From Rochester to Nobel Prize

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

From Rochester to Nobel Prize lalle f lanlenll Leller. ARTICLES Remembrances of a Legend: Arthur J. May 4 la Ille Jack Keil '44 recalls his days as one of Prof. Ma y's students Enter the Ladies 7 dilar A chapter from Arthur May's soon-to-be -published "History of the Un iversity" To th e editor: Many times in your publications when Laser Fusion-the Answer to the Energy Crisis? 15 reference is made to "t he early da ys" of Some thoughts from the director of UR's Laboratory for the University, the date mentioned is in Laser Energetics the 1930's or 194 0's . So a fee ling of com­ pu lsion arose withi n me to des cribe what 'What Research is Really Like' 18 it was like w he n yo ung women were first A Rochester Plan project provides an opportunity for unde rgraduates ad mi tted to UR. I have recorded my memo­ ries of the early 1900 's (1909, to be exact) A Sampler from Three University Poets 22 w he n I entered as a freshman. Works by An thony Hecht, Jarold Ram sey, and Douglas Crase M y nam e wa s then Edit h Harris Allen, Dan (Sea)Coasts Along on Talent and Tall Tales 29 and I was g raduated o n June 18, 1913. Our Co mmencement was held at the How the Hamptons won th eir war for independence from th e Third Presbyterian Church, with Prof. United St ates Howard Minch in as the Grand Marshal of Eastman Discography: Faculty Soloists, Ensembles 32 the academic pr ocession . The baccalaure­ A list of available re cords by ESM performers ate se rvice was held th e previous Sunday nigh t at the First Method ist C hurch . I wa s 17 years old as a freshman in 1909, and the students were fro m Roch­ ester and surrounding areas of New York DEPARTMENTS Sta te . We used street cars, eit her the East Letters inside front cover Main Street or University Avenue line s, to Alumni Calendar , ," " 3 at tend the Prince Street Campus. T he main bu ilding was Anderson Hall , 3 Travel Corner . .. ... .... .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. ... .. and most of our classes were held there. It Identity Crisis 34 looked old and venerable even w hen I en­ News Digest , ,, 35 tered it for the first tim e. The Universit y Alumnotes 38 had opened its doo rs to women just a few Obituaries 43 years earlier. I believe the first graduate Review Point " 44 wa s around 1902 or 1903. (It was 1902 ­ Ed.t T he story of Susan B. Anthony and Cover: The graduating clas s of 1903. her persistence in securing funds en ou gh , w hic h incl uded her life insurance, to per­ sua de th e trustees to open its doors to Rochester Review. Spring, 1977; Editor: Ronald C . Roberts; Asst. Edi­ wo men, is we ll kn own.She is now held in tors: Sue Bricker, Raymond A. Martino; Copy Editor: Karen Pitts; Art hig h hon or and esteem. Director: Jeffrey T. Hermann; Staff Photographer: Chris T. Quillen; T wo rather lar ge room s on th e fir st Alumnotes Editor: Ben Gray. Published quarterly by th e Un iversity of floor of Anderson Hall were assig ned to Rochester and mailed to all alumni. Editorial office, 107 Admin istration th e coeds . T he larger one, wa s a study hall. Bldg., Rochester, N.Y . 14627 . Second-class postage paid at Rochester, Oc casionally we put on dr am at ic produc­ N.Y. 14603. tio ns-all wo men of course, though some migh t ta ke the part of a man, donning one's fat her's or male re lative's attire. T he sma ller room was a parlor with a piano. We had man y imp ro mptu musicals with Nill (Margaret) Nearl y and He len Parker stru mming a ban jo or ukulele. We did a little da ncing, with one girl as suming th e part of a male partner. We also held Y.W . meetings in this room. Some of us wh o elle.ler had attended a student vo lunteer meet- ••e. ing at Cornell University with some of It also caused me to be called on perhaps a Herman LeRoy Fairchild conducted a the students , of the nearby Rochester little more frequently. most interesting geology class . Best of all Theological Seminary would go off every I enrolled as a classics major, so I had were the field trips to see the drumlins noon to some quiet place for a short many language classes. The professor of and Pittsford esker, which were discerni­ prayer that the world might be Chris­ German, Kendrick P. Shedd, or "Sheddie," ble from a pinnacle of sand left by the gla­ tianized in our or one generation. I was a great favorite. He had a zest and a