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Proquest Dissertations INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the originalor copy sut>mitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter ftice, while others may t)e from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy subm itted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will t>e noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to t>e removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Photographs included in the original manuscript have t>een reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6" x 9" black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. Bell & Howell Information ar>d Learning 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor. Ml 48106-1346 USA 800-521-0600 UMI’ CHILDREN OF SOVIET VICTORY, FOUNDERS OF THE RUSSIAN FUTURE: YOUNG SOVIET SPECIALISTS AND THE EVOLUTION OF RUSSIAN SOCIETY, 1965-1982 DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of the Ohio State University By David L. Ruffley, M.S., M.A. ***** The Ohio State University 2000 Dissertation Committee: Approved by Professor David L. Hoffmann, Adviser / Professor Eve R. Levin O K ^ / Adviser Professor Kenneth J. Andrien Department of History UMI Number 9982969 Copyright 2000 by Ruffley, David Leo All rights reserved. UMI UMI Microform9982969 Copyright 2000 by Bell & Howell Information and Learning Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. Bell & Howell Information and Leaming Company 300 North Zeeb Road P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 Copyright by David Leo Ruffley 2000 ABSTRACT Between 1965 and 1982, Soviet society became increasingly dynamic: both capable of and willing to develop solutions to the USSR’s problems. Huge numbers of specialists with higher education entered the Soviet workforce, and came face to face with the country’s problems. Naturally, they sought to alleviate those problems, putting their education and optimism to work. In many cases, the petitions, suggestions and criticisms they submitted to Party organs or the press represented potential solutions to problems. The regime genuinely responded to public opinion in general, and to these suggestions specifically as well. As always, some aspects of the response were negative, some were positive, and in all cases the regime attempted to closely control the process. In many cases, the Soviet state censored citizens’ petitions and stifled social initiatives in order to enhance society’s short-term stability. This censorship led to the escalation of pressures and frustrations generated by the increasingly well-educated society. Within this context, young Soviet specialists developed an ethos that stressed a human dignity, individual worth, and action to achieve practical results in solving problems. These practical solutions were intended to develop the Soviet political and economic system into a system that “worked.” That is, one that compared favorably to the specialists’ perception of the Western world. u Published letters to the press, archival copies of unpublished letters, conversations between the regime’s propagandists and young specialists and retrospective interviews conducted between 1995-1999 clearly indicate the interactive nature of the Soviet petitioning-censorship process, and the continuity of that process with longstanding Russian traditions. Those sources also indicate the increasing frustration felt by Russia’s highly-educated young people of the Brezhnev era. Their frustration, and the corresponding loss of faith in the extant political and economic system, helped pave the way for the rapidity of collapse of the Soviet Union when Mikhail Gorbachev broke the censorship aspect of the censorship-petitioning process. ui Dedicated to Barb, Kurt and Stefan IV ACKNOWLEDGMENTS First and foremost, I wish to thank my wife Barb and my sons, Kurt and Stefan, for their endurance during the six years of work on this project, especially during the frequent trips abroad that kept us apart. They sacrificed a great deal to make it possible. I thank David Hoffmann, my adviser, for taking over directorship of this project upon Allan Wildman’s death, and for pushing me to the highest possible standards, despite the geographical separation that made coordination that much more difficult. Thanks to my colleagues at the Air Force Academy Department of History, especially Debbie Shackleton, for covering my classes and other duties so that I could work uninterrupted, while providing the friendship and support that kept me on track. Thanks also to Carl Reddel, who convinced me to pursue this project in the first place, and provided the time away from his Department for full-time study and research. I also wish to thank Leonid Romanovich Weintraub, Elena lurevna Zubkova and Arch Getty for their help in locating and selecting archival materials during my 1999 research trip to Moscow. Special thanks to Ms Georgie Anne Geyer, who gave me several hundred pages of notes from interviews with young Soviets in the early 1970s. Finally, thanks to the late Allan Wildman, who encouraged me to pursue a topic that he considered important and worth pursuing, despite its unconventional nature. VTTA May 20, 1961 .......................... Born- Gallitzin, Pennsylvania 1983.........................................B.S. Russian History, United States Air Force Academy 1988......................................... M.S. International Relations, Troy State University 1990......................................... M.A. International Studies, University of Washington 1990-1992..............................Instructor, Department of History, United States Air Force Academy 1998-2000..............................Assistant Professor, Department of History, United States Air Force Academy PUBLICATIONS 1. Book Review, Charles Dodd, Industrial Decision-Making and High Risk Technology: Siting Nuclear Power Facilities in the USSR. Slavic Review 54, No3 (Fall 1995), 827-828. 2. "War Less Likely, But Abkhaz-Georgian Tensions Still High" in the Ohio Slavic and East European Newsletter 26, Nol (September 1997), 2-3. FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field: History VI TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Abstract .......................................................................................................................................ii Dedication..................................................................................................................................iv Acknowledgments..................................................................................................................... v Vita............................................................................................................................................ vi List of Tables.......................................................................................................................... viii Introduction.............................................................................................................................. I Chapters: 1. Target Cohort, Methodology and Sources................................................................ Il 2. Limits of the “Little Deal:” Young Specialists and the Soviet Social Contract.. 53 3. Petitioning, Censorship and the Stifling of Social Initiatives in the USSR............93 4. Children of Victory, Grandchildren of the Victors: Individual Values ................ 159 5. Children of Victory: Groups, Professional Values and Beliefs.............................229 6. Conclusion..................................................................................................................319 Appendix............................................................................................................................... 327 Bibliography .......................................................................................................................... 328 V ll LIST OF TABLES Table Page 4.1 Comparison of output goals, XXHI Congress vs GOSPLAN Revisions 181 5.1 Disparity between numbers of graduate and job availability ...........................283 V lll INTRODUCTION In her ground-breaking social history of the immediate aftermath of World War H in Russia, Elena Zubkova noted that “While the political and economic structures of the USSR remained practically unchanged, a complex of hopes and expectations prompted by the sacrifices of the great victory led to major changes in Soviet society.” ' As her translator, Hugh Ragsdale, noted, Zubkova’s key accomplishment was that she was “able to demonstrate . a considerable interaction of government policy and public mood. It may surprise the reader how sensitive the Soviet government was to public opinion— in fact, how responsive it was.”^ While Zubkova was focused primarily upon the immediate postwar years,
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