L A O G A I HANDBOOK 劳 改 手 册 2007 – 2008 The Laogai Research Foundation Washington, DC 2008 The Laogai Research Foundation, founded in 1992, is a non-profit, tax-exempt organization [501 (c) (3)] incorporated in the District of Columbia, USA. The Foundation’s purpose is to gather information on the Chinese Laogai - the most extensive system of forced labor camps in the world today – and disseminate this information to journalists, human rights activists, government officials and the general public. Directors: Harry Wu, Jeffrey Fiedler, Tienchi Martin-Liao LRF Board: Harry Wu, Jeffrey Fiedler, Tienchi Martin-Liao, Lodi Gyari Laogai Handbook 劳改手册 2007-2008 Copyright © The Laogai Research Foundation (LRF) All Rights Reserved. The Laogai Research Foundation 1109 M St. NW Washington, DC 20005 Tel: (202) 408-8300 / 8301 Fax: (202) 408-8302 E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.laogai.org ISBN 978-1-931550-25-3 Published by The Laogai Research Foundation, October 2008 Printed in Hong Kong US $35.00 Our Statement We have no right to forget those deprived of freedom and 我们没有权利忘却劳改营中失去自由及生命的人。 life in the Laogai. 我们在寻求真理, 希望这类残暴及非人道的行为早日 We are seeking the truth, with the hope that such horrible 消除并且永不再现。 and inhumane practices will soon cease to exist and will never recur. 在中国，民主与劳改不可能并存。 In China, democracy and the Laogai are incompatible. THE LAOGAI RESEARCH FOUNDATION Table of Contents Code Page Code Page Preface 前言 ...............................................................…1 23 Shandong Province 山东省.............................................. 377 Introduction 概述 .........................................................…4 24 Shanghai Municipality 上海市 .......................................... 407 Laogai Terms and Abbreviations 25 Shanxi Province 山西省 ................................................... 423 劳改单位及缩写............................................................28 26 Sichuan Province 四川省 ................................................. 437 Readers’ Guide 读者指南.............................................29 27 Tianjin Municipality 天津市............................................... 461 Map of the People’s Republic of China 28 Xinjiang Uighur Aut. Region 新疆自治区 .......................... 467 中华人民共和国地图.....................................................30 29 Xizang Aut. Region (Tibet) 西藏自治区............................ 487 01 Anhui Province 安徽省.................................................31 30 Yunnan Province 云南省.................................................. 491 02 Beijing Municipality 北京市...........................................47 31 Zhejiang Province 浙江省 ................................................ 511 03 Chongqing Municipality 重庆市 ....................................59 Involvement of US Customs Agencies 04 Fujian Province 福建省 ................................................65 美国海关总署制裁劳改产品的措施................................... 523 05 Gansu Province 甘肃省................................................81 Selected Hearings, Briefings, and Resolutions Regarding 06 Guangdong Province 广东省 .......................................93 the Laogai and Related Issues 07 Guangxi Aut. Region 广西壮族自治区........................119 劳改问题听证会及决议..................................................... 527 08 Guizhou Province 贵州省...........................................129 Selected Hearings and Roundtables Held by the 09 Hainan Province 海南省.............................................145 Congressional-Executive Commission on China 10 Hebei Province 河北省...............................................149 美国国会行政部门中国委员会听证会 ............................... 530 11 Heilongjiang Province 黑龙江省.................................161 Remarks by Jeffrey Fielder before the U.S.-China Economic 12 Henan Province 河南省..............................................183 and Security Review Commission 13 Hubei Province 湖北省...............................................207 杰弗·费德勒在美中经济与安全检查委员会的发言.......... 532 14 Hunan Province 湖南省..............................................229 H. Con. Res. 294 美国国会谴责劳改的决议 ..................... 533 15 Inner Mongolia Aut. Region 内蒙古自治区 ................255 Text of Resolution of the German Bundestag 16 Jiangsu Province 江苏省............................................271 德国议会谴责劳改的决议 ................................................. 535 17 Jiangxi Province 江西省 .............................................291 Publications by the Laogai Research Foundation 18 Jilin Province 吉林省..................................................301 劳改基金会出版物............................................................ 537 19 Liaoning Province 辽宁省...........................................315 Official Legislative Documents on Reform Through 20 Ningxia Aut. Region 宁夏自治区 ................................345 Labor and Reeducation Through Labor In the PRC 21 Qinghai Province 青海省............................................351 中华人民共和国劳改劳教法令与资料 ............................... 