DOCSLIB.ORG

July 03, 1956 Memo Concerning the Azerbaijani Democratic Party and the Situation of Political Immigrants from Iran Living in the Azerbaijan SSR

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
July 03, 1956 Memo Concerning the Azerbaijani Democratic Party and the Situation of Political Immigrants from Iran Living in the Azerbaijan SSR Digital Archive digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org International History Declassified July 03, 1956 Memo Concerning the Azerbaijani Democratic Party and the Situation of Political Immigrants from Iran Living in the Azerbaijan SSR Citation: “Memo Concerning the Azerbaijani Democratic Party and the Situation of Political Immigrants from Iran Living in the Azerbaijan SSR,” July 03, 1956, History and Public Policy Program Digital Archive, GAPPOD, f.1, op.89, d.203. Obtained for CWIHP by Jamil Hasanli and translated for CWIHP by Gary Goldberg. http://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/120512 Summary: A memo concerning the Azerbaijani Democratic Party and the situation of political immigrants from Iran living in the Azerbaijan SSR. It also contains proposals for CC CPSU to improve the situation. Original Language: Russian Contents: English Translation Scan of Original Document Top Secret CC CPSU Memorandum Concerning the Azerbaijani Democratic Party and the Situation of Political Immigrants from Iran Living in the Azerbaijan SSR I. The Azerbaijani Democratic Party has existed as an independent political organization since 1945. It was founded in accordance with a Decree of the CC VKP(b) Politburo of 6 July 1945 “Measures to Organize a Separatist Movement in Southern Azerbaijan and Other Provinces of Northern Iran”. On 3 September 1945 an initiative group in the city of Tabriz headed by S. D. Pishevari published an appeal laying out the goals and tasks of the Azerbaijani Democratic Party being created. The appeal contained a demand to give Southern Azerbaijan, occupying a territory of about 150,000 square kilometers and containing 5 million people, autonomy within the Iranian state in the area of self-government with formation of district and provincial enjumens, creation of conditions for development of a national culture, recognition of the Azerbaijani language as an official language for both state and cultural institutions of Azerbaijan, etc. (the text of the appeal is attached). The initiative group to create the Azerbaijani Democratic Party from a number of influential people of Southern Azerbaijan, including representatives of all strata of society, put out the first issue of the party’s publication on 5 September 1945– the newspaper “Azerbaijan” - which later became the favorite newspaper of the popular masses. On 7 September 1945 a conference of the Azerbaijani organization of the People’s Party of Iran discussed an appeal to create the Azerbaijani Democratic Party, with the goal of successfully developing a democratic movement and national liberation struggle in Southern Azerbaijan and resolved to leave the People’s Party of Iran and join with the Azerbaijani Democratic Party (an excerpt of the conference’s resolution is attached). The creation of the Azerbaijani Democratic Party in 1945 was met with enthusiasm by all progressive strata of Iran and the peoples inhabiting that country. Many groups of workers, peasants, craftsmen, and intelligentsia from various cities of Iran (Tehran, Isfahan, Rasht, Chalus, and others), Kurds, Turkomans, [and] Armenians heartily greeted the birth of the Azerbaijani Democratic Party, expressing their agreement with its goals and program, seeing in them a guarantee of the liberation of all the workers of Iran from foreign and despotic oppression. The birth of the Azerbaijani Democratic Party was also met with enthusiasm by the thousands of People’s Party organizations in Iran. But there have still been found in the leadership of the People’s Party of Iran people who had a hostile attitude toward the creation of the Azerbaijani Democratic Party. However, under pressure of the popular masses and ordinary members of the Party these hostile elements were forced to yield. The CC of the People’s Party of Iran in its appeal published in [issue] No 568 of 1945 in the newspaper “Novruzi Iran”, officially recognized the Azerbaijani Democratic Party [and] greeted its appearance. (An excerpt of the appeal of the CC of the People’s Party of Iran is attached). The first constituent congress of the Azerbaijani Democratic Party was held on 2-3 October 1945 in Tabriz and approved a program and a Party charter, chose