Ethnic Minority Development Plan
May 2018
People’s Republic of China: Hunan Xiangjiang River Watershed Existing Solid Waste Comprehensive Treatment Project
Prepared by the ADB-financed Project Management Office of the Lanshan County Government and the Yongzhou City Government for the Asian Development Bank.
CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS (as of 30 April 2018) Currency unit – yuan (CNY) CNY1.00 = $0.158 $1.00 = CNY6.3 34
ABBREVIATIONS
3R – reduce, reuse, and recycle ADB – Asian Development Bank ACWF – All China Women’s Federat ion DI – design institute EMDP – ethnic minority development plan EM – ethnic minority EMG – ethnic minority group EMT – ethnic minority township EMAC – ethnic minority autonomous county EMP – environmental management plan EMRA O – Ethnic Minority and Religion Affairs Office ESB – Environment Sanitation Bureau FGD – focus group discussion GDP – gross domestic product GRM – Grievance redress mechanism HH – household HIV – human immunodeficiency virus HPMO – Hunan project management office IA – Implementing agency IP – indigenous pe oples LSSB – Labor and Social Security Bureau MSW – Municipal solid waste PA – Project areas PRC – People’s Republic of China PMO – project management office SPS – Safeguard Policy Statement STI – sexually transmitted infection TA – technic al assistance XRW – Xiangjiang River watershed YME – Yao minority township
NOTE In this report, "$" refers to United States dollars. This ethnic minority development plan is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB's Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature. Your attention is directed to the “terms of use” section of this website. In preparing any country program or strategy, financing any project, or by making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area in this document, the Asian Development Bank does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area.
Contents
1. PROJECT INTRODUCTION 2
1.1 PROJECT BRIEF 2 1.2 BENEFICIARY OF THE PROJECT 2 2. OBJECTIVES 4 3. LEGAL FRAMEWORK 4
3.1 NATIONAL AND PROVINCIAL ETHNIC MINORITY POLICY 4 3.2 POVERTY ALLEVIATION PROGRAMS ON ETHNIC MINORITIES IN HUNAN 6 3.3 ADB’ S POLICY REQUIREMENTS ON INDIGENOUS PEOPLES 6 3.4 GAP BETWEEN ADB’ S POLICY REQUIREMENTS AND PRC STRATEGIES 7 4. ETHNIC MINORITY IN THE PROJECT AREAS 7
4.1 OVERVIEW OF ETHNIC MINORITY IN HUNAN PROVINCE 7 4.2 OVERVIEW OF ETHNIC MINORITY PROFILE IN PROJECT AREAS 8 4.3 MAIN EMG S IN PROJECT AREAS 16 4.4 FINDINGS FROM SOCIAL SURVEYS 17 4.5 IMPACT ON EMG 19 5. IMPLEMENTATION ARRANGEMENTS 22 6. GRIEVANCE REDRESS MECHANISM 23 7. MONITORING AND EVALUATION OF EMDP 23
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1. Project Introduction 1.1 Project Brief
Hunan Xiangjiang River Watershed Existing Solid Waste Comprehensive Treatment Project (Project) will reduce accumulated environmental pollution by tailored approaches in 11 counties/districts/county-level cities (counties) in 4 prefectural cities of Xiangjiang River basin: Hengyang City, Yongzhou City, Loudi City, and Chenzhou City.
The Project has 6 outputs: (i) On-site closures of existing solid waste landfills in nine counties (Doupi of Hengyang, Tietang of Changning, Hengshan, Shanglingqiao of Yongzhou, Zhugemiao of Yongzhou, Jiufenshan of Lanshan, Dongan, Guiyang, and Lengshuijiang); (ii) Mining of two existing municipal solid waste (MSW) landfills in Xiaowujia of Lanshan, and Zixing, respectively; (iii) Urban–rural integrated MSW management systems established in eight counties (Hengyang, Changning, Leiyang, Lengshuitan, Lingling, Lanshan, Zixing, and Lengshuijiang); (iv) Existing sanitary landfills upgrading in four counties (Hengyang, Leiyang, Lanshan, and Lengshuijiang); (v) Kitchen waste treatment in 2 districts of Yongzhou City; and (vi) Capacity development and institutional strengthening of all above 11 project counties.
1.2 Beneficiary of the Project
The beneficiaries are identified as the long-term residential population of the targeted subproject areas of 4 prefecture-level cities, 11 counties/county-level cities, 1 206 subdistrict/townships/towns, and 3,943 villages/communities. Local waste management institutes, garbage collection and transportation companies, landfill operation companies, and a total of about 6.9 million people will benefit directly from the Project at present, including 3.4 million urban population and 3.5 million rural population. People living along the branch rivers of the Xiangjiang River watershed (XRW) will be benefited indirectly due to the waste pollution control to be conducted by the Project.
The implementation of the Project will benefit the local residents, including ethnic minorities, women and the poor, and contribute to poverty reduction by project outputs. Detailed beneficiary distribution with project components has been presented in The Plan-1 below: Table 1-1: Project Components and Beneficiaries
Prefectural Beneficiary Distribution Description City (County)
1. On-site closure of existing MSW landfills
Hengyang County Doupi Existing MSW Landfill Hengyang County
Changning Tietang Existing MSW Landfill Hengyang Changning City
Hengshan County Existing MSW Landfill Hengshan County Yongzhou Lengshuitan Shanglingqiao Existing Yongzhou urban districts Yongzhou MSW Landfill -Lengshuitan and Lingling
1 There are 10 IAs in the Project because the Yongzhou IA is responsible for subprojects in both Lingling District and Lengshuitan District. However, all project components are located in 11 districts/counties/county-level cities.
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Prefectural Beneficiary Distribution Description City (County) Yongzhou Lingling Zhugemiao Existing MSW Landfill Lanshan Jiufenshan Existing MSW Landfill Lanshan County
Dongan County Existing MSW Landfill Dong'an
Guiyang County Existing MSW Landfill Chenzhou Guiyang County
Lengshuijiang City Existing MSW Landfill Loudi Lengshuijiang City
2. Mining of Existing MSW Landfills
Lanshan Xiaowujia Existing MSW Landfill Yongzhou Lanshan County
Zixing Existing MSW Landfill Chenzhou Zixing City
3. Rural-Urban Integrated MSW Management System
Hengyang County Rural-Urban Integrated MSW Hengshan County
Changning Rural-Urban Integrated MSW Hengyang Changning City
Leiyang Rural-Urban Integrated MSW Leiyang City Yongzhou urban districts Yongzhou Rural-Urban Integrated MSW -Lengshuitan and Lingling Yongzhou Lanshan County Rural-Urban Integrated MSW Lanshan County
Zixing Rural-Urban Integrated MSW Chenzhou Zixing City
Lengshuijiang MSW Transfer Station Loudi Lengshuijiang City
4. Exiting Sanitary Landfills Upgrades
Hengyang County Lida Sanitary Landfill Upgrade Hengyang County Hengyang Leiyang Nanjing Sanitary Landfill Upgrade Leiyang City
Lanshan Qijiachun Sanitary Landfill Upgrade Yongzhou Lanshan County Lengshuijiang Zengjiachong Sanitary Landfill Loudi Lengshuijiang City Upgrade 5. Kitchen Waste Treatment Yongzhou urban districts Yongzhou Kitchen Waste Treatment Yongzhou -Lengshuitan and Lingling 6. Capacity Development and Institutional Strengthening
Project implementation support 11 counties/county-level cities/districts Institutional Capacity Development All project areas
Intelligent MSW management system MSW = municipal solid waste.
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2. Objectives This ethnic minority development plan (EMDP) is prepared to ensure that ethnic minority people can equally benefit from the Project, and that any negative impacts on them are either reduced or mitigated.