cier at the end of the South Clinton Street believe John R. Mott who headed the flair for the unusual. He had a room on car line . One remark I remember of Prof. movement believed it was possible by the top floor of Anderson. We always Fairchild concerned the tardy students ar­ dedicated young people. There seemed opened our session by singing German riving late for his 8:00 a.m. class. He'd al­ to be some sort of a tie between the songs-in German, of course-and we ways say: "I see the three-handed people Theological School which was dubbed sang them lustily. He did a great deal for are arriving-right hand, left hand, and the "Angel Factory" and the University. the poor immigrant people who were pour­ little behind hand." Many of their students were regular at­ ing into Rochester by teaching them Eng­ Finally, how much I learned from Prof. tendants of various classes. Several were lish and citizenship in a night school class George Mather Forbes' psychology class! in my Greek class, also sociology. at one of the public schools. This prepared One idea was that if you wanted to create Tuition when I entered was a hundred them to become American citizens. interest, introduce the element of "new­ dollars a year. There were scholarships "Sheddie" composed many poems using ness." Preachers ought to be taught that. such as one where preference was to be old-time tunes for the melody. One we Also, if you want to remember some­ given to a member of the Second Baptist enjoyed singing concerned our librarian, thing, the laws of frequency and repeti­ Church. (Dr. Martin B. Anderson, an ear­ Mr. Phinney. It went something like this, tion should be used. A good "forgetery" is lier president, had been pastor of that to the tune Clementine: "Phinney's whisk­ nice to have, too. church.) ers, Phinney's whiskers, fuzzy wuzzy, thin Some of these pearls of wisdom have Our president was Dr. Rush Rhees, a and spare, they run races round the cases, become habits in my life through the in­ scholarly man who was also a former Bap­ float themselves upon the air ." fluence of those early-day University of tist minister. He was a very dignified man, Prof. Shedd was interested in the teach­ Rochester teachers. almost unapproachable and austere in man­ ings of Prof. Walter Rauschenbusch of the Ellen Allen Haglund '13 ner. His wife's father was, or had been, Rochester Theological Seminary faculty, Lindsborg, Kansas president of Smith College. They lived in who was awakening the consciences of the president's home, corner of University Christian people to the plight of children Avenue and Prince Street. Occasionally being employed long hours in sweatshop they would invite us to a very elegant re­ labor. His words and books were shaking ception where we wore long white kid complacent worshippers, and "Sheddie" gloves and as beautiful a dress as possible was so captivated by this voice in the wil­ for the occasion. Our dresses were long, derness that he went even a bit further. four inches from the floor, and our hair He made a statement that brought the (The following letter was sent to Prof. Paul was coiled on top of our heads. There was wrath of the UR president and trustees Gross, dean of graduate studies and professor of no informal attire for any occasion, unless when he said that the red flag was above biology at UK in response to his article en­ it was for a Halloween celebration in the every flag, even our own stars and stripes. titled "Guns, Genes, and Politics" in the Win­ unoccupied Warner Mansion near the His assertion was a bit rash, and the idea ter issue. Gross' reply follows.J Warner Observatory on East Avenue. that he was trying to convey-that the red At times the women students were en­ flag of brotherhood was above all national Dear Dr. Gross: tertained at the homes of some of our pro­ flags-was construed as Communistic, I have just read your article in the last fessors, including Arthur Sullivan Gale and he was dismissed from the University. Rochester Review with such great enjoy­ and John Rothwell Slater. Our classes The students were crushed. If only "Shed­ ment that I am moved to write you this were coed, but there was no mingling so­ die" could have said that brotherhood is note of appreciation. You have so clearly cially except for football games and college above nationalism.... But, I suppose, stub­ captured and stated the paradoxes which plays in the men's gymnasium.
