DOCSLIB.ORG

PERSA Working Paper No. 37

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
PERSA Working Paper No. 37 Planning the Soviet Defense Industry: the Late 1920s and 1930s Andrei Markevich Moscow State University PERSA Working Paper No. 37 Political Department of Economics Economy Research in Soviet Archives Version: 7 November 2004 Available from www.warwick.ac.uk/go/persa. Planning the Soviet Defense Industry: the Late 1920s and 1930s* Andrei Markevich† Open Lyceum, All Russian External Multi-Disciplinary School, Moscow State University Abstract The paper describes the procedures for planning the Soviet defense industry in the interwar period and analyses its limitations. Three features differentiated the planning of the defense industry from that of the civilian economy. First, the supply of national defense in the broadest sense had high priority and received the close attention of the country’s top leadership. Second, the process of military and economic planning for defense that created the context of defense industry plans had a strongly forward-looking character and generated increasing demands through the interwar years. Third, the detailed planning of defense industry was carried on simultaneously in two separate bureaucracies, a military hierarchy preoccupied with formulating demands and an industrial hierarchy the task of which was to organize supply; planners made strenuous efforts to reconcile supplies and demands in the defense industry, and met with limited success. * This paper contributes to research on the political economy of the Soviet Union under Stalin funded by the Hoover Institution (principal investigator, Paul Gregory). † Thanks to Paul Gregory and Mark Harrison for advice and comments; I am responsible for remaining errors. Please address communications to Andrei Markevich care of [email protected]. First draft (in Russian) October 11, 2004. This version November 7, 2004. Planning the Soviet Defense Industry: the Late 1920s and 1930s In the twentieth century the waging of war rested on economic foundations. Armies in battle required weapons, ammunition, uniforms, and food rations. Planning for war, whether in aggression or defense, was inconceivable without accounting for resources. This paper reviews the Soviet way of planning the economic aspect of warfare that was laid down at the end of the 1920s and the 1930s following the abandonment of a mixed economy and the transition to forced industrialization. Some relevant issues of Soviet military thought concerning preparation for war have been investigated in the recent literature (Simonov 1996a,b; Samuelson 2000a,b, 2001; Ken 2002). As a rule, scholars have tended to analyse the work of the civil and military agencies separately; Samuelson was the first to investigate the links between military thinking and civilian economic plans. Despite this we still know little about the day-to-day planning of the defense industry, and of the supply of defense more broadly with general-purpose fuels and machinery, transport and medical services, mobilization preparedness and stocks, and so forth. This paper is organized as follows. Part 1 defines the military input into economic planning. This came about in two ways: immediate military demands influenced economic plans for the distribution of current output, while long-term military requirements were reflected in the distribution of investment resources. Part 2 describes the institutional hierarchies through which military requirements were brought into contact with the command economy’s civilian allocation and management systems. Military requirements had a general impact on the economy as a whole as well as specific implications for the defense industry: these are considered in Parts 3 and 4. Part 4 deals at some length with the problem of administrative reconciliation of planned supplies with planned demands. At the stage of implementation ministerial plans had to be translated in detailed contracts for specific enterprises to deliver specific goods to the military purchaser at agreed prices, and this process was decentralized to a considerable extent. Part 5 describes the problems that arose. Finally, in the course of implementation plans were vulnerable to amendment from above and below; the reasons for this and the implications are the theme of Part 6. Part 7 concludes. To limit the use of Russian terms as far as possible, and to clarify possible ambiguities, I use the following conventions. (1) Soviet ministries were called “people’s commissariats” until they were renamed ministries in 1946. I refer to them as ministries. (2) I translate VSNKh as the “industry ministry,” NKTP as the “heavy industry ministry,” NKOP as the “defense industry ministry,” and so on. (3) I translate dogovor as “contract” (or “specific contract”), tipovoi dogovor as “model contract,” and osnovnye usloviia postavki as “master delivery agreement.” (3) I retain six official acronyms in the text, (a) First draft (in Russian) October 11, 2004. This version November 7, 2004. 2 Politburo, the political bureau or decisive core of the party central committee (b) Sovnarkom, the council of people’s commissars, chaired by the prime minister (c) STO, the Council of Labor and Defense (d) NKVD, until 1946 the people’s commissariat (ministry) of internal affairs, responsible for internal security and forced labor (e) Gosplan, the state planning commission, and (f) KPK, the ruling party’s “control” or audit commission. 