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BICC Brief 7 brief 7 The New Field of Micro- Disarmament: Addressing the Proliferation and Buildup of Small Arms and Light Weapons september 96 brief 7 Contents Zusammenfassung German Summary 4 Abstract 5 About the Authors Background and Purpose 6 History, Definition and Evolution of Edward J. Laurance is Professor the Concept of Micro-Disarmament 7 of International Studies at the Monterey Institute of Typology of Light Weapons 10 International Studies in California. He has a Ph.D. in Internaional Production and Methods of Relations from the University of Accumulating Light Weapons 14 Pennsylvania. He has been consultant to the United Nations Negative Effects of Small Arms and Centre for Disarmament Affairs Light Weapons 16 since 1991, working on the UN Register of Conventional Arms Micro-Disarmament in Practice: and with the current UN Experts Situation and Scenarios 19 Panel on Small Arms. Policies, Tools and Instruments 24 Sarah Meek is program manager at the Program for Arms Control, Multilateral Action for Disarmament and Conversion, Micro-Disarmament 29 Monterey. An earlier version of this study Appendices was prepared by the Program for Arms Control, Disarmament and I. Current Projects on Light Weapons 31 Conversion, Monterey Institute of International Studies, and the II. Excerpt from Supplement to Bonn International Center for An Agenda for Peace 35 Conversion on behalf of the Foreign Office of the Federal III. Guidelines for Republic of Germany. International Arms Transfers in the Context of General Assembly Appendix I is based on BASIC's Resolution 46/36 H of listing of projects of light December 1991 37 weapons. Appendix VII is reproduced from Michael Klare IV. Reports of the (see note 13). International Commission on Rwanda (Excerpts) 46 Appendix II, III and IV are excerpted from UN documents. V. Case Study - El Salvador 60 VI. An Introduction to Anti-Personnel Landmines and Their Effects 61 Cover photo: dpa, Deutsche Presseagentur VII. National Military Inventories of Nicaraguan guerrillas handing Selected Weapons 67 over their guns. VIII. Voluntary Weapons Collection Efforts and Buy-Back Programs in the United States of America, Haiti and Nicaragua 81 IX. Selected Bibliography of Works Relating to Micro-Disarmament 87 2 B·I·C·C brief 7 The New Field of Micro- Disarmament: Addressing the Proliferation and Buildup of Small Arms and Light Weapons A study prepared initially for the German Foreign Office by Edward J. Laurance, assisted by Sarah Meek septemberB·I·C·C 3 96 brief 7 Zusammen- am mangelnden Willen einzelner Kriegsparteien, wie in Kambodscha fassung und 1992 in Angola, oder an Geld- German Summary mangel, wie in El Salvador und Mozambik. Positivere Fälle betref- fen Haiti und Nikaragua, wo es mit der Androhung von Strafen, aber Kleinwaffen - wie Gewehre, Maschi- des ersten Weltkrieges hergestellte auch dem Angebot von Gegenlei- nenpistolen, leichte Artillerie und Gewehre in Kriegen in der Dritten stungen bei Ablieferung von Waffen Minen - werden zunehmend zu Welt verwendet. Weder die Verein- gelang, große Zahlen von Klein- einem sicherheits- und entwicklungs- ten Nationen, noch unabhängige waffen einzusammeln. politischen Risikofaktor, insbeson- Institutionen verfügen derzeit über Ein weiteres Feld der Mikroab- dere in Regionen, in denen militäri- genaue Statistiken über den Umfang rüstung ist die Minenräumung. sche Konflikte beendet wurden. des Handels mit Kleinwaffen. Obwohl in jüngster Zeit Vereinba- Zurückgelassene Landminen und Bekannt ist allerdings, daß ein hoher rungen über das Verbot einiger nicht explodierte Munition bedro- Anteil des Handels illegal erfolgt. Typen von Landminen getroffen hen Leben und Gesundheit der Die große Bedeutung des schwarzen wurden, muß damit gerechnet Bevölkerung und behindern die Marktes unterstreicht nicht nur die werden, daß die Zahl der in derzeiti- wirtschaftliche Entwicklung in einer Notwendigkeit verbesserter Kon- gen und ehemaligen Kriegsregionen Vielzahl von Ländern, wie beispiels- trollen des legalen Exportes aus den verlegten Landminen, die gegenwär- weise Kambodscha und Angola. In Industrieländern, sondern weist tig auf ca. 100 Millionen geschätzt einer Reihe von Ländern, wie El ebenso auf das Erfordernis zusätzli- wird, steigen wird. Der von den Salvador, ist die bewaffnete Krimina- cher Maßnahmen der Eindämmung Vereinten Nationen eingerichtete lität nach dem Ende von Kriegen hin. Fonds für Minenräumung ist stark angestiegen. Nach einem Gute Möglichkeiten zur Abschöp- finanziell schwach ausgestattet. Friedensschluß nicht mehr benötigte fung und Vernichtung von Klein- Waffen werden in andere Kriegs- waffen eröffnen sich unmittelbar In der Studie wird gefordert, dem gebiete weiterverkauft, zum Beispiel nach der Beendigung von bewaffne- Thema Mikroabrüstung