Recommended publications
  • Tierversuche in Der Forschung Senatskommission Für Tierexperimentelle Forschung Der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft Tierversuche in Der Forschung 2 3
    Senatskommission für tierexperimentelle Forschung der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft Tierversuche in der Forschung Senatskommission für tierexperimentelle Forschung der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft Tierversuche in der Forschung 2 3 Inhalt Vorwort . 4 Tierversuche und Tierschutz: Ethische Abwägungen Einführung . 6 Die Entwicklung des Tierschutzgedankens in Deutschland . 39 Ethische Aspekte von Tierversuchen und das Solidaritätsprinzip. 40 Tierversuche: Definition und Zahlen Die Übertragbarkeit aus ethisch-rechtlicher Sicht. 45 Was ist ein Tierversuch? . 9 Das 3 R-Prinzip . 48 Wie viele Tiere werden verwendet? . 9 Alternativen zum Tierversuch. 51 Wofür werden Tiere in der Forschung benötigt? . 11 Grenzen von Alternativmethoden. 54 Welche Tierarten werden eingesetzt? . 11 Die Basler Deklaration . 56 Europaweite Entwicklung . 14 Tierversuche in Deutschland: Vom Antrag bis zur Durchführung Tierexperimentelle Praxis: Einsatzbereiche für Versuchstiere Europäische Regelungen für Tierversuche . 59 Grundlagenforschung. 17 Tierversuche unter Genehmigungsvorbehalt . 60 Medizinische Forschung. 18 Rechtliche Grundlagen . 60 Nobelpreiswürdig: Herausragende wissenschaftliche Erkenntnisse . 20 Genehmigungsverfahren . 63 Diagnostik . 22 Durchführung von Tierversuchen . 64 Transplantationsmedizin . 25 Qualifizierte Überwachung. 68 Zell- und Gewebeersatz beim Menschen. 26 Belastungen für die Tiere . 69 Stammzellforschung . 27 Die Tierschutz-Verbandsklage . 71 Genomforschung . 28 Neurowissenschaften . 31 Anhang Veterinärmedizinische Forschung . 33 Tierversuche
    [Show full text]
  • Balcomk41251.Pdf (558.9Kb)
    Copyright by Karen Suzanne Balcom 2005 The Dissertation Committee for Karen Suzanne Balcom Certifies that this is the approved version of the following dissertation: Discovery and Information Use Patterns of Nobel Laureates in Physiology or Medicine Committee: E. Glynn Harmon, Supervisor Julie Hallmark Billie Grace Herring James D. Legler Brooke E. Sheldon Discovery and Information Use Patterns of Nobel Laureates in Physiology or Medicine by Karen Suzanne Balcom, B.A., M.L.S. Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of The University of Texas at Austin in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of Texas at Austin August, 2005 Dedication I dedicate this dissertation to my first teachers: my father, George Sheldon Balcom, who passed away before this task was begun, and to my mother, Marian Dyer Balcom, who passed away before it was completed. I also dedicate it to my dissertation committee members: Drs. Billie Grace Herring, Brooke Sheldon, Julie Hallmark and to my supervisor, Dr. Glynn Harmon. They were all teachers, mentors, and friends who lifted me up when I was down. Acknowledgements I would first like to thank my committee: Julie Hallmark, Billie Grace Herring, Jim Legler, M.D., Brooke E. Sheldon, and Glynn Harmon for their encouragement, patience and support during the nine years that this investigation was a work in progress. I could not have had a better committee. They are my enduring friends and I hope I prove worthy of the faith they have always showed in me. I am grateful to Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • From the Executive Director Kathryn Sullivan to Receive Sigma Xi's Mcgovern Award
