Survey on South Korean Perceptions of Transitional Justice in Post-Unification Korea

APPENDIX

Asan Poll: Survey on South Korean Perceptions of Transitional Justice in Post-Unification Korea

T h e A s a n I n s t i t u t e f o r P o l i c y S t u d i e s .

Figure A.1 Interest in North Korean human rights. 248 ● Appendix

Figure A.2 Interest in North Korean human rights (by ideological disposition).

Figure A.3 North Korean human rights issues by priority.

Figure A.4 Means to improve North Korean human rights. Appendix ● 249

Figure A.5 Need for unification.

Figure A.6 U n i f i c a t i o n p o l i c y .

Figure A.7 Reconciliation in a unified Korea. 250 ● Appendix

Figure A.8 Redress for human rights abuses.

Figure A.9 Leading role in the redress process.

Figure A.10 Punishment for human rights abuses. Appendix ● 251

Figure A.11 Need for government compensation.

Figure A.12 Method of government compensation.

Figure A.13 Responsibility of the unified Korean government. 252 ● Appendix

Figure A.14 Responsibility for criminal acts. Bibliography

Books Andrews, Matt. The Limits of Institutional Reform in Development: Changing Rules for Realistic Solutions. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013. Bass, Gary J. Stay the Hand of Vengeance: The Politics of War Crimes Tribunals. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2000. Berth van Schaack and Ronald C. Slye, International Criminal Law and Its Enforcement: Cases and Material . New York: Foundation Press, 2010. Breen, Michael. Kim Jong-Il, North Korea’s Dear Leader: Who He is, What He Wants, What to Do About Him . Singapore: John Wiley, 2012. Courtois, Stephane, ed. The Black Book of Communism. Crimes, Terror, Repression . Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1999. Deletant, Dennis. Ceausescu and the Securitate: Coercion and Dissent in Romania, 1965–89 . London: C. Hurst, 1996. Demick, Barbara. Nothing to Envy: Ordinary Lives in North Korea . New York: Spiegel and Grau, 2010. Dudden, Alexis. Troubled Apologies among Japan, Korea, and the United States . New York: Columbia University Press, 2008. Elster, Jon. Closing the Books: Transitional Justice in Historical Perspective . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004. Engelmann, Roger, ed. Das MfS-Lexikon. Begriffe, Personen und Strukturen der Staatssicherheit der DDR [The Encyclopedia on the Ministry for State Security. Terms, Persons, and Structures of State Security in the GDR]. Berlin: Christoph Links, 2011. Everard, John. Only Beautiful Please: A British Diplomat in North Korea . The Walter H. Shorenstein Asia-Pacific Research Center, 2012. Fulbrook, Mary. Anatomy of a Dictatorship. Inside the GDR 1949–1989 . Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995. Gause, Ken. North Korea under Kim Chong-il: Power, Politics, and Prospects for Change . Santa Barbara, CA: Praeger, 2011. Gieseke, Jens. Die Stasi 1945–1990 [The Stasi 1945–1990]. Munich: Pantheon, 2011. Harden, Blaine. Escape from Camp 14: One Man’s Remarkable Odyssey from North Korea to Freedom in the West. New York: Penguin Books, 2013. Hart, H.L.A. The Concept of Law. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1961. Hassig, Ralph and Kongdan Oh. The Hidden People of North Korea . Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield, 2009. 254 ● Bibliography

Hatchard, John. Individual Freedoms and the State Security in the African Context: The Case of Zimbabwe . Athens: Ohio University Press, 1993. Hatchard, John and M. Ndulo, Readings in Criminal Law and Criminology. Lusaka: Multimedia, 1994. Havel, V á clav. Versuch, in der Wahrheit zu leben. Von der Macht der Ohnmä chtigen [Attempt to Live in Truth. About the Power of the Powerless]. Reinbek bei Hamburg: Rowohlt, 1980. Hayner, Priscilla B. Unspeakable Truths: Transitional Justice and the Challenge of Truth Commissions. London: Routledge, 2010. Henkin, Louis, Gerald. L. Neuman, and David W. Leebron. Human Rights. New York: Foundation Press, 1999. Huntington, Samuel. The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century. Vol. 4 . University of Oklahoma Press, 1993. Jeffries, Ian. Contemporary North Korea: A Guide to Economic and Political Developments . London: Routledge, 2010. Kaminsky, Anne, ed. Orte des Erinnerns. Gedenkzeichen, Gedenkst ätten und Museen zur Diktatur in SBZ und DDR [Sites of Remembrance. Memorial Signs, Memorial Sites and Museums for the Dictatorship in the Soviet Zone of Occupation and the GDR]. Berlin: Links, 2nd rev. and ext. edition, 2007. Kang, Chol-hwan and Pierre Rigoulot. Aquariums of Pyongyang: Ten Years in the North Korean Gulag . Paris: Editions Robert Laffont, 2000; and New York: Basic Books, 2001. Lagrou, Pieter. The Legacy of Nazi Occupation: Patriotic Memory and National Recovery in Western Europe 1945–1965. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press, 2000. Lankov, Andrei. The Real North Korea: Life and Politics in the Failed Stalinist Utopia . New York: Oxford University Press, 2013. Lekha Sriram, Chandra. Globalizing Justice for Mass Atrocities: A Revolution in Accountability . New York: Routledge, 2005. Lind, Jennifer. Sorry States: Apologies in International Politics. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2008. Ludi, Regula. Reparations for Nazi Victims in Postwar Europe . Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press, 2012. Luhmann, Niklas. Legitimation durch Verfahren , 6th ed. [Legitimation through proce- dure]. Frankfurt a.M.: Suhrkamp, 2001. Marxen, Klaus, Gerhard Werle, and Petra Schä fer. Die Strafverfolgung von DDR- Unrecht. Fakten und Zahlen [Criminal Prosecution of GDR-Torts]. Berlin: Stiftung zur Aufarbeitung der SED-Diktatur, 2007. May, Ernest and Dick Neustadt. Thinking In Time: The Uses of History for Decision Makers . New York: Free Press, 1988. McEachern, Patrick. Inside the Red Box: North Korea’s Post-totalitarian Politics . New York: Columbia University Press, 2010. Natsios, Andrew S. Sudan, South Sudan, and Darfur: What Everyone Needs to Know . New York: Oxford University Press, 2012. Natsios, Andrew S. The Great North Korean Famine . Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace Press, 2001. North, Douglass C., John Joseph Wallis, and Barry R. Weingast. Violence and Social Orders: A Conceptual Framework for Interpreting Recorded Human History . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009. Kindle edition. Olsen, Tricia D., Leigh A. Payne, and Andrew G. Reiter. Transitional Justice in Balance: Comparing Processes, Weighing Efficacy. Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace Press, 2010. Pendas, Devin O. The Frankfurt Auschwitz Trial, 1963–1965. Genocide, History, and the Limits of the Law . Cambridge, MA: Cambridge Univ. Press, 2010. Bibliography ● 255