a CC of 41 members and an auditing commission composed of 12 members. In a short period the Azerbaijani Democratic Party gathered under its banner broad strata of the workers of the city and village of Southern Azerbaijan, and also the progressive part of the national bourgeoisie and intellectuals of other strata of the population. By the end of 1945 it had been turned into a genuine people’s party, joining in its ranks about 70,000 people, including 6,000 workers; 53,000 peasants; 2,000 intellectuals; 3,000 craftsmen and artisans; and 2,600 people from other strata of the population. The ruling circles of Iran, incited by the Anglo-American imperialists, greeted the birth of the Azerbaijani Democratic Party and its demands for democratic reforms with mass repressions. But this did not break the will of the democrats; on the contrary, it led to a further growth of the democratic movement. In November of 1945 180 large meetings and gatherings were held in all cities and regions of Southern Azerbaijan, in which as many as 1 million people took part. The participants of the meetings and gatherings spoke out for holding elections to national self-governing bodies, adding to this a petition of 150,000 signatures on large broadsheets [polotnishcha]. At these meetings 687 delegates to a “National Congress” of Iranian Azerbaijan were elected. The “National Congress” which met on 20-21 November 1945 declared itself a founding [uchreditel’nyy] congress and chose a National Committee of 39 members for operational leadership of the democratic movement in Azerbaijan. The National Congress adopted a declaration to the Iranian Shah, Majlis, and government of Iran in which it laid out the main demand of the Azerbaijani people to give Southern Azerbaijan autonomy within the state of Iran and contained a request to sent authorized representatives to hold talks in order that there be a peaceful means to decide and satisfy and just demands of the peoples of Southern Azerbaijan. Expressing the age-old hopes of the 5-million population of Southern Azerbaijan and with the objective of ensuring full autonomy, the National Congress recognized as necessary the creation of a legislative body for Southern Azerbaijan in the form of a national Majlis (parliament) and entrusted the National Committee with working out and approving a constitution, a position regarding the elections to the national Majlis, [and] holding these elections. At the beginning of December 1945 the first genuinely democratic elections in the history of Southern Azerbaijan and Iran were held on the basis of general, direct, equal, suffrage with secret voting. There was not one village, not one population center in Southern Azerbaijan which did not participate in these elections. The principles of internationalism and genuine democracy lay at the basis of the entire democratic movement in Southern Azerbaijan and the activity of the Azerbaijani Democratic Party, which was led and guided by the science of Marxism-Leninism. Besides Azerbaijanis, active members of the Azerbaijani Democratic Movement were a large number of Kurds, Persians (Iranians), Armenians, Turkomans, and others. On 12 December 1945, 101 deputies were elected to the Azerbaijani national Majlis in Tabriz, among them 4 Kurds, 3 Armenians, 1 Assyrian, and others. The Majlis of Southern Azerbaijan created a national government headed by the leader of the Azerbaijani Democratic Party, Pishevari. The national government of Southern Azerbaijan published its program immediately and set about to fulfill it. In a brief time a number of important political, social, and other reforms were carried out which were directed at improving the life and welfare of the workers and improving the national economy and culture. Laws were adopted and put into effect concerning land reform, a 8-hour workday, labor, and a reorganization and democratization of the systems of public education and health, etc. Political prisoners were freed from prisons, a popular militia established, and prostitution and consumption of opium banned. Peasants received about 260,000 hectares of land, education in all existing and re-established schools was switched to the native language, hundreds of courses were organized among the population to liquidate illiteracy; in Tabriz, the capital of Southern Azerbaijan, a state university was opened, a musical and dramatic theater was established, a new hospital was built, a textile factory was opened, etc. The democratic government provided national minorities (Kurds, Armenians, etc.) living in Southern Azerbaijan with