    May-June 2011 · Volume 20, Number 3 Kathryn Sullivan to From the Executive Director Receive Sigma Xi’s McGovern Award Annual Report In my report last year I challenged the membership to consider ormer astronaut the characteristics of successful associations. I suggested that we Kathryn D. emulate what successful associations do that others do not. This FSullivan, the first year as I reflect back on the previous fiscal year, I suggest that we need to go even further. U.S. woman to walk We have intangible assets that could, if converted to tangible outcomes, add to the in space, will receive value of active membership in Sigma Xi. I believe that standing up for high ethical Sigma Xi’s 2011 John standards, encouraging the earlier career scientist and networking with colleagues of diverse disciplines is still very relevant to our professional lives. Membership in Sigma P. McGovern Science Xi still represents recognition for scientific achievements, but the value comes from and Society Award. sharing with companions in zealous research. Since 1984, a highlight of Sigma Xi’s Stronger retention of members through better local programs would benefit the annual meeting has been the McGovern Society in many ways. It appears that we have continued to initiate new members in Lecture, which is made by the recipient of numbers similar to past years but retention has declined significantly. In addition, the the McGovern Medal. Recent recipients source of the new members is moving more and more to the “At-large” category and less and less through the Research/Doctoral chapters. have included oceanographer Sylvia Earle and Nobel laureates Norman Borlaug, Mario While Sigma Xi calls itself a “chapter-based” Society, we have found that only about half of our “active” members are affiliated with chapters in “good standing.” As long Molina and Roald Hoffmann.
    [Show full text]
  • Federation Member Society Nobel Laureates
    FEDERATION MEMBER SOCIETY NOBEL LAUREATES For achievements in Chemistry, Physiology/Medicine, and PHysics. Award Winners announced annually in October. Awards presented on December 10th, the anniversary of Nobel’s death. (-H represents Honorary member, -R represents Retired member) # YEAR AWARD NAME AND SOCIETY DOB DECEASED 1 1904 PM Ivan Petrovich Pavlov (APS-H) 09/14/1849 02/27/1936 for work on the physiology of digestion, through which knowledge on vital aspects of the subject has been transformed and enlarged. 2 1912 PM Alexis Carrel (APS/ASIP) 06/28/1873 01/05/1944 for work on vascular suture and the transplantation of blood vessels and organs 3 1919 PM Jules Bordet (AAI-H) 06/13/1870 04/06/1961 for discoveries relating to immunity 4 1920 PM August Krogh (APS-H) 11/15/1874 09/13/1949 (Schack August Steenberger Krogh) for discovery of the capillary motor regulating mechanism 5 1922 PM A. V. Hill (APS-H) 09/26/1886 06/03/1977 Sir Archibald Vivial Hill for discovery relating to the production of heat in the muscle 6 1922 PM Otto Meyerhof (ASBMB) 04/12/1884 10/07/1951 (Otto Fritz Meyerhof) for discovery of the fixed relationship between the consumption of oxygen and the metabolism of lactic acid in the muscle 7 1923 PM Frederick Grant Banting (ASPET) 11/14/1891 02/21/1941 for the discovery of insulin 8 1923 PM John J.R. Macleod (APS) 09/08/1876 03/16/1935 (John James Richard Macleod) for the discovery of insulin 9 1926 C Theodor Svedberg (ASBMB-H) 08/30/1884 02/26/1971 for work on disperse systems 10 1930 PM Karl Landsteiner (ASIP/AAI) 06/14/1868 06/26/1943 for discovery of human blood groups 11 1931 PM Otto Heinrich Warburg (ASBMB-H) 10/08/1883 08/03/1970 for discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme 12 1932 PM Lord Edgar D.