The overall objectives of this EMDP are to ensure that (i) the Project provides the opportunity for the local residents, including ethnic minority groups (EMGs), to reap project benefits; (ii) benefits for the ethnic minorities are at least equal to the mainstream ethnic group (the Han) in the People’s Republic of China (PRC); (iii) the ethnic minorities’ full participation in the project design and implementation; and (iv) the Project does not cause adverse impacts on ethnic minorities, or if such adverse impacts are unavoidable, they are at least mitigated or reduced.
This EMDP has been prepared to involve minority residents in project preparation and implementation, ensure that they benefit from the Project in a culturally appropriate manner, and reduce or mitigate negative impacts. This EMDP describes their demographic, social, and cultural features; the Project’s impacts on them; and measures to ensure that they benefit in an inclusive manner and that negative impacts are minimized and/or mitigated. This EMDP includes measures to improve living standard (especially for women and the poor), to protect their cultures and traditions, to support vulnerable groups, and to mitigate or reduce negative impacts, etc.
3. Legal Framework In accordance with the Asian Development Bank’s (ADB) Safeguard Policy Statement (SPS) (2009) and policies on social dimensions, the EMDP is developed on the basis of relevant PRC laws and regulations. 3.1 National and Provincial Ethnic Minority Policy
Government of the PRC has adopted the policy of ethnic equality since 1949. “A unified multi-ethnic country” is defined as the fundamental realities of the PRC, which highlights “safeguarding national unification and ethnic unity” as its overarching goal of ethnic minority affairs management and policies. The Common Program adopted by the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference in September 1949 clearly stipulated that “all the ethnic groups within the Chinese territory were equal. The PRC, as a unified multi-ethnic state, instituted EM Regional Autonomy in areas where EM people lived in compact communities, establishing various levels of regional EM autonomous organs according to the population and scope of these areas. The state takes various measures to guarantee that ethnic minorities can participate equally in the administration of state affairs and autonomously manage their internal affairs.
The key guiding principles of managing ethnic affairs in the PRC include: (i) insisting on socialist system, (ii) insisting on the leadership of the Chinese Communist Party, (iii) insisting on the system of regional autonomy of ethnic minorities, (iv) “safeguarding the unity of all ethnic groups, and (v) national unity is the supreme interest of all ethnic groups.2 Thus “equality and unity” are priorities of the PRC’s EM policies which are further elaborated as:
2 Xu Jinping’s speech at the Central Working Conference about Ethnic Affairs and the Sixth National Commendatory Meeting on Ethnic Unity and Progress of the State Council , 2014
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The policy of speeding up economic development in ethnic minority areas Favorable policy for ethnic minority family planning (2–3 children for each couple is permitted for ethnic minority people) Policy of developing ethnic minority education Policy of respecting and developing ethnic minority languages Policy of respecting ethnic minorities’ freedom in religious belief Policy of protecting ethnic minorities’ cultural heritages Policy of respecting ethnic minorities’ customs and traditions
Since 2000, a series of national programs have been launched to speed up the overall development of ethnic minority areas. “West Development Program”, “Vitalizing Border Areas and Enriching the People Living There”, “Supporting Smaller Ethnic Minorities”, “the Reconstruction of Villages with Outstanding Ethnic Cultural Features”, “Poverty Alleviation Focusing on Contiguous Poor Areas”, “Water Cellar for Mothers”, and many other local-level programs have had significant impact on the rural living conditions and socioeconomic development for both ethnic minority villages, Han villages and the mixed villages.
In 2016, the State Council issued the Thirteenth Five-Year Plan on ethnic minority’s development. The main goals of the plan are to (i) narrow the gap between per capita gross domestic product (GDP) of ethnic minority regions and that of the national; (ii) increase the living standard of ethnic minority groups; (iii) close the income gap between the urban and the rural residents; (iv) improve the public service capability, education, cultural service, health care, and social security; (iv) protect the ethnic minority cultures; (v) improve the national ethnic minority policy and the national legal system for ethnic minority issues; and (vi) improve the service system for ethnic minority people.
Hunan Province is a multi-ethnic province with all 56 ethnic groups. There are one EM autonomous prefecture, 7 EM autonomous counties (EMACs), and 84 ethnic minority townships (EMTs). According to the PRC’s Constitution and Law of Regional Ethnic Minority Autonomy, ethnic groups should be treated equally in all the local development programs. All the governmental sectors, should make their commitment in “maintaining ethnic unity, respecting ethnic cultures and religions”. 3
In March 2017, Hunan province also issued the “Thirteenth Five-Year Plan of Hunan EM’s Development” (The Plan) with the objectives of: (i) continuous economic development; (ii) promoted living standard; (iii) comprehensive improvement on public services, including education, science and technology, cultural services, health care, job opportunities, and social security; (iv) booming development in ethnic cultures; (v) improvement on ecological environment; (vi) consolidation of ethnic unity; (7) capability’s strengthening on managing ethnic affairs.
The Plan is the guideline of development for the actions taken in EM regions during the Thirteenth Five-Year period, including: (i) infrastructure development; (ii) rapid economic development promotion by supporting 50 ethnic trading and production enterprises, 100 ethnic traditional handcraft programs, and 50 ethnic traditional handcraft production enterprises, and establishing 5 ethnic traditional handcraft protection and development bases; meanwhile, 200 featured ethnic villages/towns will be established during the
3 Chinese Constitution (adopted 1954, revised version 1982), and Law of Ethnic Minority Regional Autonomy (1984).
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Thirteenth Five-Year Plan period; (iii) accelerated development of ethnic culture and sports; and (iv) reinforced targeted poverty alleviation.
3.2 Poverty Alleviation Programs on Ethnic Minorities in Hunan
It is targeted in the “Thirteenth Five-Year Plan of Hunan EM’s Development”, that by 2020 (i) there will be at least 1 featured industry zone and 2–3 leading industries in each of the EMACs; (ii) there will be 1–2 industrial bases in each of the ethnic impoverished village; (iii) all the impoverished villages will have annual income of more than CNY50,000; and (iv) housing security issues of the poor will all be resolved.
3.3 ADB’s Policy Requirements on Indigenous Peoples
Indigenous peoples (IPs) in ADB’s SPS (2009)/SR-3, may be referred to in different countries by such terms as indigenous ethnic minorities, indigenous cultural communities, aboriginals, hill tribes, minority nationalities, scheduled tribes, or tribal groups, is defined as groups with defined social or cultural identities distinct from that of the dominant or mainstream society (for this project the mainstream society is the Han). Two significant characteristics of IPs are (i) distinct from population groups present in a given area before modern states or territories created, and (ii) maintenance of cultural and social identities separate from mainstream or dominant societies or cultures.
Such groups can be considered indigenous peoples for operational purposes when they possess the following characteristics: (i) self-identification and identification by others as being part of a distinct indigenous cultural group, and the display of desire to preserve their cultural identity; (ii) a linguistic identity different from that of the mainstream or dominant society; (iii) social, economic, and political traditions and institutions distinct from the mainstream society; (iv) an economic system oriented more toward a traditional system than toward the mainstream production system; and/or (iv) a unique tie with, and attachment to, traditional habitat and ancestral territory and its natural resources.
ADB’s SPS (2009) recognizes the potential vulnerability of indigenous peoples in development processes, and ensures that IPs have opportunities to participate and benefit equally from development. Accordingly, Project activities must ensure that development initiatives affecting indigenous peoples are effective, sustainable, and culturally appropriate. Initiatives should be compatible in substance and structure with the affected peoples’ culture, and social and economic institutions; and commensurate with the needs, aspirations, and demands of affected people. Initiatives should be conceived, planned, and implemented, to the maximum extent possible, including consultation with affected communities to ensure respect for indigenous peoples’ dignity, human rights, and cultural uniqueness. Projects must avoid negatively affecting indigenous peoples, and provide culturally adequate and appropriate mitigation when a negative impact is unavoidable. Project strategies and approaches to development that affect indigenous peoples must include clear mechanisms for accurate, objective analysis of their circumstances. Development processes must incorporate transparency and accountability and encourage the participation of ethnic minorities in project design and implementation.