all rights for the free development of their national cultures. The successes of the national movement in Southern Azerbaijan contributed to the great activity of the national liberation struggle in other provinces of Iran. A democratic party arose in Kurdistan, a struggle which was crowned with the establishment of Kurdish autonomy. In large provinces and cities of Iran (Gilyan, Mazandaran, Tehran, Isfahan, Ahvaz) mass meetings and demonstrations of workers became more frequent, with slogans about expelling imperialists from Iran, creating a genuinely democratic regime in the country, and improving the living conditions of workers. In these conditions the government of Qavam-os- Saltaneh came to power in the country, who in his public speeches partially recognized
Load more

Recommended publications
  • In Defence of the Latvian Language Against Russification. Documents from 1944-1989
    the Jānis Riekstiņš of Language Defence In Latvian Against Russification Jānis Riekstiņš In Defence of the Latvian Language Against Russification Jānis Riekstiņš In Defence of the Latvian Language Against Russification The Latvian Language Agency Jānis Riekstiņš In Defence of the Latvian Language Against Russification Riga Latviešu valodas aģentūra / The Latvian Language Agency 2012 UDK 811.174’ 272(474.3)(093) De 167 Jānis Riekstiņš In Defence of the Latvian Language Against Russification 1944–1989 Documents In Defence of the Latvian Language Against Russification. 1944–1989. Documents. Compiled and translated from the Russian by J. Riekstiņš. Introduction by Prof. Uldis Ozoliņš, foreword by J. Riekstiņš. Managing editor D. Liepa. Riga: LVA, 2012. 160 pages. Managing editor Dr. Dite Liepa Literary editor P. Cedriņš Reviewer Dr. Dzintra Hirša Documents utilized are from the Latvian State Archive collection of LCP CC records (PA-101. fonds), LCP Central Control and Auditing Committee (PA-2160), the LSSR Council of Ministers (270. fonds), LSSR Supreme Council (290. fonds), the Riga City Executive Committee (1400. fonds), as well as documents from collections of other institutions, that verify the Soviet policies in Latvian SSR. Many of these documents are published for the first time. Cover design and layout: Vanda Voiciša © LVA, 2012 © Jānis Riekstiņš, compiler, translator from the Russian language, foreword author © Uldis Ozoliņš, foreword author © Vanda Voiciša, “Idea lex”, cover design and layout ISBN 978-9984-815-77-0 Table of Contents Introduction: the struggle for the status of the Latvian language during the Soviet occupation 1944 to 1989 ............ 6 Foreword by J. Riekstiņš ........................................18 Section 1 Decisions and materials on the acquisition of the Latvian language .........................21 Section 2 Decisions on learning Russian.
    [Show full text]
  • PERSA Working Paper No. 37
    Planning the Soviet Defense Industry: the Late 1920s and 1930s Andrei Markevich Moscow State University PERSA Working Paper No. 37 Political Department of Economics Economy Research in Soviet Archives Version: 7 November 2004 Available from www.warwick.ac.uk/go/persa. Planning the Soviet Defense Industry: the Late 1920s and 1930s* Andrei Markevich† Open Lyceum, All Russian External Multi-Disciplinary School, Moscow State University Abstract The paper describes the procedures for planning the Soviet defense industry in the interwar period and analyses its limitations. Three features differentiated the planning of the defense industry from that of the civilian economy. First, the supply of national defense in the broadest sense had high priority and received the close attention of the country’s top leadership. Second, the process of military and economic planning for defense that created the context of defense industry plans had a strongly forward-looking character and generated increasing demands through the interwar years. Third, the detailed planning of defense industry was carried on simultaneously in two separate bureaucracies, a military hierarchy preoccupied with formulating demands and an industrial hierarchy the task of which was to organize supply; planners made strenuous efforts to reconcile supplies and demands in the defense industry, and met with limited success. * This paper contributes to research on the political economy of the Soviet Union under Stalin funded by the Hoover Institution (principal investigator, Paul Gregory). † Thanks to Paul Gregory and Mark Harrison for advice and comments; I am responsible for remaining errors. Please address communications to Andrei Markevich care of [email protected].