    [Show full text]
  • Nobel Laureates with Their Contribution in Biomedical Engineering
    NOBEL LAUREATES WITH THEIR CONTRIBUTION IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING Nobel Prizes and Biomedical Engineering In the year 1901 Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen received Nobel Prize in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by the discovery of the remarkable rays subsequently named after him. Röntgen is considered the father of diagnostic radiology, the medical specialty which uses imaging to diagnose disease. He was the first scientist to observe and record X-rays, first finding them on November 8, 1895. Radiography was the first medical imaging technology. He had been fiddling with a set of cathode ray instruments and was surprised to find a flickering image cast by his instruments separated from them by some W. C. Röntgenn distance. He knew that the image he saw was not being cast by the cathode rays (now known as beams of electrons) as they could not penetrate air for any significant distance. After some considerable investigation, he named the new rays "X" to indicate they were unknown. In the year 1903 Niels Ryberg Finsen received Nobel Prize in recognition of his contribution to the treatment of diseases, especially lupus vulgaris, with concentrated light radiation, whereby he has opened a new avenue for medical science. In beautiful but simple experiments Finsen demonstrated that the most refractive rays (he suggested as the “chemical rays”) from the sun or from an electric arc may have a stimulating effect on the tissues. If the irradiation is too strong, however, it may give rise to tissue damage, but this may to some extent be prevented by pigmentation of the skin as in the negro or in those much exposed to Niels Ryberg Finsen the sun.
    [Show full text]
  • Laureatai Pagal Atradimų Sritis
    1 Nobelio premijų laureatai pagal atradimų sritis Toliau šioje knygoje Nobelio fiziologijos ir medicinos premijos laureatai suskirstyti pagal jų atradimus tam tikrose fiziologijos ir medicinos srityse. Vienas laureatas gali būti įrašytas keliose srityse. Akies fiziologija 1911 m. Švedų oftalmologas Allvar Gullstrand – už akies lęšiuko laužiamosios gebos tyrimus. 1967 m. Suomių ir švedų neurofiziologas Ragnar Arthur Granit, amerikiečių fiziologai Haldan Keffer Hartline ir George Wald – už akyse vykstančių pirminių fiziologinių ir cheminių procesų atradimą. Antibakteriniai vaistai 1945 m. Škotų mikrobiologas seras Alexander Fleming, anglų biochemikas Ernst Boris Chain ir australų fiziologas seras Howard Walter Florey – už penicilino atradimą ir jo veiksmingumo gydant įvairias infekcijas tyrimus. 1952 m. Amerikiečių mikrobiologas Selman Abraham Waksman – už streptomicino, pirmojo efektyvaus antibiotiko nuo tuberkuliozės, sukūrimą. Audiologija 1961 m. Vengrų biofizikas Georg von Békésy – už sraigės fizinio dirginimo mechanizmo atradimą. Bakteriologija 1901 m. Vokiečių fiziologas Emil Adolf von Behring – už serumų terapijos darbus, ypač pritaikius juos difterijai gydyti (difterijos antitoksino sukūrimą). 1905 m. Vokiečių bakteriologas Heinrich Hermann Robert Koch – už tuberkuliozės tyrimus ir atradimus. 1928 m. Prancūzų bakteriologas Charles Jules Henri Nicolle – už šiltinės tyrimus. 1939 m. Vokiečių bakteriologas Gerhard Johannes Paul Domagk – už prontozilio antibakterinio veikimo atradimą. 1945 m. Škotų mikrobiologas Alexander Fleming, anglų biochemikas Ernst Boris Chain ir australų fiziologas Howard Walter Florey – už penicilino atradimą ir jo veiksmingumo gydant įvairias infekcijas tyrimus. 1952 m. Amerikiečių mikrobiologas Selman Abraham Waksman – už streptomicino, pirmojo efektyvaus antibiotiko nuo tuberkuliozės, sukūrimą. 2005 m. 2 Australų mikrobiologas Barry James Marshall ir australų patologas John Robin Warren – už bakterijos Helicobacter pylori atradimą ir jos įtakos skrandžio ir dvylikapirštės žarnos opos atsivėrimui nustatymą.