ADB’s SPS (2009) outlines the requirements that ADB’s borrowers and/or clients are required to meet in delivering indigenous peoples safeguards to ADB supported projects. The overriding objectives of ADB’s indigenous peoples’ safeguards are to ensure that indigenous peoples and/or ethnic minorities (i) receive culturally appropriate social and economic benefits, (ii) do not suffer adverse impacts because of projects, and (iii) can participate actively in projects that affect them. Appendix: Ethnic Minority Development Plan Page 6
3.4 Gap Between ADB’s Policy Requirements and the PRC Strategies
Requirements in ADB’s SPS relevant in this project differ a lot with Chinese strategies, especially in (i) early screening to be conducted by qualified experts to identify EM in the Project areas and the potential impact on EMs; (ii) social impact assessment to be done to ensure that positive or adverse impacts of the Project are identified, and the benefit has to be culturally appropriate and does not create gender differences; (iii) meaningful consultation with various EM organizations and communities to be done to make sure people can participate actively in project design and implementation; (iv) EMDP to be prepared by qualified experts to ensure that positive impact on EMs is maximized and adverse impact is minimized or avoided; (v) project information to be adequately and timely disclosed so that EMs know clearly what the project is going to do in relation to their property and life; (vi) impact during and after the Project implementation to be monitored internally and externally; and (vii) proper grievance redress mechanism (GRM) to be established so that the general goal of the project and positive impacts on EM are realized, and adverse impacts are mitigated or avoided.
ADB’s SPS (2009) believes that if economic opportunities, social development, and good governance can be promoted, the equity and poverty reduction can be achieved through public policy, action, and effective poverty alleviation actions. Thus, poverty and social assessment is prepared to identify the positive and negative, direct and indirect impacts with proposed relevant actions and measures to maximize the positive benefits and minimize adverse impacts on EMs.
However, the PRC does not have these specific requirements in project implementation, especially the ADB requirements including early screening, poverty and social assessment, meaningful consultation, information dissemination, and GRMs. Therefore, the relevant actions and approaches should be taken as indicated in Table 1 to ensure the EM’s benefits. 4. Ethnic Minority in the Project Areas 4.1 Overview of Ethnic Minority in Hunan Province
Demography. According to the data provided by the Hunan Ethnic and Religious Affairs Commission, there are 6.41 million EM people in the province, accounting for 9.4% of the total population of Hunan Province.
Among all the ethnic groups, the top 10 EMGs with the largest population are: Tujia (2.64 million), Miao (1.92 million), Dong (0.84 million), Yao (0.7 million), Bai (0.12 million), Hui (0.097 million), Zhuang (0.24 million), Mongolian (0.16 million), Man (0.008206 million), and Uygur (0.007939 million). About 96.86% of EM population gathered in 6 cities/prefecture, which is Huaihua, Zhangjiajie, Yongzhou, Shaoyang, Changde, and Xiangxi Tujia and Miao EM Autonomous Prefecture, while all other cities/prefectures only have 3.14% of EM population.
Economy. EMG in Hunan occupies a land area of 11,434 square kilometers. The GDP of the ethnic minority autonomous regions was CNY12.32 million in 2015, accounting for 4.24% of the total GDP; and per capital GDP was CNY20,648, 51.95% lower than that of Hunan Province.4
4 According to the
Appendix: Ethnic Minority Development Plan Page 7
4.2 Overview of Ethnic Minority Profile in Project Areas
EMGs in the Project areas are mainly living in the mountain area of the four prefectural cities. Yao people are mostly living in the Wuling Mountain and Luoxiao Mountain, adjacent to Guangdong and Guangxi Province.
Table 4-1 shows that the EM population accounts for 2.98% of the total population of the 4 cities, among which, the direct beneficiaries’ EM population in the 11 districts/counties/county-level cities is 55,088 persons, accounting for 0.8% of the populations in district/county/ county-level city.
The main ethnic minorities in the project areas (11 districts/counties/ county-level cities) are Yao and Zhuang, accounting for 83.43% and 72.12% of Hunan’s total population of Yao minority (584,000 persons) and Zhuang minority (17,100 persons), respectively. The EM population of Tujia, Miao, Dong, Hui, Uygur, and Bai only respectively accounts for less than 1% of the same EMG’s population in Hunan Province. The population for these EMGs is about 22,000 persons in total, among which Miao has 6,700 persons, Tujia has 5,200 persons, and the rest around 10,000 persons. The main EMGs in Project areas are Yao, Zhuang, Miao, and Tujia. Distribution of the main EMGs in the project area is indicated in the Table 4-1 and 4-2:
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Table 4-1: Main Ethnic Minority Distribution in 4 Prefectural Cities of Project Areas
Yao Minority Zhuang Minority Miao Minority Tujia Minority % of the % of the EM Total Total Prefectural Population EM % of the % of the % of the % of the Popula- City (10,000 Popula- Same Same Same Same tion in persons) tion in EMG’s Population EMG’s Population EMG’s Population EMG’s Population the City Hunan Popula- (10,000) Popula- (10,000) Popula- (10,000) Popula- (10,000) tion in tion in tion in tion in Hunan Hunan Hunan Hunan
Yongzhou 53.57 8.36 9.98 72.82 50.97 62.64 1.50 0.09 0.17 0.02 0.05 City
Chenzhou 7.77 1.21 1.8 10.15 7.11 1.71 0.04 0.06 0.12 0.05 0.13 City
Hengyang 1.68 0.26 0.25 0.43 0.3 5.91 0.14 0.11 0.21 0.08 0.21 City
Loudi City 0.52 0.08 0.14 0.03 0.02 0.86 0.02 0.09 0.17 0.05 0.13
Total: 63.54 9.91 2.98 83.43 58.4 71.12 1.71 0.35 0.67 0.2 0.52
EM = ethic minority, EMG = ethnic minority group. Source: Bureau of Ethnic and Religious Affairs.
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Table 4-2: Main Ethnic Minority Distribution in 11 Districts/Counties/County-level Cities of Project Areas
Yao Minority Zhuang Minority Miao Minority Tujia Minority EM % of the % of the Populati Prefectural County/County Total EM Total on City -level City Population Population (10,000 % of the % of the % of the % of the in Hunan in the City persons) Same EMG’s Population Same EMG’s Population Same EMG’s Population Same EMG’s Population Population (10,000) Population (10,000) Population in (10,000) Population (10,000) in Hunan in Hunan Hunan in Hunan
Hunan Province 64 9.4 100 70 100 2.4 100 192 100 264
Hengyang 0 0 0.00% 0.00% 0 0.00% 0 0.00% 0 0 0 County
Hengyang Changning City 0.4553 0.71% 0.53% 0.63% 0.4389 0.30% 0.0073 0.002% 0.0033 0.002% 0.0046 City Leiyang City 0 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0 0.00% 0 0.00% 0 0.00% 0 Henshan 0 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0 0.00% 0 0.00% 0 0.00% 0 County
Lanshan County 2.1419 3.35% 6.21% 3.05% 2.1329 0.10% 0.0025 0.001% 0.0011 0.001% 0.0035
Yongzhou Lingling 0.253 0.40% 0.22% 0.18% 0.1235 4.61% 0.1106 0.006% 0.0117 0.00% 0 City Lengshuitan 1.3193 2.06% 2.27% 1.76% 1.231 0.75% 0.0181 0.019% 0.0369 0.005% 0.0143
Dong'an County 0.358 0.56% 0.47% 0.38% 0.268 3.38% 0.081 0.00% 0 0.00% 0
Chenzhou Guiyang County 0.53 0.83% 0.60% 0.61% 0.43 0.83% 0.02 0.021% 0.04 0.015% 0.04 City Zixing City 0.4513 0.71% 1.30% 0.64% 0.4513 0.00% 0 0.00% 0 0.00% 0
Lengshuijiang Loudi City 0 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0 0.00% 0 0.00% 0 0.00% 0 City 11 districts/ Total: 5.5088 8.61% 0.80% 7.25% 5.0756 9.98% 0.2395 0.048% 0.093 0.024% 0.0624 counties/ cities EM = ethic minority, EMG = ethnic minority group.