1. The Military and Economic Planning In the Soviet Union as elsewhere, the military prepared for war on the basis of alternative scenarios for the future evolution of events. Starting from the current political and international situation, the defense ministry and Red Army general staff assessed the most likely external threats and the military requirements that these posed. This informed their plans for military modernization, against which they measured the country’s military and economic potential. As Samuelson (2001, p. 77) and Sokolov (2004) have shown, this led Tukhachevskii and other military leaders to press for greater military control over economic planning and the management of industry. In principle the economic issues that concerned the military may be divided into mobilization planning and operational planning. Mobilization plans prepared the economy for the contingency of a war that might or might not happen and set out the economic tasks that should be undertaken in that event but not otherwise. At this time most Soviet military experts imagined that the war for which they were planning would be protracted over several years; consequently they gave most attention to computing annual average resources and requirements. Thus, the activity of mobilization planning in the broadest sense went on at several levels, including computation of the resources that would meet the “mobilization requirements for a year of waging war”; plans for the “initial period of war,” usually covering three months; plans for the “initial year of war” when the country’s economy would not yet have been mobilized to the full; and also “mobilization plans” in the narrow sense of prescribing procedures for a transition to war production that utilized productive capacities as fully as possible. Operational planning, in contrast, was oriented on the immediate future. The most important economic components of military planning for the immediate future were proposals for national economic development that took into account the needs of defense; and plans of “current military orders” to procure weapons and military equipment, closely linked with economic plans for defense industry. The issues raised by operational and mobilization planning were clearly inseparable; some contemporaries regarded operational planning as no more than a component part of mobilization planning more generally.1 Mobilization planning aimed to prepare the economy for a specific contingency, that of war, and to ensure a seamless transition to wartime production if that contingency 1 GARF, 8418/8/9, ff. 3-6 (Gosplan deputy chairman Mezhlauk, letter to prime minister Molotov “On the procedure for confirming annual and quaterly plans in defense industry,” dated July 31, 1933). On the evolution of mobilization planning in more detail see Davies (2004); for previous accounts see Simonov (1996, 2000), Samuelson (2000), and Ken (2002). 3 was realized. Operational planning aimed to optimize the allocation of current resources for all contingencies, including that of war, and specifically the resources of the defense industry for the army’s peacetime needs. The resource constraints of a poor country posed cruel dilemmas. What was the cheapest way of supplying defense requirements? The Soviet authorities believed that they were faced with a choice between two extremes. At one extreme lay a peacetime defense industry of specialized “cadre” factories mostly or entirely devoted to military products. At the other lay what they saw as the “American” style of industrial mobilization based on the creation of dual-purpose capacities that could be switched from peacetime to wartime priorities at short notice. In the short run the first variant looked cheaper since specialized war production plants offered lower capital costs than factories with built-in flexibility. In the long term, however, the second variant looked cheaper because it would provide more civilian production as long as peace was maintained; meanwhile, specialized armament factories would be less fully utilized and risked rapid obsolescence. The military were more inclined to the first, and the civilian planners to the
Load more

Recommended publications
  • In Defence of the Latvian Language Against Russification. Documents from 1944-1989
    the Jānis Riekstiņš of Language Defence In Latvian Against Russification Jānis Riekstiņš In Defence of the Latvian Language Against Russification Jānis Riekstiņš In Defence of the Latvian Language Against Russification The Latvian Language Agency Jānis Riekstiņš In Defence of the Latvian Language Against Russification Riga Latviešu valodas aģentūra / The Latvian Language Agency 2012 UDK 811.174’ 272(474.3)(093) De 167 Jānis Riekstiņš In Defence of the Latvian Language Against Russification 1944–1989 Documents In Defence of the Latvian Language Against Russification. 1944–1989. Documents. Compiled and translated from the Russian by J. Riekstiņš. Introduction by Prof. Uldis Ozoliņš, foreword by J. Riekstiņš. Managing editor D. Liepa. Riga: LVA, 2012. 160 pages. Managing editor Dr. Dite Liepa Literary editor P. Cedriņš Reviewer Dr. Dzintra Hirša Documents utilized are from the Latvian State Archive collection of LCP CC records (PA-101. fonds), LCP Central Control and Auditing Committee (PA-2160), the LSSR Council of Ministers (270. fonds), LSSR Supreme Council (290. fonds), the Riga City Executive Committee (1400. fonds), as well as documents from collections of other institutions, that verify the Soviet policies in Latvian SSR. Many of these documents are published for the first time. Cover design and layout: Vanda Voiciša © LVA, 2012 © Jānis Riekstiņš, compiler, translator from the Russian language, foreword author © Uldis Ozoliņš, foreword author © Vanda Voiciša, “Idea lex”, cover design and layout ISBN 978-9984-815-77-0 Table of Contents Introduction: the struggle for the status of the Latvian language during the Soviet occupation 1944 to 1989 ............ 6 Foreword by J. Riekstiņš ........................................18 Section 1 Decisions and materials on the acquisition of the Latvian language .........................21 Section 2 Decisions on learning Russian.