    [Show full text]
  • 2 Explaining Political Transformation in the Soviet Union
    Notes 2 Explaining Political Transformation in the Soviet Union 1‘O programme sotsial’nogo razvitiia sela’, Pravda (13 April 1989), 2. 2 Judith Pallot, ‘Rural Depopulation and the Restoration of the Russian Village under Gorbachev’, Soviet Studies, vol. 42, no. 4 (1990), 655–74. 3 Michael Cox, ed., Rethinking the Soviet Collapse: Sovietology, the Death of Communism and the New Russia (London: Pinter, 1998). 4 For a more nuanced account of the literature than space here allows see George Breslauer, ‘In Defense of Sovietology’, Post-Soviet Affairs, vol. 8, no. 3 (1992), 197–238. 5 Carl J. Friedrich and Zbigniew Brzezinski, Totalitarian Dictatorship and Autocracy (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1956) and the 2nd edition, revised by Friedrich (1965); Leonard Schapiro, Totalitarianism (London: Macmillan – now Palgrave Macmillan, 1972); Robert Borrowes, ‘Totalitarianism: the Revised Standard Version’, World Politics, XXI, no. 2 ( January 1969), 272–94; Carl. J. Friedrich, Michael Curtis, and Benjamin J. Barber, Totalitarianism in Perspective: Three Views (London: Pall Mall Press, 1969). 6 The most eloquent representative of the application of pluralist ideas to the Soviet Union was Jerry Hough with his notion of ‘institutional pluralism’. Jerry Hough, ‘The Soviet System: Petrification or Pluralism’, in The Soviet Union and Social Science Theory (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1977). Although Hough later came to disown this term, it received the qualified support of a number of other scholars: Peter Solomon, Soviet Criminologists and Criminal Policy: Specialists in Policy Making (London: Macmillan – now Palgrave Macmillan, 1978) and Stephen Fortescue, The Communist Party and Soviet Science (Basingstoke: Macmillan (now Palgrave Macmillan) in association with the Centre for Russian and East European Studies, University of Birmingham, 1986).
    [Show full text]
  • REPORT of the CENTRAL COMMITTEE of the COMMUNIST PARTY of the SOVIET UNION to the 20Th PARTY CONGRESS
    N. S. KHRUSHCHOV REPORT OF THE CENTRAL COMMITTEE OF THE COMMUNIST PARTY OF THE SOVIET UNION TO THE 20th PARTY CONGRESS FOREIGN LANGUAGES PUBLISHING HOUSE Moscow 1956 OI^Z3 £- N. S. KHRUSHCHOV REPORT OF THE CENTRAL COMMITTEE OF THE COMMUNIST PARTY OF THE SOVIET UNION TO THE 20th PARTY CONGRESS February 14, 1956 FOREIGN LANGUAGES PUBLISHING HOUSE Moscow 1956 CONTENTS I. THE INTERNATIONAL POSITION OF THE SOVIET UNION............................................................................... 8 1. The Steady Economic Advance in the U.S.S.R. and the People’s Democracies............................. 9 2. The Economic Situation in the Capitalist Countries and the Further Aggravation of the Contradictions of Capitalism...............................................................13 3. The Imperialist Policy of Lining Up Aggressive Blocs and Fanning the “Cold War.” The Struggle of the Peoples for Relaxation of International Tension . 21 4. Disintegration of the Imperialist Colonial System 25 5. The Soviet Union in the Struggle for the Consolida­ tion of Peace and International Security................30 6. Some Fundamental Questions of Present-Day Inter­ national Development................................................ 38 II. THE INTERNAL SITUATION OF THE U.S.S.R. 48 INDUSTRY AND TRANSPORT ...................................... 48 1. The Basic Results of the Fifth Five-Year Plan in Industry.........................................................................48 2. Speeding up Technical Progress in Industry ... 53 3. Improvement of Transport
    [Show full text]
  • Glossary of Soviet Military and Related Abbreviations
    DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY TECHNICAL MANUAL GLOSSARY OF SOVIET MILITARY AND RELATED ABBREVIATIONS DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY FFEBRUARY 1957 TM 30-546 TECHNICAL MANUAL DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY No. 30-546 WASHINGTON 25, D. C., 31 December 1956 GLOSSARY OF SOVIET MILITARY AND RELATED ABBREVIATIONS Page Transliteration table for the Russian language ......................-.. ii Abbreviations for use with this manual .......-.........................- ...... iii Grammatical abbreviations ...----------------------.....- ---- iv Foreword --------------------- -- ------------------------------------------------------- 1 Glossary of Soviet military and related abbreviations-.................