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Appendix
Economics. The Project is located in the XRW area, which is the region of the strongest economic superiority, the largest economic scale of the most potential economic capacity. GDP of XRW in 2016 reached CNY 2,631.34 billion, accounting for 84.22% of the whole province. GDP per capita in XRW is CNY 53,857, 17.26% higher than the average of Hunan Province. Among all the nine cities in XRW, economic status of Loudi City is the worst, which ranks No. 11 in GDP among all the 14 prefectural cities of Hunan Province. More details are shown in the table below: Table 4-3: GDP Ranks in Hunan Province (2016)
GDP Per Capita Rank in Per Rank Prefectural City (100 million) GDP （CNY ） Capita GDP Hunan Province 31244.7 46063 1 Changsha 9323.7 125457 1 2 Yueyang 3100.87 55085 4 3 Changde 2955.54 50575 5 4 Hengyang 2853.02 38883 7 5 Zhuzhou 2512.51 62805 3 6 Chenzhou 2190.75 46314 6 7 Xiangtan 1845.65 65363 2 8 Yongzhou 1565.81 28838 11 9 Shaoyang 1520.86 20944 13 10 Yiyang 1484.18 33653 9 11 Loudi 1400.14 36162 8 12 Huaihua 1396.15 28484 12 13 Xiangxi 530.87 20151 14 14 Zhangjiajie 497.62 32652 10 CNY = yuan, GDP = gross domestic product. Table 4-4: Socioeconomic Data of Project Areas (2016)
County/county-level Urbanization rate GDP (CNY/ 100 Per Capita GDP Prefecture City city (%) Million) (CNY) Hengyang County 42.1 317.01 28,606 Changning City 48.1 296.67 35,619 Hengyang Leiyang City 49.97 428.6 36,393 Hengshan County 38.33 149.75 38,270 Lanshan County 46.5 97 28,423 Lengshuitan District 67.16 241.79 45,093 Yongzhou LinglingDistrict 55.33 208.25 37,462 Dong'an County 31.69 164.56 29,036 Guiyang County 24.38 346.43 48,546 Chenzhou Zixing City 63.38 324.4 93,245 Loudi Lengshuijiang City 76.86 288.8 83,662 Total: 11 46.92 2,863.26 CNY = yuan, GDP = gross domestic product.
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Appendix
In the 11 project districts/counties/cities there are no ethnic minority counties, but there are 11 EMTs, all Yao minority townships (YMTs), with a total population of 33,817 persons, accounting for 0.49% of total population (beneficiaries’ population), and 61.39% of the total EM beneficiary’s population in all 11 project districts/counties/county-level cities. The basic socioeconomic information is indicated as below: Table 4-5: Socioeconomic Data of EMT (2016)
Annual Income EMT in Project Areas （CNY/Year) Urbani- Prefecture County/county zation City -level city rate (%) Urban Per Rural Per Capita Capita Name of EM Population Disposable Disposable EMT (10,000 persons) Income Income
Hengyang Changning City 48.1 27,491 14,080 Tashan 3,030
Jingzhu, Ziliang, Jiangdong Yongzhou Lanshan County 46.5 23,796 12,014 20,125 , Huiyuan, Litou, Daqiao Huashan, Guiyang County 24.38 29,543 16,687 6,404 Yangliu Chenzhou Tuanjie, Zixing City 63.38 29,331 17,104 Liangping 4,258 yao Total: 5 counites 182 11 EMT 33,817 CNY = yuan, EM = ethnic minority, EMT = etnic minority township. EMTs in the project impacted areas are all in rural areas. 6 out of 11 EMTs are located in Lanshan County and Yongzhou City. But GDP in Lanshan County is the lowest among the 11 project districts/counties/cities, and the annual income level of the 6 EMTs in Lanshan is also the lowest among all EMTs. Household (HH) survey and interviews have been conducted in the project areas, among 497 respondents with 41 EM persons in it. All EM respondents in the survey are rural residents, and there are 405 rural residents in Han respondents. The comparison on the annual income of EM and Han Majority is shown as below: Table 4-6: Comparison on Annual Income Between EM and Han HHs (2016) EM Rural Han Majority s Rural Hou ehold’s net income in (41 persons in total) (405 persons in total) 2016 (CNY) HH % HH % <15,000 19 46.34 213 52.59 15,001–25,000 7 17.07 77 19.01 25,000–40,000 9 21.95 51 12.59 40,001–50,000 1 2.44 35 8.64
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Appendix
EM Rural Han Majority s Rural Hou ehold’s net income in (41 persons in total) (405 persons in total) 2016 (CNY) HH % HH % More than 50,000 yuan 1 2.44 17 4.20 Not clear 4 9.76 12 2.96 Total 41 100 405 100 CNY = yuan, EM = ethnic minority, HH = household. It shows as the above results that 85% respondents have the annual income below CNY25,000 both among EMs and Han Majorities, and there are more Han Majorities who has the annual income lower than CNY15,000. Except those who said they are not clear, the proportion in EM are all lower than that of Han’s except the annual income range of CNY25,000–CNY40,000. The reason for the income difference can be explained by the income resource as shown below: Table 4-7: Comparison on Income Resource Between EM and Han HHs (2016)
Rural Household’s net income EMG Rural Han Majority in 2016 HH % HH % Agricultural 9 21.95 157 34.43 Migrant work 24 58.54 144 31.58 Self-small business 2 4.88 47 10.31 Subsidy from government 3 7.32 53 11.62 Assistant from relatives 0 0.00 4 0.88 Others (Specified) 3 7.31 51 11.18 Total 41 100 456 100 EM = ethnic minority, HH = household. The above shows that the result of annual income is corresponding to the result of income resource. EMs’ income resource is mostly from migrant work and agricultural production. As shown in Table-4-6, proportion for EM poor is lower than that of the Han’s since there are less EMs with income below CNY15,000/HH/year. Proportions for migrant work in EMs are higher than that in Han Majorities, which reflects the results of the occupation survey (as shown in Table 4-5) that the proportion for short-term/temporary employment in EMG is higher than that of Han due to the condition of lack of farmlands in the mountain areas. But proportions for all other income resources in EMs are lower than that of Han’s. Currently, the minimum wage of short-term/temporary employment work in Hunan province is CNY10.7 to 13.5 per hour,5 equivalent to the annual income of around CNY14,000–18,000 accordingly. 6 Occupation. EMG in Hunan Province are majorly working in the fields of agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, and fishery. Only 6.31% of EM people are engaged in intellectual work, 1.9% lower than Han people, while 93.69% are engaged in manual work in the agriculture farming, forestry, animal husbandry, and fishery, 1.9% higher than Han people.7 The social HH survey shows that among all the 157 ethnic minority family members of respondents, the occupation distribution has no big difference from Han Majorities, as details below:
5 From
Appendix
Table 4-8: Occupation for Ethnic Minorities in Sampling HH Surveys
% of Total Main occupation All Family EMG Han Members (TTL (TTL 157 (TTL 1,481 1,638 persons) persons) persons ) 1 - State-owned enterprise 1.65 0.64 1.76 2 - Employed in private enterprise 2.69 4.46 2.50 (excluding tourist service enterprises) 3 - Employed in a tourist service enterprise 0.31 0 0.34 4 - Own business enterprise carried out 1.77 1.91 1.76 from home (Specify) 5 - Own business enterprise – run from a place away from home (but not street 2.32 0 2.57 vendor) (Specify) 6 - Government 4.46 0 4.93 7 - Short-term/temporary employment 21.12 32.48 19.92 8 - Street vendor 0.73 0 0.81 9 - Farmer/livestock 24.11 15.92 24.98 10 - housewife 5.92 17.83 4.66 11 - Retired, pensioner 1.16 3.18 0.95 12 - Student 11.42 2.55 12.36 13 - Unemployed 8.12 7.01 8.24 14 - Disabled 1.65 12.74 0.47 15 - Other 3.24 1.27 3.44 16- not clear 9.34 0 10.33 17-Second Occupation 10.99 6.0 11.55