    [Show full text]
  • 2 Explaining Political Transformation in the Soviet Union
    Notes 2 Explaining Political Transformation in the Soviet Union 1‘O programme sotsial’nogo razvitiia sela’, Pravda (13 April 1989), 2. 2 Judith Pallot, ‘Rural Depopulation and the Restoration of the Russian Village under Gorbachev’, Soviet Studies, vol. 42, no. 4 (1990), 655–74. 3 Michael Cox, ed., Rethinking the Soviet Collapse: Sovietology, the Death of Communism and the New Russia (London: Pinter, 1998). 4 For a more nuanced account of the literature than space here allows see George Breslauer, ‘In Defense of Sovietology’, Post-Soviet Affairs, vol. 8, no. 3 (1992), 197–238. 5 Carl J. Friedrich and Zbigniew Brzezinski, Totalitarian Dictatorship and Autocracy (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1956) and the 2nd edition, revised by Friedrich (1965); Leonard Schapiro, Totalitarianism (London: Macmillan – now Palgrave Macmillan, 1972); Robert Borrowes, ‘Totalitarianism: the Revised Standard Version’, World Politics, XXI, no. 2 ( January 1969), 272–94; Carl. J. Friedrich, Michael Curtis, and Benjamin J. Barber, Totalitarianism in Perspective: Three Views (London: Pall Mall Press, 1969). 6 The most eloquent representative of the application of pluralist ideas to the Soviet Union was Jerry Hough with his notion of ‘institutional pluralism’. Jerry Hough, ‘The Soviet System: Petrification or Pluralism’, in The Soviet Union and Social Science Theory (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1977). Although Hough later came to disown this term, it received the qualified support of a number of other scholars: Peter Solomon, Soviet Criminologists and Criminal Policy: Specialists in Policy Making (London: Macmillan – now Palgrave Macmillan, 1978) and Stephen Fortescue, The Communist Party and Soviet Science (Basingstoke: Macmillan (now Palgrave Macmillan) in association with the Centre for Russian and East European Studies, University of Birmingham, 1986).