Piazolo, Michael. Eine Diktatur vor Gericht. Aufarbeitung von SED-Unrecht durch die Justiz , ed. Olzog J ü rgen Weber [A Dictatorship on Trial. Legal Reappraisal of SED- Torts]. Munich: Olzog, 1995. Ratner, Steven R., Jason S. Abrams, and James L. Bischoff. Accountability for Human Rights Atrocities in International Law: Beyond the Nuremberg Legacy . New York: Oxford University Press, 2010. Risse, Thomas, Stephen C. Ropp, and Kathryn Sikkink, eds. The Power of Human Rights: International Norms and Domestic Change . New York: Cambridge University Press, 1999. Rotberg, Robert I. and Dennis Thompson, eds. Truth v. Justice: The Morality of Truth Commissions. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2000. Sands, Philippe, ed. From Nuremberg to The Hague: The Future of International Criminal Justice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003. Scheffer, David. All the Missing Souls: A Personal History of the War Crimes Tribunals . Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2012. Shaw, Rosalind, Pierre Hazan, and Lars Waldorf, eds. Localizing Transitional Justice: Interventions and Priorities after Mass Violence . Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2010. Siegmund, J ö rg. Opfer ohne Lobby? Ziele, Strukturen und Arbeitsweise der Verb ä nde der Opfer des SED-Unrechts [Victims without Lobby? Aims, Structures and Methods of Organizations of Victims of the SED-Regime]. Berlin: Berliner Wissenschafts-Verlag, 2002. Sikkink, Kathryn. The Justice Cascade: How Human Rights Prosecutions are Changing World Politics. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2010. Smith, Adam M. After Genocide: Bringing the Devil to Justice . New York: Prometheus Books, 2009. Sriram, Chandra Lekha and Suren Pillay. Peace versus Justice? The Dilemma of Transitional Justice in Africa . Scottsville: University of KwaZulu-Natal Press, 2009. Sriram, Chandra Lekha. Globalizing Justice for Mass Atrocities: A Revolution in Accountability . New York: Routledge, 2005. Stan, Lavina and Nadya Nedelsky. Encyclopedia of Transitional Justice, Volume 1 . New York: Cambridge University Press. 2012. Stan, Lavinia and Nadya Nedelsky, eds. Post-Communist Transitional Justice. Lessons from 25 Years of Experience. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press, 2014. Stan, Lavinia. ed. Transitional Justice in Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union: Reckoning with the Communist Past . London: Routledge, 2009. Stan, Lavinia. Transitional Justice in Post-Communist Romania: The Politics of Memory . New York: Cambridge University Press, 2013. Stephan, Annegret and Sascha M öbius, eds. Erinnern. Forschung, Bildung und die gesell- schaftliche Auseinandersetzung mit politischer Verfolgung in der SBZ/DDR [Remembrance, Research, Education and Societal Controversities on Political Persecution in the Soviet Zone of Occupation/GDR]. Berlin: Metropol, 2009. Subotic, Jelena. Hijacked Justice: Dealing with the Past in the Balkans . Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2009. Suckut, Siegfried and Jü rgen Weber, eds. Stasi-Akten zwischen Politik und Zeitgeschichte. Eine Zwischenbilanz [Stasi-Files between Politics and Contemporary History. An Interim Balance]. Munich: Olzog, 2003. Suh, Jae-Jung, ed. Truth and Reconciliation in South Korea: Between the Present and Future of the Korean Wars. New York: Routledge, 2013. Teitel, Ruti. Globalizing Transitional Justice . Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014. Teitel, Ruti. Transitional Justice. New York: Oxford University Press, 2000. Van der Merwe, Hugo, Victoria Baxter, and Audrey R. Chapman, eds. Assessing the Impact of Transitional Justice: Challenges for Empirical Research . Washington, DC: US Institute of Peace Press, 2009. 256 ● Bibliography

Weber, J ü rgen and Michael Piazolo, eds. Eine Diktatur vor Gericht. Aufarbeitung von SED- Unrecht durch die Justiz [A Dictatorship on Trial. Legal Reappraisal of SED-Torts]. Munich: Olzog, 1995. Zimmer, Hasko, Katja Flesser and Julia Volmer. Der Buchenwald-Konflikt. Zum Streit um Geschichte und Erinnerung im Kontext der deutschen Vereinigung [The Conflict on Buchenwald. On the Conflict on History and Remembrance within the Context of German Reunification]. M ü nster: Agenda, 1999.

Academic Articles / Reports / Book Chapters “Die Rehabilitierung und Entsch ä digung politisch Verfolgter. Eine Zwischenbilanz der Wiedergutmachung des DDR-Unrechts” [Rehabilitation and Compensation of Political Persecutees. An Interim Balance of Compensation for Wrongs of the GDR]. In Politische Strafjustiz 1945–1989. Der Gefä ngnisstandort Bü tzow als Gedenk- und Lernort , edited by Andreas Wagner. Schwerin: Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung, Landesb ü ro Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, 2008. African Union Panel of the Wise. “Peace, Justice, and Reconciliation in Africa: Opportunities and Challenges in the Fight against Impunity.” The African Union Series . New York: International Peace Institute, February 2013. Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch . Truth and Justice: Unfinished Business in South Africa. February, 2003. Amnesty International. Annual Reports. London: Amnesty International, 1970–2013. Amnesty International. Commissioning Justice: Truth Commissions and Criminal Justice . April, 2010. Amnesty International. North Korea: Political Prison Camps . London: Amnesty International. May 2011. AI Index: ASA 24/001/2011. Amnesty International. North Korea: Summary of Amnesty International’s Concerns . London: Amnesty International. October 1993. AI Index: ASA 24/003/1993. Aning, Kwesi and Thomas Jaye. Liberia: A Briefing Paper on the TRC Report . Kofi Annan International Peacekeeping Training Centre, Occasional Paper No. 33. April 2011. Aptel, Cé cile and Virginie Ladisch. Children through a New Lens: A Child-Sensitive Approach to Transitional Justice . New York: International Center for Transitional Justice, August 2011. Arenh ö vel, Mark. “Democratization and Transitional Justice.” Democratization 15 (2008): 570–587. Arthur, Paige. How Transitions’ Reshaped Human Rights: A Conceptual History of Transitional Justice . 31 Human Rights Quarterly 321 (2009). Aukerman, Miriam J. Extraordinary Evil, Ordinary Crime: Framework for Understanding Transitional Justice . 15 Harvard Human Rights Journal 39 (2002). Austin, Robert and Jonathan Ellis. “Albania.” In Transitional Justice in Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union, edited by Lavinia Stan. London: Routledge, 2009. Backer, David. “Civil Society and Transitional Justice: Possibilities, Patterns and Prospects.” Journal of Human Rights 2, no. 3 (2003): 297–313. Baek, Buhm-Suk. “The Medium Foreseeing the Future.” Socio-Legal Review 8, no. 1 (2012): 36–112. Baker, David. “Victim’s Responses to Truth Commissions: Evidence from South Africa.” In Security, Reconstruction, and Reconciliation: When the Wars End , edited by M. Ndulo. New York: University of College London Press, 2007. Basch, Fernardo Felipe. “The Doctrine of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights Regarding States’ Duty to Punish Human Rights Violations and Its Dangers.” 23 American University International Law Review 195 (2013). Bibliography ● 257

Bassiouni, M. Cherif. “Accountability for Violations of International Humanitarian Law and Other Serious Violations of Human Rights.” In Post-Conflict Justice, edited by M. Cherif Bassiouni. Boston: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 2002. Bell, Christine. “Transitional Justice, Interdisciplinarity and the State of the ‘Field’ or ‘Non-Field.’” International Journal of Transitional Justice 3, no. 1 (2009): 5–27. Bennett, Bruce W. Preparing for the Possibility of a North Korean Collapse. Washington, DC: RAND Corporation, 2013. Bennett, Bruce W., and Jennifer Lind. “The Collapse of North Korea: Military Missions and Requirements.” International Security 36, no. 2 (2011): 84–119. Bosire, Lydiah Kemunto. Overpromised, Underdelivered: Transitional Justice in Sub-Saharan Africa . Occasional Paper Series. New York: International Center for Transitional Justice, July 2006. Brä utigam, Hansgeorg. “17 Jahre Rehabilitierung. Der Versuch, SED-Unrecht wiedergut- zumachen” [17 Years of Rehabilitation. The Attempt to Compensate Torts of the SED- Regime] in Deutschland-Archiv 40 (2007). Bundestag, Deutscher, ed. Die Enquete-Kommission “Aufarbeitung von Geschichte und Folgen der SED-Diktatur in Deutschland” im Deutschen Bundestag [The Committee of Inquiry “on the Reappraisal of the History and the Consequences of the SED-Dictatorship in Germany” at the German Bundestag], nine volumes in 18 subvolumes. Baden-Baden: Nomos, 1995. Bundestag, Deutscher, Schlussbericht der Enquete-Kommission “ Überwindung der Folgen der SED-Diktatur im Prozess der deutschen Einheit” [Final Report of the Committee of Inquiry “Overcoming of the Consequences of SED-Dictatorship in the Process of German Reunification”]. 13th legislative period, printed matter 13/11000, June 10, 1998. Byman, Daniel L., and Jennifer Lind. “Pyongyang’s Survival Strategy: Tools of Authoritarian Control in North Korea.” International Security 35, no. 1 (2010): 44–74. Cammarota, Paolo et al. Legal Strategies for Protecting Human Rights in North Korea . Washington, DC: Skadden LLP and The Committee for Human Rights in North Korea, 2007. Cha, Victor and David Kang. Challenges for Korean Unification Planning: Justice, Markets, Health, Refugees, and Civil-Military Transitions . Washington, DC: Center for Strategic and International Studies, 2011. Cho, Jung-hyun et al. White Paper on Human Rights in North Korea . Seoul: Korea Institute for National Unification, 2013. Cho, Kuk. “Transitional Justice in Korea: Legally Coping with Past Wrongs after Democratization.” 16 Pacific Rim Law & Policy Journal 579 (2007). Cohen, Roberta. “The High Commissioner for Human Rights and North Korea.” In United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights: Conscience for the World, edited by Felice D. Gaer and Christen L. Broecker. Leiden & Boston: Brill Academic Publishers, Martinus Nijhof, 2014. Collins, Robert. Marked for Life: Songbun North Korea’s Social Classification System . Washington, DC: The Committee for Human Rights in North Korea, 2012. Commission of Inquiry into Post-Election Violence. “Justice Philip Waki Commission Report on Post-Election Violence in Kenya.” October, 2008. Committee for Human Rights in North Korea. Lives for Sale: Personal Accounts of Women Fleeing North Korea to China . Washington, DC: 2009. Costi, Alberto. “Hybrid Tribunals as a Valid Alternative to International Tribunals for the Prosecution of International Crimes.” Human Rights Research Journal 3 (2005): 1–26. Dekker, Ige F. and Ramses A. Wessel. “Governance by International Organizations: Rethinking the Normative Force of International Decisions.” In Governance and International Legal Theory, eds. I.F. Dekker and W. Werner. Leiden and Boston: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 2004. 258 ● Bibliography