Comparing with the Han respondents, EM persons working in government agencies, state-owned enterprises are much lower than Han Majorities, while ratio for short-term/temporary employment and housewives is much higher. Living in mountain areas with less farmlands, EM persons, especially the young generations would like to work outside as migrant labors. So, the ratio of short-term/temporary employment in EMG is the highest in all the occupations. But females, especially wives are staying at home taking care of elders and children as housewives. As for the second occupation, EMG’s ratio of those who have second occupation is almost 5% lower than that of the Han respondents. The same as the Han, the occupation of short-term/temporary employment has the highest ratio among all the second occupations, but the rate in EMG, which is 66.67% (6 persons), is 20.56% higher than that among the Han respondents (46.11%). The rest 3 out of 9 who has second occupation are farmers/animal husbandry (1 person), own their own enterprise (1 person), and employed in private enterprises (1 person). Education. As the HH survey shows in the following table, comparing with the average level, the education levels for EMGs are much higher in terms of illiterate and primary
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school, but lower at all the other levels above junior middle school, particularly at high school and university/college levels. Even though there are 1,638 family members of all responders with 157 ethnic minorities, only those aged from 16 years to 60 years are counted in the following table, which includes 1,044 family members with 103 ethnic minority people. Table 4-9: Education Status for Ethnic Minorities in Sampling HH Surveys
% of Total （from 16-60 years old ） Education Total 1,044 103 Ethnic Minority 941 Han Majority Respondents Respondents Persons Illiterate 4.89 11.65 4.14 Primary School 13.89 31.07 12.01 Junior Middle School 40.42 37.86 40.70 High School 19.83 8.74 21.04 Tech. Secondary School 5.17 4.85 5.21 University/College 13.03 5.83 13.82 Don’t Know 2.78 0 3.08 Total 100 100 100.00
The PRC Government is carrying out the policy of “9-year Compulsory Education” all over the county, and more preferential policies are usually given to EMGs, especially the EMACs, e.g., financial support of CNY400,000 per year to EMACs paid as the students’ subsidy policy in Hunan Province since 1994. But the above results still show that proportion of persons in low-education background, including illiterate and primary school levels in EMG is much higher than that of Han Majorities, while that from junior middle school are much lower than that of Han Majorities. Reasons for this phenomenon have been investigated by a project preparatory technical assistance (TA) consultant through focus group discussions (FGDs) on EMGs, interviews to key informants from the local IAs, and secondary data review,8 with the following results: (i) poor facilities and equipment in primary and junior middle schools of EMAC, especially the facilities in boarding schools in the remote mountain areas; (ii) lack of teachers in schools in EMAC, especially the teachers for English, Physics, and Chemistry in primary and junior middle schools; (iii) difficulties for junior middle school graduates to be directly adapted in the society or find jobs right after the graduation; (iv) traditional thinking in EM’s idea that it has no big difference to be educated or not; (v) difficulties to enter college or universities, even though there is favorable policy of rewarding marks of 5–20 scores for EM students; and (vi) high education cost for college/university. More details for the main EMG’s education backgrounds comparing with Han Majorities is shown in the Plan.
8 Source from
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4.3 Main EMGs in Project Areas
According to the population distribution status shown as Table 4-1 and 4-2, the main ethnic minorities in the project areas are Yao and Zhuang. The population for Yao and Zhuang accounts for 94.6% in EM population of the 4 prefectural cities, and 96.5% in the 11 districts/counties/cities. The population of the other ethnic minorities, including Tujia, Miao, Dong, Hui, Uygur, and Bai is about 22,000 persons in total, among which Miao Minority (6,700 persons) and Tujia minority (5,200 persons) are the biggest two EMGs.
4.3.1 Yao Minority Inhabited Community
Yao Minority, with a total population of 2.8 million in the PRC, is one of the most ancient ethnic groups, mainly distributing in the provinces of Guangxi, Hunan, Guangdong, Yunnan, Guizhou, and Jiangxi. Yao is a typical mountain-area minority in southern PRC. Yao has its own language both in oral and written forms. Yao language belongs to Miao-Yao branch of Tibetan language family, but most of the Yao can speak good mandarin now since they scatter widely and communicate frequently with Han.
Yao people are mostly living on agricultural cultivation in dry fields and paddy field. As a highly migratory ethnic group living in mountain areas, Yao has its own ethnic culture, one of which is the common sense of equality between men and women. Yao people believe in Meishan Religion, which is deeply influenced by Taoism and a combined religion with Taoism and sorcery.
In Hunan Province, Yao is the fourth largest minority group with a total population of 0.7 million. With over 72% of the Yao population in Yongzhou (0.51 million), the Yao population in the project areas account for around 83% of (0.59 million) the total Yao population in Hunan Province. There are 11 YMTs in the project impacted areas, as indicated in the table below: Table 4-10: Yao Minority Autonomous Townships in Project Areas
% of the No. o f Yao Prefectural Yao Population Population in Name of Project Impacted County Minority City (persons) the county/ YMT Township City
Changning Hengyang 3,030 0.36 1 Tashan City Jingzhu, Ziliang, Lanshan Yongzhou 20,125 5.86 6 Jiangdong, Huiyuan, Litou, County Daqiao Guiyang 6,404 0.69 2 Huashan, Yangliu County Chenzhou
Zixing City 4,258 1.22 2 Tuanjie, Liangpingyao
Total: 4 cities 33,817 1.51 11
YMT = Yao minority township. Sources :Data from field survey with local subproject PMOs and Hunan Bureau of Ethnic and Religious Affairs website, and “Work Report of 2015”.
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4.3.2 Zhuang Minority Inhabited Community
Zhuang, with a total population of 16.93 million, is the biggest EMG in the PRC. Zhuang is not a main EM in Hunan Province, it has only 24,000 members in Hunan. But 71.12% (17,100 persons) of Zhuang are living in the Project areas, and 15,000 of them are living in Yongzhou City. The rest scatter widely, mixing with Han or other ethnic minorities.
Zhuang has its own language both in oral and written forms. However, with the economic development in recent years, Zhuang people are interacting more frequently with Han so that their Zhuang language is gradually replaced by the Mandarin.
Zhuang people are mostly living on rice cultivation. The religion of Zhuang is mainly Mo Religion, which is a mixture of sorcery, Buddism and Taoism. As an ethnic minority living in remote mountain areas from ancient times, females have not been restricted by feudal ethics. They have freedom to arrange for their marriage, and in the meanwhile, females’ work load is the same as male’s in farm work and housework.