mehr von Äthiopien in den Sudan. ten Konflikten. Kampfparteien sind Aufmerksamkeit zu schenken. Als dann häufig bereit zu vereinbaren, kurzfristig umsetzbare Maßnahmen Mikroabrüstung - dieser Begriff ihre Waffen abzuliefern und vernich- werden Erhöhung der Transparenz wurde im Januar 1995 vom UN- ten zu lassen. Allerdings muß, etwa im Handel mit Kleinwaffen, verbes- Generalsekretär geprägt - wird durch Blauhelme der Vereinten serte nationale Exportkontrollen, zunehmend als Problembereich Nationen, gesichert sein, daß der höhere Priorität für Mikroabrüstung erkannt, aber nur unzureichend Abrüstunsprozeß gleichgewichtig im Rahmen von Blauhelm-Missio- umgesetzt. stattfindet. Einzelne demobilisierte nen und die Bereitstellung von mehr Erstmalig wird in der vorliegenden Kämpfer können zur Abgabe von finanziellen Mittel für die Abschöp- Studie eine umfassende Bestandsauf- Waffen motiviert werden, wenn fung und Vernichtung von Klein- nahme der Probleme und Möglich- ihnen dafür Gegenleistungen angebo- waffen und zur Minenräumung keiten der Entwaffnung von Kriegs- ten werden, etwa Saatgut oder genannt. Die Anstrengungen zur parteien nach dem Ende von Kon- Hausbaumaterial. In den USA liegen Kontrolle des internationalen flikten und der internationalen umfangreiche Erfahrungen über den Handels mit Kleinwaffen müssen Bemühungen zur Vorbeugung Handfeuerwaffen-Tausch vor, die verstärkt werden. Insbesondere destabilisierender Transfers von auch international lehrreich sind. sollten die Bemühungen zur Ein- Kleinwaffen vorgenommen. Der Mit wirtschaftlichen und sozialen sammlung und Vernichtung von Fokus liegt dabei auf Aktivitäten im Anreizen werden in solchen Aktio- Waffen nach der Beendigung von Rahmen der Vereinten Nationen. nen Kleinwaffenbesitzer zur Abgabe bewaffneten Konflikten erhöht ihrer Waffen bewogen. werden. Kriege und Konflikte, vor allem in der Dritten Welt, haben dazu Die Möglichkeiten der Mikroab- Die Studie wurde vom Auswärtigen geführt, daß auch in den 90er Jahren, rüstung nach dem Ende von Kon- Amt der Bundesrepublik Deutsch- in denen der Handel mit schweren flikten sind in der Vergangenheit nur land Auftrag gegeben und dient Waffen stark zurückging, der unzureichend genutzt worden. Im unter anderem als Arbeitsgrundlage Kleinwaffenhandel florierte. Diese Rahmen von UN-Blauhelm- für eine Expertenstudie der Verein- Waffen und ihre Munition sind vor missionen, etwa in El Salvador und ten Nationen zur Kontrolle der allem in den Industriestaaten herge- Mozambik, hatte der Aspekt der Verbreitung von Kleinwaffen. Die stellt worden. Ihre Nutzungsdauer Mikroabrüstung nur einen geringen Studie gibt die Ansichten der ist häufig sehr hoch, so werden Stellenwert. Aktivitäten scheiterten Autoren und nicht unbedingt die der immer noch regelmäßig, während Bundesregierung wieder. 4 B·I·C·C abstract Abstract turn-in or gun buy-back programs. In January 1995, the Secretary- indigenous production, legitimate At the multinational level, tools General of the United Nations trade, and illicit trade including theft include support for capacity published the Supplement to An and black market transfers. Policy building, transparency mechanisms, Agenda for Peace. After noting the development in controlling the embargoes, the use of force, bans on considerable progress made in effects of this class of weapons will certain types of weapons, dealing with weapons of mass be more problematic than in other demobilization, and the destruction, he focused his attention classes, since the large surplus development of multilateral on the urgent need for micro- available has made linking the consultative mechanisms to enhance disarmament, defined as practical weapon with its actual producer a cooperative approach to dealing disarmament in the context of the more difficult. with these problems. In using these conflicts the United Nations is tools, policy-makers should place actually dealing with and of the Critical to micro-disarmament equal attention on devising weapons, most of them light policy development is clarifying and approaches that lower the demand weapons, that are actually killing developing a consensus on the for as well as the supply of these people in the hundreds of negative effects of buildups of this types of weapons. thousands. As a new field of action class of weapons. The dominant and research, work has only just type of warfare in the post-Cold The study concludes with a set of begun to operationally define the War era is defined by insurgency, recommended operating principles concept of micro-disarmament and terrorism and a heavy emphasis on for UN and other multilateral how policy is to be fashioned at the the psychological aspects of warfare, involvement in micro-disarmament. national and multilateral levels to leading to
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