    [Show full text]
  • Diseño Oct-Nov
    Infografía Nobel Medicina Neurobiología de la violencia PsicologíaUP II Simposio Internacional de Bioética ¿Qué es la Beca Única? Los invitamos a compartir y cortar la viernes 6 de enero tradicional rosca por 18:00 horas el Día de Reyes Jardín “La Chocolatera” #MedicinaUP en Twitter La magia de la Navidad nos despierta, realza cada uno de los MAS, A.C. @MasFundacion XIX Jornada Volver a Ver sin sentimientos que tenemos, nos permite apreciar el valor de la Cataratas #Tlapa #Guerrero @MedicinaUP @UPMexico amistad, la familia y el amor; nos hace reflexionar sobre lo @santiagogarcia0 @FBatistaJ Alberto que hemos entregado, ganado, nos da la fuerza para seguir @almagoch La escuela @MedicinaUP es otra vez adelante y luchar por cada uno de los objetivos previstos para la #1 en el #ENARM 2016, en % de aceptados y en el promedio el siguiente año. general. 10 AÑOS en el 1er lugar! #OrgulloUP Atrás quedarán cientos de momentos, algunos para olvidar y Iberomed Voluntarios @Iberomed muchos otros para recordar, pero cada uno de ellos parte de un Felicidades a @MedicinaUP @UPMexico por obtener el 1er lugar nuevo comienzo. en el ENARM por décimo año consecutivo! 2017 llegará repleto de motivaciones para triunfar, retos para Santiago Garcia @santiagogarcia0 enfrentar, conocimiento para crecer y amor para entregar. Gracias @MedicinaUP por invitarme a dar un mensaje en la Ceremonia de la Bata Blanca. Evento bonito, Que en esta Navidad y Año Nuevo 2017, cada uno de tus sueños, simbólico y comprometedor objetivos y deseos, se vuelvan realidad. @UPMexico Fernando Lolas Stepk @ferlolas RT @MedicinaUP Ver en #Periscope Equivalencia moral de las culturas: Les deseamos a todos..
    [Show full text]
  • September 2013
    Vol. 12 No. 8 September 2013 American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology contents SEPTEMBER 2013 In our cover story, science writer Rajendrani news Mukhopadhyay talks to frequent-flyers who are 2 President’s Message maintaining research Solving the insoluble (and watching them dance) programs in different parts of the world. 14 5 Member Update An open letter to our readers who have something to say 6 News from the Hill but need a place (and maybe even permission) to say it Will this time be any different? 7 Herbert Tabor Young Dear Reader, Investigator awards This is your magazine. Seriously, it is. You support it when you renew your ASBMB dues, share its contents with 8 Retrospective your friends and colleagues, crack it open on the train and even when you use it as a coaster for your coffee mug. Christian de Duve (1917 – 2013) In the second to last installment of our It’s yours. series, H. Jane Dyson writes about her essay winding career path. 12 Over the past two years, we’ve worked hard to get more of *you* in these pages. We’ve asked for your science- 10 Jack of a few trades, inspired poems (thanks for humoring me), your unique perspectives (keep ’em coming) and, most recently, your Master of Science inspiring stories of failure and triumph (the “Derailed but Undeterred” series). Your contributions have trans- formed this magazine into one with greater depth, unique storytelling and diversity of ideas. features For our next essay series, to be published in 2014, we want your letters.