4.4 Findings from Social Surveys
From the adequate interviews and FGDs, as well as public consultations, TA consultants found the beneficiaries’ needs and concerns as follows: 4.4.1 Needs and Concerns Identified from HH Surveys and FGDs In HH survey, a series of questionnaires has reflected the EMG’s opinions and concerned issues on the public sanitary environment and MSW managements with the main issues concerned. (i) Issues on MSW service Due to the social survey results, the main issues EM people need to e improved is as follows: Table 4-11 MSW Service Needs to be Improved (EMG) Raised by (%) Issues on MSW Service EMG Han
Distance from home to garbage bin or box 39.03 40.57
Number of garbage bin or box 53.66 41.88
Garbage sorting and reuse or recycle in the village 51.22 61.84
Sanitary environment surround garbage collection site 51.21 51.75
Health and safety due to flies and mosquito around 41.47 61.62 the waste collection station
Transport garbage away in time 34.15 50.87
EMG = ethnic minority group, MSW = municipal solid waste.
The survey reflects that the basic situation on MSW service for EMGs is similar to that for the Han, but they do not have so much complaints as Han people do except the number of
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Appendix garbage bins. This is the same as MSW service concluded from the FGDs, which shows that EMGs are in more need of garbage bins and collection stations not too far away from their home due to the lack of MSW service in remote mountain areas, especially where the Yao inhabited communities are.
So if the main issues mentioned above can be resolved or improved, EMG can benefit from the improved MSW management, including (i) increased garbage bins for HHs not only in the quantities, but also in their distributed locations for the HH’s convenience; (ii) promoted waste sorting and in-time delivery from the collection sites in the village; and (iii) improved the sanitary environment in waste collection sites for better public health.
However, according to the survey, due to the good living environment in mountain areas, EM respondents in the survey mostly have no diseases, and only 2.44% of EM persons think that the MSW management have already threatened their health, 10.84% lower than the rate of the respondents of Han people.
In order to address the issues above mentioned, mitigation measures to be taken, include (i) public consultations for identifying location of garbage bins, garbage collection, transportation and sanitary disposal, and solid waste disposal; (ii) public environment and sanitation management campaign, including solid waste management and reduce, reuse, and recycle (3R) in project areas (lecture or picture exhibition, etc.); (iii) conduct public hearings in case raising MSW management tariff for EMs to voice their concerns. These actions have been all indicated in the Plan with targeted indicator of EM participants.
(ii) Awareness of Waste Sorting in HH The results of HH survey shows that 57.55% of the respondents (286 persons) in the HH surveys are doing waste sorting, among whom 8.39% (24 persons) are from EMG, accounting for 58.54% of all the 41 EM respondents, similar to the that of Han majority (58.75%). The reasons and waste sorting practice between Yao Minorities and Han Majorities in the Project areas, are compared as follows: Table 4-12 Reason to Sort Household Waste for EMG and Han Majority
% of all the sorting % of all the family among Reason to sort HH Waste family-EMG (Yao Minorities) Han Majority
Increase extra income by selling 54.17 64.12 recycle bin/can/paper, etc. Reduce garbage amount 12.50 13.36 Contribute to environment protection 20.83 16.41 Follow some regulations to thro w 4.17 1.91 battery to special place For the convenience to treat waster by themselves, mostly by burning 8.33 4.20 and bury easily EMG = ethnic minority group, HH = household.
From the primary data above, EM persons are sorting wastes mainly for three reasons: (i) to increase extra income by selling recycled material, (ii) to contribute to environment protection, and (iii) to reduce garbage amount. Meanwhile, from FGDs, it is found that the rural residents, including EMG are used to dealing with the HH wastes by themselves,
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Appendix mostly by burning outside or burying in their yards. The burned waste can also be used as fertilizer in the fields.
The three main reasons why the rest 41.46% EM respondents (17 persons) are not willing to practice wastes sorting are: (i) no awareness of waste sorting (70.59%), (ii) will only do it under the governments’ requirement (17.65%), and (iii) regard it as a waste of time (5.88%). Thus, participation in diversified public environment and sanitation management campaign on MSW management, and 3R are required to be conducted in project areas as per relative targets and indicators set in the Plan.
(iii) Payment Willingness on the MWS Service
All EMG respondents in the survey have no complaint so far on the current tariff since they are not paying for MWS service up to now. Their willingness for future payment on the improved MSW service is indicated as below:
Table 4-13 Comparison of Payment Willingness for MWS Management (EMG) Among those who don’t have MWS service Amount of Willingness to Pay (CNY/year) % of EMG % of Han 13–24 51.22 71.56 25–36 34.15 11.87 37–48 2.44 7.51 49–60 12.20 9.06 More than 60 0.00 0.00 CNY = yuan, EMG = ethnic minority group, MWS = municipal solid waste.
As shown above, the EM respondents are more satisfied with the MSW service than Han Majorities. This also reflects in their willingness to pay MSW tariff. From the HH survey results, it is found that the even though none of them have paid the MSW tariff by now, EM persons are much more willing to pay for MSW tariff at the rate of CNY25–36/year and CNY49–60/year. But no one is willing to pay more than CNY60/year, as the Han Majorities. The MSW tariff will increase the living costs for EMGs, so the impact brought by the waste management tariff could be negative. To mitigate the impact, adequate public consultations are required to be conducted with participants of EMGs on the decision of waste tariff collection or increase as details indicated in the Plan.
In addition, after full consultation with EMGs in FGDs, it is found that the EMGs have no difference in collecting and treating their HH wastes, and there is no special custom for all the EMGs to do it.
4.5 Impact on EMG
According the needs and concerns from HH surveys and FGDs, potential direct and indirect impacts are generally identified as the table below:
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Table 4-14 Potential Impacts of the Project Outputs to EMG Direct Indirect No. Component Positive Negative Positive Negative
Employment opportunity; construction safety; Environment No site environment construction waste and river Existing MSW landfill 1 improvement and noise pollution control; disposal future land utilization
Employment opportunity; construction safety; Urban and rural No site environment construction waste environment Rural-urban Integrated improvement; waste 3Rs and noise; Payment improvement 2 MSW Management increase; waste collection affordability on System Establishment and transport efficiency MSW service improvement
Employment opportunity; construction safety; Living No Existing sanitary landfill site environment construction waste Environment 3 upgrading improvement; waste and noise and River management improvement pollution control
Employment opportunity; No Environment No site environment and River Kitchen waste improvement; reduction of pollution control; 4 treatment risk of dirty oil reused in reduction of kitchen spreading dirty oil
Improvement of solid waste No No No Capacity development management and 5 and institutional awareness on MSW strengthening management; increasing management effectiveness
3R = reduce, reuse, and recycle, MSW = municipal solid waste.
4.5.1 Project Impact by Project Outputs
According to the result of household surveys and FGDs on EMs conducted for the project preparation, the Project will impact the EMs by the outputs as follows: 1) Output 1: On-site closure of existing MSW landfills and Mining of Existing MSW Landfills ‹ To Benefit from the improved environment of the existing landfill sites closed in situ landfill site closure, which can be even renovated into a good landscape for relaxation; and ‹ To avoid the hazards caused by landfill, including gas spontaneous combustion, leachate leakproof, and polluted water sewage, etc.
2) Exiting Sanitary Landfills Upgrades ‹ To improve the environment of project areas by pollution control and treatment to the existing sanitary landfills, such as covering the landfill by high density polyethylene films and separating raining water and sewage wastewater; ‹ To improve the water quality in the downstream of landfills and tributary of Xiangjiang River in project areas; Appendix: Ethnic Minority Development Plan Page 20
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‹ To improve the groundwater quality around the landfill sites so the related well water in the surrounding villages can be greatly improved; and ‹ To improve health condition of the villagers living nearby by the improved environment, including water and air.