-......... 3 TRANSLITERATION TABLE FOR THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE The Russian alphabet has 33 letters, which are here listed together w [th their transliteration as adopted by the Board on Geographic Names. A a AG a P pd C °c C B B 3 e T T cAl/ r rJCT y A D d B cSe ye,et X xZ "s ts ch )K3J G "0 sh 314 C ' shch b b hi bi 'b *i, H H KG 10 10j Oo (90 51 31 1L / p ye initially, after vowel. andl after 'b, b; e e1~ewhere. When written as a in Rusoian, transliterate a5~ yii or e. Use of diacritical marks is. preferred, but such marks may be omitted when expediency (apostrophe), palatalize. a preceding consonant, giving a sound resembling the consonant plus y!, somewhat as in English meet you, did you. 3The symbol " (double apostrophel, not a repetition of the line above. No sound; used only after certain prefixe.- before the vowvel letter: c. e. 91. 10. ii ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THIS
    [Show full text]
  • Collecting Agricultural Statistics in the Soviet Union: Report of Forecasting Project
    COLLECTING AGRICULTURAL STATISTICS IN THE SOVIET UNION: REPORT OF FORECASTING PROJECT. USDA/FAER-112 US-USSR AGREEIlENT ON COOPERATION IN THE FIELD OF AGRICULTURE. (Foreign Agricultural Economic Report). / Fletcher Pope, "Jr. Washington, DC: Economio, Research Service:. Nov. 19'75. (NAl:: Call No. A281.91Ag8F) 2 8 2 5 I .0 :~ 11111 . \\\\1 . ~ W IIF2 2.2 IIIII ~ == I.. I~ w 40 I Il.i 1 .0 I~ ~~~- IIII1_ 1.8 \\\\\1.25 111111.4 \\\\\1.6 ' ! IiI' !\ 11 d\' Collecting I Agricultural Statistics in the Soviet Union Report of Forecasting Project US-USSR Agreement on Cooperation in the Field of Agriculture Economic Research Service U.S. Department of Agriculture Foreign Agricultural Economic Report No. 112 \~ I} COLLECTING AGRICULTURAL STATISTICS IN THE SOVIET UNION, Report of Forecasting Project, US-USSR Agreement on Cooperation in the Field of Agriculture. By Fletcher Pope, Jr., Foreign Demand and Competition Division, Economic Research Service. Foreign Agricul­ tural Report No. 112. ABSTRACT The Central Statisti<::al Administration has primary I responsibility for colleccing and processing Soviet data, I including agricultural data. All collective and state I farms must provide required data according to a central, uniform plan. These data are used mainly by Soviet offi­ 1 cials to evaluate progress in meeting planned goals. The .~ recent change in grain import policy has greatly increased 1 the need for Soviet officials to know about crop prospects 1 during the growing season. Currently, work is underway in I qeveloping crop forecasting models. KEY WORDS: Soviet Union, agriculture, statistics, fore­ casting. o /Q / & I (\I ~)• Washington, D.C. 20250 November 1975 J '< b ~ ; r I IIr\ PREFACE I' " ! "!.
    [Show full text]
  • FULFILMENT of the U.S.S.R. STATE PLAN for 1949 Communique of the Central Statistical Administration of the U.S.S.R
    ~--·---·- - ------------------------- I "SOVIET NEWS" BOOKLETS SEVENTIETH BIRTHDAY OF J. V. STALIN, Pravda Articles by G. M. Malenkov, V. M. Molotov, L. P. Beria, K. V. Voroshilov, A. I. Mikoyan ... 3d. FULFILMENT ON THE SURE ROAD TO GREAT VICTORIES (Report on ll I the 32nd Anniversary of the Great October Socialist Revo­ lution) by G. M. Malenkov ... ld. AGAINST PREPARATIONS FOR A NEW WAR-FOR A ~ FIVE-POWER PEACE PACT (Speech at United Nations of the U.S.S.R. Political Committee on November 16, 1949) by A. Y. Vyshinsky ... ... ... ... ... .. .. 3d. SOVIET GOVERNMENT ON THE NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY ld. THE U.S.S.R. ON GUARD OVER THE PEACE AND STATE PLAN SECURITY OF THE NATIONS, by A. Y. Vyshinsky ... ld. NEW U.S.S.R. PROPOSALS ON DISARMAMENT (Malik's Speech at Security Council, February, 1949) ld. SOCIAL INSURANCE IN THE U.S.S.R., by Z. Mokhov ... ld. STALIN'S POLICY OF PEACE AND DEMOCRACY 2d. For 1949 FOR A DEMOCRATIC PEACE WITH GERMANY. Speeches at London Session of Council of Foreign Ministers ; by V. M. Molotov, 1947 ... 2d. MOLOTOV'S SPEECHES AT PARIS CONFERENCE, 1946 2d. MOLOTOV'S SPEECHES AT NEW YORK SESSION OF U.N.O. GENERAL ASSEMBLY, 1946 2d. MOLOTOV'S SPEECHES AT MOSCOW SESSION OF COUNCIL OF FOREIGN MINISTERS, 1947 2d, BAN ATOMIC BOMB AND REDUCE ARMAMENTS, by A. Y. Vyshinsky 2d. LEGAL RIGHTS OF THE SOVIET FAMILY, by G. M. Sverdlov ... 2d. U.S.S.R. AND MARSHALL'S PROPOSALS (Molotov's Statements) 3d. SOVIET-AMERICAN RELATIONS 3d. FIVE-YEAR PLAN FOR 1946-1950 ... ls.