Des Forges, Alison. “Leave None to tell the Story: Genocide in Rwanda.” In “Truth, Justice, and Reconciliation in Africa: Issues and Cases,” by Lyn Graybill and Kimberly Lanegran, African Studies Quarterly 8, Issue 1 (2004): 1–18. Dolidze, Anna. “The Rise and Fall of a Color Revolution: the Case of Georgia.” In The Democratic Disconnect: Citizenship and Accountability in the Transatlantic Community , by Seyla Benhabib, et al. Washington DC: Transatlantic Academy, 2014. du Plessis, Max, Tiyanjana Maluwa and Annie O’Reilly. “Africa and the International Criminal Court.” Chatham House International Law 2013, no. 1 (2013): 1–13. Eckert, Rainer. “Gedenkst ä tten, Museen, Forschungseinrichtungen und Geschichtsinitiativen in der Auseinandersetzung mit der kommunistischen deutschen Diktatur” [Memorial Sites, Museums, and History Initiatives in the Course of Debates on the Communist German Dictatorship]. In Jahrbuch fü r Kulturpolitik 9 (2009): 129–137. Fallon, Richard H. “‘The Rule of Law’ as a Concept in Constitutional Discourse.” 97 Columbia Law Review 1 (1997). Faulenbach, Bernd and Franz-Josef Jelich, eds. “Asymmetrisch verflochtene Parallelgeschichte?” Die Geschichte der Bundesrepublik und der DDR in Ausstellungen, Museen und Gedenkst ä tten [“Asymmetrical Interwoven Parallel History?” The History of the Federal Republic and the GDR in Exhibitions, Museums and Memorial Sites]. Essen: Klartext Verl., 2005. Gause, Ken E. Coercion, Control, Surveillance, and Punishment: An Examination of the North Korean Police State. Washington, DC: The Committee for Human Rights in North Korea, 2012. Glatte, Sarah. “Judging the (East) German Past: A Critical Review of Transitional Justice in Post-Communist Germany.” Oxford Transitional Justice Research Working Paper Series Article 5. June, 2011. Graybill, Lyn and Kimberly Lanegran. “Truth, Justice, and Reconciliation in Africa: Issues and Cases.” African Studies Quarterly 8, no. 1 (2004): 1–18. Guckes, Ulrike. Opferentschä digung nach zweierlei Ma ß? Eine vergleichende Untersuchung der gesetzlichen Grundlagen der Entschä digung fü r das Unrecht der NS-Diktatur und der SED-Diktatur [Compensation for Victims according to Double-Standards? A Comparative Analysis of Legal Principles for Compensation for Nazi-Dictatorship and SED-Dictatorship]. Berlin: Berliner Wissenschafts-Verlag, 2008. Haggard, Stephen and Marcus Nolan. “Repression and Punishment in North Korea: Survey Evidence of Prison Camp Experiences.” East West Center Working Paper, no. 20. October 2009. Hammarberg, Thomas. Georgia in Transition: Report on the Human Rights Dimension: Background, Steps Taken, and Remaining Challenges. Tbilisi: EU Special Adviser on Constitutional and Legal Reform and Human Rights in Georgia, September 2013. Hatchard, John. “Legal Techniques & Agencies of Accountability: Human Rights Commissions in Commonwealth Africa.” In Democratic Reform in Africa: It’s Impact on Governance and Poverty Alleviation, edited by Muna Ndulo. Oxford and Athens: James Currey & Ohio University Press, 2006. Hawk, David. North Korea’s Hidden Gulag: Interpreting Reports of Changes in the Prison Camps. Washington, DC: The Committee for Human Rights in North Korea, 2013. Hawk, David. The Hidden Gulag: Exposing North Korea’s Prison Camps . Washington, DC: The Committee for Human Rights in North Korea, 2003. Hawk, David. The Hidden Gulag: The Lives and Voices of ‘Those who are Sent to the Mountains’ Exposing North Korea’s Vast System of Lawless Imprisonment . 2nd Edition. Washington, DC: The Committee for Human Rights in North Korea, 2012. Hayner, Priscilla. “Fifteen Truth Commissions—1974 to 1994: A Comparative Study.” 16 Human Rights Quarterly 597 (1994). Henkin, Louis. “Commentary on International Law: Constitutionalism, Democracy and Foreign Affairs.” 67 Indiana Law Journal 879 (1992). Bibliography ● 259

Higonnet, Etelle R. “Restructuring Hybrid Courts: Local Empowerment and National Criminal Justice Reform.” 23 Arizona Journal of International and Comparative Law 347 (2006). Hogan Lovells LLP. An Independent Legal Opinion on the Findings of the Commission of Inquiry on Human Rights in the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea. Washington, DC: Human Liberty, 2014. Ivan Simonov, “Attitudes and Types of Reaction toward Past War Crimes and Human Rights Abuses,” 29 Yale Journal of International Law 343 (2004). James-Allen, Paul, Aaron Weah, and Lizzie Goodfriend. “Beyond the Truth and Reconciliation Commission: Transitional Justice Options in Liberia.” International Center for Transitional Justice. May, 2010. Kaminski, Marek M, Monika Nalepa, and Barry O’Neill. “Normative and Strategic Aspects of Transitional Justice.” The Journal of Conflict Resolution 50, no. 3 (2006): 295–302. Kaminski, Marek M. and Monika Nalepa. “Judging Transitional Justice: a New Criterion for Evaluating Truth Revelation Procedures.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 50, no. 3 (2006): 383–408. Kang, Grace M. “A Case for the Prosecution of Kim Jong Il for Crimes against Humanity, Genocide, and War Crimes.” 38 Columbia Human Rights Law Review 51 (Fall 2006). Kim, Dong-choon and Mark Selden. “South Korea’s Embattled Truth and Reconciliation Commission.” The Asia-Pacific Journal . March 1, 2010. Kim, Dong-Choon. “Korea’s Truth and Reconciliation Commission: An Overview and Assessment.” 19 Buffalo Human Rights Law Review 97 (2012). Kim, Dong Lyoul. Grundlagen der strafrechtlichen Aufarbeitung von DDR-Unrecht und Mö glichkeiten ihrer Ü bertragung auf die Bew ältigung nordkoreanischen Systemunrechts [Foundations of Criminal Justice Reappraisal of GDR-Torts and Options of Transfer on the Reappraisal of Torts by the North Korean System]. Frankfurt a. M: Peter Lang, 2012. PhD dissertation: Munich, 2012. Kim, Hunjoon. “Expansion of Transitional Justice Measures: A Comparative Analysis of Its Causes.” PhD dissertation, University of Minnesota, 2008. Kim, Hunjoon. “South Korea.” In Encyclopedia of Transitional Justice , edited by Lavinia Stan and Nadya Nedelsky. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2013. Kim, Kyuryoon and Jae-Jeok Park, eds. Korean Peninsula Division/Unification: From the International Perspective . Seoul: Korea Institute for National Unification, 2012. Korea Institute for National Unification. “White Papers on Human Rights in North Korea, 1996–“ Korean Bar Association. 2012 White Paper on Human Rights in North Korea. Seoul: Korean Bar Association, 2012. Kuria, G. K. and A. M. Vaquez. “Judges and Human Rights: the Kenyan Experience.” 35 Journal of African Law 142 (1991) 145–146. Lambourne, Wendy. “Transformative Justice, Reconciliation and Peacebuilding.” In Transitional Justice Theories , edited by Susanne Buckley-Zistel et.al. New York: Routledge, 2014. Lundy, Patricia and Mark Govern. “Whose Justice? Rethinking Transitional Justice from the Bottom Up.” Journal of Law and Society 35, no. 2, (June 2008): 265–92. Mallinder, Louise. “Amnesties’ Challenge to the Global Accountability Norm?: Interpreting Regional and International Trends in Amnesty Enactment.” In Amnesty in the Age of Human Rights Accountability, edited by Francesca Lessa and Leigh A. Payne. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012. Melish, Tara J. “Implementing Truth and Reconciliation: Comparative Lessons for the Republic of Korea.” 19 Buffalo Human Rights Law Review 1 (2013). Nagy, Rosemary. “Transitional Justice as Global Project: critical reflections.” Third World Quarterly 29, no. 2 (2008): 275–289. 260 ● Bibliography