    [Show full text]
  • REPORT of the CENTRAL COMMITTEE of the COMMUNIST PARTY of the SOVIET UNION to the 20Th PARTY CONGRESS
    N. S. KHRUSHCHOV REPORT OF THE CENTRAL COMMITTEE OF THE COMMUNIST PARTY OF THE SOVIET UNION TO THE 20th PARTY CONGRESS FOREIGN LANGUAGES PUBLISHING HOUSE Moscow 1956 OI^Z3 £- N. S. KHRUSHCHOV REPORT OF THE CENTRAL COMMITTEE OF THE COMMUNIST PARTY OF THE SOVIET UNION TO THE 20th PARTY CONGRESS February 14, 1956 FOREIGN LANGUAGES PUBLISHING HOUSE Moscow 1956 CONTENTS I. THE INTERNATIONAL POSITION OF THE SOVIET UNION............................................................................... 8 1. The Steady Economic Advance in the U.S.S.R. and the People’s Democracies............................. 9 2. The Economic Situation in the Capitalist Countries and the Further Aggravation of the Contradictions of Capitalism...............................................................13 3. The Imperialist Policy of Lining Up Aggressive Blocs and Fanning the “Cold War.” The Struggle of the Peoples for Relaxation of International Tension . 21 4. Disintegration of the Imperialist Colonial System 25 5. The Soviet Union in the Struggle for the Consolida­ tion of Peace and International Security................30 6. Some Fundamental Questions of Present-Day Inter­ national Development................................................ 38 II. THE INTERNAL SITUATION OF THE U.S.S.R. 48 INDUSTRY AND TRANSPORT ...................................... 48 1. The Basic Results of the Fifth Five-Year Plan in Industry.........................................................................48 2. Speeding up Technical Progress in Industry ... 53 3. Improvement of Transport
    [Show full text]
  • Glossary of Soviet Military and Related Abbreviations
    DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY TECHNICAL MANUAL GLOSSARY OF SOVIET MILITARY AND RELATED ABBREVIATIONS DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY FFEBRUARY 1957 TM 30-546 TECHNICAL MANUAL DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY No. 30-546 WASHINGTON 25, D. C., 31 December 1956 GLOSSARY OF SOVIET MILITARY AND RELATED ABBREVIATIONS Page Transliteration table for the Russian language ......................-.. ii Abbreviations for use with this manual .......-.........................- ...... iii Grammatical abbreviations ...----------------------.....- ---- iv Foreword --------------------- -- ------------------------------------------------------- 1 Glossary of Soviet military and related abbreviations-.................-......... 3 TRANSLITERATION TABLE FOR THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE The Russian alphabet has 33 letters, which are here listed together w [th their transliteration as adopted by the Board on Geographic Names. A a AG a P pd C °c C B B 3 e T T cAl/ r rJCT y A D d B cSe ye,et X xZ "s ts ch )K3J G "0 sh 314 C ' shch b b hi bi 'b *i, H H KG 10 10j Oo (90 51 31 1L / p ye initially, after vowel. andl after 'b, b; e e1~ewhere. When written as a in Rusoian, transliterate a5~ yii or e. Use of diacritical marks is. preferred, but such marks may be omitted when expediency (apostrophe), palatalize. a preceding consonant, giving a sound resembling the consonant plus y!, somewhat as in English meet you, did you. 3The symbol " (double apostrophel, not a repetition of the line above. No sound; used only after certain prefixe.- before the vowvel letter: c. e. 91. 10. ii ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THIS
    [Show full text]
  • Collecting Agricultural Statistics in the Soviet Union: Report of Forecasting Project
    COLLECTING AGRICULTURAL STATISTICS IN THE SOVIET UNION: REPORT OF FORECASTING PROJECT. USDA/FAER-112 US-USSR AGREEIlENT ON COOPERATION IN THE FIELD OF AGRICULTURE. (Foreign Agricultural Economic Report). / Fletcher Pope, "Jr. Washington, DC: Economio, Research Service:. Nov. 19'75. (NAl:: Call No. A281.91Ag8F) 2 8 2 5 I .0 :~ 11111 . \\\\1 . ~ W IIF2 2.2 IIIII ~ == I.. I~ w 40 I Il.i 1 .0 I~ ~~~- IIII1_ 1.8 \\\\\1.25 111111.4 \\\\\1.6 ' ! IiI' !\ 11 d\' Collecting I Agricultural Statistics in the Soviet Union Report of Forecasting Project US-USSR Agreement on Cooperation in the Field of Agriculture Economic Research Service U.S. Department of Agriculture Foreign Agricultural Economic Report No. 112 \~ I} COLLECTING AGRICULTURAL STATISTICS IN THE SOVIET UNION, Report of Forecasting Project, US-USSR Agreement on Cooperation in the Field of Agriculture. By Fletcher Pope, Jr., Foreign Demand and Competition Division, Economic Research Service. Foreign Agricul­ tural Report No. 112. ABSTRACT The Central Statisti<::al Administration has primary I responsibility for colleccing and processing Soviet data, I including agricultural data. All collective and state I farms must provide required data according to a central, uniform plan. These data are used mainly by Soviet offi­ 1 cials to evaluate progress in meeting planned goals. The .~ recent change in grain import policy has greatly increased 1 the need for Soviet officials to know about crop prospects 1 during the growing season. Currently, work is underway in I qeveloping crop forecasting models. KEY WORDS: Soviet Union, agriculture, statistics, fore­ casting. o /Q / & I (\I ~)• Washington, D.C. 20250 November 1975 J '< b ~ ; r I IIr\ PREFACE I' " ! "!.