    [Show full text]
  • Tierversuche in Der Forschung
    Senatskommission für tierexperimentelle Forschung der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft Tierversuche in der Forschung Senatskommission für tierexperimentelle Forschung der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft Tierversuche in der Forschung 2 Inhalt Vorwort . 4 Einführung . 6 Tierversuche: Definition und Zahlen Was ist ein Tierversuch? . 9 Wie viele Tiere werden verwendet? . 9 Wofür werden Tiere in der Forschung benötigt? . 11 Welche Tierarten werden eingesetzt? . 11 Europaweite Entwicklung . 14 Tierexperimentelle Praxis: Einsatzbereiche für Versuchstiere Grundlagenforschung. 17 Medizinische Forschung. 18 Nobelpreiswürdig: Herausragende wissenschaftliche Erkenntnisse . 20 Diagnostik . 22 Transplantationsmedizin . 25 Zell- und Gewebeersatz beim Menschen. 26 Stammzellforschung . 27 Genomforschung . 28 Neurowissenschaften . 31 Veterinärmedizinische Forschung . 33 Tierversuche in der Aus-, Fort- und Weiterbildung . 35 Die Grundannahme der Übertragbarkeit auf den Menschen. 35 3 Tierversuche und Tierschutz: Ethische Abwägungen Die Entwicklung des Tierschutzgedankens in Deutschland . 39 Ethische Aspekte von Tierversuchen und das Solidaritätsprinzip. 40 Die Übertragbarkeit aus ethisch-rechtlicher Sicht. 45 Das 3 R-Prinzip . 48 Alternativen zum Tierversuch. 51 Grenzen von Alternativmethoden. 54 Die Basler Deklaration . 56 Tierversuche in Deutschland: Vom Antrag bis zur Durchführung Europäische Regelungen für Tierversuche . 59 Tierversuche unter Genehmigungsvorbehalt . 60 Rechtliche Grundlagen . 60 Genehmigungsverfahren . 63 Durchführung von Tierversuchen
    [Show full text]
  • List of Nobel Laureates 1
    List of Nobel laureates 1 List of Nobel laureates The Nobel Prizes (Swedish: Nobelpriset, Norwegian: Nobelprisen) are awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, the Swedish Academy, the Karolinska Institute, and the Norwegian Nobel Committee to individuals and organizations who make outstanding contributions in the fields of chemistry, physics, literature, peace, and physiology or medicine.[1] They were established by the 1895 will of Alfred Nobel, which dictates that the awards should be administered by the Nobel Foundation. Another prize, the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences, was established in 1968 by the Sveriges Riksbank, the central bank of Sweden, for contributors to the field of economics.[2] Each prize is awarded by a separate committee; the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences awards the Prizes in Physics, Chemistry, and Economics, the Karolinska Institute awards the Prize in Physiology or Medicine, and the Norwegian Nobel Committee awards the Prize in Peace.[3] Each recipient receives a medal, a diploma and a monetary award that has varied throughout the years.[2] In 1901, the recipients of the first Nobel Prizes were given 150,782 SEK, which is equal to 7,731,004 SEK in December 2007. In 2008, the winners were awarded a prize amount of 10,000,000 SEK.[4] The awards are presented in Stockholm in an annual ceremony on December 10, the anniversary of Nobel's death.[5] As of 2011, 826 individuals and 20 organizations have been awarded a Nobel Prize, including 69 winners of the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences.[6] Four Nobel laureates were not permitted by their governments to accept the Nobel Prize.