Nalepa, Monika. “Lustration.” In Encyclopedia of Transitional Justice , edited by Lavinia Stan and Nadya Nedelsky. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2013. Natsios, Andrew. “North Korea’s Chronic Food Problem.” In Troubled Transition , edited by Choe Sang-Hun, Gi-Wook Shin, and David Straub. Stanford, CA: The Walter H. Shorenstein Asia-Pacific Research Center, 2013. Ndulo, Muna. “The Democratization Process and Structural Adjustment in Africa.” 10 Ind. J. Global Legal Stud . 315 (2003). No Peace Without Justice. Making Justice Count: Assessing the Impact and Legacy of the Special Court for Sierra Leone in Sierra Leone and Liberia. September, 2012. North Korean Data Base Center for Human Rights. Political Prison Camps in North Korea Today. Seoul: NKDB, 2012. Ocran, Tawia. “The Rule of Law as the Quest for Legitimacy.” In Law in Zambia, ed. Muna Ndulo. Nairobi: East African Publishing House, 1984. Open Society Initiative for Southern Africa. “The Democratic Republic of Congo Military Justice and Human Rights – An Urgent Need to Complete Reforms.” 2009. Orentlicher, Diane F. “Settling Accounts: The Duty to Prosecute Human Rights Violations of a Prior Regime.” 100 Yale Law Journal 2537 (1991). Oskar N. T. Thoms, James Ron, and Ronald Paris. The Effects of Transitional Justice Mechanisms: A Summary of Empirical Research Findings and Implications for Analysts and Practitioners. Ottawa: Centre for International Policy Studies, 2008. Paul, James C.N. “Human Rights and the Legal Structure of Security Forces in Constitutional Orders: The Case of Ethiopia.” 14 Third World Legal Studies 129 (1997). Pollack, Jonathan D., and Chung Min Lee. Preparing for Korean Unification: Scenarios and Implications. Washington, DC: RAND Corporation, 1999. Posner, Eric A. and Adrian Vermeule. “Transitional Justice as Ordinary Justice.” 117 Harvard Law Review 762 (2004). Reif, Linda C. “Building Democratic Institutions: The Role of National Human Rights Institutions in Good Governance and Human Rights Protection.” 13 Harvard Human Rights Journal 1 (2000). Roht-Arriaza, Naomi, ed. Impunity and Human Rights in International Law and Practice. New York: Oxford University Press, 1995. Scarlatoiu, Greg. “The Shocking Truth about North Korean Tyranny.” Hearing of the US House of Representatives Committee on Foreign Affairs, Subcommittee on Asia and the Pacific. Written Statement. March 26, 2014. Scobell, Andrew. “Making Sense of North Korea: Pyongyang and Comparative Communism,” Asian Security 1, no. 3 (2005): 245–266. Sharp, Dustin N. “Beyond the Toolbox: Addressing Dilemmas of the Global and the Local in Transitional Justice.” Unpublished paper, SSRN Working Paper Series, July 15, 2013. Shaw, Rosalind. “Rethinking Truth and Reconciliation Commissions, Lessons from Sierra Leone. United States Institute of Peace, Special Report 130 (February 2005). Sikkink, Kathryn and Carrie Booth Walling. “Argentina’s Contribution to Global Trends in Transitional Justice.” In Transitional Justice in the Twenty-First Century: Beyond Truth Versus Justice , edited by Naomi Roht-Arriaza and Javier Marriezcurrena. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006. Sikkink, Kathryn. “The Age of Accountability The Global Rise of Individual Criminal Accountability.” In Amnesty in the Age of Human Rights Accountability, edited by Francesca Lessa and Leigh A. Payne. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012. Skaar, Elin. “Reconciliation in a Transitional Justice Perspective.” Transitional Justice Review 1, no. 1 (2013): 54–103. Stares, Paul and Joel Wit. “Preparing for Sudden Change in North Korea.” Council Special Report, No. 42. Council on Foreign Relations (January 2009). Bibliography ● 261

Starr, Harvey. “Democratic Dominoes: Diffusion Approaches to the Spread of Democracy in the International System.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 35, no. 2 (1991): 356–381. Tan, Morse H. “ Finding a Forum for North Korea.” 65 SMU Law Review 765 (2012). Teitel, Ruti G. “Transitional Justice Genealogy.” 16 Harvard Human Rights Journal 69 (2003). Teitel, Ruti G. “Transitional Justice Globalized.” The International Journal of Transitional Justice 2, no.1 (2008): 1–4. The Asan Institute for Policy Studies. “Asan Poll: Survey on South Korean Perceptions of Transitional Justice in Post-Unification Korea.” Seoul, 2013. The Asan Institute for Policy Studies. “South Korea in a Changing World: Foreign Affairs.” Seoul, 2013. The Centre for Eastern Studies. “One Country, Two Societies? Germany Twenty Years after Reunification.” Poland, 2011. The World Bank. World Development Report 2011: Conflict, Security, and Development . Washington, DC, 2011. Thoms, Oskar N. T., James Ron, and Ronald Paris. “State-Level Effects of Transitional Justice: What Do We Know.” International Journal of Transitional Justice 4 (2010): 329–354. US Department of State, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor. Country Reports on Human Rights Practices—2012, Democratic People’s Republic of Korea. 2012. van Zyl, Paul. “Dilemmas of Transitional Justice: The Case of South Africa’s Truth and Reconciliation Commission.” Journal of International Affairs 52, no. 2 (1999): 647–667. Wolf, Charles and Kamil Akramov. North Korean Paradoxes: Circumstances, Costs, and Consequences of Korean Unification . Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation, 2005. Wolman, Andrew. “Looking Back While Moving Forward: The Evolution of Truth Commissions in Korea.” 14 Asian-Pacific Law & Policy 27 (2013). Woo, Taek Jeon et al. “Survey of the North Korean People’s Social Consciousness: Study on North Korean Defectors in South Korea.” Journal of Korean Neuropsychiatric Association 42(5) (September, 2003): 631. Yamamoto, Yoshi. Taken! North Korea’s Criminal Abduction of Citizens of Other Countries . Washington DC: Committee for Human Rights in North Korea, 2011. Zalaquett, Jose. “Confronting Human Rights Violations Committed by Former Governments: Principles Applicable and Political Constraints.” In Transitional Justice , edited by Neil Kritz. Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace Press, 1995. Zorbas, Eugenia. “Reconciliation in Post-genocide Rwanda.” African Journal of Legal Studies 1 (2004): 29–52.

UN Documents / International Organizations Office of the United Nations High Commission for Human Rights. Rule of Law Tools for Post-Conflict States: Vetting an Operational Framework. Geneva, 2006. Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. Rule of Law Tools for Post Conflict States: Reparations Programs. Geneva, 2008. Office of the United Nations High Commission for Human Rights. Rule of Law-Tools for Post Conflict States: Prosecution Initiatives. Geneva, 2006. United Nations Commission on Human Rights. Report of the Independent Expert to Update the Set of Principles to Combat Impunity . UN Doc. E/CN.4/2005/102/Add.1. February 8, 2005. United Nations Commission on Human Rights. Resolution on Situation of Human Rights in the DPRK . UN Doc. E/CN.4/RES/2004/13. April 15, 2004. United Nations Development Program. Strengthening the Rule of Law in Conflict/Post Conflict Situations: A Global Program for Justice and Security 2008–2011. New York, 2008. United Nations General Assembly. Report of the Secretary-General on Situation of Human Rights in the DPRK . UN Doc. A/67/362. September 13, 2012. 262 ● Bibliography