    [Show full text]
  • FULFILMENT of the U.S.S.R. STATE PLAN for 1949 Communique of the Central Statistical Administration of the U.S.S.R
    ~--·---·- - ------------------------- I "SOVIET NEWS" BOOKLETS SEVENTIETH BIRTHDAY OF J. V. STALIN, Pravda Articles by G. M. Malenkov, V. M. Molotov, L. P. Beria, K. V. Voroshilov, A. I. Mikoyan ... 3d. FULFILMENT ON THE SURE ROAD TO GREAT VICTORIES (Report on ll I the 32nd Anniversary of the Great October Socialist Revo­ lution) by G. M. Malenkov ... ld. AGAINST PREPARATIONS FOR A NEW WAR-FOR A ~ FIVE-POWER PEACE PACT (Speech at United Nations of the U.S.S.R. Political Committee on November 16, 1949) by A. Y. Vyshinsky ... ... ... ... ... .. .. 3d. SOVIET GOVERNMENT ON THE NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY ld. THE U.S.S.R. ON GUARD OVER THE PEACE AND STATE PLAN SECURITY OF THE NATIONS, by A. Y. Vyshinsky ... ld. NEW U.S.S.R. PROPOSALS ON DISARMAMENT (Malik's Speech at Security Council, February, 1949) ld. SOCIAL INSURANCE IN THE U.S.S.R., by Z. Mokhov ... ld. STALIN'S POLICY OF PEACE AND DEMOCRACY 2d. For 1949 FOR A DEMOCRATIC PEACE WITH GERMANY. Speeches at London Session of Council of Foreign Ministers ; by V. M. Molotov, 1947 ... 2d. MOLOTOV'S SPEECHES AT PARIS CONFERENCE, 1946 2d. MOLOTOV'S SPEECHES AT NEW YORK SESSION OF U.N.O. GENERAL ASSEMBLY, 1946 2d. MOLOTOV'S SPEECHES AT MOSCOW SESSION OF COUNCIL OF FOREIGN MINISTERS, 1947 2d, BAN ATOMIC BOMB AND REDUCE ARMAMENTS, by A. Y. Vyshinsky 2d. LEGAL RIGHTS OF THE SOVIET FAMILY, by G. M. Sverdlov ... 2d. U.S.S.R. AND MARSHALL'S PROPOSALS (Molotov's Statements) 3d. SOVIET-AMERICAN RELATIONS 3d. FIVE-YEAR PLAN FOR 1946-1950 ... ls.
    [Show full text]
  • Editorial Revolution in Ethiopia: 15 Years on
    Editorial Revolution in Ethiopia: 15 Years on .. As it rounds off its fifteenth year, the revolution in Ethiopia appears to have completed a distinct phase with the institutionalisation of the regime that came to power in 1974. Military rule has been supplemented, though not supplanted, with the Workers' Party of Ethiopia (WPE), founded in 1984, whose prescribed role is to be 'the guiding force of the state and the entire society'. The state itself, renamed the People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, was given a constitution in 1987, in which the dominant role of the Party is enshrined. Considerable care and time were given to fashioning these institutions, and much effort expended in mobilising popular involvement in the process. The obvious intention was to draw the curtain on the previous phase, marked by military rule, lawlessness and violence, and to usher in a period of 'socialist construction' under the aegis of the WPE. Christopher Clapham completed a study of Ethiopia just as the process of institutionalisation neared its end (Transformation and Continuity in Revolutionary Ethiopia). It is the first detailed study of the regime, and his article in this issue offers a concise description of it, as well as his assessment of its strengths and weaknessnes. While he gives little credit to the regime's Marxist ideological assertions, viewing them essentially as instrumental to the purpose of mass mobilisation and organisation, he is impressed with the strength and organisational capacity of the state, which has been able to make its authority felt directly at the base of society — though not everywhere in the country — for the first time in Ethiopian history.