3) Rural–Urban Integrated MSW Management System ‹ To bring residents convenience to treat their household wastes by increased garbage bins/boxes, waste collection sites, and waste transportation stations; ‹ To raise the residents’ environment protection awareness by waste sorting and recycling; ‹ To improve the living environment by better waste collection and transportation system; and ‹ To improve the waste collection and transport system, particularly in the mountain areas of EMT.
4) Kitchen Waste Treatment ‹ To avoid the health hazard to residents caused by kitchen wastes' illegal sales; ‹ To reduce waste directly pouring into drainage, hence save drainage clean cost for restaurants; and ‹ To improve the Project area's environment by kitchen waste treatment.
5) Capacity Development and Institutional Strengthening ‹ To advertise the knowledge of household waste treatment and waste reduction, recycling and reuse can be well acknowledged by the local villagers to promote their environment protection awareness ; ‹ To build the capacity of government officers, staff from related agencies, and residents by regular training, such as (i) 100% staff of project management offices (PMOs) and IAs receive the training on project management and implementation, including social safeguards; (ii) the Hunan PMO (HPMO) and each county PMO assign 1 staff to ensure implementation of the EMDP, and the social and gender action plan for safeguards and social/gender and ethnic minorities development, etc.; ‹ To strengthen the waste sorting and 3R awareness in the Project areas; and ‹ To encourage the public to actively participate and monitor the system through information disclosure on household waste treatment.
The above actions have been all indicated with the actions, targets and indicators in the Plan.
4.5.2 Social Impact
Impact on Job Opportunities. During project construction, a total of 912 job opportunities, including 273 management and skill positions, and 639 unskilled labor jobs are estimated to be created by the Project. During Project implementation, a total of 683 job opportunities, including 275 management and skill positions and 408 labor positions are estimated to be created. EMs who have the willingness and capability to work can benefit from the prior job opportunity with the employment target of 10% EMs for skilled and unskilled jobs during construction and operation stage in Yongzhou, 9 working as construction workers,
9 EM population accounts for 8.36% in Yongzhou; and only 1.21%, 0.26%, and 0.08% of the total population in the three prefectural cities of Chenzhou, Hengyang, and Loudi, respectively.
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Impact on Construction Disturbance. Construction-related activities might cause adverse impacts for local residents in terms of construction disturbances, poor site management, lack of safety barriers on construction sites, and possible increase in communicable diseases, particularly HIV/AIDS due to poor public health management on construction sites. In addition, construction workers from outside might lack sensitivity to the local minority’s culture or customs, resulting in unacceptable activities and behaviours to local minorities. For example, the main EM of Yao and Zhuang have their own customs and taboos. Fireplace is the family’s key position for both Yao and Zhuang Minority, and it is prohibited to step over it. As for Yao Minority, it is prohibited to kill a pig or chicken on certain days called “Day of Pigs” and “Day of Chickens”. For Zhuang, it is taboo to visit a bamboo tower with shoes on or with farm tools, and it is prohibited to catch or eat frogs. Mitigation measures have been developed to address identified negative impacts and potential risks to minorities as listed in the Plan. . 4.5.3 Impact on Land Acquisition and Resettlement There are only three HHs (20 persons) affected by land acquisition, with no EM persons affected. No EM HHs will be affected by house demolish, land transfers, or temporary land occupation. 4.5.4 Conclusion Results of the HH surveys FGDs with EMGs, conclude that (i) none of the EM respondents think they have difference in waste treatments from the Han Majority; (ii) most EM participants are satisfied with their good living environment in the mountain areas for its clean water, blue sky, and clear air —the Project does not change nor weaken their traditional self-perceptions, customs and cultural traditions, and will not be used for any commercial development; (iii) the ethnic minorities, especially Yao, has no different economic patterns from that of Han Majorities, and there are no unique customs disadvantaged by the Project; and (iv) the Project have positive impacts on their health, livelihoods, and social security. 5. Implementation Arrangements The EMDP will be implemented by IAs or HPMOs of the four subprojects, in coordination with local governments, as indicated in the Plan. There are 11 impacted and benefited districts/counties/level-cities, but only 10 IAs since the urban districts of Lingling and Lengshuitan are all under the responsibility of one IA in Yongzhou Prefectural City. Tasks and activities shall be conducted in 11 project districts/counties/county-level cities, but most of the targets are set up for Lanshan County and Lengshuitan District of Yongzhou City because EM beneficiary’s population in the other districts are very few (6.21% in Lanshan County, 2.27% in Lengshuitan District of Yongzhou, 1.3% in Zixing City, and percentage below 1% in Changning City, Lingling District of Yongzhou, Guiyang County, and no EMs in the rest 5 counties/cities of Hengyang County, Leiyang City, Dong’an County, Hengshan County, and Lengshuijiang City. Each IA or PMO will appoint at least one staff to manage the EMDP implementation. The HPMO will be responsible for overseeing the IAs or implementing those actions within their direct control, as well as, supervision of related activities that involve the construction contractors. For actions
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Appendix outside the direct mandates of the PMO, the assigned staff will be responsible to liaise with the relevant local government agencies, township governments, or village committees under the coordination of the leaders of the subproject PMOs. This will ensure that appropriate measures are taken in a timely and satisfactory manner. The HPMO will also be responsible for monitoring and reporting progress, issues, and results to the executing agency. The HPMO will provide ADB with EMDP monitoring reports for review semiannually and follow up during loan supervision missions. If necessary, ADB and the executing agency may agree to revise the EMDP to improve the effectiveness of the proposed measures. 6. Grievance Redress Mechanism Given that the EMDP will be implemented based on adequate participation of minority residents, no substantial dispute will arise. However, a grievance redress mechanism (GRM) has been established for minority residents to resolve any unforeseeable problems occurring in the implementation phase in an effective and transparent manner. Minority residents can express their dissatisfactions with project implementation arrangements or suffering from unfair treatments caused by the project implementation through the GRM. The GRM will be applied to the resettlement plan with focus on affected persons, as well as, to all EMs in Project areas across all project components. The basic procedures for grievance and appeal (flow chart with the list of responsible persons at the HPMO and all IAs) have been specified in the resettlement plan. Besides the basic procedures of grievance to be followed, particular attention should be paid to (i) the GRM should be suitable to EMs education level and acceptable to minority tradition in the Project areas; (ii) Project information should be disclosed in mandarin and local minority languages; (iii) information disclosure should be closed to public places accessible to minority residents, such as gathering places and workplace of community/village committees; (iv) each project community/village committee should appoint a member to be the contact person accepting appeals; (v) EMs needs, preferences, and concerns on participation in project areas should be consulted and recorded by the HPMO, in coordination with the IAs of the 11 districts/counties/cities.
The aggrieved ethnic minority can also put forward grievance to the external monitoring and evaluation agency as the external agency reports it to PMO. Or the aggrieved ethnic minorities can put forward grievance to the project team of ADB for negotiated resolution. If good faith efforts are still unsuccessful and if there are grievances that stem from noncompliance with ADB’s SPS (2009) on indigenous people, the aggrieved ethnic minority may submit a complaint to ADB’s Office of Special Project Facility or Office of Compliance Review in accordance with ADB’s Accountability Mechanism (2012).10 7. Monitoring and Evaluation of EMDP It is proposed that comprehensive monitoring be conducted during project construction to ensure that the project fulfils its aims and objectives. The HPMO will be responsible for the monitoring and evaluation, and for reporting to ADB semiannually during project implementation. The monitoring report will be part of the project progress report. A social/gender/ethnic minority specialist with a total 10 person-month input will be recruited as one of members of the project implementation consulting team and support the HPMO in preparing the monitoring and evaluation report.