United Nations General Assembly. Resolution 60/173 on Situation of Human Rights in the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea. December 16, 2005. United Nations General Assembly. Resolution 69/88 on Situation of Human Rights in the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea. December 18, 2014. United Nations General Assembly. Resolution on Situation of Human Rights in the DPRK . UN Doc. A/C.3/69/L.28/Rev.1. November 18, 2014. United Nations General Assembly. Situation of Human Rights in the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea . UN Doc. A/C.3/67/L.50. November 9, 2012. United Nations General Assembly. Situation of Human Rights in the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea . UN Doc. A/68/319. August 14, 2013. United Nations General Assembly. Situation of Human Rights in the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea. UN Doc. A/69/548. October 24, 2014. United Nations Human Rights Council. Report of the Commission of Inquiry on Human Rights in the Democratic Republic of Korea . UN Doc. A/HRC/25/63. February 17, 2014. United Nations Human Rights Council. Report of the Detailed Findings of the Commission of Inquiry on Human Rights in the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea . UN Doc. A/ HRC/25/CRP.1. February 7, 2014. United Nations Human Rights Council. Report of the Special Rapporteur on the Situation of Human Rights in the DPRK. UN Doc. A/HRC/22/57. February 1, 2013. United Nations Human Rights Council. Report of the Special Rapporteur on Situation of Human Rights in the DPRK. UN Doc. A/69/Slot 33701. October 24, 2014. United Nations Human Rights Council. Report of the Special Rapporteur on the Situation of Human Rights in the DPRK . UN Doc. A/HRC/13/47. February 17, 2010. United Nations Human Rights Council. Report of the Special Rapporteur on the Situation of Human Rights in the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea. UN Doc. A/HRC/26/43. June 13, 2014. United Nations Human Rights Council. Report on the Situation of Human Rights in the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea. UN Doc. A/HRC/25/L.17. March 26, 2014. United Nations Human Rights Council. Resolution on Situation of Human Rights in the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea . UN Doc. A/HRC/22/L.19. March 21, 2013. United Nations Human Rights Council. The Situation of Human Rights in the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea . UN Doc. A/HRC/22/L.19. March 18, 2013. United Nations Security Council. Report of the Secretary-General: The Rule of Law and Transitional Justice in Conflict and Post-conflict Societies . UN Doc. S/2004/616. August 23, 2004. United Nations Security Council. Report of the Secretary-General: The Rule of Law and Transitional Justice in Conflict and Post-conflict Societies. UN Doc. S/2011/634. October 12, 2011.

Contributor Biographies

Mireille Affa’a-Mindzie is a Senior Policy Analyst in the Africa program at the International Peace Institute. Previously, she worked as a Legal Officer with the Gambia-based Institute for Human Rights and Development in Africa. Her work focuses on human rights training and capacity building of African human rights lawyers and organizations, as well as legal advocacy and litigation before the African Commission on Human and People’s Rights. More recently, she worked as Senior Project Officer in the Centre for Conflict Resolution’s regional training program. She organized and conducted workshops for members of the African Union human rights institutions, government officials, national human rights institutions, and civil society and women’s groups from countries including Burundi, Cote d’Ivoire, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Liberia, Sierra Leone, and Sudan. Dr. Affa’a-Mindzie holds a doctorate from the University of Strasbourg in France. Baek Buhm-Suk is Assistant Professor of Public International Law at Kyung Hee University. Previously, he was a lecturer at the Seoul National University College of Law (2013), a research fellow at the Asan Institute for Policy Studies (2012–2013) and the National Human Rights Commission of Korea (2009). He was also a Visiting Research Fellow at Georgetown University Law Center (2011–2012). His recent publications include “NHRIs, RHRIs, and Human Rights NGOs,” Florida Journal of International Law (2012), “The Medium Foreseeing the Future,” Socio- Legal Review (2012), and “Do We Need Regional Human Rights Institutions in the Asia-Pacific Region?” The Korean Journal of International Law (2011). Dr. Baek received a LL.B. from Seoul National University, M.A. from Yonsei University, and LL.M. and J.S.D. from Cornell Law School. Cho Jung-hyun is a professor of international law at Hankuk University of Foreign Studies Lawschool. Previously, he was an assistant professor of international law at the Korea National Diplomatic Academy (KNDA), a research fellow at the Korea Institute for National Unification (KINU) as well as a visiting professor at the Institute of Foreign Affairs and. National Security (IFANS). His research interests include public international law, international organizations, human rights and refugee law, inter-Korean relations, and reunification issues. He has served as an advisor to the Korean Ministry of Unification, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 264 ● Contributor Biographies and National Human Rights Commission of Korea. He has also taught at Korea University Graduate School and Hanyang University Law School. He received an LL.M. from American University and a Ph.D. in law from the University of Edinburgh. Roberta Cohen is a Non-Resident Senior Fellow in Foreign Policy at The Brookings Institution. She is a specialist in human rights, humanitarian, and refugee issues and a leading expert on the subject of internally displaced persons. She is also Co-Chair of the Committee for Human Rights in North Korea, a US-based advocacy group. For more than a decade, she co-directed the Brookings Project on Internal Displacement and served as Senior Adviser to the Representative of the UN Secretary-General on Internally Displaced Persons. For her work on forcibly displaced populations, she co-won the Grawemeyer Award for Ideas Improving World Order and the DACOR (State Department Ret.) Fiftieth Anniversary Award for Exemplary Writing on Foreign Affairs and Diplomacy. Ms. Cohen served as a Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for Human Rights and senior adviser on US delegations to the UN. Lisa Collins is a Program Officer in the Global Governance Center at the Asan Institute for Policy Studies. Ms. Collins has worked at the institute since its inception in 2008 and witnessed Asan grow from a small staff of five to a major organization with over eighty people in the last six years. Her research interests include Northeast Asian security issues, the intersection between international law and international relations, global governance, human rights and refugee law, transitional justice, nuclear nonproliferation and disarmament, and the U.S.- ROK alliance. Prior to joining the institute in 2008, she was a graduate fellow in the Korean Flagship Language Program at the University of Hawaii and Korea University. Ms. Collins received a B.A. from Oberlin College in Ohio and a J.D. from the University of New Mexico. Anna Dolidze is an Assistant Professor of Law at the University of Western Ontario. Dr. Dolidze’s research interests are in international law, comparative law and law and development. Her regional expertise also lies in post-communist countries. She has published in international law journals, peer-reviewed publications and collected volumes. Dr. Dolidze has also authored a number of policy reports, including reports for the United Nations Development Program and the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe. Most recently, she co-authored a report by the Transatlantic Academy of the German Marshall Fund of the United States, titled “The Democratic Disconnect: Citizenship and Accountability in the Transatlantic Community.” Dolidze received her J.S.D. from Cornell Law School. Constantin Goschler is professor of contemporary and modern history at the Ruhr University in Bochum, Germany. He has previously taught at the Friedrich- Schiller University in Jena, the Charles University in Prague, and the Humboldt University in Berlin. His research interests focus on the history and politics of restitution, redress, and transitional justice for the victims of Nazi crimes. He is the author of Schuld und Schulden: Die Politik Der Wiedergutmachung f ü r NS-Verfolgte seit 1945 (Guilt and Debts: The Politics of Reparation for Nazi Victims since Contributor Biographies ● 265

1945), (Wallstein, 2005) and a co-editor of Robbery and Restitution: The Conflict over Jewish Property in Europe (Berghahn, 2007, with Martin Dean and Philipp Ther) and Die Praxis der Wiedergutmachung: Geschichte, Erfahrung und Wirkung in Deutschland und Israel (The Practice of Restitution: History, Experience, and Impact in Germany and Israel), (Wallstein, 2009, with Norbert Frei and Jose Brunner). Frank Jannuzi joined the Mansfield Foundation as President and Chief Executive Officer in April 2014. He previously served as Deputy Executive Director (Advocacy, Policy and Research) at Amnesty International, USA. Prior to his posi- tion at AIUSA, Mr. Jannuzi served as Policy Director for East Asian and Pacific Affairs for the Democratic staff of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, advising Senator John Kerry on policy and foreign affairs. His Senate service has included work on human rights legislation as well as field investigations into human rights conditions in numerous East Asian hotspots. He has worked as the East Asia regional political-military analyst for the Bureau of Intelligence and Research and was the founding editor-in-chief of the State Department’s journal on multilateral peacekeeping and humanitarian operations. Mr. Jannuzi holds a B.A. in History from Yale University and an M.A. in Public Policy from the John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University. Kim Yuri is a Program Officer at the Asan Institute for Policy Studies and a Ph.D. candidate in Law at Korea University. From 2011 to 2012 she participated in the Taskforce on the Korea-Japan Claims Settlement Agreement at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Republic of Korea, and worked on a way to resolve the past history of comfort women issue. Her research interests include public international law, international dispute settlement mechanisms, and transitional justice in the Korean context. She received her B.A. in Political Science and Diplomacy from Yonsei University and an M.A. in Law from Korea University. Rajiv Narayan is Senior Policy Advisor at the International Commission against the Death Penalt y, an organization composed of 15 Commissioners of high international standing and supported by 18 countries. He worked, between October 1999 and January 2015, as East Asia Researcher for Amnesty International (AI) cover- ing the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (North Korea), Republic of Korea (South Korea), Japan and Mongolia. On North Korea, he carried out research on the plight of North Koreans in China (2000), the human rights violations linked to the famine and food crisis in North Korea (2004) and on Political Prison Camps (2011 and 2013). During a sabbatical year from Amnesty International in 2008–9, he was Visiting Professor and Korea Foundation Distinguished Visiting Fellow at Yonsei University in Seoul. In 2000, Rajiv Narayan received a PhD from the University of London. Andrew S. Natsios is an executive professor and director of the Scowcroft Institute of International Affairs at the George H.W. Bush School of Government and Public Service at Texas A&M University. Natsios was most recently a Distinguished Professor in the Practice of Diplomacy at the Walsh School of Foreign Service at Georgetown University and former administrator of the US Agency for International Development (USAID). As USAID administrator from 266 ● Contributor Biographies