    [Show full text]
  • Editorial Revolution in Ethiopia: 15 Years on
    Editorial Revolution in Ethiopia: 15 Years on .. As it rounds off its fifteenth year, the revolution in Ethiopia appears to have completed a distinct phase with the institutionalisation of the regime that came to power in 1974. Military rule has been supplemented, though not supplanted, with the Workers' Party of Ethiopia (WPE), founded in 1984, whose prescribed role is to be 'the guiding force of the state and the entire society'. The state itself, renamed the People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, was given a constitution in 1987, in which the dominant role of the Party is enshrined. Considerable care and time were given to fashioning these institutions, and much effort expended in mobilising popular involvement in the process. The obvious intention was to draw the curtain on the previous phase, marked by military rule, lawlessness and violence, and to usher in a period of 'socialist construction' under the aegis of the WPE. Christopher Clapham completed a study of Ethiopia just as the process of institutionalisation neared its end (Transformation and Continuity in Revolutionary Ethiopia). It is the first detailed study of the regime, and his article in this issue offers a concise description of it, as well as his assessment of its strengths and weaknessnes. While he gives little credit to the regime's Marxist ideological assertions, viewing them essentially as instrumental to the purpose of mass mobilisation and organisation, he is impressed with the strength and organisational capacity of the state, which has been able to make its authority felt directly at the base of society — though not everywhere in the country — for the first time in Ethiopian history.
    [Show full text]
  • ARAL: the History of Dying Sea
    International Fund for Saving the Aral Sea Executive Committee ARAL: the history of dying sea Dushanbe - 2003 U. ASHIRBEKOV, I. ZONN To 10-th anniversary of IFAS and Dushanbe Iternational Forum of fresh water ARAL: THE HISTORY OF DYING SEA Dushanbe - 2003 ÁÁÊ 26.3+26.82+28.081+2689(2) À - 98 Ashirbekov U.A., Zonn I.S. Aral: The History of Dying Sea. Dushanbe, 2003.-86 ñ. This book gives a brief description of the Aral sea till 1960 when the sea started dying out. For the first time it presents the chronology of studying, development and attempts of conservation and reha-bilitation of the Aral sea. Shown is the participation of the world society in cooperation related to envi-ronmental catastrophe. © Ashirbekov U.A., Zonn I.S. It is issued by the decision of IFAS Executive Committee. Under the general edition of Aslov S.M. - Chairman of IFAS Executive Committee Composer: Gaybullaev H.G. Editor: Jamshedov P. The edition is carried out by the financial support of the «Natural Resource Management» Project (NRMP) and the USA Agency on International Development (USAID) «Who does not have past, that does not have future» Popular wisdom INTRODUCTION For the last decades the problem of Aral doesn't come off the pages of mass media. New works appear refreshing new aspects of "life" of drying sea, it's actively discussed on national and international levels. Ten years ago five new independent states of central Asia - Kazakh Republic, Kyrgyz Republic, Republic of Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Republic of Uzbekistan united its efforts for creation of Interstate Coordination Water Commission.
