Report, t,o the I-IorWY~able GAO Kd ward M. Kcmr~ody, IJ .S. Stmde .l__l-l” _-_1 “--m-“1.. April I!)91 EL SALVADOR Military Assistance Has Helped Counter but Not Overcome the Insurgency -.-“_(- _.~ ._-. _.- _-.l___l_^-__l_-__ - -... -“----p--m- -.-.-- --- National Security and International Affairs Division B-242216 April 23,199l The Honorable Edward M. Kennedy United States Senate Dear Senator Kennedy: In responseto your request, this report describeswhat impact U.S. military assistanceto El Salvador has had on that country’s ability to counter insurgent forces, how the assistance has changed that country’s military capabilities, and how the assistancehas attempted to instill and support respect for democracy and human rights. Unless you release its contents earlier, we plan no further distribution of this report until 30 days from its issue date. At that time, we will send copies of the report to appropriate congressional committees and the Secretariesof Defenseand State. Major contributors to this report are listed in appendix I. If you have any questions, please call me on (202) 2754128. Sincerely yours, Joseph E. Kelley Director, Security and International Relations Issues l3xecutive Swnmary Since 1980, the United States has provided over $1 billion in military aid Purpose to El Salvador to assist the government in its fight against an insur- gency. Senator Edward M. Kennedy requested that GAO review the U.S. -
A Nicaraguan Exceptionalism? Debating the Legacy of the Sandinista Revolution
A Nicaraguan Exceptionalism? Debating the Legacy of the Sandinista Revolution edited by Hilary Francis INSTITUTE OF LATIN AMERICAN STUDIES A Nicaraguan Exceptionalism? Debating the Legacy of the Sandinista Revolution edited by Hilary Francis Institute of Latin American Studies, School of Advanced Study, University of London, 2020 British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library This book is published under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial- NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) license. More information regarding CC licenses is available at https://creativecommons.org/licenses/. This book is also available online at http://humanities-digital-library.org. ISBN: 978-1-908857-57-6 (paperback edition) 978-1-908857-78-1 (.epub edition) 978-1-908857-79-8 (.mobi edition) 978-1-908857-77-4 (PDF edition) DOI: 10.14296/220.9781908857774 (PDF edition) Institute of Latin American Studies School of Advanced Study University of London Senate House London WC1E 7HU Telephone: 020 7862 8844 Email: [email protected] Web: http://ilas.sas.ac.uk Typesetting by Thomas Bohm, User Design, Illustration and Typesetting. Cover image © Franklin Villavicencio. Contents List of illustrations v Notes on contributors vii Introduction: exceptionalism and agency in Nicaragua’s revolutionary heritage 1 Hilary Francis 1. ‘We didn’t want to be like Somoza’s Guardia’: policing, crime and Nicaraguan exceptionalism 21 Robert Sierakowski 2. ‘The revolution was so many things’ 45 Fernanda Soto 3. Nicaraguan food policy: between self-sufficiency and dependency 61 Christiane Berth 4. On Sandinista ideas of past connections to the Soviet Union and Nicaraguan exceptionalism 87 Johannes Wilm 5. -
184Th Civil Engineers Head to North Dakota for Training by 1St Lt
Service dog Chaplains bal- Guard engi- helps Guards- ance military neers lend a man overcome duty, service hand in El PlainsPlainsPTSD . .2 GuardianGuardianto God . .3 Salvador . .8 Volume 58 No. 3 Serving the Kansas Army and Air National Guard, Kansas Emergency Management, Kansas Homeland Security and Civil Air Patrol June 2015 184th Civil Engineers head to North Dakota for training By 1st Lt. Matt Lucht follower, switching from student to teacher is 184th Intelligence Wing Public Affairs something different for me,” said Simpson. When Airmen need to train on weapons, Hands-on training and leadership develop- they get on the firing line, but when military ment were the main purpose for the training, engineers need training on the newest equip- but leadership knew that getting out in the field ment, they travel to North Dakota. Approxi- and preparing for a mission would have other mately 65 members of the 184th Civil positive effects. Engineer Squadron loaded on to a KC-135 “It brings the shops closer together,” said and flew to the 119th Regional Training Site, Airman 1st Class Benjamin Rivera, heavy Fargo, North Dakota, for equipment familiar- equipment operator. “We are all getting to- ization training May 1-4. gether more now and we are all talking and “Training that you get here is training that having fun.” you don’t get at the wing,” said Lt. Col. “When we come together as a group like Brock Sissel, commander, 184th CE. “All this, we come together as a family,” said Mont- the equipment is prepositioned at several re- gomery. -
Paying the Price: Ignacio Ellacuría and the Murdered Jesuits of El Salvador
FOREWORD I remember the moment when I learned of Ignacio Ellacuría’s murder as vividly as I do the assassination of John F. Kennedy and the death of Ernesto “Che” Guevara. This, I suspect, pigeonholes me as a member of a certain class and generation of Latin Americans. This cultural identity may also explain my reaction upon hearing the news—from a Guatemalan diplomat, in the ornate Council Chamber of the Pan-American Union in Washington, D.C. What shot into my mind were the words of the fascist general Millin Astray at a rally during the Spanish Civil War: “¡Viva la Muerte! ¡Abajo la Inteligencia! “ As the U.N. secretary-general’s representative, I devoted the better part of 1990 and 1991 to conducting the negotiations between the government of El Salvador and the Frente Farubundo Martí para la Liberución Nacional (FMLN) that culminated in the comprehensive peace accord signed on January 16, 1992 at Chapultepec Castle, in Mexico City. The negotiations had an ambitious, four-fold purpose: to end the armed conflict, promote democratization, guarantee unrestricted respect for human rights, and reunify Salvadoran society. El Salvador has come a long way since then. As part of a radical reform involving unprecedented constitutional amendments, the Salva- doran armed forces have been restricted to defense from external threats, and deprived of their previous roles in public security matters and as the ultimate arbiter of national political life. They have been purged of Disclaimer: The opinions expressed in this foreword do not necessarily reflect the views or position of the United Nations.