2001 to 2006, Natsios managed reconstruction programs in Afghanistan, Iraq, and Sudan. He also served as US special envoy to Sudan (2006–2007) and was vice president of World Vision US (1993–1998). Retired from the US Army Reserves at the rank of lieutenant colonel after twenty-three years, Natsios is a veteran of the Gulf War. He is a graduate of Georgetown University and Harvard University’s Kennedy School of Government. Muna B. Ndulo is Professor of Law at Cornell Law School, Elizabeth and Arthur Reich Director, Leo and Arvilla Berger International Legal Studies Program, and Director of Cornell University’s Institute for African Development. He is an internationally recognized scholar in the fields of constitution making, governance and institution building, human rights and foreign direct investments. He is Honorary Professor of Law, Faculty of Law, University of Cape Town and Free State University. He was formerly Professor of Law and Dean of the School of Law, University of Zambia. He previously served as Legal Officer in the International Trade Law Branch of the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (1986–1995). He also served as Political Adviser to the Special Representative of the United Nations Secretary General to South Africa and the United Nations Mission in South Africa (UNOMSA) (1992–1994). He served as Legal Adviser in East Timor (UNAMET), Kosovo (UNAMIK), and Afghanistan (UNAMA). He has been a consultant for several other international organizations and African countries. Andrew G. Reiter is an assistant professor of politics at Mount Holyoke College. His research focuses on understanding the effectiveness of policies that reduce violence. He is a member of the Transitional Justice Data Base Project and the Transitional Justice Research Collaborative, which have developed comprehen- sive, global dataset of transitional justice mechanisms used by states over the past four decades to engage past human rights violations.Reiter is the co-author of Transitional Justice in Balance: Comparing Processes, Weighing Efficacy (United States Institute of Peace Press, 2010, with Tricia Olsen and Leigh Payne), and has published widely in academic journals on issues of transitional justice, human rights, and conflict resolution. Dr. Reiter received his Ph.D. from the University of Wisconsin-Madison. Greg Scarlatoiu is the Executive Director of the U.S. Committee for Human Rights in North Korea. Previously, he was the Director of Public Affairs and Business Issues at the Korea Economic Institute. He has authored a weekly radio column broadcast by Radio Free Asia to North Korea for twelve years. An expe- rienced lecturer on North Korean human rights, political security and economic issues on the Korean peninsula, Scarlatoiu has appeared as an expert witness at several Congressional hearings on North Korea. He has lived in Seoul for 10 years and is fluent in Korean, French and Romanian. He holds a BA and MA from Seoul National University as well as an MA in international relations from The Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, Tufts University. In 1999, Scarlatoiu was conferred the title of Citizen of Honor, City of Seoul. Lavinia Stan is Associate Professor of Political Science at St. Francis Xavier University in Canada, and past member of the Scientific Council of the Institute Contributor Biographies ● 267 for the Investigation of Communist Crimes, a transitional justice institution in Bucharest, Romania. Her research interests revolve around democracy and democratization, especially transitional justice, and religion and politics, with a focus on the post-communist world. She is the author of Transitional Justice in Post-Communist Romania: The Politics of Memory (Cambridge University Press, 2013), the co-editor of Encyclopedia of Transitional Justice and Post-communist Transitional Justice: Lessons from 25 Years of Experience (both published with Cambridge University Press in 2013 and 2015), and the editor of Transitional Justice in Post-Communist Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union (Routledge, 2009). Ruti G. Teitel is the Ernst C. Stiefel Professor of Comparative Law at New York Law School and Affiliated Research Scholar at Columbia University School of International and Public Affairs. Previously, she was also a Fellow at New York University Law School’s Straus Institute for the Advanced Study of Law and Justice (2012–2013), Visiting Professor at the London School of Economics (2013–2014), and Affiliated Visiting Professor at Hebrew University of Jerusalem (2011–2014). She is the author of Transitional Justice (Oxford University Press, 2000) and many articles and book chapters on international and comparative law, often focusing on political transitions. Her latest work is Globalizing Transitional Justice (Oxford University Press, 2014) and she is also the author of Humanity’s Law (OUP, 2011). She is founding co-chair of the American Society of International Law Interest Group on Transitional Justice and Rule of Law, a life member of the Council on Foreign Relations, and a member of the ILA International Human Rights Law C o m m i t t e e . Index