    [Show full text]
  • 1901-2009 NOBEL PRIZE:1901-2009 O Prêmio Nobel De Medicina Desse Ano Foi Entregue a Elizabeth Blackbur
    EDITORIAL PRÊMIO NOBEL: 1901-2009 NOBEL PRIZE:1901-2009 Rosa Lúcia Vieira Maidana, Francisco Veríssimo Veronese, Sandra Pinho Silveiro O prêmio Nobel de Medicina desse ano foi entregue a Elizabeth Blackburn, Jack Szostak e Carol Greider (Figura 1) por terem elucidado a estrutura e o processo de manutenção dos telômeros, como descrevem didaticamente Jardim et al. nesse volume da revista (1). Elizabeth Blackburn (University of California, San Francisco, EUA), Jack Szostak (Harvard Medical School, Boston, EUA) e Carol Greider (Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, EUA) descobriram que os telômeros são sequências de DNA situados nas extremidades dos cromossomos e possuem uma estrutura que protege os cromossomos de danos como a erosão. Também de- monstraram que uma enzima específica, a telomerase (descoberta em 1984 por Elizabeth Blackburn e sua então assistente Carol Greider), está envolvida no processo de reparação dos cromossomos após a mitose celular. Como descrevem Calado e Young em revisão publicada em dezembro de 2009 no New England Journal of Medicine (2), os telômeros e a telomerase são protetores contra danos ao genoma que podem surgir de uma replicação assimétrica do DNA. Sem os telômeros, o material genético poderia ser perdido toda vez que ocorre uma divisão celular. As implicações clínicas destes processos são importantes, uma vez que alte- rações nos telômeros estão causalmente relacionadas a patologias em que ocorre mutações genéticas, como a anemia aplásica. Telômeros curtos estão associados a risco aumentado de doença cardiovascular, e mutações no gene da telomerase a condições como fibrose pulmonar e hepática e susceptibilidade a alguns tipos de câncer (ex., coloretal, esôfago, leucemia mielóide).
    [Show full text]
  • Image-Brochure-LNLM-2020-LQ.Pdf
    NOBEL LAUREATES PARTICIPATING IN LINDAU EVENTS SINCE 1951 Peter Agre | George A. Akerlof | Kurt Alder | Zhores I. Alferov | Hannes Alfvén | Sidney Altman | Hiroshi Amano | Philip W. Anderson | Christian B. Anfinsen | Edward V. Appleton | Werner Arber | Frances H. Arnold | Robert J. Aumann | Julius Axelrod | Abhijit Banerjee | John Bardeen | Barry C. Barish | Françoise Barré-Sinoussi | Derek H. R. Barton | Nicolay G. Basov | George W. Beadle | J. Georg Bednorz | Georg von Békésy |Eric Betzig | Bruce A. Beutler | Gerd Binnig | J. Michael Bishop | James W. Black | Elizabeth H. Blackburn | Patrick M. S. Blackett | Günter Blobel | Konrad Bloch | Felix Bloch | Nicolaas Bloembergen | Baruch S. Blumberg | Niels Bohr | Max Born | Paul Boyer | William Lawrence Bragg | Willy Brandt | Walter H. Brattain | Bertram N. Brockhouse | Herbert C. Brown | James M. Buchanan Jr. | Frank Burnet | Adolf F. Butenandt | Melvin Calvin Thomas R. Cech | Martin Chalfie | Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar | Pavel A. Cherenkov | Steven Chu | Aaron Ciechanover | Albert Claude | John Cockcroft | Claude Cohen- Tannoudji | Leon N. Cooper | Carl Cori | Allan M. Cormack | John Cornforth André F. Cournand | Francis Crick | James Cronin | Paul J. Crutzen | Robert F. Curl Jr. | Henrik Dam | Jean Dausset | Angus S. Deaton | Gérard Debreu | Petrus Debye | Hans G. Dehmelt | Johann Deisenhofer Peter A. Diamond | Paul A. M. Dirac | Peter C. Doherty | Gerhard Domagk | Esther Duflo | Renato Dulbecco | Christian de Duve John Eccles | Gerald M. Edelman | Manfred Eigen | Gertrude B. Elion | Robert F. Engle III | François Englert | Richard R. Ernst Gerhard Ertl | Leo Esaki | Ulf von Euler | Hans von Euler- Chelpin | Martin J. Evans | John B. Fenn | Bernard L. Feringa Albert Fert | Ernst O. Fischer | Edmond H. Fischer | Val Fitch | Paul J.
    [Show full text]