542 22 Shaanxi Province 陕西省 ...........................................365 Preface/前言 Preface had been buying poisonous food and toxic toys from China. Recently, China has frequently found itself at the forefront of Thus, despite China’s intense propaganda offensive, the outside the international stage, most notably as the host of the 2008 world has still managed to get several glimpses of the Summer Olympic Games. China’s leaders had long awaited considerable challenges facing its authoritarian leadership. this opportunity to showcase the new face of China – one that Indeed, to an objective observer, the news coming from China is modern, prosperous, and proud. But while Beijing succeeded reveals that in many measures of a great nation – in delivering stunning performances, both in the athletic events environmental protection and sustainable development, and in the Olympic ceremonies, the image of a “harmonious” equality of economic opportunity and access to social welfare, nation that it wished to project was undermined by other public health, fair labor conditions, and so on – China has significant events which caught the attention of the fallen short of international standards. And with regard to international community. human rights in particular, China has without a doubt failed to meet its Olympic expectations. In March 2008 the world watched as China responded to widespread demonstrations in its Tibetan areas with a forceful, The Laogai, China’s brutal system of labor camps, remains one indiscriminate crackdown on the Tibetan community, including of the most glaring blemishes on China’s human rights record. monks and nuns. Another incident was China’s reaction to the Although the term Laogai (reform through labor) was replaced massive earthquake that devastated parts of Sichuan on May in official use with jianyu (prison) in 1994, so as to suggest to 12th . Reporting conditions, which were initially quite free after Western countries that the Chinese penal system was not so the disaster, quickly became restrictive after stories began to different than theirs, the true nature of the Laogai has not emerge of grieving parents blaming substandard construction changed. The Laogai slogan “Reform first, production second,” of school buildings for the deaths of their children. China has continues to appear on prison gates and the millions of Laogai also frustrated the international community in recent years with prisoners continue to endure “reform” exercises that entail its continuing support of other dictatorial regimes in Sudan, forced labor, political indoctrination, and often, physical and Myanmar, and Zimbabwe. Not only has China provided these mental abuse. Moreover, the Laojiao (reeducation through regimes with diplomatic protection, but it has also supplied labor) component of the Laogai system, which reappeared in them with arms. Also, although China still holds its champion the early 1980’s and allows for the arrest and detention of petty status in the field of cheap exports, the health and safety criminals for up to three years without formal charge or trial, is standards of its products came into question last year when not even considered by the Chinese government to qualify as a consumers in the US and throughout the world discovered they prison. Rather, it is regarded as a form of administrative 1 Laogai Handbook/劳改手册 detention and is often employed against political and religious and the government still offers incentives to enterprises relying dissidents. on prison labor to export products. In a recent research project conducted by the Laogai Research Foundation, 256 Laogai In addition to serving as an instrument of repression, the camps were found to have 314 separate commercial listings on Laogai also functions as a commercial enterprise, exploiting its one of two online Dun & Bradstreet business databases. These large supply of free labor to generate revenue for prison camps produce 72 different types of products, ranging from officials and for the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). clothing to electronics, ceramics to sugar. Thus, trade of According to the Criminal Reform Handbook issued by the Chinese prison labor products, albeit largely driven Ministry of Justice in 1988, the Laogai “organizes criminals in underground, seems to be as prevalent as ever. labor and production, thus creating wealth for society.” Prisoners are engaged in a wide array of economic endeavors, In 1992, the Laogai Research Foundation (LRF) was including manufacturing, farming, mining, construction, etc. established to gather information and to educate the public They are forced to work up to