    [Show full text]
  • July 03, 1956 Memo Concerning the Azerbaijani Democratic Party and the Situation of Political Immigrants from Iran Living in the Azerbaijan SSR
    Digital Archive digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org International History Declassified July 03, 1956 Memo Concerning the Azerbaijani Democratic Party and the Situation of Political Immigrants from Iran Living in the Azerbaijan SSR Citation: “Memo Concerning the Azerbaijani Democratic Party and the Situation of Political Immigrants from Iran Living in the Azerbaijan SSR,” July 03, 1956, History and Public Policy Program Digital Archive, GAPPOD, f.1, op.89, d.203. Obtained for CWIHP by Jamil Hasanli and translated for CWIHP by Gary Goldberg. http://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/120512 Summary: A memo concerning the Azerbaijani Democratic Party and the situation of political immigrants from Iran living in the Azerbaijan SSR. It also contains proposals for CC CPSU to improve the situation. Original Language: Russian Contents: English Translation Scan of Original Document Top Secret CC CPSU Memorandum Concerning the Azerbaijani Democratic Party and the Situation of Political Immigrants from Iran Living in the Azerbaijan SSR I. The Azerbaijani Democratic Party has existed as an independent political organization since 1945. It was founded in accordance with a Decree of the CC VKP(b) Politburo of 6 July 1945 “Measures to Organize a Separatist Movement in Southern Azerbaijan and Other Provinces of Northern Iran”. On 3 September 1945 an initiative group in the city of Tabriz headed by S. D. Pishevari published an appeal laying out the goals and tasks of the Azerbaijani Democratic Party being created. The appeal contained a demand to give Southern Azerbaijan, occupying a territory of about 150,000 square kilometers and containing 5 million people, autonomy within the Iranian state in the area of self-government with formation of district and provincial enjumens, creation of conditions for development of a national culture, recognition of the Azerbaijani language as an official language for both state and cultural institutions of Azerbaijan, etc.
    [Show full text]
  • ARAL: the History of Dying Sea
    International Fund for Saving the Aral Sea Executive Committee ARAL: the history of dying sea Dushanbe - 2003 U. ASHIRBEKOV, I. ZONN To 10-th anniversary of IFAS and Dushanbe Iternational Forum of fresh water ARAL: THE HISTORY OF DYING SEA Dushanbe - 2003 ÁÁÊ 26.3+26.82+28.081+2689(2) À - 98 Ashirbekov U.A., Zonn I.S. Aral: The History of Dying Sea. Dushanbe, 2003.-86 ñ. This book gives a brief description of the Aral sea till 1960 when the sea started dying out. For the first time it presents the chronology of studying, development and attempts of conservation and reha-bilitation of the Aral sea. Shown is the participation of the world society in cooperation related to envi-ronmental catastrophe. © Ashirbekov U.A., Zonn I.S. It is issued by the decision of IFAS Executive Committee. Under the general edition of Aslov S.M. - Chairman of IFAS Executive Committee Composer: Gaybullaev H.G. Editor: Jamshedov P. The edition is carried out by the financial support of the «Natural Resource Management» Project (NRMP) and the USA Agency on International Development (USAID) «Who does not have past, that does not have future» Popular wisdom INTRODUCTION For the last decades the problem of Aral doesn't come off the pages of mass media. New works appear refreshing new aspects of "life" of drying sea, it's actively discussed on national and international levels. Ten years ago five new independent states of central Asia - Kazakh Republic, Kyrgyz Republic, Republic of Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Republic of Uzbekistan united its efforts for creation of Interstate Coordination Water Commission.