abduction (of foreign nationals), 96, 107–8, Christianity, 97 161 citizens, 51–4, 58–60, 93, 97, 99–100, 102, absorption (unification scenario), 209, 212, 115, 126, 129, 139–41, 147–9 223 civil and political rights, 53–4, 76, 84, 108, abuses, 38–9, 42, 45, 49–50, 59, 61–2, 112, 116, 214 137–50, 175–7, 181, 185–6, 201, 204–5, civil society, 17, 19, 42, 45, 76, 86–7, 95–6, 237–8, 240–2 104, 109, 139, 145, 178–80, 186–7, accountability, 1, 2, 5–6, 13–15, 19–21 237–9, 243–4 ad hoc tribunals, 15, 39 civil war, 38, 137–8, 143, 178, 182, 199–202, African Court on Human and People’s 213, 221, 223, 227, 238 Rights, 184 coercion, 100, 103 agents (of government), 49, 97, 100, 139, 142, Cold War, 123–5, 129, 131, 175, 199 144–5, 147–9, 156, 167, 203 collaborators, 129, 227, 241 amnesia/silence, 129 collapse of North Korea, 3, 11, 41, amnesty, 17, 23–4, 37, 39, 42, 61, 63–4, 43–4, 83, 86, 96, 138, 146, 222, 76–7, 103, 126, 129, 161–2, 177, 182, 226–7 185–7 collective memory, 24, 125, 129, 131, 143, Amnesty International, 4, 37–8, 42, 76–7, 202 110–14, 117, 199, 204–5 colonialism, 23 archives, 129, 141, 148, 182, 215 Commission of Inquiry, 20, 24, 42, 75–6, Armistice Agreement (1953), 103 79, 87, 93–4, 107, 114, 176–7, 179, 197, atrocities, 137, 141, 146, 177, 221–3, 227–9, 203, 205, 228, 240 235–6, 238–9 communism, 43, 100, 137, 139, 143, 146, 149, 241, 244 Beijing, 222, 226 Communist Party, 140, 147–8 borderguard, 23, 82, 127, 140–1 Community Reconciliation Process, 215 brutality, 18, 200 compensation, 4, 15, 18, 22, 59, 85, 102–3, 124–5, 127–9, 141, 148–9, 185, Cambodia, 1, 5, 15, 22, 38–9, 197–206, 210, 189 238–40, 244 complementarity, 17, 38, 58, 62, 65–6, 149, centralized economy, 141 184, 210 chain of command, 23, 98, 105, 127, 147, complicity, 45 215, 240–1 Conciliatory Approach (to North Korea), 5 Cheonan, 44 condemnation, 66 China, 1, 12, 21, 41, 43–4, 77, 79–87 confessions, 185 270 ● Index conflict, 50, 62–4, 66–7 democracy, 13–14, 22–4, 35, 40, 42 in Africa, 175–90, 198 constitutional, 52 in Cambodia, 200, 203, 206, 209 liberal, 105, 124, 131, 141–3, 149, 153, in Georgia, 143, 160 158, 167, 175 –7, 186 in Germany, 126, 130–1 stable, 141–3 constitution, 3, 17, 51–6, 59, 66–7, 102–3, transition, 126, 143, 175, 186, 203, 209 165, 181, 188, 198–9, 209–10, 213, democratization, 240 216 denuclearization, 85 Convention denunciation, 126–7 Convention against Torture and Other detention, 49, 59, 79, 82, 85, 96–7, 99–100, Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading 107, 113, 124, 131, 140–1, 148, 161, Treatment or Punishment, 30 163, 167, 176–7 Convention and Protocol Relating to the deterrence, 66, 132, 237 Status of Refugees, 94 development, 55, 175, 180 Convention on the Elimination of all economic, 50–2, 102, 226 forms of Discrimination against of institutions, 201, 212, 221 Women, 28 of the rule of law, 57, 65, 180, 230 Convention on the Rights of Persons with dialogue, 4, 22, 41, 76, 78, 81–2, 84–5, 110, Disabilities, 82, 110 158, 179, 187, 190, 205, 236 Convention on the Rights of the Child, dictatorship, 63, 124, 126–33, 142, 233 28, 31, 76 discrimination, 53–5, 62, 76, 84, 96–7, corruption, 58, 60, 105, 126, 167, 189, 230 107–8, 176, 188, 212 courts, 36–7, 51–61, 64–7, 127, 146–7, 161, dissident, 18, 123–4, 139–40, 147, 213 176, 182 divided societies, 209 domestic, 61, 65, 95, 210, 214 documentation, 38, 108–10, 211 gacaca, 185, 210, 214 domestic courts, 61, 65, 95, 161, 210, 214 international, 182, 190, 210 due process, 17, 22, 53, 55, 62, 66, 108, credibility, 60–1, 64, 141, 180, 187 164–5, 206, 240 crimes against humanity, 19–21, 24, 38, 65, 75, 79–84, 86, 94, 103, 107, 109, East Germany, 124–5, 129–30, 138, 143–4, 114–17, 201–5, 213–14 213, 217, 241–2 criminal law, 15, 62, 65–6, 83, 115, 156, 168, Eastern Europe, 63, 95, 100, 103, 128, 137– 180–1 49, 222–3, 240–2 criminal prosecutions, 14, 21–2, 64, 165, economic, social and cultural rights, 54, 76, 205, 210, 213, 215–17, 244 84, 108, 112 criminal responsibility, 83, 213, 241 economic development, 50, 52, 81, 102, culture, 102 225–6, 230, 236–7 commemorative, 130–1, 231 economic reform, 76, 86, 95, 159, 225–6 of human rights, 51, 58–9, 67, 177, 204 education of justice, 66, 237 for human rights, 59, 145, 149 customary international law, 214–15 ideological, 104, 141, 145, 148, 204–5 Czech Republic, 124, 142 for post-unification, 101 effectiveness Darfur/Sudan, 183, 238 of institutions, 60–1 data collection, 138, 148 of transnational justice, 103, 188–9, database, 43, 76, 217, 243 241 DDR (disarmament, demobilization, and elections, 125–6, 131, 158–61, 175, 179, 199, reintegration), 17, 38, 242, 264 201 death penalty, 108, 110 elites, 63, 124, 126–7, 130, 132, 146–7, 214, defenses/defences, 156, 181 224, 230, 232 Index ● 271 enforced disappearance, 80, 96–7, 107–8, humanitarian assistance, 103 112, 116 humanitarian emergency, 96 equality, 51, 53–4, 57, 188 humanitarian intervention, 239 espionage, 98, 126, 141, 162 hybrid tribunals, 15, 22, 103 ethical approach, 21 ethnic conflict, 64 identification, 2 European Court of Human Rights, 15, 160, identity, 18, 124, 130, 141, 148 162 ideological education/training, 103–4 European Union, 38, 43, 79, 81, 85, 142, ideology, 17, 43, 108, 139 155, 158–60, 164–5, 168–9, 223, 244 immunity, 66, 182, 184 evidence implementation for criminal charges, 215–17 of recommendations, 117, 189–90 ex-combatants, 178, 188 of rights, 55 of human rights violations by the Kim of transitional justice, 24–6, 156, 185–91, regime, 21, 36, 79–86, 189 239–40 execution, 52, 82, 94, 96, 99, 108, 112–13, impunity, 15–16, 50, 52, 62, 65, 97, 116, 138, 148, 203, 229 180–1, 183–4, 190, 204–5, 237, 241 extermination, 80, 97, 116 independent judiciary, 55, 66, 108, 177, 224 external influence, 3, 36–7, 40, 239 individual rights, 55 extradition, 40, 66 informers, 100, 139–41, 148 Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of injustice, 50, 59, 63, 128, 179–80 Cambodia, 15 Inminban, 100–1, 103 institutional reform, 38, 49, 93, 177, 179, fair trial, 97, 147, 181, 185 188, 210–12, 231, 236–8 family reunions/reunification, 2–3, 4, 6, 12, integrity, 56, 58, 61, 160, 177 17–18, 36, 40–1, 43, 45, 95–6, 101, intellectuals, 230 104, 123–33 Inter-American Court of Human Rights, famine, 96–7, 101, 222, 225, 265 15, 37 Fascism, 124 internally displaced, 199, 222, 264 food aid, 111 international forced labor, 49, 97, 100, 213 International Court of Justice, 157 forensic truth, 211 International Covenant on Civil and forgive and forget, 138, 145, 149, 186 Political Rights (ICCPR), 54, 76, 84, forgiveness and reconciliation, 186 108, 214 International Covenant on Economic, gender, 54–7, 80, 96–7, 116, 181, 187–8 Social, and Cultural Rights (ICESCR), genocide, 15, 19, 37–9, 65, 80, 180–1, 183, 54, 76, 108 185–6, 188, 210, 213–14, 222 International Criminal Court, 15, 19–21, Genocide Convention, 37 36, 65–6, 75, 80–1, 94–5, 115, 117, 180, geopolitics, 240 203, 210, 214 George W. Bush, 77 International Criminal Law, 15, 62, 65, good governance, 51, 53, 55, 58, 67, 190, 237 83, 115, 156, 180–1 grassroots, 229 International Criminal Tribunal for guilt, 23, 82, 110, 113, 126–7, 140, 147, 185, Rwanda, 64, 181 205, 213–14, 241 International Criminal Tribunal for the gulag, 77, 79, 85, 99, 103, 205, 228–9 former Yugoslavia, 15, 64, 181, 210 International Human Rights Law, 15, historical record, 64, 66, 177, 204 114–15, 175, 229, 267 Holocaust, 129 International Humanitarian Law, 15, 103, human dignity, 3, 50–1, 53–4, 87, 205 175, 181 272 ● Index international—Continued memorial, 24, 85, 211 International Labor Organisation, 83 memory, 4, 24, 125, 129, 131, 143, 202 International Military Tribunal, 215 military-first politics, 213 International non-governmental militia, 181, 228 organizations, 3, 19, 38, 45, 75–8, 100, Ministry of People’s Security (MPS), 100, 109–10, 114–15, 117 103, 116, 141, 217, 242 International tribunals, 64–6, 103, 144, mistrust, 145, 186 156, 190, 244 modernization, 55, 95, 185 Iraq, 103, 227, 229 monitoring, 59, 76, 82, 103, 129, 139, 147, 154, 160, 164–5, 167, 186 Jang Sung-taek, 82, 94, 99 Jangmadang/informal farmer’s market in National Human Rights Commission North Korea, 95 (ROK), 42, 177, 190 Japan, 1, 21, 43, 79, 84, 86, 95, 97, 102, 110, nationalism, 18, 141 114–15, 126, 204, 225, 246 nation-building, 51–2 Juche, 17 Nazi, 123, 125, 127, 131 judiciary, 38, 52–3, 55–7, 60, 66, 108, 116, crimes, 131 146, 165, 177, 181–3, 212, 224, 237 dictatorship, 124, 127 jurisdiction, 21, 44, 60, 62, 65–6, 80, 83, 95, era, 125 181, 183–4, 205, 210, 214 Fascism, 124 justice cascade, 36 past, 125 victims, 127–9 KGB, 230 networks, 15, 20, 37, 139, 230, 239 Khmer Rouge, 199–202, 238 non-governmental organizations, 19–20, Kim Dae-jung, 204 37–45, 75–87 Kim Il-sung, 17, 95, 99, 104, 113 non-retroactivity, 126, 214–15 Kim Jong-il, 17, 98, 104, 113, 140 non-state actors, 2, 25, 137–8, 143–5, 149 Kim Jong-un, 17, 24, 40, 78, 94–6, 98–9, North Korean defectors, 18, 45, 98, 228, 243 116 North Korean Human Rights Act, 75, 215 Korean People’s Army (KPA), 98, 101, 116, 242 occupation (military), 21, 102, 123, 130 Korean War, 1, 21, 204, 216, 228, 239 Office of the Prosecutor (OPP), 44 Korean Workers’ Party (KWP), 98 Kosovo, 22, 210 Park Geun-hye, 102 party-state, 139 leadership peace Georgia, 159–67 in Africa, 175–90 North Korean, 80, 95–105, 223 in Cambodia, 200 legal system, 55, 57, 60, 62, 64–5, 157, 214, on the Korean Peninsula, 11–26, 93–105, 224, 232–3 123, 160, 162, 175–6, 209–13 legality, 54, 209, 215 peace treaty, 103 legitimacy, 12–13, 18, 20, 22–3, 36, 58, 60, peacekeepers/peacekeeping, 38, 44, 182, 200, 62, 127, 141, 176, 180, 184, 190–1, 207 265 local population, 66, 184, 187, 190 perpetrators, 61–6, 175–9, 210–18, 237–8 lustration, 4, 17, 21, 24, 61, 103, 125, 129–30, in Germany, 127, 218 142, 146–9, 199, 212, 215–16, 238, 243 in North Korea, 22–4 persecution, 80, 84–6, 97, 108, 116, 126, malnutrition, 97, 113 128, 131, 141, 167, 183, 186, 200, 216 market economy, 158 political interference, 164–5, 181 marketization, 145 poverty, 54 Index ● 273 power relations, 132, 233, 245 resistance, 62, 185, 190–1, 201, 227–8 prison, 17, 39–40, 42, 75–85, 96–100, responsibility, 21, 50, 63, 83, 102, 115, 141, 107–8, 110–13, 116, 213–14, 216, 145, 154–6, 159, 162, 169, 181–2, 189– 228–9 90, 203, 210–13, 224, 240–1 in Germany, 123–30 Responsibility to Protect, 224 prisoners, 76–8, 83, 85, 97, 100, 103, 110, restitution, 102–3, 125, 128, 142, 145, 148– 112–13, 124, 127–8, 131, 140–1, 147–9, 9, 162, 216, 244, 264 162, 216, 228–9 restoration, 13, 162, 180 propaganda, 104, 140, 149 restorative justice, 66, 128, 175, 180, 184, prosecution, 14, 21–4, 43, 49, 61–2, 64, 186, 204, 238–9 66–7, 93, 102–3, 105, 116, 126, 154, revenge, 62, 199, 205, 227 156, 161, 164–8, 175, 178–82, 184, revolution, 36, 41, 99, 104, 125–6, 128, 130, 186, 188–90, 204–5, 210–11, 213, 137–9, 143, 149 215–17, 221, 229–30, 240–4 rights of the defendant, 167 protection of victims and witnesses, 115 Romania, 100, 139, 142–3, 240 protest, 23, 43, 160 Rome Statute, 44, 80, 115, 181, 183–4, 210, protocol relating to the status of refugees, 94 214 public opinion poll, 18, 159 rule of law, 1, 3, 12, 14, 16, 18, 21, 35–6, punishment, 62 42, 49–55, 57–60, 62, 66–7, 86, 108, by East Germany, 124 126–7, 139, 142, 144, 148–9, 158, 164, of former government officials, 210–18, 175, 177, 180, 189–90, 205–6, 212, 235 221, 230–2, 236–7, 240–1 by the Kim regime, 100, 102–3, 108, 112 Russia, 12, 21–2, 41, 43–4, 81, 85, 94, 112, purge, 61, 96, 98–9 130, 142, 160, 224–5, 227, 230, 232, Pyongyang, 77, 80–1, 84, 96, 110, 224–6, 246 228 sanctions, 19, 37, 51, 225–6 radio broadcasts, 86–7 screenings, 217 rape, 1, 80, 97, 116, 178–81, 183, 229 Securitate, 100 realpolitik, 12 security, 11, 16–17, 23–4, 38, 51–2, 56, in Africa, 176–84 59–61, 64, 80, 83, 95, 98, 100–1, 103, in Cambodia, 197–203 116, 123, 128–9, 141, 159, 163, 175, among Koreans, 11–25, 102–3, 138, 146, 177, 179, 183, 212, 217, 222, 227–9, 175–80, 182 240, 242 reconciliation, 210–18 Security Sector Reform, 38 recruitment, 182, 188 self-criticism sessions, 103–4 redistribution, 236 Seoul, 79–80, 82, 104, 115, 117 reforms, 36, 38, 41, 85–6, 95, 110, 147, 159, sexual violence, 80, 97, 116, 161, 181, 183 165, 177–9, 188–9, 210–12, 224–6, slavery, 53, 182 232, 236–8 social capital, 142 refugees, 18, 83, 94, 97, 127, 199 socialism/socialist system, 99, 123–4, 130–1, rehabilitation, 4, 18, 66, 103, 125, 127–8, 241 130, 133, 145, 148–9, 177, 189, 237 Songbun, 83, 97–8, 100, 116 religion, 17, 49, 51, 53, 96, 113 South Africa, 50, 54, 61, 64, 177, 185–9 reparations, 12, 21–2, 24–5, 35, 37–8, 49, South African Truth and Reconciliation 61, 63, 93, 98, 102–3, 125, 128, 176–7, Commission, 64, 177, 215 187–90, 206, 210–11, 216–17, 238, 243, Stalinism/Stasi, 4, 125–6, 129–30, 133, 217 246 State Security Department (SSD), 98, 100, repression, 13, 17, 23–4, 98, 123, 138–41, 103, 116, 141, 217 145–9, 241–2 statute of limitations, 214 274 ● Index