10 For further information, see http://www.adb.org/Accountability-Mechanism/default.asp
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Table 1: Ethnic Minority Development Action Plan Main Task and /or Proposed Actions Targets and Indicators Timeframe Responsibility Funds and Resources Output 1: On -site closures of existing solid waste landfills ó Ensure EMs’ participation on awareness Targets: activity and public consultation on designs of closure of land fills and greening and ‹ Participants in public consultations and environment protection for residents in awareness activities with 40% EM in Lanshan villages/communities near the project County,a and 30 % in Lengshuitan District of HPMO, PMOs and IAs of landfills Yongzhou; Lanshan County and 2018–2023 Project budget Indicators: Lenshuijiang Districts FB, ESB, social consultant • No. and % of participants disaggregated by sex and ethnicity;
2017 Baseline: 0 Output 2: Mining of t wo existing MSW landfills ó Conduct awareness activity and public Targets: consultation on designs of closure of landfills and greening and environment protection for ‹ Public consultations and awareness activities HPMO, subproject PMOs, residents in communities near the project with EM participants of 40 % in Lanshan County IAs in Lanshan County and landfills and 30% in Lengshuitan District of Yongzhou Lenshuijiang District, local 2018–2023 Project budget sanitation department of Indicators: subprojects; FB, ESB, social consultant; • No. of participants disaggregated by sex and ethnicity; Baseline : 0 Output 3: Urban-rural integrated MSW management systems
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Main Task and /or Proposed Actions Targets and Indicators Timeframe Responsibility Funds and Resources ó Public consultations for identifying location Targets: of garbage bins, garbage collection, transportation and sanitary disposal, and ‹ Public consultations and campaigns in YMTs solid waste disposal with at least 50% EM participants; Participants in ó Select two demonstrative YMTs in Project public hearings with 30% EM participants (at areas (at least one from Lan County) to least one for each of the 6 YMTs) in Lanshan conduct public environment and sanitation County and 20 % in Lengshuitan District of Subproject PMOs, IAs in 11 management campaign, including solid Yongzhou; districts/counties/cities; PB, waste management and 3R (lecture or CB, EMRAO; DI, Local ESB Government budget for picture exhibition, etc.) Indicators: 2018–2023 ó Conduct public hearings in case raising Assisting agencies: EB and such activities PIC social/gender/ethnic MSW management tariff for EMs to voice • Number and % of participants in the public their concerns minority development consultations, disaggregated by sex and specialist low-income groups
• Number and % of participants in the campaign disaggregated by sex and ethnicity • No. and % of hearing participants disaggregated by sex and ethnicity Baseline: 0 Output 4: Existing Sanitary Landfills Upgrading ó Conduct public consultant and pa rticipation Targets: on the design of existing landfills’ upgrading to address local residents’ concerns; ‹ Public consultations with 40% EM partic ipants ó Conduct awareness activity on environment in Lanshan County and 30 % in Lengshuitan protection for residents in communities near District of Yongzhou the project landfills. ‹ Participants in awareness activity with 40% EM participants in Lanshan County and 30 % in HPMO, PMO, IAs of Lanshan Lengshuitan District of Yongzhou County and Lenshuijiang 2018–2023 Project budget District, local ESB, EB, social Indicators: consultant; contractors
• Number and % of participants in the public consultations, disaggregated by sex and ethnicity • Number and % of participants in awareness activities, disaggregated by sex and ethnicity Baseline: 0
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Main Task and /or Proposed Actions Targets and Indicators Timeframe Responsibility Funds and Resources Output 5: Kitchen Waste Treatment ó Conduct awareness building programs and Targets: publicity on kitchen waste treatment and sorting by posters, booklets, leaflets, etc. ‹ Participants in awareness activity with 30 % EMs in Lengshuitan District of Yongzhou HPMO, PMO, IAs of Lanshan Indicators: County and Lenshuijiang 2018–2023 District, local ESB, social • Number and % of participants in awareness consultant, EB; Contractors activities, disaggregated by sex and ethnicity • Numbers of publicity materials, such as posters, booklets, leaflets, etc. Baseline: 0 Output 6: Capacity Development and Institutional Strengthening ó Staff of PMOs and IA s are trained to ensure Targets: effective implementation of the project, particularly on monitoring EMDP ‹ 100% staff of PMOs and IAs receive training ó EMDP implementation data will be collected on project management and implementation, in the PPMS to ensure monitoring of the particularly in social safeguards, including EMDP EMDP, etc. implementation ó Recruitment of PIC’s national social/gender/ ‹ Hire one national social/ethnic minority ethnic minority development specialist development specialist under PIC ‹ HPMO and each county PMO assign 1 staff to ó PMOs assign at least one social/gender/ ensure implementation of EMDP for safeguards HPMO, PMO, IAs of 11 ethnic minority development staff to be and social/gender and ethnic m inorities districts/counties/cities , local responsible for EMDP implementation and 2018–2023 $5,000 development ESB, social consultant, EB, reporting in the project progress reports ACWF, EMRAO Indicators: • No. of staff of PMOs and IAs receive training on project management and implementation, disaggregated by sex • Input of national social/ethnic minority development specialist • No. of staff assigned in the HPMO and each county PMO to ensure implementation of EMDP
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Appendix
Main Task and /or Proposed Actions Targets and Indicators Timeframe Responsibility Funds and Resources for safeguards and social/gender and ethnic minorities development Baseline: 0 For Outputs 1 –5: Generating Job Opportunities (all components) ó During construction stage, 912 full positions, Targets: 273 skilled and 639 unskilled, be created ó During operation stage, 683 full positions, ‹ 10% ethnic minorities (Lanshan) and 5% in 275 skilled and 408 unskilled (workers at Lengshuitan District of Yongzhou for skilled and garbage transfer stations), be created unskilled jobs during construction and operation ó Timely advertise job vacancies; contractors stage give priority to ethnic minorities for hiring in ‹ 100% of job vacancy information advertised to civil works EMs ó Conduct publicity activities on HIV/AIDS/STI ‹ 100% EM employees trained on public health and sexual harassment to contractors and and HIV/AIDS, STIs, and sexual harassment workers prevention PMO, IAs of Lanshan County ó Ensure implem entation of core labor and Lenshuijiang District , standards (i.e., equal pay for equal work, no Indicators: 2018-2023 Contractors, LSSB, EMRAO ，Project budget child labor, etc.) and safety guidelines are Local ESB and antiepidemic station stated in the contracts • Number and % of employees during construction ó Public health and HIV prevention awareness stage, disaggregated by sex and ethnicity conducted to community residents • Number and % of employees during operation stage, disaggregated by sex and ethnicity • Number and % of job vacancies opened to EMs • Number of EM trainees (disaggregated by sex and target groups) in p ublic health and HIV prevention awareness Baseline: 0
ACWF = All China Women’s Federation, CB = Civic Bureau, DI = design institute, EB = Environment Bureau, EM = ethnic minority, EMDP = ethnic minority development plan, EMRAO = Ethnic Minority and Religion Affairs Office, ESB = Environment and Sanitation Bureau, FB = Finance Bureau, IA = implementing agency, LSSB = Labor and Social Security Bureau, PB = Public Bureau, PIC = Public Information Center, PPMS = project performance management system, YMT = Yap minority township. a EM population accounts for 6.21% in Lanshan County, 2.27% in Lengshuitan District of Yongzhou, 1.3% in Zixing City, and percentage below 1% in Changning City, Lingling District of Yongzhou, Guiyang County, and no EMs in the rest 5 counties/cities of Hengyang County, Leiyang City, Dong’an County, Hengshan County, and Lengshuijiang City.
Appendix: Ethnic Minority Development Plan Page 27