    [Show full text]
  • Copyright British Foreign Office Russia Correspondence Guide To
    %ULWLVK)RUHLJQ2IILFH5XVVLDFRUUHVSRQGHQFHJXLGHWRWKHVFKRODUO\ UHVRXUFHVPLFURILOPHGLWLRQRIWKH3XEOLF5HFRUG2IILFH&ROOHFWLRQ %G>@ :LOPLQJWRQ'HO XUQQEQGHEYEEVE 'LH3')'DWHLNDQQHOHNWURQLVFKGXUFKVXFKWZHUGHQ Copyright Das Copyright für alle Webdokumente, insbesondere für Bil- The Bayerische Staatsbibliothek (BSB) owns the copyright for der, liegt bei der Bayerischen Staatsbibliothek. Eine Folge- all web documents, in particular for all images. Any further use verwertung von Webdokumenten ist nur mit Zustimmung der of the web documents is subject to the approval of the Baye- Bayerischen Staatsbibliothek bzw. des Autors möglich. Exter- rische Staatsbibliothek and/or the author. External links to the ne Links auf die Angebote sind ausdrücklich erwünscht. Eine offer of the BSB are expressly welcome. However, it is illegal unautorisierte Übernahme ganzer Seiten oder ganzer Beiträge to copy whole pages or complete articles or parts of articles oder Beitragsteile ist dagegen nicht zulässig. Für nicht-kom- without prior authorisation. Some individual materials may be merzielle Ausbildungszwecke können einzelne Materialien ko- copied for non-commercial educational purposes, provided that piert werden, solange eindeutig die Urheberschaft der Autoren the authorship of the author(s) or of the Bayerische Staatsbibli- bzw. der Bayerischen Staatsbibliothek kenntlich gemacht wird. othek is indicated unambiguously. Eine Verwertung von urheberrechtlich geschützten Beiträgen Unless provided otherwise by the copyright law, it is illegal and und Abbildungen der auf
    [Show full text]
  • The History of the Soviet Bloc 1945-1991
    THE HISTORY OF THE SOVIET BLOC 1945-1991 A Chronology PART I 1945-1952 EDITED BY Csaba Békés Cold War History ResEarch CEntEr Budapest 2012 THE HISTORY OF THE SOVIET BLOC 1945-1991 A Chronology PART I 1945-1952 EDITED BY Csaba Békés Assistant Editors David CATALAN, Neala HICKEY, Jasper NOOIJN, Emese NYITRAI, Levente NYITRAI, Bobbie SCHOEMAKER, Kristóf ZSIDI Contributors Diego BENEDETTI, Martyna BOJARSKA, Shira BORZAK, Lauren CRYSTAL, Botond CSELLE, Sonya COWELL, Péter János DARÁK, Nico DEGENKOLB, Kati DEPETRILLO, Doris DOMOSZLAI, Jacob FEYGIN, Lilla FÖRDŐS, Katarina GABIKOVA, Kristína GABIKOVA, Zsófia GÖDE, Gyöngyi GYARMATI, Ágnes HEVÉR, Zoltán HERKUTZ, Emily Jennifer HOLLAND, Connie IP, Alin IVASCU, Dean JOLLY, Annastiina KALLIUS, János KEMÉNY, András KISS, Annamária KÓTAY-NAGY, Réka KRIZMANICS, Andrej KROKOS, András Máté LÁZÁR, Zardas LEE, Karina LEGRADI, Tara LOTSTEIN, Cynthia MANCHA, Viktor NAGY, Jennifer OTTERSON, Linda RICHTER, Zita Bettina VASAS, Dániel VÉKONY, Péter VUKMAN, Patrick Stephen WAGER, Jonathon WOODRUFF Technical Assistance Lotta BADENHEUER, Petra LESKANICH Cold War History Research Center Budapest 2012 ISBN 978-963-12-7938-2 © Cold War History Research Center, 2012 Contents 1945 January ................................................................................................................................................. 1 February ............................................................................................................................................... 4 March ..................................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Proquest Dissertations
    INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the originalor copy sut>mitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter ftice, while others may t)e from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy subm itted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will t>e noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to t>e removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Photographs included in the original manuscript have t>een reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6" x 9" black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. Bell & Howell Information ar>d Learning 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor. Ml 48106-1346 USA 800-521-0600 UMI’ CHILDREN OF SOVIET VICTORY, FOUNDERS OF THE RUSSIAN FUTURE: YOUNG SOVIET SPECIALISTS AND THE EVOLUTION OF RUSSIAN SOCIETY, 1965-1982 DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of the Ohio State University By David L.
    [Show full text]