    [Show full text]
  • Copyright British Foreign Office Russia Correspondence Guide To
    %ULWLVK)RUHLJQ2IILFH5XVVLDFRUUHVSRQGHQFHJXLGHWRWKHVFKRODUO\ UHVRXUFHVPLFURILOPHGLWLRQRIWKH3XEOLF5HFRUG2IILFH&ROOHFWLRQ %G>@ :LOPLQJWRQ'HO XUQQEQGHEYEEVE 'LH3')'DWHLNDQQHOHNWURQLVFKGXUFKVXFKWZHUGHQ Copyright Das Copyright für alle Webdokumente, insbesondere für Bil- The Bayerische Staatsbibliothek (BSB) owns the copyright for der, liegt bei der Bayerischen Staatsbibliothek. Eine Folge- all web documents, in particular for all images. Any further use verwertung von Webdokumenten ist nur mit Zustimmung der of the web documents is subject to the approval of the Baye- Bayerischen Staatsbibliothek bzw. des Autors möglich. Exter- rische Staatsbibliothek and/or the author. External links to the ne Links auf die Angebote sind ausdrücklich erwünscht. Eine offer of the BSB are expressly welcome. However, it is illegal unautorisierte Übernahme ganzer Seiten oder ganzer Beiträge to copy whole pages or complete articles or parts of articles oder Beitragsteile ist dagegen nicht zulässig. Für nicht-kom- without prior authorisation. Some individual materials may be merzielle Ausbildungszwecke können einzelne Materialien ko- copied for non-commercial educational purposes, provided that piert werden, solange eindeutig die Urheberschaft der Autoren the authorship of the author(s) or of the Bayerische Staatsbibli- bzw. der Bayerischen Staatsbibliothek kenntlich gemacht wird. othek is indicated unambiguously. Eine Verwertung von urheberrechtlich geschützten Beiträgen Unless provided otherwise by the copyright law, it is illegal and und Abbildungen der auf
    [Show full text]
  • The History of the Soviet Bloc 1945-1991
    THE HISTORY OF THE SOVIET BLOC 1945-1991 A Chronology PART I 1945-1952 EDITED BY Csaba Békés Cold War History ResEarch CEntEr Budapest 2012 THE HISTORY OF THE SOVIET BLOC 1945-1991 A Chronology PART I 1945-1952 EDITED BY Csaba Békés Assistant Editors David CATALAN, Neala HICKEY, Jasper NOOIJN, Emese NYITRAI, Levente NYITRAI, Bobbie SCHOEMAKER, Kristóf ZSIDI Contributors Diego BENEDETTI, Martyna BOJARSKA, Shira BORZAK, Lauren CRYSTAL, Botond CSELLE, Sonya COWELL, Péter János DARÁK, Nico DEGENKOLB, Kati DEPETRILLO, Doris DOMOSZLAI, Jacob FEYGIN, Lilla FÖRDŐS, Katarina GABIKOVA, Kristína GABIKOVA, Zsófia GÖDE, Gyöngyi GYARMATI, Ágnes HEVÉR, Zoltán HERKUTZ, Emily Jennifer HOLLAND, Connie IP, Alin IVASCU, Dean JOLLY, Annastiina KALLIUS, János KEMÉNY, András KISS, Annamária KÓTAY-NAGY, Réka KRIZMANICS, Andrej KROKOS, András Máté LÁZÁR, Zardas LEE, Karina LEGRADI, Tara LOTSTEIN, Cynthia MANCHA, Viktor NAGY, Jennifer OTTERSON, Linda RICHTER, Zita Bettina VASAS, Dániel VÉKONY, Péter VUKMAN, Patrick Stephen WAGER, Jonathon WOODRUFF Technical Assistance Lotta BADENHEUER, Petra LESKANICH Cold War History Research Center Budapest 2012 ISBN 978-963-12-7938-2 © Cold War History Research Center, 2012 Contents 1945 January ................................................................................................................................................. 1 February ............................................................................................................................................... 4 March ..................................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Proquest Dissertations
    INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the originalor copy sut>mitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter ftice, while others may t)e from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy subm itted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will t>e noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to t>e removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Photographs included in the original manuscript have t>een reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6" x 9" black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. Bell & Howell Information ar>d Learning 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor. Ml 48106-1346 USA 800-521-0600 UMI’ CHILDREN OF SOVIET VICTORY, FOUNDERS OF THE RUSSIAN FUTURE: YOUNG SOVIET SPECIALISTS AND THE EVOLUTION OF RUSSIAN SOCIETY, 1965-1982 DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of the Ohio State University By David L.
    [Show full text]