Supreme Leader (suryong), 116, 140 UN Charter, 19, 21 surveillance, 98, 100–1, 103, 129, 139–40, UN General Assembly, 19–20, 42, 75, 81, 147, 161, 165, 167, 240 83, 94, 108, 114, 117, 157, 201 survivors, 42, 64, 77–9, 112 UN High Commissioner for Human sustainable peace, 16, 51, 175, 209 Rights, 42, 76, 78, 81, 188 UN High Commissioner for Refugees technocrat, 14, 214 (UNHCR), 83 terror, 97, 101, 123 UN Human Rights Council, 19, 42, 75, terrorism, 65, 182 79–80, 93–4, 10, 114, 117, 179 testimonies, 75, 77–9, 110, 112–15, 161, 179, UN Security Council, 19–21, 44, 80–2, 188, 216 84, 94, 117, 181–4, 186, 190, 199, 203, Tokyo, 115, 203 214, 224 torture, 37, 49, 53, 63–4, 66, 80, 96–7, 107– United States of America (US), 38, 40–1, 8, 112, 116, 139, 141, 146–8, 161–3, 43–4, 75, 84, 94, 109–10, 114–15, 143, 177, 203, 229 198–9, 204, 227–8, 231–2, 238 totalitarian, 4, 16–17, 97, 133, 137–41, 143– Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 54, 4, 146, 149, 226, 241–2 84, 224 traditional justice, 184, 191 universal jurisdiction, 65–6, 83, 205 trafficking (in persons), 77, 82, 115 Universal Periodic Review (UPR), 42, 82, transitional justice mechanisms, 3, 5, 11–14, 108, 110 16–26, 35–7, 39, 44, 66, 168, 175–6, 184–5, 187–8, 191, 198–9, 206, 210–11, vetting, 6, 17, 38, 93, 176, 178, 190, 212, 217, 235, 238–46 215–17, 238 transitional justice process, 35–40, 153–69, victims, 61–5, 102–3, 115, 124, 126–9, 131– 175–8, 185–91, 206, 238–44 2, 138, 140–1, 145–9, 176–7, 179–80, trust, 16, 44, 56, 61–2, 129, 139, 143, 145, 182–3, 187–9, 204–6, 148–9, 186, 188 210–11, 215–17, 235–9, 241, 243–4 truth, 36–7, 43, 45, 49, 62–3, 104–5, 125–6, victor’s justice, 17, 101, 127, 146, 203, 205 138, 146, 156, 177, 185, 199, 204–5, violence, 16, 23, 25, 37, 39, 50, 54, 65, 210–11, 215, 235 80, 97, 116, 123, 125, 127, 176–7, 179– Commissions, 21–5, 35, 38–9, 61–4, 66, 81, 183–4, 189, 204, 221–4, 227–31, 127, 144, 148, 168, 177, 187, 199, 204, 237, 241 211, 238 finding, 13 war crimes, 15, 21, 38, 44, 63, 65, 138, 143, 182–3, 201, 210, 214, 221–4, 229 unification, 2–4, 6, 11–13, 15–26, 35–6, Washington, 115, 203, 235 40–1, 43, 45, 76, 95–6, 101–2, 104, weapons of mass destruction (WMD), 96 123–33, 138, 143–7, 149, 155, 168, witness, 43, 55, 65, 79–80, 114–15, 161, 191, 197, 199, 203–5, 209–10, 212–18, 178–9, 182–3, 187–8, 227 222–4, 229, 233, 235, 239–46 protection, 55 United Nations, 1, 13, 36–7, 39, 42–4, World Food Program, 83, 111 49–50, 55, 58, 62, 67, 75, 77–81, 83–5, World Health Organization, 77, 111 93–4, 114–15, 117, 175, 179, 182, 186, 200–1, 203, 205, 210, 214, 222, 224, Yeonpyeong, 44, 214 227–8, 231, 239 Yugoslavia, 15, 39, 64–5, 143, 181, 210